(bis /ailebuck.com/} ANCHORED WALLS USING CLASSICAL METHODS‘Sheet Pile Design by Pile Buck Chapter ens ot compte etiam ths desunent lik hts a ign-cd) a at inie.1 Definition of Classical Methods See! Suucuntpledsigbolke earth pressure theory. Now we turn to the application of these theories to eaafbasdusuatsl practical design af sheet ple wal Broa speaking, here are three ‘BeBe ho hac can be sed forte design of shee pile walls 0 tis point, we have been discussing basic soil mechanics and lateral Ba ups piece comet ledessninoie. 1) Classical metho 1) Classical methods; Sut aneaiee Fas seeseLmetedrethods that enhance classical methods by include soi ple interaction tupac comand led ie eal cu chaieredenami Discrete methods such as finite element analysis. Hie Sunes, ssa apter will deal with clasical methods, “Classical” methods have the al apd buhay .defollowing characteristics ‘cullseedbsbared ‘Sheet pile wall assumed to be a vertical beam. The bal- ancing of forces Subba SES nines the values at the reaction locations from which the depth of ‘eile uduchpe: Zanapanetration and the anchor force are derived. Shears and moments are then Suand dessaantbndsalbemputed providing the data for selection ofthe sheet pling "bea ucharagteme dash: | atin cron ter thi, the anchor or bracing system is designed using input a. these previous determinations. Cantlevred was generally sla esr consider the exit ofthe sheting; anchored walls use Rowe's ‘Gleonstinanftdanel. moment reduction methods to consider wall exbiity + Soll forces are assumed to fallow Rankine, Coulomb ot log-spital distribution and failure, A sheet pile wall sup- ports vertical earth fll, which attempts to fail along inclined planes, influenced by gravity. The soil resists this attempted failure by its inherent shearing strength, which is ‘motivated by friction or by cohesion between the soil particles. Im the case of driving forces, the later-al pressure is reduced from vertical pressure by a coef- ficient Ko or Ka, and increased in the case of resisting forces by a coefficient Kp. Earth pressures can be estimated by utilizing equations seetlledesigesnares) Buys Guides ~ plebuckbayrs, ‘ides The Buck fo euben ss Sosct ~ihastnlesnacAl Cont sth: fallebuk com eoract af ae Sys ‘ FOUNDATION SOLUTIONS)” nucor SKYLINE rucarshytine.com | 3864604300 SIGN UP FOR OUR NEWSLETTER Inadaition to bi-monthly magazine subscription, get weekly emails with our latest articles(bis /ailebuck.com/} + End fixity ofthe sheet pile wall assumed to be complete ly free or fixed, depending upon the theory being used. Although other methods have been developed to analyse sheetpiling walls, classical methods have been, successfullyused to design many successful sheet pile walls. ‘One of the appeals of classical methods for sheet pile design is thatthe caleulations can be done by hand. For many years, this was the only option. However, even classi cal methods can present computational complexities that invite the use of computer assistance. One computer software package ‘that can be used for this purpose is SPW 911 v. 2, which is available from Pile Buck. This analyzes both cantilevered and anchored sheet pile walls, using classical methods described in this book. Inthe example problems included below, we will include solutions for these problems using SPW sul 9.2. Data Required for Analysis ‘This book has discussed the traditional application of soil properties towatd estimating driving and resisting forces against flexible retaining walls. Having determined these forces, the structural analysis ofthe retaining system can be accomplished. 9.2.1. Minimum Information Required for Design +The ground surface profile extending to a minimum distance of 10 times the exposed height of the wall on either side. + The soil profile on each side of the wall including: ‘Location and slope of subsurface layer boundaries ‘o Strength parameters foreach layer toa depth below the dredge line not less than five times the exposed height of the wall on each side. Parameters include + Soll weights y- Dry, moist, saturated, submerged, » Angle of Internal Friction forall layers - @ + Cohesion ¢= 1/2 qu (unconfined compressive strength) + Angle of Friction between soil and wall -8 + Coefficients Ko (at rest), Ka (active), Kp (passive) + Magnitudes and locations of surface surcharge loads + Slopes of fil above and below surface + Magnitudes and locations of external loads—ice, wind, impact, mooring, ‘earthquake, waves. + Safety factors. + Groundwater elevation on each side of the wall and seepage characteristics; Tidal elevations. + Proposed Construction Sequence 9.2.1.1, Soil Weight Estimate weight fvom field density determinations or from laboratory measurements, Use saturated weight for active pressures above the water level and submerged weight below. Use moist ar dry weight for passive side above any water level and submerged weight below. 9.2.1.2, Angle of Internal Friction For all layers of soil in-situ or proposed as fil, estimate from field density (SPT tests, indexing and classification tests, or determine from laboratory shear tests and Mohr cit- cle diagrams. angle selected for design should approxi- mate that expected long term, inthe structure 9.2.1.3, Angle of Friction between Soil and Wall 5 ‘THE BUCK 2022 EDITION: 1s7512408psBpnsBvershin[s) Follow us on Linked [fi] bckinorntionlin propucts ‘SPW911 Shoot Pile Design Software {tis /alauck com/neadu p21 shosinledasonsofmae/ Raed 800 oo 5 fisoco = e598 ‘Shout Pile Design [PDE Download) {hits (/ilebuck com/oraduct/shest piledesionbosis) fated 6.00 ov of 5 e000(bis /ailebuck.com/} yr se ane vases gave Coulomb coefficients may be unrealistically high unless a log spiral analysis is used sme 01. none opp “aye 101 UIE passive case, 9.2.1.4. Adhesion Adhesion between wal and soil is a phenomenon equiv- alent to friction between the two, Adhesion cannot be counted on for the longer term and is generally ignored. 9.2.1.5. Cohesion + Estimate from field tests such as either the SPT, Dutch cone, vane shear or from observations. | Measure from unconfined compression test ( triaxial test data and Mohr Circe. /2 qu) + Obtain from 9.2.1.6, Ground Slopes For dredged bulicheads, (soil left in place) the profile of the in-situ Layers should be examined since sloping layers may affect the analytical approach tobe used, Sloping ground bebind or infront or in front ofthe wall will have an effect on the slope of the failure surface and ultimately the pressure coefficients Ka and Kp. Working bulkheads supporting parking facilities, marinas, ‘marine terminal and similar operations are planned for a leve! back- fill and the angle B=0. and sited walls in conjunction with highways, railroads, private and ‘commercial properties may exhibit sloped con- ditions on both active and passive sides. These slopes and most often positive slopes but could ‘occasionally be nega- tive. If slopes are plane, Coulomb or Rankine ‘equations can be used. If irregular, wedge analysis will produce more accurate pressure determinations. 9.2.1.7. Surcharges It is common practice to include as a minimum, a uniform live load of 200- 300 psf to account for materials stor. age and construction machinery near to the wall. SPW 911 has as default a uniform live load of 200 psf. Generally, heavy surcharge loads from raw material piles should be kept ‘well back from either the wall or the anchor system so as not to influence wall pressures, I this isnot possible, the load should be supported on a deck and bear- ing piles. Heavy track-mounted cranes should be supported on piles so that possible settlement will not affect their apera- tion. Marine handling equipment and ‘trucking operating on rigid paving within the failure wedge can be accounted for as a uniform live load, however in the case of unpaved or light flexible pavement, heavy wheel loads may have to be separately treated as point loads. Loads from long footers, rectangular spread footings, roadways and railroads that would influence total pressure on the wall should be ‘examined as line or strip loads using methods outlined in the section on surcharge loads, In gen- eral, surcharges should be discounted when calculating pas- sive resistance. Horizontal loads from irregular surcharges are best analyzed by the wedge method, Formulas for esti-mating lateral pressures from surcharges are found in 8.1.1. 9.2.1.8, External Loads r f Pile Driving (PDF Download (toe: /ilebuck com producti: sttving ook [i ‘Marine Consruction Volumes 18 2 {PDE Downlaad hits: (/ilabuck com/oroduct/maring, siuctioncolection 5700 i"(bis /ailebuck.com/} ay Clay fill should be avoided if possible. Waves and wave impact should be considered when designing cofferdams and other freestanding sheet pile structures. Mooring forces from ves- sel impact should be absorbed and distributed through fender piles or fendering material rather than taken into the backfill through the wal. sethata Can PLOUMLe pgenitaut Genporay presuse Asseases, Wind forces can be potentially damaging during installa tion, but can be accounted for with temporary bracing. Earthquakes have the potential to increase active pressure and decrease passive resistance resulting in damage or destruction of retaining structures. Steel structures exhibit inherent ductility that allows those structures to deform without necessarily failing. However, a destructive earthquake changes the shearing properties ofthe soil, The need to consider these forces will depend on location and importance of the structure, 9.2.1.9, Water Bulkheads should be designed for low water conditions since this will produce maximum active pressures, Any tidal effects should be included as an unbalanced head of water. Heavy rainfall, melting snow and flooding ccan also add sig-nificant loads on the active side of a wall. Sheet ple inte- locks eventually fill with soil and corrosion products and water does not drain freely. Design anchorage and penetra: tion for these conditions, ‘As with al structures, safety factors are applied in design to account for loading and construction uncertainties and to provide a protective cushion against failure, When safety factors are set too high, costs go up. When set to0 low, the safety ofthe public or the service life ofthe structure may bein jeopardy. Bulkheads and land walls ordinarily are not eritieal strue- tures that will ‘endanger life if they fail. There have been few cases reported were sheet piling failed due to overstress- ing, Most bulkhead failures can be traced to {lure ofthe anchor, displacement af the base ofthe wall, rotational fail- ure ofa large block of soil or failure due to corrosion dete- rioration. Most of these problems can be traced to events suc as overdredging, overloading, undetected weak under- lying strata, poor connection details, ‘or poor instalation practice With this in mind, generous safety factors should be applied to passive pressures or to penetration depths and to anchorage design, Failures of land and water cofferdams have usually been due to internal bracing failures or failure of cantilevered sec- tions ofthe sheet piling often soll failuve at the base, These are areas where larger safety factors should, be applied. 9.2.1.10, Project Data ‘The elevations of significant parts of the wall must be determined for purposes of design, ‘These include 1) Elevation of the top of fill behind the wall 2) Blevation of high and low water levels. 4) Elevation of the planned dredge depth in front ofthe wall. 9.2.2. Load cases ‘The loads applied to a wal fluctuate during its service life. Consequently, several loading conditions must be defined within the context of the primaty function of the wall, Asa minimum, a cooperative effort among(bis /ailebuck.com/} ‘mast frequently experienced by the system in performing its primary function throughout its service life. The loads may be ofa long-term sustained nature or of an intermittent, but repetitive, nature, The fundamental design of the system should be optimized for these loads. Conservative factors of safety should be employed for this condition, (2) Unusual conditions. Construction andor maintenance operations may produce loads of infrequent occurrence and are short duration, which ‘exceed those of the usual condi- tion, Wherever possible, the sequence of ‘operations should be specified to limit the magnitudes and duration of load ing, and the performance of the wall should be carefully monitored to prevent permanent damage. Lower factors of safety or higher material stresses may be used for these con- ditions with the intent that the system should experience no more than cosmetic damage. (2) Extreme conditions. A worst-case scenatio representing the widest deviation from the usual loading condition should be used to assess the loads for this case, The design should allow the system to sustain these Toads without experiencing catastrophic collapse but withthe acceptance of possible major damage that requires rehabilitation or replacement. To contrast usual and extreme conditions, the effects of a hurricane on a ‘hurricane protection wall would be the “usual” condition governing the design, while the loads of the same hurricane on an embankment retaining wall would be “extreme.” 9.3. Cantilever Walls 9.3.1. Over A cantilevered sheet pile wall performs somewhat like a cantilevered beam. ‘The sheot pling is driven toa sufficient depth into the ground to become fixed as a vertical can-tilever resisting a load from active earth pressure, Walls designed as cantilevers usually undergo large lateral deflec- tions and. are readily aifected by scour and erosion in front of the wall. Since the lateral support fora cantilevered wall comes from passive pressure exerted ‘on the embedded por- tion, penetration depths can be quite large, resulting in large moments and deflections. This is especially pronounced in non- ferrous sheeting such as aluminum, vinyl and fiber- glass; cantilevered walls are generally not recommencied for these types of sheeting, Cantilevered walls are usually limil- ed to a maximum freestanding height of about 15 feet. Cantilever walls are usually used as loodwall or as earth retaining walls with low wall heights (10 to 15 feet or less). Because cantilever walls derive ‘heir support solely from the foundation sols, they may be installed in relatively close proximity (but not less than 1.5 times the overall length of the piling) to existing structures. Typical cantilever wall configurations are shown in Figure 9-1, ‘The effect ofthe application of an external load against a cantilever is illustrated in Figure 1-16a, When the active pressure of the soil towards the top of the wall is applied above the dredge line, the cantilever rotates above ‘transi tion point below the dredge line. This rotation is resisted by the ‘combination of active and passive pressures below the dredge line. Since passive pressures are greater than active pressure, even with the effective stress advantage on the. 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