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Genera Plantarum in 1737; his Classes Plantarum in 1738; his
Species Plantarum was not published till 1753; and all these works
appeared in many successive editions, materially modified.
87 Ibid. 234.
92 Ib. 252.
The precepts which he gives for the matter of the “descriptive
phrase,” or, as it is termed in the language of the Aristotelian
logicians, the “differentia,” are, for the most part, results of the
general rule, that the most fixed characters which can be found are
to be used; this rule being interpreted according to all the knowledge
of plants which had then been acquired. The language of the rules
was, of course, to be regulated by the terminology, of which we have
already spoken.
94 Ib. 261.
95 Ib. 260.
But beginning from this line, we may construct our systems with
two opposite purposes, according as we endeavor to carry our
assumed principle of division rigorously and consistently through the
system, or as we wish to associate natural families of a wider kind
than genera. The former propensity leads to an artificial, the latter to
a natural method. Each is a System of Plants; but in the first, the
emphasis is thrown on the former word of the title, in the other, on
the latter.
The Linnæan system of plants was more definite than that of 396
Tournefort, which was governed by the corolla; for number is more
definite than irregular form. It was more readily employed than any of
those which depend on the fruit, for the flower is a more obvious
object, and more easily examined. Still, it can hardly be doubted, that
the circumstance which gave the main currency to the system of
Linnæus was its physiological signification: it was the Sexual
System. The relation of the parts to which it directed the attention,
interested both the philosophical faculty and the imagination. And
when, soon after the system had become familiar in our own country,
the poet of The Botanic Garden peopled the bell of every flower with
“Nymphs” and “Swains,” his imagery was felt to be by no means
forced and far-fetched.
The admirers of Linnæus, the English especially, were for some time
in the habit of putting his Sexual System in opposition to the Natural
Method, which about the same time was attempted in France. And
397 as they often appear to have imagined that the ultimate object of
botanical methods was to know the name of plants, they naturally
preferred the Swedish method, which is excellent as a finder. No
person, however, who wishes to know botany as a science, that is,
as a body of general truths, can be content with making names his
ultimate object. Such a person will be constantly and irresistibly led
on to attempt to catch sight of the natural arrangement of plants,
even before he discovers, as he will discover by pursuing such a
course of study, that the knowledge of the natural arrangement is the
knowledge of the essential construction and vital mechanism of
plants. He will consider an artificial method as a means of arriving at
a natural method. Accordingly, however much some of his followers
may have overlooked this, it is what Linnæus himself always held
and taught. And though what he executed with regard to this object
was but little, 97 the distinct manner in which he presented the
relations of an artificial and natural method, may justly be looked
upon as one of the great improvements which he introduced into the
study of his science.
97 The natural orders which he proposed are a bare enumeration
of genera, and have not been generally followed.
Thus in the Classes Plantarum (1747), he speaks of the difficulty
of the task of discovering the natural orders, and of the attempts
made by others. “Yet,” he adds, “I too have labored at this, have
done something, have much still to do, and shall labor at the object
as long as I live.” He afterwards proposed sixty-seven orders, as the
fragments of a natural method, always professing their
imperfection. 98 And in others of his works 99 he lays down some
antitheses on the subject after his manner. “The natural orders teach
us the nature of plants; the artificial orders enable us to recognize
plants. The natural orders, without a key, do not constitute a Method;
the Method ought to be available without a master.”
98 Phil. Bot. p. 80.
99 Genera Plantarum, 1764. See Prælect. in Ord. Nat. p. xlviii.
Again, the rule that the same parts are of very different value in
different Orders, not only leaves us in want of rules or reasons which
may enable us to compare the marks of different Orders, but
destroys the systematic completeness of the natural arrangement. If
some of the Orders be regulated by the flower and others by the
fruit, we may have plants, of which the flower would place them in
one Order, and the fruit in another. The answer to this difficulty is the
maxim already stated;—that no Character makes the Order; and that
if a Character do not enable us to recognize the Order, it does not
answer its purpose, and ought to be changed for another.