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BAHAYA DAN
PENGENDALIANNYA
DR. Iting Shofwati, ST. MKKK

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DEFINISI

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARD

• Bahaya yang terdapat di lingkungan kerja yang mempunyai
potensi untuk menimbulkan terjadinya gangguan kesehatan,
kesakitan, dan penyakit akibat kerja.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY HAZARD
• Bahaya yang terdapat dilingkungan kerja yang mempunyai
potensi untuk menimbulkan terjadinya incident, injury, baik
pada manusia maupuan pada proses kerja

CIRI-CIRI
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARD OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY HAZARD
Mempunyai potensi untuk menimbulkan Mempunyai potensi untuk menimbulkan injury,
kesakitan, gangguan kesehatan, dan penyakit cacat, gangguan pada proses, dan kerusakan alat
akibat kerja
Ada di lingkungan kerja sepanjang waktu dan Ada di lingkungan kerja dan memajan pekerja
memajan pekerja selama bekerja (8 jam per hari hanya pada saat terjadinya kontak
atau 40 jam per minggu)
Memajan pekerja berulang-ulang
Umumnya dalam konsentrasi yang rendah
Dampak tidak segera kelihatan à KRONIK Dampak yang timbul langsung kelihatan à AKUT
Mempertimbangkan aspek besaran konsentrasi Tidak mempertimbangkan aspek besaran
dan dosis konsentrasi dan dosis

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BAHAYA KESELAMATAN KERJA

Mekanik Listrik Kimia

BAHAYA KESEHATAN KERJA

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APA DAMPAKNYA

APA YANG BISA TERJADI?

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HIRARKI PENGENDALIAN BAHAYA

HIRARKI PENGENDALIAN BAHAYA

1. ELIMINASI 2. SUBSTITUSI

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HIRARKI PENGENDALIAN BAHAYA

3. PENGENDALIAN TEKNIS 4. PENGENDALIAN ADMINISTRATIF

HIRARKI PENGENDALIAN BAHAYA

• 5. PENGGUNAAN APD

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ENGINEERING CONTROL
PADA SUMBER
Total process
Automation
enclosure

Guarding of Mechanical
machinery handling

Special storage
Ventilation
facilities 14

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ENGINEERING CONTROL
UNTUK MENURUNKAN EKSPOSUR

Partial or temporary
Spray booths
enclosure

Fume cupboards Glove boxes

Dilution or local
exhaust ventilation
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CHEMICAL HAZARD

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TYPES OF AIR CONTAMINANT

GASES VAPOURS PARTICULATES

DUST FIBERS AEROSOLS FUMES SMOKES MISTS

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KRITERIA BAHAN KIMIA BERBAHAYA

Cairan
Cairan Gas Bahan
Sangat Sangat Bahan Bahan
Beracun Mudah Mudah mudah
Beracun Mudah reaktif oksidator
Terbakar Terbakar meledak
Terbakar

Kemenaker. (1999). Kepmenaker No. KEP 187/MEN/1999 tentang Pengendalian Bahaya Kimia Berbahaya di Tempat Kerja.

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JALUR MASUK KE DALAM TUBUH

Dermal Inhalation Ingestion

JALUR PEMBUANGAN

Gastro-intestinal Renal (Air Pernapasan Kulit (Keringat,

(BAB) Kencing) (Nafas Keluar) rambut, kuku)

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EFEK KESEHATAN AKIBAT PAJANAN BAHAN KIMIA

Depresi pada
Iritasi Reaksi alergi Asphyxia
system syaraf

Sistem
Pneumoconiosis Kanker
Reproduksi

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http://www.inchem.org/documents/hsg/hsg/hsgguide.htm

SYSTEMIC TOXICANTS AND ORGAN TOXICANTS

A systemic Toxicants may also affect

toxicant affects the only specific tissues or
entire body or many organs while not
organs rather than a producing damage to
specific site. the body as a whole.

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INTERAKSI BAHAN KIMIA

PENGENDALIAN BAHAYA
KIMIA

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RADIASI

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SUMBER RADIASI

EYE TISSUE DAMAGED BY NON-IONIZING RADIATION

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PENETRATION OF DIFFERENT UV WAVELENGTHS

DAMPAK PAJANAN RADIASI ION

Ionizing Particles
Gamma & x-rays ( alpha, bet a, protons, et c.)

Ionization & Excitation

Chemical Change
(free radical formation)

Biological Change
(DNA damage)

Malignant Inhibition of Cell Division

Mutations
Transformation of Cell (Cell Death)

Acute Somatic &

Cancer Genetic Effects
Teratogenic Effects

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PRINSIP PENGENDALIAN RADIASI

Kurangi “WAKTU” Tambah “JARAK” Penempatan

Penghalang
(Shielding)

PENEMPATAN
PENGHALANG “SHIELDING”

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PENGENDALIAN ADMINISTRATIF

Pelatihan K3

Sistem Ijin Kerja

Prosedur Keselamatan

Penentuan Area dengan Bahaya

Radiasi

Access control

Warning Sign

PERLINDUNGAN PERSONAL

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KEBISINGAN

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HEARING MECHANISM

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THE EFFECT OF
NOISE

NILAI AMBANG
BATAS
KEBISINGAN

Permenaker 05 Tahun 2018 & Permenkes 70 Tahun

2016

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EXAMPLE OF NOISE CONTROL

SUBSTITUTION

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ENGINEERING CONTROL

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VIBRASI

VIBRATION TYPES

Hand-arm vibration (HAV) Whole-Body vibration (WBV)

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VIBRATION TYPES

Whole-body Hand-arm Foot-transmitted

vibration (WBV) vibration (HAV) vibration (FTV)

VIBRATION HEALTH RISKS

Whole Body
• lower-back pain, spinal degeneration, neck problems
• muscle fatigue
• sleep problems, headaches, & nausea

Vibration • hearing loss

• gastro-intestinal tract problems

Vibration-Induced • Pain and numbness in the toes and feet

• Increased sensitivity to cold

White-Foot
• Blanching of toes
• Joint pain

Hand-Arm •
•
Vascular disturbances à Vibration White Fingers (VWF)
Neurological disturbances

Vibration •
•
Effect on the locomotor system
Comfort and performance

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PROCEDURES TO REDUCE VIBRATION EXPOSURE

OF TOOLS

Purchase lower Tool

vibration tools maintenance

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS

Minimizing If working in cold ambient

exposure conditions, provide
time opportunity for re-warming

Warm
Job Portable hand
building/shelter for
rotation/Scheduling warmers
breaks

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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

ANTI-VIBRATION GLOVES
Meet the vibration dampening
Full fingered
requirements (ISO)

31.5-200 Hz:
Transmission < 1.0

>200 -1000Hz:
Transmission < 0.6

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CHANGE TO A TOOL OR WORK PROCESS THAT

HAS THAT CAN DO THE JOB FASTER

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CHECK YOUR INSTALLATION TO MAKE SURE YOU

USE THE TOOL IN THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY

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FACTORS INFLUENCING WBV EXPOSURE

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TEMPERATUR EKSTRIM

TEMPERATURE REGULATION IS A “BALANCING

ACT”

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KESEIMBANGAN PANAS àH = M ± R ± C – E

HEAT STRESS

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DAMPAK TEKANAN PANAS

Heat Stroke Heat Heat Cramp Heat Collapse

Exhaustion

Heat Fatique Heat Rashes

HEAT-RELATED DISORDERS INCLUDING THE SYMPTOMS,

SIGN, CAUSE AND STEP FOR FIRST AID & PREVENTION

Plog, B. A., & Quinlan, P. J. (Eds.). (2002). Fundamental of Industrial Hygiene (5th ed.). United States of America: National Safety Council Press.

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HEAT-RELATED DISORDERS INCLUDING THE SYMPTOMS, SIGN, CAUSE

AND STEP FOR FIRST AID & PREVENTION

Plog, B. A., & Quinlan, P. J. (Eds.). (2002). Fundamental of Industrial Hygiene (5th ed.). United States of America: National Safety Council Press.

COLD STRESS

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RISK
MANAGEMENT
PROCESS FOR
EVALUATING COLD
STRESS AND STRAIN

TLV, 2020

TYPES OF COLD INJURIES

TLV, 2020

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DAMPAK TEKANAN DINGIN

Hipotermia Frostbite Frostnip Trench Foot

Chilblain Freynaud’s
Disorders

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COLD-RELATED DISORDERS INCLUDING THE SYMPTOMS, SIGN,

CAUSE AND STEP FOR FIRST AID

Plog, B. A., & Quinlan, P. J. (Eds.). (2002). Fundamental of Industrial Hygiene (5th ed.). United States of America: National Safety Council Press.

COLD-RELATED DISORDERS INCLUDING THE SYMPTOMS, SIGN,

CAUSE AND STEP FOR FIRST AID

Plog, B. A., & Quinlan, P. J. (Eds.). (2002). Fundamental of Industrial Hygiene (5th ed.). United States of America: National Safety Council Press.

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PENGENDALIAN

ENGINEERING CONTROL

Body heat production of task (M)

• Reduce physical demands of the work;
• Use powered assistance for heavy tasks

Radiative load (R)

• Interpose line-of-sight barrier;
• Use furnace wall insulation, metallic reflecting screen, heat
reflective clothing;
• Cover exposed parts of body

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ENGINEERING CONTROL

Convective load (C)

• If air temperature is above 35°C (95°F), reduce air temperature,
reduce air speed across skin, wear clothing
• If air temperature is below 35°C (95°F), increase air speed across skin
and reduce clothing

Maximum evaporative cooling by sweating (Emax)

• Increase cooling by decreasing humidity and/or increasing air speed
• Decrease clothing

METHODS

QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
MEASUREMET MEASUREMENT

AREA HEAT PHYSIOLOGICAL QUESTIONNAIRE WORKPLACE

STRESS MONITORING SURVEY SANITATION
MONITORING STUDY

PLETH
QUEST TEMP, CORE BODY HEART SWEAT URINE SPECIFIC
VARIABILITY
DATA LOGGERS TEMPERATURE RATE RATE GRAFITY
INDEX

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ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL

Acclimatization Rest and recovery

• Gradually increase exposure time in hot • Shaded and/or air-conditioned space nearby
environmental conditions over 7–14 days
Work schedule Extreme heat event (e.g., heat wave)
• Shorten duration of each exposure; more-frequent • Heat alert program
short exposures are better than fewer long
exposure Other considerations
• Schedule very hot jobs in cooler parts of day when
possible • Worker medical evaluation
Hydration • Fatigue or mild illness not related to the job
may temporarily contraindicate exposure
• Encourage water intake at frequent intervals to (e.g., low-grade infection, diarrhea,
prevent dehydration (1 cup every 15–20 minutes) sleepless night, alcohol ingestion)

BASIC ACCLIMATION
SCHEDULE AND A
SCHEDULE FOR RE-
ACCLIMATION AFTER
PERIODS AWAY FROM
HEAT STRESS
EXPOSURES DUE TO
ROUTINE ABSENCE OR
ILLNESS

Plog, B. A., & Quinlan, P. J. (Eds.). (2002). Fundamental of Industrial Hygiene (5th ed.). United States of America: National Safety Council Press.

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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Cooled air, cooled fluid,

or ice-cooled
conditioned clothing

Reflective clothing or
aprons

ACGIH. (2017). TLVs dan BEIs Based on the Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and
PhysicalAgents & Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati: ACGIH.

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BAHAYA BIOLOGI

BIOLOGICAL HAZARD
A living or once-living organism that have a potential to poses a threat to human health

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FAKTOR BIOLOGI

A. Mikroorganisme B. Arthoda dan/atau C. Hewan invertebrate D. Alergen dan toksin

dan/atau toksinnya à toksinnya dan/atau toksinnya dari tumbuhan
pengukuran

E. Binatang berbisa F.Binatang buas G. Produk binatang dan

tumbuhan yang
berbahaya lainnya

Kemenaker. (2018). Permenaker No. 5 Tahun 2018 tentang Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Lingkungan Kerja.

PREVENTION

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THE WAY TO INFECTION

ROUTE OF ENTRY

Inhalation Absorption Injection Ingestion

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MODE OF TRANSMISSION

Direct human-to-human transmission

Indirect transmission
• Surface contact
• Food-borne/water-borne toxins
• Droplet/airborne contamination
• Vector-borne diseases

RISK ASSESSMENT

Identify the sources of biological agents

Identify the possible ways of transmission

Identify susceptible workers

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AVOID EXPOSURE

AVOID EXPOSURE

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Sequence of Donning PPE

Sequence of Removing PPE

http://www.documents.hps.scot.nhs.uk/respiratory/swine-influenza/influenza-a-h1n1v-don-remove-ppe-2009-09-18.pdf

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AVOID CONTAMINATION

LACK OF HAND HYGIENE + PATIENT CARE = INCREASED

RISKS

right time right way

• Use the appropriate
technique
• Use an adequate quantity
• Use for recommended
length of time

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VACCINATION

AVOID INFECTION

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TREAT INFECTION

TREAT INFECTION

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BIOLOGICAL HAZARD (a, b, c, d, dan g)

Menghilangkan sumber bahaya faktor biologi di tempat kerja

Mengganti bahan dan proses yang menimbulkan sumber bahaya faktor biologi

Mengisolasi atau membatasi pajanan sumber faktor biologi

Menyediakan ventilasi

Mengatur atau membatasi waktu pajanan terhadap sumber bahaya faktor biologi

Menggunakan baju kerja yang sesuai

Menggunakan APD yang sesuai

Kemenaker. (2018). Permenaker No. 5 Tahun 2018 tentang Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Lingkungan Kerja.

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BIOLOGICAL HAZARD (a, b, c, d, dan g)

Memasang rambu-rambu yang sesuai

Memberikan vaksinasi bila memungkinkan

Meningkatkan hygiene perorangan

Memberikan desinfektan

Penyediakan fasilitas sanitasi berupa air mengalir dan antiseptic

Pengendalian lainnya sesuai tingkat risiko

Kemenaker. (2018). Permenaker No. 5 Tahun 2018 tentang Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Lingkungan Kerja.

BIOLOGICAL HAZARD (E dan F)

Menghilangkan dan/atau menghindari sumber bahaya binatang di tempat kerja

Mengisolasi atau membatasi pajanan sumber bahaya faktor biologi

Menggunakan APD yang sesuai

Memasang rambu-rambu yang sesuai

Pengendalian lainnya sesuai dengan tingkat risiko

Kemenaker. (2018). Permenaker No. 5 Tahun 2018 tentang Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Lingkungan Kerja.

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ERGONOMI
A

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GEJALA-GEJALA WMSDS

Discomfort Pain Numbness Tingling

Change in Tightness, loss

Burning Swelling
color of flexibility

RISK FACTORS AND CAUSES OF MSD’S

Awkward Risk of injury depends upon:

Repetition Force Posture
• Duration (how long)
• Frequency (how often)
Static Contact Temperature
Posture Stress Extremes • Intensity (how much)
• Combinations of risk factors

Vibration Psycho Social

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RISK FACTORS THE ENVIRONMENT BRINGS TO THE JOB

Develop at least “rules of thumb” for each environmental factor.

Illumination
Temperature & Glare
Air Humidity
Quality

Noise Color

RISK FACTORS EQUIPMENT BRINGS TO THE JOB

Document
Holder Palm
support
Monitor

Work
surface Back
support

Keyboard

Knee space
Base
Foot rest Seat
pan

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RISK FACTORS THE TASK BRINGS TO THE JOB

Neck
Eyes

Hand/Wrist Shoulder

Back

Forearm
Elbow
Hip

Feet Thigh

KEEP THE WEIGHT CLOSE TO THE BODY

10 lbs. 10 lbs. 100 lbs.

100 lbs.
10 lbs.

10 lbs.

10 lbs.
10 lbs.

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PENGENDALIAN BAHAYA
ERGONOMI

MODIFY WORKPLACE LAYOUT & EQUIPMENT

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REDUCING AWKWARD POSTURES

REDUCING HIGH HAND FORCE REDUCING HIGHLY REPETITIVE

MOTIONS

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MODIFY THE LOAD

AVOIDING REPEATED IMPACTS

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BAHAYA PSIKOSOSIAL

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PATOFISIOLOGIS GANGGUAN KESEHATAN AKIBAT

STRESSOR PSIKOSOSIAL DI TEMPAT KERJA

Kemenkes RI. (2011). Gangguan

Kesehatan Akibat Faktor
Psikososial di Tempat Kerja.
Jakarta: Kementerian
Kesehatan.

FAKTOR PSIKOLOGI

Ketidakjelasan/ketaksaan peran

Konflik peran

Beban kerja berlebih secara kualitatif

Beban kerja berlebih secara kuantitatif

Pengembangan karir

Tanggung jawab terhadap orang lain

Kemenaker. (2018). Permenaker No. 5 Tahun 2018 tentang Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Lingkungan Kerja.

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SURVEY DIAGNOSIS STRESS KERJA

Kemenaker. (2018). Permenaker No. 5 Tahun 2018 tentang Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Lingkungan Kerja.

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SURVEY DIAGNOSIS STRESS KERJA

PENGENDALIAN FAKTOR PSIKOLOGI MELALUI

MANAJEMEN STRESS
Melakukan pemilihan dan penempatan dan pendidikan pelatihan bagi
tenaga kerja

Mengadakan program kebugaran bagi tenaga kerja

Mengadakan program konseling

Mengadakan komunikasi organisasional secara memadai

Kemenaker. (2018). Permenaker No. 5 Tahun 2018 tentang Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Lingkungan Kerja.

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PENGENDALIAN FAKTOR PSIKOLOGI MELALUI

MANAJEMEN STRESS
Memberikan kebebasan bagi tenaga kerja untuk memberikan masukan
dalam proses pengambilan keputusan

Mengubah struktur organisasi, fungsi dan/atau dengan merancang

kembali pekerjaan yang ada

Menggunakan sistem pemberian imbalan tertentu

Pengendalian lainnya sesuai dengan kebutuhan

Kemenaker. (2018). Permenaker No. 5 Tahun 2018 tentang Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Lingkungan Kerja.

TERIMA KASIH
iting_shofwati@uinjkt.ac.id atau iting_shofwati@yahoo.com
081389115929/085100853374

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