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ElementaryRussianGrammar_10014314
ElementaryRussianGrammar_10014314
ElementaryRussianGrammar_10014314
RU SS IA N GRA M M A R
(0 By
E : P R O K O SCH
Br é n M aw r Co ll ege
A ll Ri ght s Re serve d
Co m p o s e d andPri nte d B y
The U n i vexs i ty o f Chica go Press
Chi ca go . Ill ino is . U . S A .
.
P R E FA CE
j
o b e ct o f i nt ro d u ci ng t he s t u de nt s in a re aso nab ly s ho rt t i m e t o t he
s t u dy and s ys t e m at i c f
re ere n ce , an d s u ch a b o o kl e t m i ght have
o f l e as t re s i st an ce an d m ade i t i n cu m b e nt u p o n m e t o e m b o dy eve n
p e cu l i ar co m p l i cat i o n s .
The firs t re q u i re m e nt co n s i s t e d in Ru s si an p ro
an e x p o s it i o n o f
A no t her fe at ure
t he di re ct m et ho d , t he i n d u ct i v e p re se nt at i o n
of
to a m i ni m u m of t he i nt ri caci e s of t he Ru ss i an v e rb . The f re qu e nt
co n fli ct sbe t w e e n p e d ago gi cal e x p e d i e n cy an d p hi l o l o gi cal accu racy
hav e al m o st u ni f o rm l y b e e n d e ci d e d i n f av o r o f t he f o rm e r ; fo r
t hi s p ri m e r bu t m e age r at t e nt i o n co uld be d ev o t e d t o t hi s i nt ri n
s i cal ly i m p o rt ant firs t p has e o f v o cab ul ary b u i l di ng The very fe w .
s t ru ct ure , and , ab o v e al l , t he fo u nd at i o n o f an e nd e av o r t o re ad
E . PR OK OS CH
SAU K CI TY , WI S .
J u ne 1920
GO N TE N TS
—
.
PA RT ON E LESSON S
N A LPHAB E T
S E CT I O N
1 . St o p s and
Spirant s
2 Vo ice d and Vo i c e le ss
.
Review
HH Co ns o nant Ch anges
HN Vo wel Variat io n
SCHOOL
Reading
—
G ende r Hard E dings n
A greeme nt
Quest io ns
Pal at al iz at io n
So f t Vo w el s
Pal at al iz at io n of Co ns o nant s
U nacc e nt e d So f t Vo wel s
Final Palat al Vowel s
The Hard and So f t Signs
Pal at al iz at i o n o f Vo wel s
Review
TE ACHE R A ND PU PIL
15 Re ading
5P
,
Readi ng
Geni t ive
Vow el Variat io n
A ccu sat iv e
Ins t ru ment al
Vo wel Variat io n
Que st io ns
Rev i e w
M ORNING
Re ading
34 D e c le nsio n of A d j e c t iv e s
5D
.
29 Readi ng
30 37 . Pl ural o f N o u ns
38 . Plu ral o f Ve rb s
39 . Plu ral of A dj e c t iv e s
4 0 Pl u ral
. of Pro no u ns
Quest io ns
D IVI SIONS OF TIME
Reading
4 1 The Cardi nal s
.
42 The Ordinal s
.
43 . Le ngt h e ne d N o u n St ems
Que st io ns
Reading (THE WINNE R)
CONTE NTS ix
38 Reading
39 44 Irre gul ar Pl ural s
5P
.
4 . e rs o nal Pro no u ns
X . Tw o A NE CD OTE S
41 Re adi ng
42 47 . Fo rm at io n o f t he Present
43 48 . Fi rst Co nj u gat io n, Vo c ali c Class
49 Fi rst Co nj u gat io n, Co nso nant i c Clas s
5
.
0 C o nso nant So f t e ni ng
5
.
1 P c re di at iv e Co mp arat ive
5
.
2 A dve rb s
5
.
4 Ques t io ns
PE TE R I A ND THE PEASANT
46 Reading
47 5
3 . Se c o nd Co nj ugat io n
5
4 P . t wi t h C n
rese n s o s o nant So f t ening
5
5Imp t i e ra ve
5
.
6 I fi iti n n ve
5
.
7 A t t ib t i C mpr u ve o arat iv e
5
.
8 P i A dj t i
o ssess v e ec ve
5
.
0 Ques t io ns
THE SI CK TSAR
5
1 Reading
5
2 5
9 I rregu l ar Prese nt s
5
.
4 Que s tio ns
XIII
. THE SQ U I RRE L A ND THE WOLF
5
5 Readi ng
5
6 6 1 The A sp e c t s
5 nV b
.
7 6 2 Sim pl e and Co m p o u d er s
5
.
8 Q u e s t i o ns
TH E WOLF A ND THE CA T
5
9 Re ading
60 63 . St em Variat io n
61 64 Verb s of Si ngl e A sp e c t
5D
.
Ques tio ns
x CONTE NTS
XV M OTHE RS TE ARS
.
’
63 Re adin g
64 66 The Fut ure
.
XVII . A PI CTU RE
68 Re ading
69 68 . The Ve rb al A dj e c t ives
69 . The Russian Verb Syst em
—
PA RT TWO S Y N OPSIS OF GRA M M A R
LE TTE RS A ND SOU ND S
S E CT I O N
. Ch anges
o u nd
12 Paradigm s
.
13 . Le ngt he ne d N o u n St ems
14 M as c uli nes
5F
.
1 . e m ini nes
16 . N eut ers
TH E PRONOU N
S E CT I O N PA GE
21 Re l at iv e Pro no u ns
.
23 D e fin i t i ve Pro no u ns
.
24 Pre di c at ive D e c l e ns i o n
2 5A t t ri b u t ive D e c l e nsi o n
.
2 6 Po sse ssiv e A dj e c t iv e s
.
27 . Co mp ariso n
THE N U ME RAL
28 The Cardinal s
.
3 0 Prep o si t i o ns
.
CO NJ U GA TI ON —TH E VE R B
3 8 The Ve rb al A dj e c t iv es
.
VOCA B U LA RIES
Sp e c i al Vo c ab ul arie s fo r Te x t s I—
VIII
Yo cabul ary fo r Lesso n XXXVII
,
Ge ne ral Vo c ab ul ary
PA RT ONE
L E S S ONS
TH E R U S S I A N A L P H A B E T
i
Pr nt N am e ‘ N am e
1 Ph o ne t i c Si gn s ; s ee
II EPB LII/I V POR B
'
Fi rs t L ess on
t hi s bo o k uses a p o net h ic
t rans r pt o n, ci i based on t he s yste m o f t he I nternati Ona l
Phoneti c A ss ociati o n Ea . ch
l ette r o f t his s yste m deno tes ap p ro ximate l y t he same
Pho net ic t rans cript i o ns are set in brackets : —A ccented v o we l s are set in
bo l d face t ype
-
.
2 Vo i ce d
. and Vo i ce l e s s .
—B efo re enteri ng t he m o u th t he b reath
passes bet ween t he vocal chords , a pai r o f cu shi o n
-
l i ke , el ast i cl i gam ent s
i n t he thro at (larynx) . If t he v o cal cho rd s t o u ch o ne ano t her, t he
breath cau ses t hem t o v ib rate ; the s o u nd Of t hese v ibrat i o ns is cal led
w eak h: p o o l , to o l , co o l B ut Ru ss i an
II, T, It , like French, It al i an , S p ani sh [p , t , k ] , are p u re, or w i t ho u t t hi s h:
IIOJI B
'
,
TaM B , R aR b [ po l , t am , kak ]
' '
.
(2) 6 [b d g] d w i th m o re v o i ce
‘ ’
, II, I
‘
, , are u t t ere than E ngli sh
b, d , g: 6yny, JIOM B , Far a [bu du , do m , gaga] ’
.
f, v, s , z : ( byTB '
,
B o ny, COHL
'
,
3 HM a [fut ,
v o du ,
Spi rant s b eco m e v o i cel ess when finaL o r befo re v o i cel es s co nso nant s :
,
B OIIB , , , ,
u pp er as
R be fo re T and II is al s o p ro no u n e d [ c x] : E TO [xt o ] .
—
.
, ,
f— v s e,
i h (i n thi n —
) i h (i n then ) and add t he anal o go us p ai r o f v o ice less and
, ,
()
7 Th e L i q u i d s — Ru ss i an JI resembl es Am eri can l : The t i p of t he
t o ngu e art i cu l ates t o w ard s t he ro o f o f t he m o u th, behi n d t he u p per
, CTOJI b
’
,
HOH B '
, 0
Ty JI B
'
— lo f , s to l , po l , stu l ] .
p HT , Ppy6 B
'
[ras ,
ro t , t rut , gru p] .
4 Scri pt Fo rm s
.
— The w ritten fo rm s o f A , D , E , K , M , 0, a, e , i , o , z '
o f E ngli sh B , C, P , T, U , X , b c, g, m , n , p ; r , u , x , y o ccu r w i t h d if
ferent
'
.
5
] LE SS ONS 5
Read and co py t he fo l l o wi ng several t i m es , f
re erri ng to the t abl e
of the Russi an al phabet on page 2 :
fi at m /
,
6m m dam / e,
W ,
M
W
5T bl
. a e of Co ns o nan t s
RU S S IA N IN S TAN CE S
SOU N D
Ph o net ic
[ p]
[f]
[V ]
[m ]
[t ] rat e
[d ] date
[ s] s eal
[z ] z eal
[1] l ot
ro t
[11] no t
[k ] l ak e R yrIa, p rs
'
[ku pa druk]
,
lg] gi ve r y6 a
[m u x a ,
x to , bo x]
(wagen) B o ra [bo ra]
II
B TOPOI/I V POR I)
’
S econd Less on
S i t i o n t o w hi ch t he b ack of t he t o ngue i s
rai sed i n t he p ro nu nci at i o n o f that v o w el .
Ins t an ce D es crip t io n
Ger n i e, Fr di t
. . N arro wer t han ee i n deed
Ger S ee , Fr é té
. . N arro wer than a i n mate ,
an d w i th
o utd i phtho ngal gl i d e
Ger . recht, Fr bé te . B et wee n e i n bed and a i n bad
Engl far .
Fr mo rt, Ger M o rd
. . S i m i l ar t o o i n L o rd
G er B o o t, Fr beau
. . o a i n bo at b u t w i t ho u t d i pht ho ngal
gl i d e
Ger M ut, Fr. . ou ao i n moo d
Russ 1an LI S o u nd bet ween Ger u i n Glu ck an d
.
Fr e i n le
.
7 . Ru s s i an A ccent e d Vo we l s
Q uant it y
Russ i an acce nte d vo we l s are ge nerall y h al f l o ng (ab o ut as i n A m er
.
-
ican man) , unaccente d v o wels are rat her s ho rt The d ifference i n q uant ity i s much .
Th is means t hat accented syll abl es are s t ro nge r (l o u d er) t han u nacce nte d o nes .
[ é as , East o , i ndo , Gu gu n, Gi n] t
Iac I ,'
) HacTo , Hyno , HyryHB '
,
‘I IzIHB ’
ro s ca, p i si a, b o rs c,
v ' ' '
Co py
U naccented a a fter H ,
111 ap pro aches o r at l east [e] ; o ur t ranscri p
tion u ses t he Si gn [I] ,
to re pres ent t hi s s l u rre d , i nt erm ed i ate v o w el
Haco m ,
10] LE SS ONS 9
N OTE —The d ist ibut io n o f accent appea ing i n t he l ast exam ple d iffers f o m
r r r
grenadi er i t i s 2 :
Pract i ce
(1) [ d aska ak u o , , (pat o l o k petal o k ) ast ro v s rs ako eta
p at al o k , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
.
Hep o , h
R at enpa , He pHa, Haco rcs Ht eJI Ta, Hi avR y napanam ) , Haq a,
'
,
1A
R am a, Ham a, To me .
g; 3 x o .
m , my a pa
10 D iphtho ngs L—The
. seco n d el em ent of all genu i ne Ru ss i an
o s R p aTR o H [i j]
‘
d i pht ho ngs i s ii , call ed H Sk rat k o cc w i t h t he b rev e
' ’
m o j , p ai al uj , naSe j] .
IV
t
I ETB E PTIIII/I YPOR I)
’
RE VIE W
Co ns o nants
,
Tam ) , é TOTB , '
E yn a ,
R apaHHams, R f
yu Ho .
2 . Pu re dent al s (11 T , ,
H ) TOT L , é TOTB , IIOM L , Ho cR a, HalIB , try
’ ' ’ ’
.
. nv o i ci ng o f fina
l ,
v o i ce d st o p s an d Spi rants : p a6
'
s ,
r py6 I)
'
cant , H a
'
nn a The so u n d o f epEI i s between [i ] and [u ] , bu t s li ghtl y l o w er
.
10 . H a t er f H, 111, Ht resem b l es LI o r G m an w i de
er u: Hams '
.
Unacce nte d Vo we l s
i i n bi t, u i n bu t, a in arti s ti c, o p era .
12 . Changes :
U naccented o s o u nd s l i ke [ a] : Ho cRa x 0p o m 6 , .
Pract i ce
i
t am , z at BI l o k , padum al
m al ado j , pro m srsl af, paSla, m are s ,
, S praSi v al ,
(2) TO MB '
,
M v HR B
'
,
B O3 B
'
, S HOpOB a, p r a, JIp OB a, p ro H, Ta m )
TOPIIE
L, TaM B
'
, s ar mn o n s ,
f
I
I OIIyM aJI B
’
, CHpaIIIHB aJI B
'
,
M OH OHOH, Hp o
MH CJI OB B , Ho n
’
ma, M 0pO3 b ’
,
B npyr s ,
'
3 aXHBIR aJI a, r OJI y6ym Ha,
O
F B Op HT B ,
'
cJv R 6y, IIOR p BI JI b
’
,
Bor s , '
II OTOM y, HOHaJI L , '
HOR aS aJI B , ’
11 Co ns o nant Change s
. .
— Nei ghb o ri ng co nso nant s i n fl u ence e ach
o ther in all l angu ages (co m pare Engli sh grabbed and wrap p ed
wrap t) , but p art i cu l arl y s o i n Russ i an .
[s i va L
z dal , z garal ]; cs
'
6paTOM B , '
Cb HapOM B
’ '
, CB Do na
'
[zb rat am ,
z daram ,
zgo d a]
!
12] LE SS ONS 1
, OT6OH,
OTB
'
6paTa, OTB
’
HOHRH, OTL
’
s apH adbo j ,
ad brata, ad
do ck i , ad z ari ]
'
.
B OB I HR B CB m aIIK OII, CL
‘ I Op TOM B
’
, [v ai i i l aL i zv o Sé i k SSapk o j
'
/
’
‘ ’
, ,
(a) It and r are frequentl y pro no u nce d [x] befo re T and R and [7 ] ,
[xt o , l i xko ] ; To ma ,
Ro ma ,
It s
'
6paTy [t avda ,
k ay da, ybratu] .
[praznik ,
V l as nEI j ] .
12 Vo we l Vari ati o n
.
declens i o n w he e e xam p l es w i ll be fo u nd ,
The e xp l anat i o n o f t hese o rt ho grap hic
r .
m ent i o ned .
, , ,
p al at al s ibi l ant .
12 E LE M E NTA RY RUSS IAN G RAMMA R [13
V
HHTBIF
I V POR I)
'
TE T I X
A B
IIIIcOJIa Sko l a
3 Ta HOMHaTa m o rca H B H COR a . et a ko m nata Si raka i V LIs aka .
IIIHaIIB
'
. B OHB '
OR HO . B OTB '
IIOJI B
'
,
Skap . vo n akno . v ot po l ,
B OTB p at al o k v o t d aska i
'
BOHB ’
HOTOJI OR B
'
.
'
nocHa H vo n .
Han na . CTYJI B ’
HeeJI TB '
. Radienpa pal k a s tu l zo l t
. kafi dra to t e .
To me HceJI Ta . i i lta .
B OTB '
HapaHIIaIII E , Hepo H HOHcHHB
' '
. k arandaS, pi ro i no i l k
vo t .
To me r nanom) . to t e glad ak .
3 Co py te xt A
. i an script
se veral i
t m es i n Russ .
4 B o t h w he n read i ng and writ ing a se nte nce vi s uali ze i t s meaning: Co ncent rate
.
,
VI
13 . G e nd er .
—Hard‘
En d i ngs .
’
CTyJI L , HIR aII b , HapaHnam E , HOHt HR B , HOTOJI OR L , II OJI B are masculi nes
' ’ ' ' ' '
.
femi nine ,
and neuter res pect i v el y .
14] LE SS ONS
14 A gre e m e nt
.
HI R aII L— B BIcOR L
' '
.
’
O TOT L m R aH B ' '
.
—
IIo cRa B BIco xa . S
’
Ta no cmt
’
OHHé — B BIOOR O TO OR H6
’
. S .
B OTB no ci ca; o ne m o Ré
'
.
—
dem o nstrat iv es sTOTB , é Ta, é To '
and r n r n n —
t e pe so a p o o u s o m ,
h l )
—
O a O
H HO are i n a reement as t o
, g gend er and nu m ber w i t h t he no u n
whi ch t hey m o d i fy o r re er f to .
N OTE — A d ash i s o ften u se d between su bj ect and pred icate no u n o r adj ect ive ,
w here Engl i s h w o ul d u se i s o
‘ ’ ‘ ’
a e r r .
The accent and o t her pecu l i a it ie s o f p ed icate adj ect i ves c anno t b e determ i ned r r
give n i n t he w o rd l i st s at t he e nd o f t he b o o k
-
.
Wi th the no uns and adj ecti ves contai ned i n the text fo rm as many ,
VII
—
Q ues t o s B o npé cm
i n
1. q TO 6m ? (9 m 2 . RaROB a
sTa R oM HaTa? 3 R aR OB B
'
é TOTb ’
HI K alI L ?
’
4 K aR OB O
5R
. .
é To OR HO? . aR OB B
'
é TOTB '
(IIOTOJI OE B R apaHnaIHT
cTyJI B
' '
, ,
B OCB M OHYPOR B
’
1 5. Pal at ali z at i o n — In
. every l angu age there ex i s t s a habit u al
preference fo r a cert ai n po s i t i o n o f t he t o ngue b ot h when at rest and
d u ri ng the utterance o f s peech s o u nds In Engli sh, es peci ally as s po ken
.
any
m arked ex tent .
‘
A
’
Sho ws the art icu l ati o n o f A merican n (t , d, l ) , B
‘ ’
, that o f a very
[j ev a j er j edu j est j et Ij ]
, , , , E B a, ep B ,
'
Buy,
”
Ennifi
"
[j a j ak af j abl ako . j am a]
, , , H, HR OB B ’
,
HOJI OK O, m a
[j o S j o l ka j o l adka j o rS j o k
,
‘
, , ,
I j] EDK B , é HR a, é JI O
’
t
IR a, e pIII B , eMR IH
'
'
, , , , , .
IX
w ays
1 .
‘I
,
111, m, m are ent i rel y o r p artl y p alatal anyw ay ; co ns equ ent l y,
To l earn t he p o nu nci at i o n Of [t d n I] pl ac
r e t he t i p o f t he t o ngue agai n t t he, , ,
s
p alat e as Sh o w n i n 15
, ; t y t o p o no un ce [t d n 1] as wel l as t hi s p o s it i o n pe m it s
r r , , ,
r ,
20, s u , eu ] .
Pro no u nce
, , , ,
[ turma du i i na nu xnu ru m k a] , , ,
TIO p B M a, nIOHcHHa, HIOXHy, pIOM K a .
Pro no u nce
IIe HH a, HHTo e ,
'
, , ,
III/IB O ,
, , ,
[m i r m era mas o mo rl Ij ]
, , ,
MHp B ,
'
M s pa i
,
M Hco , M é p s n mfi
, , , , ,
18 . U nacce nt e d S o f t Vo we l s
fro m [j s e] ,
i n sl o w , care u l u tt erance f to s l u rre d [j i i ] ,
. Ou r t ranscri p
ti o n u ses t he Si gn [j I I] , .
Pro no unce
[j i e pa j i m u j i dv a j i zda] , , , E B p o n a, eM y, eg B a, S ena
[de ri v o diri u ni m u ne é it ] nepeB o , net y, HeMy, B e HeTB
'
, , ,
a r —
[j d a d ro j IZ bIk j Irm o ] , , a a— a o , H3 BIH B
'
, Hp M O
[j o S j i i b l , so l a s i l o s to kl a]
, , , evict , ent sI , cé n a, ceJIo , cTé HJI a
even H, m ay s o m et i m es ap p e ar as [i ,
I ] . Fi nal accent e d e is al w ays
[j i s 60 m aj o mina dada
'
po l e, u c 1li s c s ,
'
j ]
'
, , , , gav aru , ci t a u
se ns ib l e s i m pl ificat i o ns o f pe ll i ng b t fo an e l em nt a y b o o k i t seem s p ef
S ,ab l u r e r r er e,
fo t he t im e be i ng t o ret ai n t he o l d Spe ll i ng
r , .
3 .
pb (rare) i s w eakl y t ri l l ed o r al t o gether u nt ri ll ed ,
'
and o ften pre
ced e d by a s l i ght gli de, li k e JI B and Hb : nyp b , naps [ du r ,
t sar] .
v o wel The s am e i s t ru e o f HB , 6 B , (1 15 ,
B E, MB : . M o cs rca, Pyes ,
R p OB B , O65
, ce
M B [ m o s k a, ru s , k ro f, 0p , s e m ]
5 Aft
.
. er r , R , x , 11 t he so ft Si gn d o es no t o ccu r ; a fter Ht ,
111, H, In i t
Prono u nce :
“
1 .
pro no u nce d [ e ]
3, e, is are i nstead o f [ e] , thu s m o v i ng i n t he
di recti o n o f [1] w i thi n the v o w el t ri angl e :
‘ ’
. 3 To , ceHTa, hows
”
,
deny
[ et o ,
j est j edu ] but am ceM epo ceM B ecTL i scTB S neM T
s ekt a, , , , , , , ,
[ e ti s e m i ra s e m j e s t j e s t j e di m ] ‘ ‘
,
.
, , , ,
i n a c T g ap o M
B H o na and f o nt a i n aJI 6yM nap HHHH
'
B ,
'
B ,
r
‘
r -
’
B
'
B ,
s , .
3 .
y, w el l m arke d p al at al gl i de (20, 2) bef o re p al at al
0, e , 10 s ho w a -
, He HR a, pB
’
‘I
R a, B eIIIB , 6 13H1Hm s , 6 13m m, 6 13JI R H
’ ’
[v e c i r
'
, ve s c, .
Pro no u nce
[e ti , t ekst , ti p e r, d av o lno ]
et at , 3 TH , 9 TOTB
'
,
TeRCT I)
'
,
TenepB , HOB OJIB HO
[ abet , ve t , xate t , s m atre t ] EJIL ,
‘ ‘ ‘
XOT BTB , CM OTp BTB
’ ’
B
’
So n, s o na, dan, dan] 1113310 , Infan t , COH I) , OOHH, Hans , naHB ' f
.
XI
RE VIE W
’—
as su m e t he p al at al p o s i t i o n t i p t o w ard l o w er teet h, su rf ace t o u chi ng
‘
[j i ] z
’
HM b ’
, ep s
f
,
E Hy, 111
1s
'
, ears , Io r c
s; a o, eprfi
r, S ena .
2 .
p, c, 3 ,
H, 6, I
( ), B, M re m ai n v i rt u al l y u nchange d , b ut a s l i ght
, ,
Practi ce
[ pi i alnaj a pu ti ,
‘
, s e rt s e, pu t ,
IIIH TH, Hpo cs 6a, cynB 6a, 3 Haem s , BIIB o eM s , OTB BTI/IJI H, 6ynem s , FJI aB OIO ' ’
{tv ai m , j imi ,
ani , at é a I a s , j nacI l o ,
V
[st anl s ,
zi m la, ze m lu ]
6 paTB HM B , ’
cTaHem B , s eM JI H, s eM JI IO .
22] LE SS ONS 21
XII
X
TE T II
YHHJIH Ine i l i s Ce
'
ut
V
OTO 6OJI I>Ino e s naHi e —IIIR OJI a HJI H et a b alSo j e z dani j e Sko l a
H— yHH TeJI B M o e i li ué i liSé —
j a u ci ti l m aj o
'
y HHJI HnIe . . e . .
H u é i ni t s a j a ni u a V b I u c i ti s
'
y HeHHIIa .
y Hy, a B BI y HHTeCL . .
, .
B OTB ’
M OH HHHr a . Or a HHHra vot m aj a kni ga; et a kni ga
pyccR aH paMM ét THRa B OTB pycc ru s k a a j gram ati k a v o t ru s k a
‘ '
I . .
N a H H erR a . i l i xka .
I/I MB’
,
IZIXB
'
,
HJI H, XOTHTe , R HHFa j i m j i x i li
, , ,
xatj t s , kni ga
ecTB , TCTL , fairy,’ "
R ance , s naHi e j e s t j est j edu kako j e z dan1j e
‘
, , ,
’
M o e , eIIIe ,
g
’
, , ,
i ng them; retu rn to the tex t and read i t u nti l you have achi eved p erfect
flu en cy Then cop y the left hand co lu mn
.
-
.
XIII
re p OiI hero
6 o h fi ght apM i H army
. . .
T, L —a ,
H— o , e .
very rarel y B OJI B IHOH and adj e ct ives i n cR i H (p yccrci H, aHr Hi Hcrci H) h ave no
.
-
The fe m i ni ne s t res ses t he e nd i ng: M OJI OJIB M o n o na M OJI OIIO y ung; r n ano rcs ’
, , o
'
,
B ,
B ,
B .
; TyII B
’
, , , , ,
TyIIO.
Hard : u h, (i ii ) o ii
S o ft : i ii
60315
1116171, 6o n m aH, 6 OJI L IHOe
c Hi H, oH
H HHH, c Hee H
a . ccent o f att ribut ive ad j ect ives rem ains o n t he s ame syll able i n al l fo rms
The a .
24 . Po s s e s si ve Pro no uns
2d perso n Ba l m . Bé ma 3 3 me yo ur
3d pers o n each w as? onc e hi s , her, i ts .
24 E L E M E N TARY RUSS I AN GR AMMA R [2 5 —26
N OTES
B ce rna: B befo e v o icel es s s o unds [f] ;
r t he s uf fix -
rna i s generall y pro no un ced
[y d a] : R o rna, To rna .
Practi ce
[i ] yHHTeJIB , y HeHHR B , II O HT H, HH TaeMB , cHacH60
' '
.
,
FOB o p HTe .
, .
[b l ] no a
B BI, fiI , Rc HBIH .
cnp am HB a .
N 0TE —H be i ng t he t yp ical
.
,
'
p al at al v o w el , is alw ays so ft ,
BI al w ays hard .
XVI
IIIECTHA IIIIA TBIH YPOR b
’
0HT , 0Ha, 0 H6
' '
ILB JIae M B nh n ae r e
’ ’ '
6yIIe M B '
6yne To
naemL naeTe
' '
'
~
r 0B 0p HM L '
r0 B 0p HTe
End i ngs
26 Impe rati ve
.
’ ’ ’
’
ni a n aiITe , HOHHM aiITe , FOB o p IITe .
OOL HCH
'
H Hs yHa B s rs bI B a
b . Li ke I OB OpIOZ
‘
6J1ar o nap yH (the latter i n -
y, i n s tead of
-
10 ,
B o npé cu
5T
. .
3 .HTO nt '
n aeTB y HeHHIIa?
'
4 . q TO B BI XOT HTe H 3 y HaTB ? . O
FOB o pII TL 10 .
'
JI H 11 .
no mmrfiI
t '
ITO B BI JI lS JI aTB , é cJIH
’
B LI He H OHHM ae Te ? 12 .
r
I TO B BI
5
.
R o r naB BI cnp amHB aeTe ? 14 . HTO B LI FOB o p HTe HOTOM B? 1 Hart s '
.
'
OHb H
’
STOT B yp OR b ? p neHT JI H JI H Hero n s ? 16 t
ITO nia n a
' ’ ’ '
. B BI
yp ORs ?
'
18 . XOpOIII OJI H TenepB B am e Hp 0H 3Ho mé Hi e
XVIII
TE T IV X
B e IIIH B B III IcOJI I; f
'
’
Sc 1 Sko l a
’V
' '
ves
, cTOJI B ,
'
v naSej ko m nat s kafi dra, s to l ,
K n accHaH no crca H . T .
11 .
(H Tam ) na kl as naj a d as ka i t ak dali j e .
Jr he ) Ha . S TOM b
’
CTOJI B R HH r a,
’
Na na et a m st al e kni ga, k arand aS
paHHaIIIB H Hepo
'
. Bs '
CTOJI
’
B HHII/IR B , '
i p i ro f st al e j aSci k , i
.
'
v et am
IIIOM B R peCJI
' ’
B; H ont Ha M aHeHB R o H So m k r e s l e ; j a si i u na m ali nk o j
cR aM eHR h HHH Ha IIp OCTOM B cTyJI i s Sk ame j ke i li na pras to m s t u l s
’ '
. .
' '
. .
HaIHOM B CTOJI lS ’ ’
. Si m st al e .
26 E LE M E NTARY RUSS IAN GRAMMAR [ 27
CTOJI B ’
CTOHTB
'
Ha Ho a
ry . E T) on s to l s t ai t na pal u . v adno m
HO B M ’
yrny CTOI/ITB
’
HI K aI Ib ’
,
H BB
’
ugl u st ai t Skap , i v et a m Skapu
6yM ar a, li i l t bu m aga, p i ro i k arandaS
' '
H R ap aHIIaIIIE '
. Hp HHaIIJI e
HcHTE y HeHHR y,
'
a R ap aHIIaIHE HpH
'
a karandaS pri nadli i l t u é i ti lu .
HaIIJI t ’
I/IT I: y HHTeJI Io . Y HHTeJI E U i i ti l d aj o t k arandaS et a mu
naeTE
'
R ap aHIIaIII E
'
3 T0My y HeHHR y; u é i ni ku ; on d aj o t p i ro et o j ui i
OHL naé TE IIep o 3 T0H y HeHHIrh ni t s e
’ '
. .
i k a7 da m EI u xo
“ ” “ ”
E MT: 3 np c TB yHTe ,
H Ho rna M EI z dras tv u j t s ,
“ “
di m , m EI gav ari m d a sv i danij a
’
yo IHM E , M EI
'
POB OpI/IM b
’
IIO
,
OB Hna
Hi H
”
H H H “
IIp o nIaHTe
”
. i li
N OTES
BE '
CB o e ME , B cTae Te , IcE
' '
npyry: A ss i m i l at i o n (11 , 1 a, d) .
Pract i ce
6—[b] 6yM ara, [b] JI EI H, [ p] r py6E
'
.
—
JI [ d ] no cR a [d] OHHHTE [t ] Ham [ t] , ,
)
,
TeTp anE .
B — [v ] B B H am eH [f] B E cB o é H
' '
.
,
3 — [z ] 3 np c TB yHTe [ s] II B b
’
/ .
,
—
II [p ] H HTE .
A CCE N T — Co ns t ant , c are ful o b serv at i o n and p ract ice are t he o nl y s afe w ay
o f l e arnm g t he Ru ss i an acce nt Re ad t he ri ght h and c o l u m n o ver and o ver agai n .
-
H H II Y R
’
L
‘
M as c . N eu t .
N OU N S
(Ha) Ha R pé cH I;
’
cr o n h
’ ’
BE
cc h y HII JI HIIII;
’
B E K na
’ '
BE
BE HIIIHH I; '
Ha
Ha Iro n y B E s naHi H
"
BE yIU I ) 0 6E EM eHII
PRON OU N S A N D A D J ECTIVES
Ha Ha é rofi
BE BE
BE BE
’ '
BE Ha 6E JI 017I
BE Ha
End i ngs
M N . .
N o uns
Pro no u ns and A dj ecti v es
The fo ll ow i ng t ake H
a . Fem ini nes i n E and neuters i n MH (Te TpanH HMeHH) ,
.
M as c . N eu t .
N OU N S
Hard : y HeHHRy R pé cny
5
y HHJI HIIIy
y HHTeJI Io II OJI IO
PRON OU N S A N D A D J ECTIVE S
é To my STOH
Ham e My, cB o e M y 1
Ham e fi , CB Oé H
IIIHp OR OMy IIIHp OR Oii
E LE M E NTA R Y RUSS I AN GR AMMAR
E nd i ngs M N . .
N o u ns
Pro no u ns , A d j ecti v es
CTOJI y ,
Ha HameM y
5H
. .
II HIII eTe JI H B EI Ha no c
’
11 . ? 12 THE B am a Ter p anE , R o rna .
H
B EI H IIIeTe ? 13 THE CTO HTE CTOJI E ? 14 I
I TO cTo HTE BE yrn y?
5
. .
X
TE T V
IIHcaHi e p i sanl j s
y HH TeJI E B EI
B OR Ha
B OBJI Z OHE OTR pEI B aeTE cB OIO o n at k rEIva j it sv aj u kni gu i fs lu x
'
.
é i taj it p i SIt at u é i ni k
' '
OHE y HHTeJI E no .
IIep a; HHIIIeM E . .
Ro ma M EI IIHIIIeM E ypOR B , M EI ’
B EI ka7 da m EI p i SIm u ro k , m EI
V EInIm aj i m j as ci ka ti t rat i li
v v
RO ME . kam .
N OTES
PRE P OSITION s —B E , Ha re qu re t he locati ve w en rest i s de no t e d , b ut t he
. i h
h
a ccus ati ve w en m o t o n i s de no te d : i
R ap aHnamE Ha CTOJI E , B E R apM aHE
’
.
i i
RE re qu res t he dat ve : V He HHR E Hné TE R B HHé COHo H no cIt E
’ '
.
B o ard }, 6 e 3 E , H3 E , B ME cTo , y re qu re t he ge n t ve :
' ’ '
B OB JI E OR Ha,
6e3 E R HHFH, i ii
H 3 E R ap M aHa, B M E cTO Hep a V M eHH I have, y y HHTeJIH the teacher has
’ -
. .
Pract i ce
— — HHH, y HHTeJI E , TOJI EHO
JI [l ] HaHéIJIo , HJI accE [l] HaHaJI E, .
—
p [r] p yccR i H, 3 aR p E1B ae TE , R ap a
M HE —
[r] Hap E , Xap E N OB E .
Y I COHH R b
’
I
u
M— [m ] —
[m]
’ ’
M EI , 6yM i1r a, B EIHHM aeTE B M E cTo , M E JIOM E .
XXII
II II I
B A I A TE B TOPOI/I V B ORE
29 . The G e ni ti ve co rres p o nd s t o t he E ngli s h po ss ess i v e and is
requ i re d by cert ai n prep o s it i o ns .
M as c .
H3 E R apM aHa
So ft : y y HHTeJI H
H
y rep OH
End ings
Hard
S o ft
30 Vo we l Vari at i o n
.
No m .
no cx a, R HHr a, py6axa (s hi rt) , naHa (vi lla) , R Oma (s ki n) , Rama (po rri dge) .
Gen .
no crcII , HHHI H, p y6axn, 11
’
'
,
R OHcH,m Ba um .
f
A t er all vel ars (H, r , ) and x afte r t he s ibi l ant s H ,
111, m , H: (but f ) i
no t a te r 11 Er s
c
rep l a ed b y H Co mp are 12 A 3
. .
B E13 EIB a
.
OHE eTE
Y HHTeJI E HHTaeTE B OIIp OCE
.
En d i ngs :
Thi ngs
A ni m at e B ei ngs
M . F .
Hap aHnaIII OM E -
y H eJI e E
H T M'
f
( i aM HJI i e H (ero )
Hapté ME Te Tp aIIEIo
E nd i ngs
Hard
S o ft
1 . Wri te the si ngu lar p aradi gms of the fo llowi ng no uns : Hep o, CTyJI E ,
M E JI OM E , JI E B OH, p yHOH,
’ ’
naeTE , Hp HXOIIHTE , OR Ha, yp OHa, 6y a E,
M I‘
‘
q y 3 y6EI 3 y6Ho i1 IneTO HR o H II E IO é i Sé u zu bEI z ub no j Si o t ai k o j p u
’
. .
. .
B aHHo H . v anno j .
OHEB a HHcTo py 6 ax y H HH cT EI H a d i v aj u é i s t u j u ru b ax u i é i s t EI j
B Op OTHIIR B R asIt no e yTp o B E 06 v aratni k kai d aj e u t ro v 0p
'
/ . .
EM E nB a garacrv a m al aka i j em d v a
’
. .
N OTES
yTpa A t s i x
’
BE III e CTE HaCOB E o clo ck i n the m o rni ng .
116 10 :
3 111 Ins t ru m e nt al of t mei (HocHOH in s p ri ng, Oce H E Io i n fall ) .
Practi ce
s axo m y , cam c ,
HacOB E , Hp HHé cEI B aro , IIOJI Haca, FOpHHi H, HaH,
2 . e: H
I e TR a, IneTO HR a, H p HHeCEIB aIO , e me .
[ u i e , v a- ap i é e ] .
N OTE .
—I
co unt s as a ha d vo wel :
’
> r Hne TE , HHaHe TE . E xcept io ns fro m t he rule
are chie fly t he no u ns i n en : R yHé n -
E E m erchant [k u p e t s] There are al s o a few
.
i s i s pro no u nced [j o ] i n ’ ’
‘
abo u t t en w o rds , g, e . . 3 BE 31
1E1 st ars ,
’ "
(s i ngu l ars
’
FHE s na H pi o 6pE 11E
‘
nes t s 3 3 13 3 1
13 , FHEs no, with
bl o s s o m ed
’
he recei v ed
‘ ’ ’
IIB E JI E
‘
, .
D e cl e ns i o n of A d j e cti ve s :
aHHo iI
Lesso n XVI (27 28 )
N
xo n onHo fi B o no fi
HA RD SOFT
arc , o ro
RE M A RK S
m asc and 6m i nste ad o f aro i n t he gen s i ng m as c and neut : 6 0 11E 1116H, 60 11E
. . . . . . .
. .
Iié pe Hcrcaro .
3 536]
— LE SS ONS 3 5
1 . D ecli n e the si ngu lar f
o : BaHHaH , CTOJI OB aH, HHCTaH B o na,
B E Hé p B OM E HaHaJI E, B TOp OI ‘O yp OR a .
3 5D . e cl e ns i o n o f Pro no un s .
—The end i ngs o f t he att ri bu t i v e ad
j ectiv es have been b o rro wed fro m the pro no m i nal decl ens i o n, i e , . .
4 . Interro gati ve -
rel at i ve : ETO, HTo , HOTOpEI H .
p ro no uns d i ffers fro m t he ad j ect ive decl ens i o n i n t he no m i nat i ve fo rm s , w hich are
l ik e t ho se o f no uns (MOH like repoH, HamE l ike Hap aHnamE ) , and i n regard t o t he
36 Re fi e xi ve s
. Refl exiv e v erbs are excee d i ngl y numero u s i n
.
-
have o ccu rred i n the texts and qu es ti ons and form three s en tences wi th each .
XXVIII
B o npOcEI
3 HE JI aeTe B E
q TO B EI
’
B aHHo H? 4 M OeTeCE JIH B EI B ce rna XOJI OII
5
. .
HTe ,
‘
OEIB aeTe BOJI OCEI ? 9 . I IIE B EI cr o R o rna B EI Hp H Hé CEIB aeTe
B bl BE .
y B acE Tya Hé TE ? 13 t
ITO B EI
’
HE 11aeTe HOOJI E TyaJI é Ta? 14 HTO
5I
. . .
t
B EI II E é Te 3 a 3 aB Tp aR 0M E ?
. 1 . HTaeTe 1I H B EI r as é Ty B cerna né penE
.
t
3a B Tp aR 0M E ? 16 . I TO B EI Hym aeTe 3 a 3 aB Tp aR 0M E ? 17 . IIE eTe
e B o H HaH CL cax ap OM E ? 18 II O HeM y II EeTe cB o H H aI/I
‘
1I H B EI B EI
'
. .
XXIX
e r amE 60 11EIIIo ro
.
IIOM a . BE HeH st at e b atSov a do m a . v ne j
a nyIOIIIi H R OM HaTEI : j ko m natEI : gas ti naj a
s l e d u u s ci e j
' '
TOCTHHaH HJI H
HEI .
—
CIIaJI E HH R OM HaTEI , B E R OTO nEI . S palni— ko m nat EI , f k at o
6 0 11EIII0H, p
. FJI EI HCTOJIE H B Erco rci H b alSo j , kru gl EIj s to l i V E1so k E1j
. . .
b
H0 E c t e H3 E Ham eHE i S caSIk
V
. .
II pe . cany B EI co s at .
FyJI HIo pa
HeHM E Hamer o cana ale I m naSIv a
j Sada
’ '
. .
NOTES
1101115
1: I egu l a p l u ral o f HOM ; no t ice t he accent ; nOma i s t h
rr r E e ge n . i
s ng .
o re o e r ed i n l e s s o n 34 .
E i v e r re
, , .
Y cT JI é HE : b and 11 i s s i l ent
T et w een 0 . .
, g
e n — EeB E . . .
A , b and b el ow , 37 , Re m ark 3 .
38 ELE M E NTARY RUS SIAN GRAM MA R
.
Pract i ce
[j i i ]
,
E XE , H3 E , co cr o HTE , Hax é nHTcH, HB ap THpa, STH .
[j e e ] ,
HeH, r o cr é H, can i é TR H, ecTE , ceM Ed .
[j e e]
,
B EIcOR ie, GE ECTHEI e, II p eR pacHEI H,
‘
cTEHE , R yXHE ,
Tapé H R H .
[j a a] ,
CTO HTE 6E JI aH
,
’
, cTOJI OB aH, a TE , B Hc TE H ,
MHco , HHGTaH .
[j 0 0] ,
3 11, II p ié MHaH, R OB epE , IIE é TE , R n ané M E .
[j u u ] ,
FyJI HIo , HpHFOTO B HHIO , IIpHHHM aIO TE , HIOHH .
ym aHie 60 11E1110H
’
E: cnan E HH, R ym aHEe R , .
,
HE cR OJI ER o , II EeM E ,
cnaTep TE , nepé B E H .
Pl u ral of N o uns :
M .
IIIR aIIEI
1
110 1111
11101
111
HOJI OB E
’
I OCTé i I
‘
E nd i ngs
N . or G .
OB E — e ii
— cii
G .
,
eB E E E (ii , )
L .
E LE M E N TA RY R USSI AN GRAMMAR —
40 [39 40
XXXI
39 Pl u ral
. of A d j e cti ve s :
A TTRI B UTI VE
N . or G .
End i ngs
N . F .
tio n o f v o wel s .
(37 ,
PR E D I CA TIV E
The end i ng is EI— H fo r all genders : HOM a (R OM HaTa , nepé B E H)
IIpeR p acHEI
5
.
M OH CB OH Ham HXE
z
g t STHXE XE XE
— ’
60:11E1110e s naHi e STH 60 11EIH i H s naHi H . .
XXXII
B OIIpo cEI
HOME? 3 Ha “ '
R OTOp OM E 3 Ta1R E HaXOHHTCH B am a HB apTHp a? 4
5q
. .
RaR i H R OM HaTEI
'
BE BameH R B ap T HpE? .
HE JI aIOTE B E ro cTH
TO
’
111 a ? 8 _
.
I
ITO BE cII aJI E HHXE ? 9 .
IIHH Hero cJI yHcHTE R yXHH ?
10 . THE xp aHHTcH OE ECTHEI e a HacEI ? 11 . BE R OTOpo H R OM HaTE
HTo Ha OTOJI E
’
? 14 I
ITO M EI
’
nE n aeM E Ho maM H H B fI JIR aMI/I , HHTo
5II
.
’
HE JI aeM E JI OHQK aM I/I ? 1 . Eé Te .1I H B EI Ha H H3 E HamR H ? 16 .
t
ITO
3a Ba mHM E HOM OME ? 17 .
t
ITO B EI
'
IIE JI aeTe BE STOM E can y?
XXXIII
TE T X VIII
Pas nEJIe Hi H B pe Me HH razdi le ni j a v re ml ni
HHB apE , b
( eB paJI E , H ap TE , aHpEJI E , j m v ar fi vral m art
, , ,
ap re l ,
IIHeH, b
( eB p aJI E t ri t s i t dnej , f fi v ral e dva
'
‘
TpHnIIaTE BE nB a
v o si m
‘ ‘
i li
‘
dv at s i t devI t
'
M ECHIIeB E me s It s i f t ri t s i t adi n
‘
Tp HnnaTE o nHHE IIOHB . de n .
.
v bu dni .
nai i na i t s a j
‘
e TcH IIB anIIaTE II ep B ar o M ap Ta H . c
. d vats 1t p e rv av a
HOB ar o cTHJI H ; B OCEM o r o M ap Ta c c . . m art a no v av a (v as mo v a
s ti l a
THO s i nt ra, a zi m a
‘
pH , ‘
a 3 HM a nB annaTE Hep B aro d v ats i t tre t1v a
neR a6pH
‘
. dvats i t p e rv av a di k abra .
,
IIeHE pas nEn HeTcH Ha HB annaTE de n razdi laj i t s a na d v at S It
‘
cas
cI sa— Se s t
“
Tenep E— HacE (nB a Haca— Incor E
“
ti p e r — i as (dva
'
‘
“ “
CeFo IIHH HB annaTE IIHTo e (HHcJI O) s i v o dna dv at s i t p at aj e (ci s l o )
'
‘
N OTES
HXB '
Has B aH iH : OB o H alw ays re ers f t o t he su bj ect of t he se nt en e The c
no n re fl ex i v e
-
p o ssess ive pro no u n o f t he t hi rd perso n i s e ro, e H, e ro fo r t he s i ngul ar,
HXE fo r t he p l u ral .
CyTE : The ve rb to be i s e xpresse d b y ecTE (s i ngu l ar) , cyTE (pl u ral ) when t here
i s no p re d icate no u n o r ad j ect iv e , no r an adve rbi al p h rase o f p l ace i n t he s e nt e n c e .
d ays : B E epeny o n Wednes day, B o B TOp HHR E on Tu es day; s i m i l arl y B E STy MHHyTy
t hi s mi nu te, B E Tp H Hac ai n three ho u rs , B 0 B pé M H (B o HHEI ) du ri ng (the war)
. B ut .
‘I aCE
on e o clock (HacE ho u r , HacE I watch, cl o ck)
’
.
—
11 19 :
‘ ‘
d vi n at s i t tri n at s i t bit EIrnat s i t
‘
It n at SI t
‘
Si s nat S I t‘
’ '
s im
, , , p , ,
i m n at s i t
‘ ‘ ‘
nat s i t , v as ,
divIt nat s i t ]
20—90: [d v at s i t s0 p Idd i s at , Si zd i s at , s e md i s It , v o s i md i s rt , di vm o st al
‘ ‘
tri t s i t rak ,
‘
, ,
ZOO [dve s ti , i
tr st a, bi t i ri st a, p It s o t , Si st s o t , s i m so t , v as i m s o t , divIt so t ,
t IS I é a]
' '
XXXIV
5
.
p ro no u nce d .
geni ti v e pl i i ral f o rm s
B . S YN Ts
1 .
(TpHnnaTE ) OHHHE ne HE .
2 B a— T H—
é ; nB annaTE nB a IIHH ‘
I e TfiI pe Hac
.
JI p .
— —
3 ceM E
.
HB annaTE TpHHHaTE une fi .
t he genit i ve pl u ral .
. re e . . e , ,
r
o i gin al l y be l o ng d o nl y t o n a H E
r e B ,
B .
R HH H (ge n s i ng o f
F w i m ) o 11 13 pyccR HX R HH H; aft e hi ghe num e al s t hey
. . s r 3 E F r r r ,
st and i n t h g n pl u l ike no un s : m T p y R H
e e H H
. S ub st ant iv i ze d
r .
, ec E cc xE E FE .
CTOJI OB BI XB
'
.
44 E LE M E N TA R Y RUSSIAN GR AMMA R [4 244 3
C D E GL E N S I ON :
. See paradi gm s ,
c io n o f 2 3 4 i s based up o n o l d du al fo rm s o i ginally be l o nging t o
The de l e ns , ,
‘
,
r
t he nu m ber 2 o nl y .
, ,
B r
IIHTH o ce M IO;
B 11— 19 d o no t ch ange t he accen t
E .
,
"
I n J dnu ary
’
HHBapE (lo cati ve) ; S unday
‘ ‘ ’
2 . BE on BE B oc
Hpecé Hi e ;
‘
on S atu rdays
’
110 cy6 6 0TaM E ; co n nect i n the s ame w ay
the names f the o ther e leven mo n ths and o f the o ther si x days f the week
‘
o o
3 .Co nnect the fo llo wi ng exp res s i ons wi th the p rep o s i ti o n s BE (lo c .
and ace .
) and H3 E ( gen ) : 3 HOM HaT 7 IIOM 16 K HI/IF 24 HIHHR
4 . D ecli ne : 7 days , 3 4 kni ves , 16 wi ndo ws , 4 di ni ng roo ms , 3 ho u ses -
.
XXXV
The o rd i nal s are regu l ar ad ect i v es j in OH o r EIH and are d ecli ned as
43 Le ngthe ne d N o un St e m s
.
EM — H fiM -
e H ll -
M aTE mo ther
M aT- ep- H
B pé M H -
B pé M - OH II -
HOHE HOH e p H dau ghter
- -
.
M ar s and IIOHE .
(b) The firs t lesson, the thi rd day, the fifth fl oor .
A pri l 1,
LE SS ONS 4 5
XXX VI
B o npo cEI
RaR E
’
1 . CK OJI B R O M E cHneB E BE To n y? 2 . HXE Has B aHi H? 3 .
’
CHOJI ER O nHeH B E RaHt HOM E M E cHIIE? 4 CR OJI E R O nHeH co cTaB
5R
.
R aR i e
’
HHH HIOIIH p a6 0TaIO TE ? 7 . HTO OH H HE JIaIO TE’
110 B OO
XX XVII
TPHi IIIA TE OEIIEM OH V B ORE
scri p ti o ns are gi ven fro m n o w o n , bu t sp eci al difi cu lti es are ex p lai ned
II OHHR a, -
Hp aB ny p a3 6epH!
CHacTJI HB eIIE TOTE HcHB eTE BE K anyFE,
B E TamRé HTE, BE B OJI OFHE, BE TB epH,
’
B E OpJI E , BE Oné cc h, '
BE TOM OR E, BE JIyr E,
B E B art y , BE Cap aTOB E, BE M OOR B E ’
,
N OTES
1—2 : HB neM E i ns t rument al There i s
m easure :
’
L . O nH II ME . . c HacTJI , of
3 . I OB o p H,
‘
p resent p art pl e o f TOB o pHTE ici .
10—16 : N ames o f Rus s ian cit ies : Ranyra TamRé HTB B OJI OFHa TB ep E ,
'
, , ,
, , , , , ,
Té pe R L , Hé B a '
.
17 S uppl y He i s
. .
24 . CHacT H II B IIe B E
’ ’
PR ON U N CI A TI ON .
2 .
[ SSIs li ft S Im b o li j e] [bu l aSni k]
20 .
19 .
[j I mSé i k] 22 [i i na d é k a] . .
c
ac e nt . Dev iat i o ns fro m pro se accent are rare .
X
TE T 1X
A . 3 HM3
M OHXE HEOOB E ? CB o é H R o p oH
’
IIOTOR OB E p OII OTE , PyHé H HEM E eTE ;
’
IIB ETEI JIyFOB E ? B ce HEIIeHE eTE ;
Il epé B E H FOJI EI ; JI HIHE
'
B E Tep E 3 .110 H
R OB é p E 3 HM EI B yIIIyH BOeTE
B ap aTEIHcRi H .
48 E LE M E NTA RY RU SS IAN G RAMMA R [4 546
-
1 . The fo rm s o f t he t hird pe rs o n p re fix an f
H a t e r p re p o s t o ns go v ern ng t ii i he m
I
I HH He r 0fo r hi m , . N E He M y to hi m ,
BE HHXE i n the m, cE H HM H wi th them .
When t he p ro no u n i s go verned b y t he p re e d ng p re p o s t o n, t he H i s no t u se d
no t c i ii
Ha e r o eT OJI E u p o n hi s tabl e— e au se Ha go v e rns cr o i rE , w
’
bc
i s m o d e d b y e ro hich ifi .
. if c b
2 The d f eren e etw ee n t he ace and ge n s ng fe m i s p urel y o rt o grap ; . . i . . h hic
b h
ot are p ro n o u n e d [ o] c jij .
3 ii
The ge n t ve i s use d fo r t he a u s at ve u nder al l r um st an
. cc i ci c ces , w het her t hings
o r an m at e i
e ngs are re erre d t o bi f
4 E FO, eH, E XE are u se d as p o ssess ves no t re e rr ng t o t he su i f i bj ect o f t he sentence
5
.
Tp a nH he i s wri ti ng i n hi s (o wn ) no teboo k
5
.
H 3 11310 ce 6HI know mys elf MEI 11106HM E ce 6Hwe l ove o u rs elves ,
.
The re fle xiv e o H CE i s a s h o rt e r f o rm o f ce 6H
-
,
-
6 . The d iffe re nce bet w ee n TEI and B EI i s t he s am e as bet wee n Fre n ch tu and vo u s ,
TEI be i ng use d i n speak ing t o near rel at ives , friends , ani m al s , an d i n elev ated spee ch ,
B EI i n m o re o r l e s s f o rm al i nte rc o u rse .
s elf, s ame , all , o ne, a certai n , alone , e ach It aHt IIEIH, B cHR i H each, every, .
d iffer bu t li ttl e
o nl m E o ne , alone , a
’
caM OFO
c
caM OS
i
l i ke OB o eFO, OB o eM y ,
no t l i k e 6 011 Em 0r o , 6011E1110M y .
B BCB ’
i n t he Obl i qu e cases , bu t has the v o wel E where
al l go es li ke OHE
OHE has t he v o wel H : B oer o, B OSM E ; B OEME , B OEXE The acc s i ng fem . . . .
and t he acc .
pl u r . fo l l o w the ru l e fo r adj ect i ves .
HOM y HyHt eHE HOHt HR E who n eeds a p ocket knife 3— HyHceHE HyHE
QH é -
, ,
HyHt Ho ) .
XL
RE VIEW
5
.
all wo rds .
4 . A nsw er i n Ru s si an
HE JIaeTe refe renc e yTp o ? 2 B E R OTOpOH R OM HaTE B EI
I ’
1 . ITO B EI .
’ ’
nHeHHenE JIH ; B peM é HE r Ona?
’ t
nnaTH M E cHneB E ; i TO . Ha cTOHE ,
ROTOpEIH HacE
’
Ha i It IIOM E M E cHnE? 7 . TeII é p E ? 8 . B E HOTOp OM E
’
Hac y B E1 O6E naeTe 0 6E1RHOB é HHo ? BE R OTOp OM B Hac
'
y B EI yHcHHaeTe ?
Ro ma
’
9 . B EI HHé Te cIIaTE ? 10 . CR OJI B R O HaOOB E HM E e TE neHE ?
11 CK OJI B R O nHeH
. co cr aB JI HIO TE Henls n ro ?
' ’
12 . ROTOp o e HHcJI O
cer OIIHH?
5 C mpi l
. o e from mem ory a co mp lete table o f all no u n and ad ecti ve j
endi ngs and s tate the difi erences betw een the declen s i o n s of p osses si ve,
dem ons trati ve, and defini ti ve p ro no u ns , and that f
o co mmo n ad ecti ves j .
5
0 ELE M E NTARY RUSSI AN GRAMMAR
TE T X X
A I
ITO He cIIpa mus atI
’
”— “
8 np c TB yH, I/IB aHE l 3 np c TB yH, IIeTp E l A HTO R es ew s ?
”
IIpOB aB es y x o p OIIIiH Hp OB a ,
.
” —“ Rart i H HpOB a B EHE y Te 6HcE Ho l
’
,
’ ”
nOp OFH R y
RHHna; ROe- HaR E Tyna T HHyTE TapaHTacE , H R ys né nE
XLI
N OTES
A .
—O TOM E : Lo c .
-
s ng i . of dem p ro n. . TOTE , decl ine d l ike é TOTE ; t his p ro no u n
is chiefly used as an ante ce dent o f a rel at ive cl ause .
B EHE : Ru ss i an p o ssesses an abu nd ance o f p art icl es giv i ng sent i ment and co l o r
t o t he se nte nce They are o fte n u nt rans l at ab le ; i n t his c ase t he mean i ng i s so me
.
,
i i
o rd nat o n o f se nte n es c .
CnpaIII HB ae TE y He ro: ot
'
N ice t he co ns t uct io n r .
XLH
47 . Fo rmati o n of th e Pre s e nt :
-
co cTaB JI He TE , cE E
'
nae TE .
a +é r E z na-
é TE ,
B OTa-
eTE .
o + e TE z M oe r E , R p Oe TL , B Oe TE
’
.
’ ’
E + e TE z HEM E e TE , nEne HE e TE .
y + e TE z 3 np c TB ye TE , no maH ye TE .
E + é TE z HE é TE .
I B . Co ns o nant + e TE
6y11eTE , E He TE , ’
HHeTE ,
T II HIIIe TE , XOHe TE ; Hné TE , HHane TE , nane TE , B e3 e TE .
II. HTE
JIé pHCHTB ,
'
HeJR HTE , Hepe B OHHTE , XOHHTE , caIIHTcH, cé a TcH, HH cTHTE , B HHHTE ,
H
B HO TE , OM OTp HTE , 11 106HTE , cu nTE .
There are t wo j
co n u gat i o ns . Thei r en di ngs fo r the present i nd ica
t ive are :
I— Io , y e TE e Te IOTE , yTE
II— Io , y HTE HTe HTE , M E
—
The u se o f Io HTE o r y—aTE i n t he s econd c o nj u gat i o n de pe nds e nt irel y o n t he
ru l es o f v o we l v ari at i o n, t he s o ft v o w e l s be i ng us e d w heneve r pe rm i ss ib l e : FOB OpIO,
‘
fi rst and seco nd (o r t hird ) pe rs o n s ingu l ar present m ust be lea ned— t he rest fo ll o w s r .
48 Firs t Co n j u ga
. ti o n . A . Vo cal i c Class
The en d i ngs are 10 , m m,
The preced i ng v o w el eTE , eM E , e Te IOTE .
wo k p a60T a T
r , f o m p a6oTa lab and t ho se w he e it bel o ng t o t he o ot e g
- -
E, r o r, r s r ,
. .
,
3 Ha -
TE B ut fo t he p p o ses o f an e l m ent a y g amm a t his d i t i nct i o n i s w it h ut
. r ur e r r r s o
co nse qu nce e .
' —
deno te i nci pi ent act i o n o r co ndi t i o n : HEM E TE HEM E IO become si lent,
'
’ ’ ’
e Tap E TE grow o ld (but HM E TE have, yM E TE kno w how to , 6 pHTE
’
6pE IO s have) . Verb s i n OB aTE fo rm present s i n yro , yeInE and i ncl u de ,
am o ng o t hers , m any v erb s b o rro wed fro m o t her l angu ages , e .
g .
,
TaHHOB aTE dan ce, fro m Germ an tanzen , aHJI o nrIp OB aTE
’
app l au d
( TaHn IO, y -
y eIIIE ; aHJIOII p IO , -
yeIII E ) .
49 Fi rs t Co nj u gat i o n
. . B . Co ns o nantic Cl as s
The e nd i ngs o f t he first thi rd pl u ral appear at present
s i ngu l ar an d
change (cf .
1 10
, IO TE a fter 11 ,
.
p: m nem E 111.1110 TE , i nf. c.11aTE s end ; npe M JI IO,
npé M JIe IIIE npé M JI IO TE , i nf npeM aTE s lu m ber
. .
0—5
5 1] LE SS ONS 5
3
Other i nfini ti v e fo rm s
THH yTE
’
E xaTE
(6EI TE )
1 . Revi ew the tex t .
XLIV
OOFOR I)
’
HETB EPTBII/I YPOR I)
’
5
0 C . o n so nant S o ft e ni ng — The vel ars (R ,
r, x ) ,
t he dent al s i bil ant s
(c ,
and t he d ent al st o ps (T , 11) are u n der ce rt ai n co nd i t l o ns change d
t o pal at al s i bil ant s u nd er t he i nfl uence of fo l l o wi ng so ft v o w el s . The
v o i ced co ns o nant s rem ai n v o i ced , t he v o icel ess o nes rem ai n v o i cel ess ;
p art l y as st o ps , -
.
r, 11, 3 beco me Ht
1c, T H
c, x 111
o n, CT 111
Go d— B OH H
H di vi ne —
man HeJIOB E HecR iH hu man
' '
,
HeJI OB E R E .
5
1 Th . e Pre d i cati ve Co mparat i ve
—
HHHHHEI H l ong HHHHH B e
’ ’
I rregul ar fo rm s :
—
60 11EIH0H bi g 6011E m e
. .
(as adv erb ,
6 011Ee)
H m —
M aJI EI s al l M é HEIII e (as adverb ,
M é HEe )
—
xo p OHI i H go o d n yHme
E ngl is h than is exp ressed 1) by HE ME o r Hé Hce JI H, (2) by t he gen t i ive o f c o m p ar
i so n : M o H R apaHnam E ’
EHHHHE e HE M E (Hé ixen n) m a n or HHHHHEe
’
Rame ro .
5 2 A d ve rb s
.
— Russ i an has part i cu l ar
no ad verb t erm i nat i o n .
al l y : OHE nHmeTE x o p o m o
S o m e s o ft adj ect i v es f o rm ad verb s i n 0 (i ns tead o f e) , e g , p aHH i H . .
l — i H m —
ear y p a Ho , n
aB H f o r e r naB HO lo ng ago
cR i H have ad verb s i n —
.
y,
H — HpOHHHecHH
HpOH HecR i H i ro ni cal Il p i mecHH
’
,
.
py ccR H, Ho -
aHIU I i HcR H . Thi s ad v erbi al f o rm i s al so u s ed in s ent ences
’
6ErcpTE e .
and the adverbs o f the adj ecti ves that have occu rred i n the tex ts and u s e them
i n i ndep endent sentences ; refer to the general wo rd li s t -
co mp arati ve forms .
5
6 E LE M E NTARY RUSS IAN G RAM MA R
— Hy nOpo r o OTO
,
HTE , TaR E H 3 a1111a H y .
-
A 3 aHH aTHIIIE— H OH116M E .
’ '
CE 1I H Ha o nHOHO
. JI R y, HOE x aHH .
—A B HHaJI E napH?1I H
.
—A R aR b H er o ys HaIO ? ’
B OTE H pi E a
’
IH H BE OH IIOJI e . V B HnaJI E napH Hap OIIb ’ -
B CB
’
“ ”
B OTE OHE H cnp aIIIHB aeTE : A THE Hi e nap E ?
y Hé TpE A neR cE eB H HE :
“
I OB OpHTE B HHHIII E ,
‘ ’
eM TOJI B R O M EI HB Oe
m aHR aXE — HapE l
”
BE R TO HH 6ynE H3 E HacE -
i1a
XLVI
N OTES
M yHcII IcE H I OB Op HTE :
’
‘
H i s a p o p u l a c nnect i v e r o , weak er t han Engl ishand then .
Y H e H H ce M E H I have . a fami l y of
BO IIé pB EIXE firs t, i n the firs t p lace, B 0 B To pEI XE s econd (l y) .
A: h
a so m ew at st ro nger o nne t v e t c ci han H : Well ,
I
CTapH HOKE , H ymHHOIcE are i nst ance s o f t he very freq u ent u se o f d i m i nut i ves
i n fam i l i ar i nte rc o urse .
Il o pOI H He HaHny: A fte r negat i ve v erb s t he d i rect o bj ect st and s i n t he genit i ve,
'
CaME by yo u rs elf .
Reader, Re m ark 4 5 .
R Oe -
I HE
‘
6 EIB é '
JI E I have traveled qu i te a bi t .
Hé no 6 E - -
6 EI ) i t wo uld be n ecess ary fo r m e to s ee hi m, I s ho ul d li ke to s ee hi m .
R aIcE Ho w am I hi m 3
’
BE 1113 a wi l l have hi s ha t on .
N ew Verb s
—
IA no ne .
— —
IB M eTaTE M e Hy ,
M é HeIHE ( )
B E1 B eCT H— B e11 y ,
B enem E
B ep H y TE— B ep H y,
B e p Hé InE
II s a
H HH TE ,
LTHIII E 1
IIJI E
H —
my , B OHHIII E 6H —
B OH T E Bo py TE py6 JIIO py6HIIIE ,
XLVII
5 3 . S e co nd Co n j u gat i o n .
-
The e nd i ngs are 10 , H IIIE , HTE , HME , HTe ,
HTE ; thro u gh vo wel v ari at i o n , t he l s t s i ng and 3 d pl u r . . m ay end i n y,
aTE y Hy, yHaTE ) .
I nf .
FOB o p HTE
ne t aTE
’
OM OTp E TE
5
4 . Pre s e nt s wi th Co ns o nant S o ft e nin g
Fi rs t Con son an ti c Conj ugati on :
I nf . P rese nt
a . M O HE be able M o ry M OJK eIIIE , HceTE , Ht eM E , mer e M Ol yTB
‘ '
Likew i se 11e HE
. li e down HHseIIIE ; B JIe HE a —
dr w E ne my , Hem E , etc .
JI FaTE li e, p revari cate— JI Hcy, JI HQSIIIB ; CJI aTB send IIIJI é IHE , et c .
S eco nd Co nj ugati o n
B OH TE H Bo my
y
’
p acTHTE p a my
py6HTE py6 1110
8 E LE M E NTA RY RUSS I AN G RAMMA R [5
5
Li kew i se B HH ETE— B Ht ,
OHHE TE
’ — OHt ,
x o n TE— XOHc
H y, 1110 6HTE .
. .
,
en d s i n HE .
1s t s i ng . o nl y .
2 . Wri te the p lu ral fo rm of each si ngu lar no un and adj ecti ve i n the
text i n the sa me case .
I1ap E , HII/I p OR OO mi ne .
JI E
5C
. .
XLVIII
Im pe rat ive :
1s t S i ng . S i ng I mp
. . Pl u r I mp . .
Hn y (I B ) Hnfi HnfiTe
’ '
H
'
cIIH cII II Te
H p OIO R po fi Hp OHTe
bTO
. 11, HTe , i f t he p erso nal e nd i ngs are prece d ed b y a v o w el
— —
H JI a , H JI a e ; O OIO cTo i I, cTOHTe
H
’ ’ ’ ’
E
H JI aro E ii E T T .
There are v ery few i rregu l ar fo rm s , e g H HTE— HeH, Hé HTe ; JI e HE— JI HFE , E Hr Te ;
5
. .
,
5
6 Th . e Infi ni ti ve — The regu l ar end i ng is an i n t he Fi rst Vo cali c
Co n j u gat i o n an d HTE i n t he Seco n d Co nj u gat i o n The fo ll o w i ng is
n o t an ex pl an at i o n , but a m ere s t atem ent of f acts
IA . M o st verb s in o , yeIHE hav e i nfini t i v es i n OB aTE : 3 11p c rBo
— —
3 np c TB OB aTE ; co m p are 48 .
Hart) gi ve , cTaIO beco me, hav e the
i nfini t i ves na ITE , cTaB é TE — Other t ypes . are : IIE IO- II H TE , R pOIO
R p B I TB , HEME Io — HEME TE
’ '
.
a .
-
TII w i t ho u t co ns o n ant change : R ecy— HecTH, B es y— B e s TH,
b .
-
TE o r -
TH w ith change o f 11, T to c: —
Hany HacTE , I wan y
HJI acTE , cHny —cEcTE ,
B en y— B ecT H .
c. r TE-
an d R TE-
change to HE Mo r y— MO HE ,
B H eH —
y B ne H E ,
— Hry—
TeH y Te HE , JI JI e HE .
A n o m al o u s :
B EI TE be (ecTE i s , 6y11eTE wi l l be) ; E xar E
’
ri de EOTE e at
(EM E ,
5
9h) .
60 ELE M E NTA RY RUSS I AN GRAM MA R [5
7
2 . A rrange al l verbs that have occu rred i n thi s and fo rmer texts acco rd
i nfini ti ve, if the difi erence between the two forms i s i n the endi ng, an d
XLIX
OOFOR I) II HT I l V POR I)
’ ’
EB LI /
The A tt ri bu ti ve Co mparati ve
6EIc ’ ’
aH, ee
Hxi H HIIIe é i I m i ii
’
T T THIII
°
H (B EIcIHe) é fi 11111
’
Ho p OTR i H
’
R o p oHe Hp aT Hé irIII i ii
‘
cr apEIH cr ap me cr ap IIIi ii
M 0110110H nm i il
’
M OJI OHce M na
xo pOmiH 11
.
yH m e nyH Ini ii
MaJIEIH M eHE me M é HE m i fi
6 011EIHOH
. 6OJI E III e 6 011E mifi
. .
or .
by o b s erv at i o n .
CTap m i H 6p aTE , M OH e Tap maH cec a m ay mean my o l der bro ther (si s ter) o r m y
o ldes t bro ther (s i s ter) . Ho w ever, t he fo rm s i n EHm i H an d aHIHi H h ave nearl y al w ays
s uperl at ve i me an i ng .
Hp acHB EI H HOM E Thi s i s the pretti es t ho us e; OHE caM EI H OTapm i H HeJI OB E HE '
BE
5 8 P . o s s e s s i ve A d j e ct ive s
1 9 To II eTpOB E HOME
.
— OHE HcHB e TE B E II eTpOB OME HOM E .
e B E , eB a, e m fo r t he gen . s i ng . in -
H,
fo r t he gen s i ng i n E1, H
‘
L— — — —
II eTp a IIeTp OB E , I/l B aHE I/I B aa
H I
/IB aH O B E ,
A a é H Aa éH
A a é eB E , I/IJI E H— I/IJI E H— I/IJI E HHE .
T hese ive adj ect ives are o f Special i m po rt ance because t hey co nst it ute a
p o s sess
v e ry l arge nu m b er o f Ru s s i an f am i l y n am e s an d n ame s o f p l aces
— A w o m an s ’
Patro nymi cs (names o f pe rso ns d erive d fro m t he fat he r s nam e l ike J o hns on
’
2 .
, ,
first nam es (HMH) and pat ro nym ics (OTé HecT o ) e g I/IB aHE IIeTp OB H HE (su nam e B ,
. .
,
r
Hecrci H) hu man
’
BE .
Mn anm ee HHTH .
2 Fo rm the p os s ess i ve adj ecti ves and p atro nymi cs of the fo llo wi ng
.
B acHJI E H) .
3 . Revi ew the text u n ti l yo u can t el l the s tory flu ently (not necess ari ly
wo rd by wo rd) .
B OIIpO
cEI
5B
. .
né HEr H Hn ané TE ? 8
'
K aR i H é TH TpH . Ha
c TH ? 9 . HTO nap E He
HOHH M ae TE ? 10 . RaHE M yHt HR E 1
:10a HJI aTH TE ? 11 ROMy OHE .
IIO HeM y OHE HOJI HceHE er c) B ecTH? 1 RaR E myHt HR E 06E HcHHeTE
’
IIO He
M y M yHt HHE He XOHeTE B ecTH napH? 18 . HTO I1ap E O6E111aeTE
’
Ha HHHae TE HE JI aTE H o no p Or E? 21 XOHeTE JI H MyHcHHE napH . .
’
Ho cM OTp E TE ? 22 t
ITO I1ap E eMy FOB o pHTE ? 23
. HTO 6y11eTE .
TE T XII X
CHaCTJI II B EIH He JIOB EIcE
’
0 6EmaJI E To M y ,
E TO B EI JI EHHTE er o, IIOJI OB HHy nac Ba .
IIOJI FO
HHR TO H 3 E HHXE He M o rE HpHnyM aTE HHHaR OFO cpé ncTB a . HaR OHé nE
H
o n HE H3 E M ynpeHOB E I OB Op
‘
HTE : “
Hano O TEIcR aTE B HOJI HE
'
OHacT
B ceM y, HO CHacTH .
B HOJI HE cHacTJI H
’ ’ ’
B aFo HeJIOB E Ha, H p HR as aH E cJI yrE cHHTE cE Her o
OHacTJI HB ar o HeJI OB E K a
’
HO He B EI HecE py6 RXH, HOTOM y HTo y py6 aXH
Hé 6EI 110
. .
64 E LE M E NTARY RUSS IAN GRAM MA R [5
9
N as al Insert i o n .
Ha a —
H T E be i n HaHH g y ,
Ha HHé III E
u t— HE Hy, HE Hem E
’ ’
HETE p
OHHTE
—
take off cHHMy ,
cH HM eInE
HTE — Ho HM Ho HMenI E
IIOH u nders tand y,
.
Verbs i n -
HyTE .
Rp HR HyTE cry o u t
— HpHR Hy, N pHR HeIII E
Insert i o n o f B .
g M i xed Co nj u gat i o n
56
. .
TB
'
.
h . A no m al o u s Verbs .
6E1TE be
CCTB
2 . cpé ncT B o .
60 The Pas t Te ns e :
.
Co m p are :
Text VIII A , ; B , OEI 11E
HOHpEI JI E . .
Text X A ,
’
cn p am HB aJI E ; B , Hp i E a IE .
Text XI ,
’ ’
6E1B aJI E , B HnaH E , H OE a I E , Hp i E a I H , cHHM aJI H
OTaJIE , cE JI H
’
.
,
M OIU I H, Ham é n E , B o m é JIE , B EI HecE .
HE HaJIE di d , I1E
’ ’
he di d , HE
’
JIaJI a s he 11a110 i t di d ;
HE
’
JIaJI H they di d .
A . FOR MA TI ON .
3 . Verbs w i th st em s i n 11 o r T an d i nfi ni t i v es i n -
cTE , —
cTH o m it t he
B . IN FLE OTI ON .
Hap E
’
3 a6OJI E 11E .
IIHTH 3 a6011E JI O
’
A CCE NT : 1 . The p ast t ens e o f a v er w t b i h a m o no syll abic i nfi nit ive e it her has
t he ccent i n f
a al l o rm s o n t he st em , o r t he e n d i ng i s accente d i n t he fem i n ine o nl y ,
In t he general c b
v o a u l ary t he a cce nt
i nd icate d w henever i t i s no t st at i o nary is
i icate d i n t he case o f 3 Ha11 b ut i n t he case o f 6EI 11 and M o rE )
i t i s no t nd . E, . E .
p a6 OTaTE
—
p a60Ta11E .
, p a6OTaJ1 a, p a66TaJI o , p a60TaJI H
HecTH— Hé cE HecJI a HecJIO HecJI H
,
.
, ,
=
66 E LE M E NTA RY RUSS IAN G RAMMAR [6 0
1 . Change al l
p as t ten s es i n the tex t to the p resent tens e; gi ve the fo u r
’ —
forms of all p as t tenses i n the tex t, e g , 3 a6 OJI E eTE 3 60 11E 11E , 3 a6011E
' ’
. . . .
' ’
11a, 3 a6011 E JI O , 3 a60 11 E .11H
. .
5
.
.
LIV
B o npo cEI
t ’
OE n p
a é M E ? 3 IT O O H E HE JI aJI E H T 06 EI B EI JI EHHTE OH? 4 tI
TO
5R
. .
OHE O6EII1aJI E To M y ,
HTO B EI JI EHHTE er O? . aR Oe cpé ncTB o I1 a
5
.
.
X XIII TE T
Chicago Un i s it y P es s ) i ec m m nd d fo t h at p u p o se
ver Of c o u
r t he g am s r o e e r r . rse , r
m at i al w o k m ust b c o nt i nu d at t h s am e t i m
c r e e e e .
The fo ll o w i ng t e xt i t ak en f o m Ha p s R ade
’
s r r er e r .
HE JI R a '
H pEI r aJI a cE B E TR H Ha B E TR y H
’ ’
yII aJI a II p HM o Ha cOHHaFO
Hp o cHTE
“
I c TH M eHH!
”
B OJI R E cHae aH E :
“
Xo po m o, H ny111y
Te6H, H M HE, OT Her o B EI , 6E JI R H, TaR E B é ceJI EI
’
TOJI B R O T EI ORc .
’
Ha yIIIJI a Ha -
né p eB o H OTTyna cR as aJI a : Te6E O TTOI
‘
O cR yHHo , HTO
Te6E
'
TEI 3 O.1I E . 3 11 00TE cé p 1
.
111e HOR STE . A M EI B é ceJI EI O TTOPO, HTO
’ ”
M EI no 6pEI H HHROM y 3 11a . He HE 11aeM E
. .
6 1] LE SS ONS 67
LV
BE JI Ica, 6 11211101 :
'
[ e ] i n all fo rm s , see 21, 3 , e nd . B ut
’
cE B E THH Ha B E THy
'
[s ve t k i na v t k u ]e .
Ht xcé r E '
11c does no t no t iceabl y d iffer fro m Ht .
LVI
H
H TB JIECHT B IIIEOT0H VB ORE
’
6 1 The A spe ct s :
.
B
’
B E JIHa yIIaJI a fell down (i n
'
B E JI R a II pEI FaJI a was i n the act
of p layi ng . a mo ment) .
B OJIK B XOTE JI E
'
’
ee cE EcTE had B OJI R b ’
OR O H HJI E j ump ed up .
Co m pare
e7 p a¢ e JI E
—
B he wro te down ( ) il e cri t s cri p s i t p a¢ e OHE HaHHca
’ ’’
e7 JI E
chi e fly
t he p erfecti ve as p ect, d eno t i ng co m pl et e d o r m o m ent ary act i o n ,
the co rresp on di ng fo rm of the o ther as p ect; con s u lt the vo cabu lary fo r the
forms For the ti me bei ng do n o t attemp t to exp lai n the difference i n
.
,
, ,
.
H aE x aH E — HaEs m a
’ ’
as p ects , e .
g,
. e TE , HaE neTE .
HapE the Ts ar
'
3 a6 011E 11E
’
3 . fell si ck; I1ap E 6 0 11E 11E he was
. s i ck .
OHE co s B aJI E he s u mmo ned; OHE c3 E1B a11E he was occu p i ed in cal li ng
them together .
(a) S tate the asp ect and s u bsti tu te the co rres p ondi n gform of the o ther
fo r the fo l lo wi ng forms :
'
o 6p a
’
110B aJI cH, Ho cH aJI E , HcR aH H, Hap a6 0Tan cH, HaE JI cH, HameJI E ,
LVII
HE ME TE
’
B EI TE B EHETE
5
Of t he 12 d i ffere nt v erb s t h at h ave o ccu rre d i n t he t e xt s , 7 0 fo rm t he i r pe rfect ive
as pect by m eans o f p re fixe s , and w i t h m o re t h an 30 o f t hese t he p re fix 11 0 m us t be
us e d , e g , JI IO 6H
. TE— II OJI IO 6H
. TE (ta ke a li ki ng) , Hp EI TE — IIOR p E I TE (cover u p ) .
The her p refixes generally ret ain s o me t ace o f t hei r o rigi nal meani ng al t ho u gh
ot r ,
E T ,
II T
bet wee n t he French i m parfait and p assé dé fini o r t he Greek i m pe fect and ao rist ,
r .
of 3 a- p er ecti ves , f
LVIII
B OIIpo cEI
3 Ha R OI O OHayIIaJI a? 4 t
I TO 6E 11R a
’
cTa E
n n aT ? 7
’ I
I TO
‘
JI a
‘
. . E .
t ’ ’ ’
9 . ITO 6E 11HH B oerna HE JI aIOTE ? 10 OTRyna 6 E 111ca . XOTE JI a
’
’
H t é TE ? 1 . T HeFO 6E JI HH B cerna B é ceJI EI ?
TE T XIV X
B OJI IcE 11 HOT ! )
B OJI RE fi BB '
-
JI c
’
BE nepé B HIO 3 a6EHcaJI E ,
He B E FOCTH, H0 DR I/I B OT B cn aca
'
H;
3 a mrt yp OHE OB OIO npOHt aJI E :
y
OXOTHHR H 3 a HHM E H FOH HHXE oTaH .
ROTa .
70 .
ELE M E NTARY RUSS I AN GR AMMA R
“
I/I B aceHE Ha, M OH npyrE
’
M OH HTE : l CRaH t crt o p E e ,
RTO s nEcE
’
H3 E M yHt HR OB E no 6p E e ,
HT6 6EI p EI TE M enH OTE 3 11EIXE M OHXE B p aFOB E ? .
“ ”
To ; 11a y Her o H 06011p a11E 6ap aHa
TaHE .
H y H er O yHOCE R o s neHR a .
’
“
B EFH Ht E B OHE TaM E HcH B eTE TpOID
-
,
HM E .
’ ”
OXE , B acH, y Her o s ap E 3 a11E H Ten eHR a l .
LIX
H3 E -
HEW : Co m p are 11310 , caxa py, Te xt VI, and 1 ] 14, 4 In cl o se l y . co nnected
p hrase s t he p rep o s it i o n i s o fte n ac ce nte d (t he hyp he n i s no t al w ays u se d ) .
to s ave hi s life .
B
o po r a, use d 1n t he p l u ral fo rm o nl y, m ay h av e t he acce nt o n t he se c o nd o r t he
l ast s yl l a bl e : B o p OTa, Bo p o r a .
B HCEH (B acE R a, B ace HER a) are d i m i nut iv e (e ndeari ng) fo rms o f B acHJIi H .
B
EHE i n t his p ass age c o m es ne ar t o h av i ng i t s p ri m ary m e ani ng; i t i s or i gi nally
an i m pe rat i v e o f an (o b s o l et e ) v e rb m e an i ng to kn o w .
II pe n6 6 pEI ii :
‘
The p re fix 1 p e fo rm s ab s o l ut e s upe
1 i
rl at ves : very good .
—
HpHH MEIB aTE y a nyM aTE a nyM aro
HpHR as mnaTE —
HpHR ae aTE a R amy, 9R e1nE
-
p ,
-
TpH1nE
—
OTEIOR HB ar E
'
O TEICR aTE OTEr my ,
-
1§1111e111E
N OTE — Verb s i n -
B ar E are
'
i
Frequent at ives i e v erbs i
p r m ar l y Ite rat v es o r
‘
i ’ ‘ ’
, ,
. .
Of c o m p o u nd v erb s .
-
11aIO fr o m cE i scTE , cE EM E
'
( 5
9 h)
yHaHé TE , Ha10 yn acTE , fl y 11e111E
- -
,
'
no n p aB JU l TE , 4 110 n o np aB HTE , -
B JI IO , -
B H111E
'
Hay q é TE , -
q a10 Haq TE , -
q y ,
-
q H111E
OTB lsq
’
ar E , ' -
a o -
q y,
-
TH1HE
HacaJI HB aTE , -
B aIO HacOJI HTE , -
1HO,
.
-
J1 HIHE
OTHErx aTE , -
xafo OTHOXH y TE , m y, -
Hé m E
(30611pé Tb
.
,
-
p a10
'
fro m co fipaTE , -
6epy, perr1E -
yM Hp ar E ,
' -
p aIO m yMpy, yM pé m E
ep é TE ,
OOHHpaTE , -
p a10 O6 o np aTE ,
—
irpy, Hpem E
-
HOOEm aTE , -
J1aro n o cnar E , -
1nJI eH1E
—
.
,
. . .
Ha q Hé m E— i nf
-
Ha- q a- TE begi n; ma y, mHé m E— mar E harves t; B o a E my, OS E -
B Mé m E
—B 3 5
.
-
HTI> take (co m p are 9 d) i fci
In t he m pe r e t ve o mp o u nd s Of t ese ver
. c h bs t he
nas al is i
ret a ne d an d i
H nse rte d befo re i t
63] LE SS O NS 73
Ha- t -
a'r E , -
aIO fro m Ha- a E , Ha- t
my, -
HHe m E
3 a- H- HM- ar E , -
aIO 3 a- H- é T E , 3 3. - may —
HMé I11E ,
The ste m -
EM ccurring o nl y i n co m po u nds l ike 3 aHHM ar E i s
(i nf . ta ke, o , ,
-
HM y if t he p efix e nd s i n a v o we l b ut t he fo rm H HTL u HMy if i t e nd s i n a co n
r ,
- -
,
- -
IIOHHM aTE , -
HHM a
IO HOHé TE , II OHMy, II OHMe In E
HOHHHM a'r E , -
HHM aIO HOIIHIITE, II OIIHHMy, -
M em E
c o m p o u nd verb w it h Speci al ized m eaning i s i n t urn m ade im pe f ect ive by ste m v aria r
c o nd it io n i e t he i mpe rfect ive (durat ive ) aspect t he vert ical l ines— t he ri sers i n
,
. .
, ,
3 HaTB
ys fl aTE
B . SI MP L E VE RB S .
c ,
-
11H111Ec;1 ClSCTB , carr
’ ’
Hp o mar E , -
a Hr E , Hp o ury, cTHIIIE fo r
IIp OOT ' -
R pI/I q é TE , R q y ,
-
HHIHE , i m perfect i ve Of Rp HR Hy TE cry o u t
Tp Or aTE , —
aIO Tp OHy 'r E to u ch
HI M EI raTE , -
aIO IIIM EI I HyTE
‘
r prirs r E , y 3 em E
3 r p E13 H yr E
f - - '
,
a pect as t he im p l e v
s b v i an i m pe f ct i e v b i n a and a pe f ct i o n i n
s er z r e v er
'
rE
'
,
.
,
-
r e ve e
p u nd add s a s ffi x as e xp l ai ne d u nd e A e g OJIE a
o u , 6p acH a E r ,
. .
, B TE B EI B r
E 6p o ca
B I o E 6p o cH In a few c ases t he c o mp o u nd i m pe f ct ive ha t h accent
'
rE r B 1
'
rE . r e s e
im pe fect ive Of Hpo n a get lo t—s i m ple i m pe fect ive HaHaTE HanaIO
, . .
, ,
cr E
'
r s r
, .
7 ) by addi ng the verbs of the s ame typ e o ccu rri ng i n thi s text (li s ted p .
li s t .
3Change all p as t fo rms i n the text to the p resent and all p resent forms
.
BH HEHE .
6016 0E B OJI R a
5D
.
.
‘
LXI
64 Ve rb s . Of Singl e A s pe ct :
1 . A n
u m ber Of verb s fo rm o nl y o ne Of t he t wo as pect s , t he o t her
f u se t hi s w i t h OTOIO, cr O
'
HIII E s tand ) . On the o ther hand , t he
i m perfect i v e as p ect 1s no t ex pres s e d w i th s u ch verb s as co cTOfi TEca take
HTEOH fall i n love,
'
p lace , II OJIIO 6 s ann ani s TE take p osses s i on , s ei ze .
1
Op . 5
8 ; i ch t i e n oa ve v er s b in Hy'rE are i mperfect ive .
LE SS ONS 7 5
2 . With a few v erb s the t w o e
as p ct s are t aken fro m d ifferent s tem s ,
Im perfect i v e Perfecti ve
B 3 HT B , B OS E M y ,
i- M eIIIE take
R JI acTE , m any , IIé IIIE -
HOJI OHCfITb ,
my ,
-
}R fi m 5l ay
6HTE , OE IO, 6Eé IHE ynapHr E , pHIIIE hi t
’
7 p IO ,
’
JI OB HTE , -
B JI IO,
’
B HIII E HOHM aTE , -
M aIO catch
6 5D . Ind e fini t e A s pe ct
e fin i t e and
-
—Cert ai n v erb s Of m o t i o n hav e
two fo rm s fo r the i m perfecti ve as pect . One Of them , call e d t he d efini te ,
actu al , o r co ncrete i m p erfect i v e , ex presses t he m o t i o n as d i rect ed t o a
to any . cB eH
M R E Hé R OI JIa B OIIH
’
T E m eans :‘
I have n o ti me to act as a gu i de—i n
general . I/ITTHm eans to be on the way to a p lace (II I/IT fi HHer E B b III R OJI y
’
The chi ld i s
, on hi s w ay to s choo l) , bu t XOHHTE m eans to be i n the habi t
f goi ng (IIHTII XOIIHTE B E IHR OJI y The chi ld goes to s cho o l , i s a p upi l)
’
In defini te D efi ni te
5H
aIO -
’
ner ar E , aIO JI eT fi Tb T fly
’
4 7
-
,
1 ,
-
IIIE
II JI a y s wi m
'
B aTE , -
ai o IIJI EI TE , II JI EI B ,
-
é IHE
’
E s my, E s nem E
' ’ ’ ' ’
f
la a r E,
'
E x ar E , E Hy, Is IIeIIIE , ri de
” "
H
B OII T E , Ro m y ,
’
IIHIII E B ecr H, B er
ry , Hé m E gu i de
' -
B OS HTE ,
i
Ro my S IIHI B ,
/ B es r fi , B es y —
3 é 111E
, co nvey
r OHfi TE , —
fi ro r Har E , r OHIO,
'
HH111E , chase , dri ve
JIOM ar E,
' -
ai o HTE , JI OM JI IO, MHIIIE break
JI OM
’
cama caIIHr E , m y,
’
rE, -
aIO '
IIH111E s et, p lant
-
Ho cHTE , Ho rn y ,
’
cH111E HecTH, R ecy , e mE carry -
.
,
II OHT H
'
IIOB es r II
'
yo IHTE yHTH go aw ay
Bu
t there are nu m ero u s i nst ances Of d ifferent u s age, w hich are bette r
l earned by p ract i ce .
5
.
L ocate the p ass ages i n the texts where any of the verbs li s ted i n 6
2 .
have o ccu rred; su bs ti tu te the i ndefini te fo r the defini te asp ect, or vi ce vers a,
and exp lai n the di fi eren ce i n meani ng .
LXII
B o npo cEI
“
OH E Hp o m aJI E 3 a OB OIO m Rypy ? 4
t ”
nepé B HIO ? 2 ITO 3 Haq HTE : '
5
. .
’
I
ITO OXOTHHRH IIlSJI aJI I/I ? t
ITO B OJI R E pairE 6E1 HE JI aTE ? 6 Ra
’
. .
R OB EI B Cl} B Op OTa? 7 t
’
.
' '
8 . ITO OHE
I OB O
‘
p TB
'
RE
'
R eM y? 9 . OTE '
R o r O B OJIR E JR IIé TB
’
s ai n TEI ? H 10 .
r
I TO B OJIR B OJI EI IHH TE 3 a 00 66 10 ?
’ '
11 . K aR OHM yHcHR E CTeIIaHE ? '
12 .
'
JI lS y CTeII aHa? O TE IIeM EII HE
I
ITO Her b Cé pIII/I TCH
’
B OJI K B
’ ’
JI aJI B
’
13 .
'
OOH Tp OIbHM OM E ?
’
Ha B OJI R a? 14 Oq r O B OJI RE TcH Rc E THTE cfl cE
' '
5O
.
CJI OB aR OTa?
LE SS ONS 77
TE XT xv
CJI e 3 E1 mar e pe ii
‘
JR HOIZ
’
M H IB maJI E
’
He p r a, He meHEI ,
M I113 maJI E He caM o r O rep oa .
yT E IIIHTcH meHa,
’
V B ISI ! '
Hym a o mi s
OHa IIO r p 6 6a II O 7mm
M HH TE 63 .
Ham HEJI E
'
CpeJIE JI HIIeM ls pHEIx E ' ' '
E
'
I/I B CfIR Ofi II O H 11 p 6 3 EI
’
IHJI OOTH
’ ’
M i p E IIOIICM OTp lS JI L
’ ’ ’
IT B E
Ho rHOmHXE '
Ha R pOB aB OH RHE E,
I
'
HeR p aco nE .
LXIII
HIECTBIIECHT B TPETIP
I V POR L
' ’
B l m M zm
’
M i pE : '
i
cE TO‘I R Ofi (18 , 1) MHp B p eace has H HB OHHO
'
e
'
.
I/IM E He 3 a61§1TE To them i t i s no t (gi ven) to fo rget, i e , they canno t fo rget; t he Sam e
'
. .
co nst ru t o n ci b
e l o w , He IIOJI Hfi TI) II JI aq eH H BE .
ii
CB O fi X B B ETB E fi : Ge n t v e O e t i n a ne gat ve sent en e ; HOHHR HyB IHHxE ,
'
’ ’
bj c i c '
ci
a t ve p ast p art ici
p l e , havi ng s u nk do wn, dro o pi ng .
N ew Verb s
Perfect i v e by Prefix
’ *
TE I HHTE Pfi OHyTB HOPfi 6HyTL _
3 a6 EI B —
é TE 3 a6EI TE II OHHR é TE
— II OHH R HyTE
*
See fo o t no te w it h 63 B 3 .
E LE M E NTA R Y RUSS IAN GRAMMA R
LX IV
Im perfectiv e Perfect i v e
OHa no r p OO HOM II HTE Oyne T E YTE m nTca
‘
’
arena
‘
a
'
. .
5
.
N OTE .
—It i s i m p o rt ant to rem em ber t hat t his co m p o u nd fut ure is fo rmed o nly
Fro m t his fo l l o w s t hat a perfect ive verb canno t hav e a present te nse This i s .
q u ite nat u ral : A pe rfect i v e v erb e xp es ses m o m ent ary act i o n o r a m o m ent ary r ,
, .
p erfecti ve and the p erfe cti ve fu tu re, u si ng each i n a s u i table sen tence
and exp l ai ni ng the differen ce , e g , pyO HTE — M ymHR E OyIIeTE py6HTE . .
' '
3 . M emori ze the p o em .
TE T XVIX
IIB a Icpe crEa im na H q
‘
a
'
CM OTpH R a, -
6p aTE A HTOHE !
”
co cE
’
Hy r OB Op HTE R pGCTB fi H I/I HB
’
A r atbOHE , '
a caM E B ecE
'
H TaR E , R aR E JI HCTE , Tp cé TCfI :
' '
a
“
CM OTpH R a, q a R E
”
-
HaM B HeOé TCH l
’
N ew Verb s
Perfect i v e by Prefix
TpHcTH —
JI H TE — IIOJI HTE n0Tpa cTrI ~
’
cn O
’
OHEHHE Tb
'
p TE
6 T
H E — HOOHTE Ran aTE — aaR anaTE
I JI HIIE TE
‘ — ’ ’
HOPJI HJI E TE '
II p OIIaB —
é TE np o naTE
LXVI
A fu ll t hi s i m po rt ant p art
u n derst and i ng Of Of Ru s s i an w o rd s tru ctu re
can o nl
y b e gai ned by co ns i derabl e p ract i ce . B ut these b ri ef hi nt s m ay
s u ggest t he v al u e o f an i n dep endent anal ys i s Of co m p o u n d v erb s .
B EI ou t: HTE
B EI B OJI (B EI B eCTH) , B EIXOHHTE (B EI HTH) ; s o m et i mes i t de no tes co m
’
IIO up to , thro u gho u t
HOE x aTE , HOPOHR TE o vertake
. .
i i
3 a o r g nall y behi nd , i s a p re Of m any d ffe re nt mean fix i ings ; espe cially O
ften it
ci bif i
d eno tes a t o n o f r e d u rat o n, o r t he get t ng o v er a t ng :
‘ ’
i hi s ao HTE o r 3 a6E>RaTE
make a cal l , s au n aTHTE make payment, 3 a6EI B aTE forget, s arcp EIB aTE clo s e .
67 ] t -
"
v LE SS ONS 1
fi
l
‘
o " ; '
a I ;
TEcH
‘
dress ( p ut
O T (OTE fro m : OTR pEIB aTE u nco ver, o p en, O TB Ea E ans wer (co m p are Ger
m an antwo rten) .
II O i
l k e Germ an be i s qu te i co l o rles s ; s o m et i m e s h o w ev e r
, ,
it fo rm s w hat m ight
be called ‘
ver b d im inut ives ,
’
e .
g .
,
n o mHM aTE pres s a li ttle, HOTfi r HB aTE pu ll a li ttl e,
draw ou t ( gradually ) ,
IIO t I HTaTE read a li ttl e .
cE
' ’
E HaTE
CB OlIfI TB , CHHM aTE .
Y away fro m : yxo nHTE , yHOCHTE , yOEmaTE ; s o m et i mes i t deno te s begi nni ng
y3 HaTE
,
.
3 . Exami ne all p res ent forms i n thi s text, s tate whether they have
future
5D
.
LXVII
ECHT B OEHEM OP
’
IIIECTB IL I V POR B
’ ’
Bo npo cEI
1 . O RO ME
p as cR aS EI B aeTca B E é TOM E Té R cTE? 2 110 q é TOTE .
M HR E v TpHceTca R aR E a TE ? 3 I
I e O OHE OOH
r Tca ? 4 t
I TO
5R
. .
TcH , r
Ro r paIIE . BE
on y a H é TOH
I
? 6 . ITO B TOp O R pecTEfi HHHE HyM aeTE 0 6E q E?
7 RaR E eM y R ameTca HOPOJI a? 8 IIO HeM y OHE meJI é eTb HTOO
’
. .
,
EI
110m I ? ’
II OIIIé J E 9 . ITO MyHCHR fI OyRyTE HE JI aTE , é a
I
OyHeTE
10 q TO OHH OyIIyTE HE JI aTE 3 I/IM OIO ?
’
M HOr O XJI E O
’
a Ha II OJI IT
XE ?
'
.
11 . q EM B ’ ’
II é p B EIfi My mfiR $ HaS EI RaeTE B To p Or O? 12 .
t
ITO A HTOHE
’
HE JI aeTE ME ? I
IIOTO 13 q TO on q JI OCE IIOT OM E ? 14 ITO IIOIIIé JI E ,
5I
. .
TE T X XVII
Rapm mca '
OCM OTp H, RE H 3 6E
’
,
M epHafI ,
'
CB E THTE '
OPOHé R E .
M amOTR H
’
B Os JI E HE B O HR H -
Hft JI B
’
I I/IR OM B B OIIII ,
’
‘
M yrR H IR aM E EHTII
’
t
.
fl ame cE H é ‘I H
He a saB mi H
'
CB E CHJI E I OJI OB y H CM OTpHTE ,
‘
I
ITO 9m
-
) TaR E on ym aIOTE M amOTR y?
‘
I p aM OTE OHa '
.
IIp O ReJI a
a HHyIO cB OOOJIy
IIOp o ryIO B EOTE !
GaM OH B E cTH
’
eM EI cJI E II OR aM EcTE
TeM eHE HM E H efi :
HO B cE q O TE HaHE 00 6 610
M aHR OB E .
LXVIII
He cn Es aB
’
t hi ngs , as a l o u nge .
N ew Verbs
Perfecti v e by Prefix
OB ET HTE , an y, E THIIIE— J
’
IIOOB ET HTE
M OJI I a t
TE , - —
a10 3 3 no eM OJI HaTE
men aTE , -
’
a s fiTE , - — — ’
a10 c JI EcTE , 3 y, 3 e111E
OB E
’
m HB aTE , -
a10 — ’
CB E OH T E ,
J
'
E HIy, -
13
'
IIIH IIIE
D ifferent Stem s
—II
y xO p HTTH, IIpHII y
’
Hpo nrITE , -
x 09R ,
-
IIHIIIE ,
H pI/IJIeHI B .
N O Perfect i v e A s pect
M epIIaTE , -
aIO .
LXIX
68 The Ve rb al A d j e cti ve s
.
’
A 1 . B E TepE 6ymyfl BOeTE (VIII A) .
Hé JI B I HR OM B B OJI SI — B B
‘ ’
.
’
H 3 6E
’
Mepuaa (XVII) .
CJI E IIyIO mi a
’
B 1 .
(VII) ROMH aTEI .
IIJI aq e ii HB E (XV) .
H m X — IIOHHR H B m E B ETB é H
2 .
JIE T é 1101 2
116 nxE ( V 1
y
'
.
3 HecOMEl ii )
'
. .
Baa 3 H aB a
,
a fro m HaB aTE , cTaB aTE ,
-
, 3 HaB aTE — It i s rare l y f o rm e d f ro m perfec
- -
.
. E
HeCTH, Hé OE — Hé cm H ; v e rb s t hat l o se 1
1 o r T i n t he p ast te nse ret ai n t hi s i n t he p ast ,
is rare .
-
afr, -
ee ; Hé cm i H, B é nm i H .
Ha H O re pl aci ng t he TE Of t he i nfi nit i ve :
’
, , cHE JI aHE .
A few ver s b have p ass ive pas t p art icip les i n TEIH e g ,
. .
,
s aR p EI TE — EaRpEI TEI H .
69 The Ru s s i an Ve rb Sys t e m
.
Im perfect i v e Perfect i ve
'
Present IIlS
'
JI aIO
’
Fut u re 6yny HE JI aTE
IIE JI aJI E
’
Past
Im perat i v e HE JIaH
’
VE R B AL A D J E CTIV E S
HE JI aH , HE JI aIOIIIi H (OHE JI aa )
' ’ ’
HE JI aeM EI H
’
’
B 1II l I7
B II1H ) CIIlS JI aB HI H, I
’
- -
There i s o nl y o ne p ast te nse ; t here is no future perfect The p ass ive vo ice i s
.
l angu age .
HHR H m aH HB a
.
4 . Wri te for every verb i n thi s text a comp lete s ynapsi s , as gi ven abo ve
’
for HE JIaTE .
LETTE RS A N D S OU N D S
F
Po rt u gu ese , ren ch Rum an ian) Greek
, Pe rs i an A rm e nian t he Hi nd o o l angu ages
, , , , ,
, , S l av ic and B ul gari an Se rb o C o at i an
r , ,
-
r ,
89
90 E LE M E NTARY RUSS IAN G RAMMAR [4
so m ewhat m o d ified by practi cal co ns i derati o ns . The fo ll o wi ng s i gns
are u s ed :
[i ] as i n s ee [u] as i n p u t
[e ] as i n Germ an geh [0] as i n lord
[ c] as i n French fai t [5 1] b et ween Germ an u and French e in j e
2 . U naccented Vo wel s .
[a ,
e, i, O , u , E1, 1] are s i m il ar in so u n d t o t he co rres po nd i ng accente d
v o wel s , but pro no u nced w i th m uch l es s tens i o n o f t he m u scles Of t he
t o ngue . In rapi d s peech, al l o f t hem are m o re o r l es s sl urred .
[ 1] i ndi cates a sl u rre d v o wel o f v ari abl e qu al i ty, rangi ng fro m the
s o u nd o f a i n hat i n s l o w s p eech to s l u rred [i ] (y i n p retty) i n fl u ent
pro nu nci at i o n .
4 N o rm al . Co ns o nant s .
[m n] as i n man
,
[f v , s z ] as i n fever sei ze
, , ,
[j ] as i n yes .
5P l. a at al Co ns o nant s .
i ch .
, ,
[a] M aTE
[a] R OM HaTa
[i ] map a
[ 1] Haca (10, 2)
92 E LE M E NTARY RUSS I AN GRAMMAR [5 —6
I,
‘
n, 3 , change t o are x, 0 change
“
to 11 1
R, T, u change t o q cR, 0T change. to m.
The so ft v o w el s (H ,
e, e, H, 10 ) and El , whi ch are v ery frequ ent in
i nfl ect i o nal end i ngs , are s u b ect j to cert ai n pri nci pl es o f co m pat i bi l ity
wi th co nso nant s
A fter I —a d
a . v el ars ( R, ‘
,
x ) ,
e , 10, E! are repl ace by a, 0 , y, H .
— LI i s
6 . After ‘I
, m ,
m, 31; (no t after u) repl ace d by H; o n t he o t her
H .
d . After i— T; i s re l ace d b H p y .
9 After l
vo we s —
E is repl ace d by 171 .
NT A CCE
6 The Ru s s i an A c ce nt i s m o bi le o r v a i ab l e i e it m ay ch ange it s pl ace i n a
. r ,
. .
,
w ay o f ac qu i i ng i t — u nl ess t h st u de n
r t has am pl e Opp o t n ity o f hea ng Ru ss i ane r u ri .
NOUNS .
E, I E, J E r e
acbe nt t he e n d i ng : R ap aHHam a) .
—c TeR JI a
.
,
eT Ri O e I .
A D J ECTIVE S
A tt ribut ive j ct ives ch ange t heir accent : m é R iH—m OR aro ,
’
1 ad e do no t
6o n moH—6OJIEm6 ro
.
.
7—
8] LE SS O NS 93
2 . icat ive ad ject ives and p ast tense fo rm s o f tw o syll ables are apt t o accent
Pre d
t he e nd i ng i n t he fem i n i ne s i ngu l ar : R epe HE — q ep Ha— q ep Ho —1ep H; 6 I 11E f 11 E .
VE RB S .
1 . Prese nt .
b If i t i s acce nte d, t he
. a cce nt may rem ain on ,
t he i
i t m ay be t hr o wn
end ng, o r
back o n t he st em fro m t he 2d i
s ng on: TOB Op HTE— POB Op IO, TOB Op HmE ; IIHcaTE
—
.
n Hmy re ,
enI E .
2 . Past .
—
D ECLE N SION CRJIOHEHIE
.
-
n
po r . are
—
Neu ter 0pé IIHi H po IIE .
o f fem al e bei ngs fem i ni ne, regard l es s o f t hei r t erm i nat i o ns : M yJRE m an ,
cJIyr a valet, 11111111 u ncle are m ascu li ne , meHé wo man , 111111 11 nu rse , ,
fem i ni ne .
b . B y thei r en d i ng
N o u ns i n a and a (no t 5
M 1) are fem i ni ne : R eHa wo man ,
v JIOOR a bo ard ,
HeHE 11 1 week
'
5 .
No u ns l n 0 ,
5
e , M 1 are neu ter : word, 116JIe field ,
fi MH name . A l so
HHTE chi ld i s neut er .
o s it i o nal —
Lo cati ve Prep npeIIJI 69R11 E p
ifi é
’
or an R
'
D B
—HaTeJI EHEIH II aJIé JR B
‘
D at i ve '
, s Prayer: .
bers : The s i ngu l ar cHHHcTB eu no e r1H cJI 6— and the pl u ral— M 11 69Recr
- '
B e11110e IHCJI O
‘
. B ut t here are co ns i derabl e rem ai ns Of an Ol d dual
HB 6 H0TB eHHo e t
1HcJI 6 ; t hi s w as o ri gi nall y u se d of t hi ngs o ccurri ng in
pai rs , bu t gradu ally gave ri se t o a frequ ent t ype of i rregu l ar pl ural
fo rm ati o n The dual m eani ng i s still seen i n :
.
o rE — o r a horns R OJI E Ho — ’
R OJIE HH
'
knees
p p .
N . or Gen .
aM B — HM B
' ’
Hard
IR eHfi
e merry
e R
v eHEI
r merr y
meHE
’
p
fi R eHé ii
v
g
c
1
2
$ z 5
Re HE1
e 5
Ré HE
e 5
1 em
-
.
r 5
R e11aXE
p meHaME
s meHaMH
13 . Le ngthe ne d St e m s
a . Neute rs i n M 1, 5 li ke fi MH firs t n ame, II Jra
'
M 1 5fl ame ,
E peM 1 5
parad i gm
'
cE MH seed, s naM a s tandard see ab o v e , o f B pé MH
; .
M aTE
5 HET 5
’ '
HHT 5 HET 5
’
14 . M as cul ine
1 . The accu s ati ve Of b o th nu m b ers has the fo rm of the no m i nat i ve
w i th t hi ngs , bu t t he fo rm t he geni t i ve w i th l i v i ng bei ngs
Of .
— OTHO
JIGM L ) , ut O é u
b’
T E f at her B E (i nst r s i ng OT116M E ) . . .
1105R E — 1105
R l 1 (bu t OTé HE — OTHEI)
’
s hi fts t o the end i ng, (b ) i f the accent i s on the fi rst syl l ab l e in al l cas es :
O é I
T I E — OTIIa ,
R E M eHE — HE M Ha HeHE— HHH
’ ’
, ,
R yc6R E — R y0R a, JIO6 E
co rner, mR aIIE cup bo ard, caHE garden, JI yrE mead ow, II pyI1E p o nd ,
H ECE fores t ,
R paH bo rder, JI O6E forehead , p OTE mo u th (no my) ,
1100E
4 . Geni ti ves i n y: So m e j
no u ns deno t i ng m ateri al s and a few no u ns
111R a a cup o
'
, e .
g
.
,
t
,
cE
ho ur to hour, I3 B —
I/ JI c
’ ’
f the fo res t
o ut o
5Pl
.
. u rals in a Co m pare 1] 9 ,
w here t he fo ll o w i ng pl u ral s are
—
ho u se HO a, 6JI o c voi ce
M r E — r o n o ca r E t —
6p OI1 own r o p o na, I16R TOpE
,
cro p s
’ ’
E
B —
(bu t XJI E 6E1 lo aves of bread) H ETE HB ETaco lors (but HB ETEI flowers )
’
,
’
.
1 leaves ) M yéR E m
,
JI HCTE s heet —
(but JI H0TE 5
JI H0TE1 M v H ci ti zens ,
an—
(but M y5
R E5
1 hu s bands ) M o st o f t hese have E eB E (6p aTE eB E ) i n t he
’
-
.
gen .
pl .
,
bu t a few hav e —
eH
, .
-
a11E , c
l o a11aXE t
, e c :
I p aJ
.R II
-
é HHHE — Pp a m é
n e H — S i m il ar are :
.
‘ ‘ ’
.
in 0, e .
g,. B 6 JI OCE1 hai r -
6JI OcE , p as E
gen . B ti me— gen pl pas E (Hé . .
w
5
0 1TE p as E ten ti mes ) , co JI HaTE s o ldi er— co n naTE ; q I OB
’
E R E man ,
’
Fe mi nine s
1 The accu s ati ve s i ngu l ar ends i n y Io w i th n o u ns i n a— 5
.
— 1, and i n
2 The
. i ns tru men tal s i ngu lar has a s o t er f o rm i n o ii
h r — e ii an d a
in co nv ers at i o n .
3 . M ascu li nes i n a— 5
1 are decl i ne d exact l y l i ke fem i ni nes o f t he s am e
Ha, ma, pro v i de d the end i ng i s unaccent ed : Hana co untry s eat— Haq ei/i ,
bu t 11y111a sou l nym 6H (nym 61o ) fl
nymé
— nym fi , 11 m m .
c .
Rt e R E ; co p are 3 7 , 3 m .
fat e c yn e6 E R o n é HR a ko p eck —
,
R o né eR E L ikew i se E at t he e nd o f a ste m as i n .
, ,
,
1115
II5 1 u ncl e has t he ge nit i ve p l u ral Hé He H i n anal o gy
.
16 . N e u t e rs :
1 Onl y fe w
. neuters , s u ch as 116 JI e fie ld and M 6pe sea , en d in e a fter a
co nso nant , bu t m any neut ers i n i e , l i ke enaHi e ; a few co ncrete no u ns
end
w i th Ee : M HI OB é Hl e, MHTOB é HEe
‘
moment . When s p ell e d w i th i e, t hey
100 E LE M E NTARY RUSSI AN GRAMMAR [ 187 19
1 . The regu l ar co rres p o nd ing t o Ifi ench vous Ge rm an
p ro no u n o f add res s i sB EI ,
‘
The d i ffere nce bet wee n OHH and OHE i s o nl y o ne o f spe ll in g; b o t h are p ro
’
4 .
, .
, ,
c o mpare 36 .
Mo ii my m u m o ur
N .
3 r 0 o f t he gen s i ng i s p ro no u nce d [v 0]
.
-
. . .
1 . B
’
TOTE thi s , that i s t he u s u al dem o nstrati ve prono u n i n the real
Sens e of t he wo rd , i . e .
, p o int i ng t o a certai n thi ng .
20] LE SS ONS 101
5 TOTE
N . or G .
’
TE MH
Pro nu nci at i o n [v 0] .
j
ad ect i ves .
f what ki nd ,
what .
102 ELE M E NTARY RUSS IAN GRAMMAR —
[21 22
q I has i n t he
/ o bl i qu e cases t he s am e end i ngs as M OH ( 1E er6
r
, q H,
pl . q EHXE , RaR 6H, R aR OB 6H hav e a dj ect ive declensi o n .
1 . HTO and ‘l ’ ‘
l O arei ndefini te rel at i v e pro no u ns , co rres p o nd i ng t o
Engl i sh whoever, he who — w hat, whatever : RTO er 6 3 11aeTE , er 6 1116 6HTE
Whoever knows hi m, li kes hi m; ‘
I TO an ae mE , o TO ME He cnp amHB aH do
They are often m ade still m o re i ndefinite i n their m eani ng by add ing
6EI 11H (w ith the v erb i n the p ast fo rm ) : RTO 6EI er 6 HH 3 11a11E .
’ ’
HE RTO (HE ROPO . RT6 11H6y11E , RTo To so mebody, a certai n;
- -
’
(HE q ero l TO TO so methi ng;
’
HE HTO . q T6 HH6y1
1E , HT6 11H60,
- - ‘ -
11111116 , Hq r6 . .
(Hé Ier Ot
. n o thi ng .
a .
prepo s t o n i s
If a ii
co nnected w it h a negat ive pro no un i t i s put between t he ,
b The o bj ect o f a ne gat ive p hrase st and s i n t he ge nit ive ; t he negat i o n m ust be
.
are rarel y u s ed .
A few j
ad ect i v es have pred i cat i v e f o rm s , n am el y :
no 6 011E1116H
(B e11 HRE , a, 6 - - -
Hi s s o m et i m es u se d i ns t ead ) ; ad j ect i ves i n 0R i Hand —
—6H
,
25 . A ttributi ve D e cl e ns i o n .
—Thi s i s o ri gi nall y a co m b i nat i o n o f
the j
ad ect i v e w i th no u n end i ngs and t he fo rms of t he pers o nal pro no u n
of t he 3 d pers o n , e .
g.
,
HOB a + ero 116 B ar o , HOB y + eMy 116 B OM y .
H 5
15
a1 oe
5
EI
HA S OFT: m 1 cc
15
5
M .
OH 1 cc
HA RD
S i ngu l ar Pl ural
- N . or G .
H6 B E1X E
'
116 13011
SOFT
e 555
01111 1 1 on
011
1111010 N . or G
26] LE SSONS 10 5
a . The i
e nd ng ro o f t he ge n . i
s ng . m as c
i s p ro no u nced [v 0].
,
The no m p l
neut . . . .
m
is e o f r t h e m as c u l i ne an d E151 fo r t h e fe m i n i ne a n d n eu te r — The no m s ing m asc . . . .
. i
b The ns t s g e
r i n f m f.re qu e
. nt l y s h o
. s t h e f u l l e r f o r m I n OIo eIO : 116 13010 .
p 6 111ee , x0p 6 111i e ; cJI aHR i H, 011 11111 1 1, cJI aHR oe , cJI aHR i e .
51 to e B E ,
EI— H t o HHE .
Go d, R as aq coss ack s
’
fro m R as aRE , o x 6 THH q hunter
’
s fro m
o x 6 T11HR E , an d a few o thers .
Si ngu l ar Pl ural
IIaB JI OB Oii
IIaB JI OB EIMH
B 65
11E e ii
Wit h so m e hese fo rms t he us age i s not qu ite sett l ed ; t hus t he 100 s ing m as c
of t ,
. . .
m as c B 65 R E51 B65
. R EIO , .
The p atro nym ics that are deri v ed fro m these po ss ess i v e adj ecti v es
(II aB JIOB H q E , IIaB JIOB Ha) , co m pare 8 , hav e regu l ar no u n decl ensi o n 5 .
106 E LE ME NTA RY RUSS I AN GR AMMA R [27
27 . Co mpari so n
H cHJI E HEIH—cHJI E HE e
’
R pac B Ee , .
t i ve , e .
g .
,
o 6p a3 6 B a111IEI H e du cated— 6 6 11130 O6p a3 6 B a11E .
Inst ances
’ —
611 E 11HE 121 6JI EI111E H111iH
’’ ’
' —
HaHEHiH HaJI E HE Hmi H
’
1
Rp E
’
Im i H— R pEn a m iH B EIc6R i H— B EIco a m iH
M 0110116H —M 11a111n i H (B EIcIHi H
cTa n
p i
E i — cp apm i H ‘
x o p 6111i H ~ —11y1m iH
.
t
.
as the nu m b er .
4 . An j
ad ect i v e a fter a numeral agrees w i th i t s no u n i n nu m ber an d
geniti v e pl u ral .
Inst ances
(11001113 IIH
’
(1) 113 a HHi e XB
I/I ) HHH the las t two days
'
5
th HHTEIH 5
oth HHTnHecHTEI H 600th H
111e0THc6 TEI
The o rdi nal s hav e regu l ar adj ect iv e decl ensi o n with the except i o n o f
THE ~ —
PRE P O S I TI ON Il pe 11116rE
30 Pre po s iti o ns m ay
. re qu i re o ne , two , or three cas es , as sho wn in
t he fo l l o wi ng d i agram :
Ins t r .
B E , 11a, 0
3 a, 11011E , né pe nE
6e 3 E G wi tho u t
. A .
,
L . on , u p o n
—113 11E
6 11H3 E G . near (Hano ) I . above , o ver
EmE cTo
’
’
G i ns tead
. 6 R0110 G . aro und
B HE G f o u ts i de o né pe nE (IIpe11E n pé no ) A I i n front f
~
.
,
. . o
_
Ro p rE G . aro u nd l l 6a
B E (B 0) A . i nto , L i n . 1101
1E (116110) A . I . u nd re
G .
for HpH L . at, near
33 A .
,
I behi nd ,
.
for 11p6 THB E G . agai n s t
H3 E G . out o f m
pé x G .
for the s ake o f
Rp6M B
'
’
G besi des
.
111
cpe 1 G i n the mi ds t
. of
RE (R 0) D . to 0E (00) G . from A ,
. up to , I wi th .
Mé xcny I .
, G between
.
y G . at, wi th
G p as t
. q é pe 3 E ( 11
pe3 E ) A thro u gh,
. across .
“
rep l a ed c by 0, e .
g .
, co MH OIO , l é IIO MHOIO, 11 6110 1111610 ; t he p rep o s t i i o n 0 has t he
fo rm O6E befo re v o wels (O6E 6TOME ) 6 60 ,
be fo re co ns o nant gro u p s (6 60 MH E) .
E LE M E NTAR Y RUSS IAN G R AMMA R —3 2
110 [ 3 1
THE V R
E B — I Jl a
‘
r6 11E .
3 1 The Tw o Co nj ugati o ns :
.
JI lS JI aTB
’
'
r o B Op HTE
I mp erati ve
P ast
’
HE JI aJIE , a, O, H TOB o p HJIE , a, O, H
A . Vocal ic Cl ass .
’
HE JI aTE—HE 11a
'
c ap
T h TE—cr ap h
' ' ' ’
m m an
R pEITE — R po
m m m m
B . Co ns o nant ic Cl ass .
' ‘
B e3 l H— B es y
cTaTE —cTaH
em E
6paTE— 6ep
OIII I)
112 E LE M E NTA RY RUSS I AN G RAMMAR 5 —
[3 3 8
3 5Th . e Im pe rativ e :
1 . Fu l l en d i ng : 71,
1 fine : HHH, HuHTe ; r 0B Op H,
r 0B o p HTe .
A ft er ’
b v o w el s , ii , t
’
. he : 11ai1, HE JI aii Te .
36 . The Infinit i ve
IA . JI aIO — ’
HE JI aTE
R o man e —HOHcaJI OB aTE
IIpEI PHy
— II EI r H TE
p y
R pOIO— R p EITE
—
HaIO HaB é TE .
IB .
(a) IIH m — IIHcfiTE
y ,
—
M e q y M e Té TE
( )
b BO B y— e B aTE 6e py
— 6 aTE
p ,
—
(c) any naCTE
m
M y— MOHE
( )
d o r .
(b ) HepmaTE 01115
.
,
1 man ,
37 . The Pas t Te ns e
1 . Regu l ar :
'
HE JI aTE , Po B Op - HTE
-
. 11E -
11E
. .
y
B en B e0T H— B eJI E (B eJI a, B e116 , B eJI H)
5
,
many ,
11a0TE— 11a11E (II aJI a , 2
111
1110 , 11 mm ) .
[HTE ]
’
Present Geru nd : HE 11a rOB o p-
a
fi
u
H -
.
[HTE ]
’
Present A cti ve Part i ci pl e : 1111 11a r o B o p-
-
10 111i ii -
5
1 111i ii
’
'
Present Pass 1v e Part i ci pl e : HE 11a 1116 6 -
[HM E ]
-
cMEl ii
-
BE , -
B H1H -
BE , -
B .
39 . Pe rf e cti ve and Impe rf e cti ve A s pe ct
1 . Co m po u nd Verbs
a . B y Su ffix
OTR pEI B fiTE fro m OTR pEI TE ; HpH11 MEIB aTE y fro m Hp HHyM aTE ;
2 . Si m pl e Verb s
a . Stem Lengtheni ng
b. M E fo r HTE o r HyTE
Hc é f
TE ro m Ic T HTE ; R pHHaTE fro m R pHR HyTE .
I II
R 6 M HaTa ro o m . s na Hi e b u i l d i ng .
III Hp 6 R E , a, 6 w i de . HJI H or .
B EIc6 R E , a, 6 high . 5
1 I .
H and .
y HHTeJI E t eacher .
OR H6 w i n do w . HM H fi rs t nam e .
B OHE there i s .
y HeHHR E s t u dent
cTyJI E chai r .
y q y I t each .
HaH R a st i ck , p o i nt er .
pyccR i H Ru ss i an .
Ht é JI TL ; 5
'
R e11T a, JR eJI TO ye ll o w . Hs EIR E l angu age .
T6 11e al so R HH bo o k
1 . ra .
R ap a H
naIIIE penci l . r p aM MaTHR a gramm ar .
.
, ,
.
M OH my . M an eHER i H s m al l .
’
TyHE , a, 6 du l l , bl u nt .
HE JI a1O I d o .
HE 11aeTe ya; d o
’
o cr epE , 0 0Tp a, 00Tp 6 s harp . .
qu es t i o n 55
T 1 11e11EI H (4 m ) 6 ) heav y
'
B 011p 6 cE .
-
e.11a, .
,
117
118 E LE M E N TAR Y RI
III
I OB o p HTE
‘
s p eak .
no -
pyccR H (i n) Ru ss i an .
He no t .
Ho -
aHrn i HcR H (i n) E ngl i sh .
yIII aTE li s t en
c .
cn p am HB aTE as k .
O TB EHaTE an s w er .
HO HTH al m o s t .
B cerna al w ays .
0R 6 p o fas t , so o n .
M é HJIe HHO s l o w .
e
za if .
co m pel l ed , m u st .
Ro ma w hen ,
To rna t he n .
n o vR an yHcTa pl ease .
naeTE he gi v es .
0 6E HcHé Hi e ex pl an at i o n .
e ac h yo u (ace ) ,
HaM E u s (dat ) .
cn acr16 0 thank s
’
yp OR E l es s o n .
p HHEIH d i fficu l t .
OHeHE v e ry .
HH TaT E read .
Ha o fte n
5
cr o .
5
11 1 1111 0 necess ary ; M HE H . I m us t
nep e B OH TE H t rans l at e .
To t hat .
T ene p E no w .
11116 31 111 b ad .
6 mm . w i l l be .
x o p 6 1ni H -
6 111E , a, 6 ) go o d .
II O T 6 M E t hen .
120 E LE M E NTAR Y RUSSI AN GRAMMA R
cna
crE HH bed ro o m .
B Op OTH HR E co ll ar .
COCTOHTE co ns i st s .
TyaJI é TE t o il et .
r 6 p 011E ci t y .
Ra
npo no n a eTca l ast s ; t akes .
MH6 ro (w gen ) m any . . .
y M eH 1 w ith 5 '
me .
B E TpH (H eTE I pe) B Tanca f
Of t hree
II OJI q aca hal f an ho u r .
(fo u r) fl o o rs
116 a (w gen ) after . . .
Br c E flo o r .
3 ax 05
Ry I go .
R B ap THp a d wel l i ng, ap art m en t.
cT0116 B a 1 5d i ni ng ro o m -
.
Hax 611H TC 1 5i s s i t u ate d .
B TOp O H seco nd
cav
R yCE I s it do w n
.
ci ne
TOCT HHaH, npieM HaH recept i o n
yet .
ro o m , p arl o r
r 0T6 B EI H rea dy .
.
R yXHH k i tchen
yTpeHHi H m o rni ng
.
HamR a cu p .
I OCT
‘
L gu est .
M 0110R 6 m ilk .
yCTn aHE i s co v ered .
R OB ep E Carpet
r Op HHi H ho t .
.
c HEI H
npeR p a beauti f ul
HaH t e a
.
R ap THHa p ict u re
HB a t w o
.
5
.
. .
Hyc6R E p i ece .
CTO HTE t hey s t and .
x 11 ls6E bread
. .
'
.
CE . . .
cJIO .
x p aH HTE kee p , s t o re
cJI aHR i H sweet :
.
10 B a1
R11a1 5 pantry l arder
cnep B a firs t
.
,
r
.
r16 r pe 6E cell a
fter that
.
’
3 aTE M E a then
sa break fast
.
,
B Tp aR aTE e at .
R aR 6H what ki nd ’
O6E 11aTE eat d i nner
.
0R 611ER O B pé M eHH ho w m u ch ti m e,
ymHHaTE eat s u pper .
ho w l o ng 6R 0110 (w gen ) a ro u nd
.
. . .
R ym aTE eat .
’
HE CR OJI ER O sev eral , a few .
d
R 6 ) e co ffee .
caHE garden .
. .
i1 6a (w gen ) after . . .
ryJIHTE t ake a w al k .
Ho p6 ra w alk , w ay .
Her6 gen .
f
o HTO .
111111 (w .
gen .
) fo r .
CJI y5
R HTE serv es .
VIII
B ecHa s pri ng .
HaHHHaTEca begi n .
H 6 B E1H ne w
CTapEI H Ol d .
6ceHE , fem . au t u m n .
ho u r; HB a ok
’
HacE Haca t w o o cl c
MHHyTa m i nu te .
cer 6i1H11 t o d ay .
d ay . 0 (w . loc ) . ab o ut, fo r}
TaR 6H s u ch .
LE S SON XXXVII
The words i n thi s less o n are no t i nclu ded i n the General Vo cabu lary .
y3 HaTE l earn , fi nd o ut .
peM é CJI eHHHRE art i s an :
ubl es w o rth
’
i . e .
,
r . R yx apR a co o k
6H116TE t icket . 6y110 HHHR E b aker .
B E p HEHmi H t ru st w o rthy
’
. HHH6 B HHR E o ffi ci al .
. .
5
RHBeTE li ves . R o p 6 He , co mp . o f R Op 6 TR i H, s ho rt
TOTE t hat .
(i n sho rt , bri efly) .
a , 0 ) be . B o po r a [v aro t a, v arat a] n eu t
'
pl gate . .
— 110
.
6E 5 5
RH111E— 110 a10 , aeInE — B 11acTE
‘
R aTE [bi i at ] 6Ery, B nanaTE [fp ad at ]
‘
-
ru n .
- -
6 E11E1H[ be l EI j ] pr
'
.
f a .
, w hite . B HOJI HE [fp al n s ] e nt i re l y .
B aHHaH . . . .
B a HI E [v as] yo u r . B pe MH [ v re ma] t i me .
. .
,
B e ce nEI H[vi s O f a, cp E e,
’
l E1j ] p r . .
-
.
-
up .
m a n [vi s na] p l .
( B eCHEI ) sp ri ng . B cr aB aTE [fst av at ] B CTa16
' ‘
,
-
e mE — B cr aTE '
1, , .
B3 1 10pb [v z d o r] no nse n se
'
. B To p o ii [ft aro j ] se co nd .
[ i i H —
go i n,
‘
B H
H E TE
'
v d t ] B Hcy, 11 H 111E y see -
. ente r .
B HH Ra [vi l k a] f o rk . BE [v , f]
p rep w do t and ace i n, . . . . i nt o .
B eIII E , c all o u t
‘
Ro na [v ad a] as , np w at e r . . . 3 B aTE [V El z v at ] -
S o B y, -
.
]
’ — 110 gu i de
‘
B EI HB HHB aTE [ V EI l e é i v at
‘
]
B OH TH [v di t y, 11 H ac n1E
'
E a 1R 111E -
.
-
a10 , -
B o e TE , s ee B EI TE . BEI H EHHTE
'
[V El li é i t ]
‘
-
Hy, -
HH111E cu re .
B O3 HTB [v az i t ] 5
R y 3 H111 E—
‘
110 -
,
’
co nvey . B bl Hu M aTb V EI n i m at
[
‘
] -
aIO , -
ae n1E
v mnu t
‘
B o an h [ v ozl e ] w gen ne ar, at B 13 HyTE [ ] Hy, Hen1E t ake o ut
’
prep
- -
. . . . .
B 03 E ] [
vos l o ad . BE mo c HTE [V EI nas i t ] ‘
-
111 y,
’
CHm E —B E1 '
Boi
’
BOJI RE [v o l k ] g ip
-
. wol f . BEIcmi H high .
VOCA B ULA RIE S 12 5
B EITE [ V EI t
‘
] B 610 , B OemE —Bs ro ar .
name [ d ai s ] ev e n .
B EI B3 R aTE
'
5 [ j i i at ]
VEI
‘
c ream, -
é e 111E nané Ri H [d alo k EI j ] p r . cp .
Han Ee ,
“ "
Ene m E HdH E me , far
‘
BEI ExaTE [V EIj ixat ] B
'
uy, .
r ide ,
ive o ut
dr . nB o e [d v o e] tw o (t o get j he r ) .
B EpHTE [ ve ri t
‘
] p 10 ,
’
p Hn1E
-
110 bel ieve .
ne HE rH [d e ng ] m p l m o ney i . . .
m es s age [d i re v na] d ip
‘
B EcTE [ ] ve s t gip new s , ne pe B Ha gp B e HE
- - -
.
,
. .
.
B BTB B [re t f] f , g i p
’
branch .
-
. . v i ll age .
5 R H111E —
5
’
[ di ri at
‘
ne p xcaTE ] -
Ry ,
110
I as e r a [gaz s t a] new sp ape r
‘
ho l d
'
.
h
.
rnh [y d s ] w ere
HHTH [di ta] 1] 13 , chi l d
’
.
[7 d s t o ] so mew here
.
rnE- To
[dl a, d lI ] pr ep w gen fo r
.
r e po ii [ gi ro j ] he ro
.
. . . .
il
‘
110 [d o , d a] pr ep w gen t o , u nt
.
—110
. . . .
‘
r H6 HyTE [gi bnu t ] Hy, He111E
1106 pE1H [d o b rEI j ]
- -
1106p 13 e , HyHm e ,
’
cp .
d es t ro y
go o d
.
pr . .
. .
-
cp . r H JR e ,
110 1111E ra n i
h 5
.
sm o o t
—
.
110111 11
1 [do l gEIj ] cp .
116 11E111e , 11011111 111 5
r 11a3 E [gl as ] p l a) eye
m i H, 116 11 Be , l o ng
. .
'
y65
. .
cp r 11 Re
d eep
. .
1o a
r [ d o lk ] p l de t . b .
5 5 6, H bl iged
.
110 11 R e 11E [ do l i i n ] R Ha o
[gl u p EIj ] pr f a , st up i d
-
‘ .
, ,
r nyn b ni
— co m pe l le d (m ust )
. . .
1 115 5 H 110 l o o k
‘
1 [g l d ] y 11
.
1
11
1 1“ I e t R 111E -
,
- -
.
no ma [ d o m a] at h o m e
. .
,
CRa - - -
aar E , c reamy CR é m e m E s ay
'
' 110M b [do m ]
'
n p 110M a, . ho use .
, .
no po r a [d o ro ga] w ay
ro i1E [go t ] p l ao r E1 g i p
.
- - -
.
,
t o u o na [ gal av a] as , n p
’ no po ro ii [d arago j ] pr f . . d ear, cp .
Ho p 6 5
. .
Re , Ho p o m aHm i H
I OJIOB HOH [gal av no j ] head
‘
1] 13 d au ghter
. .
110 HE [ d 06]
“
n E m a T d
[ ja i i a t
‘
] a é n — 110 B
'
1 0 11q
, ,
ri de
. . .
‘
xaTE [d aj s xat ]
ro p e [g o r e ] m i s f o rt u ne
d riv e (t hro u gh t o t he e nd )
.
ro pHHi H [garaé i j ] pr ho t
.
cp . . .
np ar E [
'
d ra t ] H py, p
e e 111 E — ‘
pa3 -
‘ te ar t o p k ll
ro cr E [ go s t ] g i p
.
,
gues t
-
l u m be r
. .
5RH111E— 3 a
.
‘
b
.
t rem l e
rpaM OTa [gram at a] al p h abe t rea d i ng
.
h er
.
,
fi
. .
,
11pyrE [d ruk ] p l n p 11py3 E 11 r end
rpo 6 E [gro p ] p l E1 o r a , grave
. . .
-
f
. .
h h io n
.
uyma [d u m a] t o u g t , m e di t at .
Il [d a] yes
a .
Hym a T E [ du m a t ] a10 ,
a e n1E — no t hi nk
‘
- -
.
‘ —
naB aTE [d av at ] I1a16 , Haem E HaTE [d at ]
‘
Hy ma [du sa] as , np so ul
5
. . .
— c do
i
HE HaTE [d al at [z dan1j al b u i l d i ng
‘ ’ '
] a10 , ae111E . s nam e .
Ha CH
'
M OM E HE JI E i n a t , reall y '
f c .
‘
e 111E -
,
Ea
m i rro r
'
s e p RaJI o [z e rk al a] p l
.
e me [j i SIEo ] s t i ll
. .
‘
yet B HH a [z i m a] as w i nte r
.
,
np . . .
mam ,
[Hal ] s ad , re gre tt a b le ; M H B mam ) ,
’
[z l o j ] pr 3 0 11E , e11a, b ad , ev i l . . .
3 1100TE [z l o s t ] f w icke d ne s s
‘
w gen . .
, I am s o rry .
. .
c aTE [i d at
‘
] may, —em E .
, w .
gen .
3 HaHHTE [z naci t ] Hy,
’
HH111 E, m e an
‘
.
e xp e ct .
s o p5 1 [z o ra] d aw n .
5 71 [H
116 1111 11 o l t EI j ] pr f
1
ye ll o w . . .
H [i ] and .
H b o t h and
211
'
HB a [ i v a] w i ll o w
.
[ iz b
’
H3 6 a a] p l pe as ant s hut
.
5 ife
. .
R HB OTE [i i v o t ] l —
i é a a
‘
HB yHaTE [ at ] H3 yHHTE
.
z u 10 e 11 1 E - -
5
,
RHTE [i i t ] mHB y
‘
,
-
B ernE (111H11E a, O , ,
H ) [iz u é i t ] Hy, HH111E l earn
‘
-
’
ive
.
110 l .
H3 E [i s , i z ] p rep w gen o u t o f
'
. . . .
mm [ il i ] o r
3 a [z a] prep acc o r i ns tr behi nd fo r
HM 5
.
] 13 a nam e
. .
1 [ i m a] 1
. .
,
.
[z ab o r] fence
.
3 a6 o pE
He HE , L a,
.
a10 , a
‘
3 a6 h
' '
- -
HcaTE [z abi i at ]
‘
ry, 5
RHn1E , m ake a
i c
s n e re .
HTTH E go ; see al so
c al l .
HTE
,
o
[z aft rak at ] t ake b reakf ast
.
‘
s aB TpaRaTE .
aano pE [ [z ap o r] b o l t l o ck ,
. w hat k i nd c , ap e aran e , et c p .
3 aRpE1TE , -
R p 6 10 , -
R p 6e 111E , co ver ,
RaRE [k ak ] ho w .
Cl o se . RanaTE
‘
[k ap at ] ,
’
11 .111O, 11.11e111 E
—
3a
3 ap 1
33 bl B aTb
'
[z ar s Z EI v at
‘
] -
a10 , -
ae111E RapaHna HI E [k arand as] pe n cil .
[z ats m ]
hM E afte r t h at t hen RapTH H Ra [k arti nk a] l it t l e p ict u re
'
s ar ,
. .
go , v s i it . ro o m .
mo n q ar b [m al é at ] m y, m u m— 3 a be
‘
' “
s i le nt .
mo ph [m o r] p l ague
'
.
M O ‘l B [m o c] mo ry, (mo m , Mo rn a,
6, — no can .
mynpe nb [mu d r et s ] w i se m an
'
.
d em o f mymfi x m . .
MH TB [m mt ] M 6IO , e nn
‘ —no w as h - > .
M Im cb [m e s] M i s mny, Mencay
’ ' ’
.
M i nn [m al l so ap
, .
whe n i n [m as rt s ] m o nt h . .
ma c o [maso ] m eat
'
ae m b nav ari v at
‘
HaB apnpaTb [ ] -
aio , -
ca be called .
Hafi m s ee n axo m
’
'
i 'r b .
[nak an et s] at l ast
n auo u e [ 11> .
HaM I [ nam ] (d at ) u s
'
> . .
5
_
napo fio r ar b ca [narab o t at s a]
' ' -
a10 0 ,
-
aem L cH w o rk e no u g h .
m ake e nem e s i .
c
na 'i . [nas ] (aca ) u s .
fi nd ; fo u nd be l o cated -
OH be ,
.
m e nu (Haq an b
‘
Tb n aé at
[ ] J i ff y, “ :
f
a, o, n ) begi n begin
na hs ncar b
'
[naj iz at ] '
ée mL
‘
- —
na l; '
l i e [n e , n i ] no t .
u e fio [n e b o ] pl He6eca heaven, sk y . .
U L A RIE S 129
nJI 6 1ne .
n o finr b , '
s ee etc
' ' ‘
. b , .
no r pe fi'b [p o gri p ] pl ce ll ar .
a, o , n ) ) l ift , rai se .
-
p m nb o se rve
p 16 ,
'
b .
no nb [p o t , p at ] pr ep w
'
. . acc . and i ns tr .
u nd er, elow b .
no manyfi cr a [p ai al st a] p l ease .
[p o z n o ] l at e
n o s nno .
no xamhcr b [p ak ami s t ] fo r
' '
‘
t he t me i
be i ng .
n o ne [p o l e] pl fie l d . .
n o no nn na [p al avi n a] h al f .
no n q aca [p al é i s a] h al f an h o ur .
no rm [p o l ] l s (Ha) y fl o o r
, .
-
,
.
re m e m ber .
ae m b — no
‘
no nn icar b p ani k at
[ ] aio ,
' - -
nmcnyr b
‘
[ p ani k nu t ] Hy, H€III B
' - -
d ro o p .
no nnmar b '
[ p ani m at
‘
] -
aro , -
e mL
a —no
(
‘
na r b '
[panat ] n o fiM y ,
-
M é nn> n 6 nnn b '
a, o, n ) u nd e rst and .
b
.
no c no nn na [p as l ovit s a] p ro v e r .
no cmnar b [p a s m l a
'
t
‘
] a 10 , ac m r — no - -
>
CJI aTb [p as l at ] no m mo
‘
n1n é nn se nd ,
-
. > .
IIOTO K b [p at o k ] b ro o k , s t ream
'
.
no r o no m
'
[p at al o k ] s g ,
pl . .
(n o r o n R a — n o r 6 m n ) ce i l i ng .
no r o my q r o [p at am u st o l be c au se
' '
.
no q e my [p aé i m u ] w hy .
no w” ! [p aé ti ] al m o st .
' ‘
no q e car b [p aé i s at ] n1y, fl menn scrat ch -
, .
npas mfi [p rav mj ] pr f a, cp
’
e . . .
r i ght .
fuo , -
é em b np mrar b '
[ p rmgat
‘
]
'
aro ,
’
ae nn> — npb l r
—npnro r o nnr b p ri gat ovi t
[
‘
] 6 B Jno , nyr b Hy , Henn > pl ay
' ' '
- - -
.
-
6 B nnn > m ake read y , p rep are . npo m ar s [ p rasé at
‘
] mo -
e mE
a -
u po
—
,
npnnyn ms ar s [p ri d u m bi v at ] aro ,
‘
-
ae nn cr nr b
' '
[ p ras ti t
‘
] -
n1y,
'
cr nnn >
'
f o give ;
r
—g
,
,
'
bel o ng . nmr ar b
' '
[e t at
‘
] ai-
o , ae nnr
—no t ry .
npn na r b '
[ p ri nat
‘
] a n y ,
-
M e lII I> (np fi w de i .
HHJI L , ’
a, o, n ccept ) a .
npnnac'b [ pr i p as ] v ict u al s f o o d ,
. Pa6 0r a [rab o t a] w o rk
'
.
ch
p ro a ; MH ls np n x 6nnr cn I m us t
'
.
p afio q i fi[rab o czi j ] (g ens ) w o rk d ay
'
—
npn q e car 1 [p ri ci s at ] '
>
‘
-
ur y ,
’
n1enn . ,
— 06 be gl ad .
co m b .
pain [rat ] gl ad. .
t i o n ro o m , p arl o r .
pa3 nyM i e [raz du ni i j e] hes it at i o n, i ndeci
ks mar b ] ai o , aem E— u pi i c i
‘
npi [ p ri j i é at s o n , u n ert a nt y
’ ' - -
.
arri ve [razdi le ni j e] d iv i s i o n
‘
t x ar b [pri j s x at 1
'
.
pas nk ne ni e
'
.
co nt i nu e .
—B £i ra se , i bring up .
ci at i o n .
po r n [ro k ] pl p o r a, h o rn . .
-
cé nn> ca v an s ih . po my , s ee p ac'
r nrb
'
.
np o nanar b '
[ p rap a
- -
.
— npo nacr b —
] my, menu ) 6 6
‘ ‘ ’
[ p rap as t pyfi n b [ u bi t ] Jno, n nn na cut
'
'
r r -
> .
(m an s ) sp o i l , '
ru n i .
pylca [ru k a] as , np h and . . .
p l py nna
’ ’
mnar b [p racnt mv at ]
‘
np o a -
aro ,
-
ae nn,
— npo q e c1 b [p raé e s t ] q , u nem b ‘
‘
- - '
Cannr b ca [s adi t s a] camycb , canfim b cn
'
c hcr b [s e s t ] cé ny, ne nn s i t d o w n
’ ‘
re ad (al o u d )
’ '
. > .
gard e n . .
q ui re s
,
'
CTHIII I> CH cl ear up . caxapb [s ax ar] gs
'
y su gar .
-
.
132 ELE M E NTARY RUSS IAN G RAMMA R
e r pa m u mir st raé n m
’
[ j] pr .
f.
-
a, cp . J ls e
’ '
p nb [t rut ]
'
e ffo rt , d ifficult y .
t err ib le Tpa cr n
'
y t remb le
[tri s ti ] -
c -
cem L — no
5ch i
.
, .
cynL [s u p ] s ou p a [t u ea] c l ou d
'
.
q .
, . . . . .
, cp . .
fro m . heav y .
cL
' '
hnaT L [s j ad at ] naro ,
‘ ’ ’
nae 1n L — c 1d ; cr b
'
Ta nyr b '
[l m u t
‘
] Hy, HeIIIB —lI O d raw .
[ j
s e s t
‘
] J E E
,
4
t e at M '
up, d ev o u r .
'
cL
’
Ecr no il
’
] ar
o a
e rnL— y6 par 5
- - '
5 5
, .
,
cmnar b [ p ]
s u at
‘ ’
n
'
n
r o ,
’
n JIe mL —no . aw ay, harvest .
c
‘
s at te r, p o ur .
yam [u v u ] al as !
c Eno ii [ s ido j] yro n [u gal ] (l oc B B yr ny) c o rner
'
gray
’
. . . .
c fia r b
' '
[ s e at j
‘
] C is lo ,
’ '
-
emL — no sow .
yxcn nar b [u i i nat ] a , ae m L eat s u ppe r
‘ ' - -
.
ys naB a T L [ uz na v a t ] ai o, aé m L — y3 nar
‘
- - '
TaM B
'
[t am ] t here .
p b l Tb [ uk rbl t
‘
] -
6 IO, -
6e nn> d
c ve r .
Tapa nr acb
' '
[t arant as l t ravel i ng co ach .
ymn par b [ u m i r a t '
am
]7 , ae w E— yme pe r b
‘
- '
Te JI é HO K B [til o nak ] pl
'
. 16 , 4 cal f .
ymnmfi [u a I j ] pr (yme HL , ymHa)
'
.
'
cp .
f he
’
se ns ible clever ,
.
dark , o b sc u re .
ynnmar b [ a'
io , ae w L — yna TLun i m at ] ‘
- -
Iu nal ] yfi My, yfi me m b (n i JI L , a, 6 , n)
‘
Te ne pb [ti p e r] n o w
'
.
pr
-
. .
,
cp . w arm .
yn o cnr b [ u na s i t
‘
] ury,
’
cn1n L — yne cr fi - '
Te Tpa m i .
[t t rat
‘
] f . book no t e .
[ u n s ti i
] cy, Oé m b carry aw ay, t ake - - .
Tfi me qu iet a —
[ti xmj ] slo w
‘
Tn xi ii cp .
,
.
y n
n a a T L [ p
u a d a t ] c nu ynac -
>
To m a [t a yda] t '
hen .
yp o rcL [u ro k ] l ess o n
'
.
To me [t o i 5
] al s o ycr nanL [u s l an] c o vere d
' '
. .
TOJl b lCO [t o lk o ] o nl y .
yTpo [u t ro ] p l m o rn i ng . .
To mci fi [t o nk mj ] pr f . .
-
a, cp . T6 Hb me , yT i ; m'
a r l [u ti é a t
‘
] m o , a e.rnL —yr fi mn - ' '
TOT’L [t o t ] t he n yx o [u x o ] np ym n, g i p e ar .
-
. .
—
.
TOT ‘l aCb
’
[t at é as ] mmed i iatel y .
y n
x o n r b [u x a
'
d i t
‘
] m y, n
'
n m L yfi Tn
[t ro j k a] t eam o f t hree ho rses [u j ti ] yfi ny, né nn (yme n L , yn ma, 6 )
’
Tpo i u ca
'
-
. >
JIe Hb o, n go aw ay
’
p
- -
. .
,
cp .
-'
b
’
e d ifficul t .
yq e finnm . [ué e bnik] te t x bo ok .
VO CA B ULA RIE S 133
5
. . .
te a cher . clean .
it ] n L — na ch;
'
a, mi e,
‘
j] f
’
ya L [ ue yq y, q tea q ncr u fi [ Cl St BI pr . .
-
cp .
tu
—
.
q nr ar b
' '
[ct al i ‘
] -
aio , -
a
e nn > no re ad
f am i l y name
.
q r o fim [ St o b m] so t h at i n o rder t h at
'
Xn kfib [x l e p ] p l LI bread ;
, .
' '
.
’
pl .
-
agra1n .
q r o nnfiynb [ St o ni b u t ] w h ate v er
' - -
‘
XOJIM B [x o l m ] hi ll pl
.
xo no nnmil [x al o dnmj ] pr nn a,
’
-
.
-
6, 4 1
1 co l d .
Ill am ca [Sapk a] hat .
m i fi [xaro é i j ] pr go o d ,
'
m npo q afi m i ii ro ad , w d e b i .
xo r b ['
] al t ho u gh xo t
‘
.
HI KaIIL '
[ Sk ap ] ls . BL
’
m y, p l -
. cu p
xo r hr b [x ate t ] m y,
' ' ' ‘ '
t 1e r nr> , 3 a w ll i .
b o ard
—co
.
Hfi m L m no na [Sk o l a] sch o o l
‘
xpannTL [xrani l ] 4 3 16 , -
.
keep , st o re .
m lcyp a [Sk u ra] fur, sk i n .
Ts ar
.
sl ip
napb [t s ar]
.
' '
nB bTL [t svs t ] pl
' '
a .
-
co l o rs ,
.
fl ow ers .
'
bru s h
Il l e r ica [Sé o t k a]
'
ho le
.
nk nmii [t S l I j ] pr f a,
’
lae w
mé r o q lca [ § é ot aé ka] l it t le b ru sh
' "
-
cp -
—
. . . .
nhne H BTL [t 8 1p i ne t ]
‘ '
’ ’
ls ’
e 1nL
130m,
‘
0 ,
.
, 1l 9 h no e at .
. . .
q acr o [ é ast o ] o te n
'
f .
Br anch [ et aS] flo or , st o ry .
‘
[é as t ] g cp
'
q acr b p art
-
. .
3 TOTB
'
[ s t at ] t hi s , T
l 19 .
q a nm a [ cask a] cu p . $1 [j a] T I17 I .
‘
l e JIOB fi K B [ é i l avck ] p l m oan m an
’ '
. . nr né no m [ j i gn o nak ] 7é r a, 1 ] l am b .
'
.
q é p nmfi [ é o rn mj ] pr p Ha, .
-
o, H 513 mm [j IZ b l k ] t o ngue , l angu age
. .
b l ack . a fi no [t s o ] pl gp ma ns , e gg . .
'
.