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6
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
Following a similar approach as in Example 6.1, the magnetic repulsion force per unit length ex-
ity s w g us d S
is
te f t ss th nite
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
4π × 10−7 I2
ro n an o te
µ0 I2
st f a s d s ec
F= = = 0.5 N-m−1
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
2πa 2π(0.5)
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
ρ2l
Fe12 = E(ρl ) = −x̂
2πϵ0 d
We can express this force in terms of the applied potential difference V0 by using the per unit length
capacitance of this configuration. From Example 4.29 we have
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
2 Chapter 6/ The Static Magnetic Field
since the separation of the wires (d = 1 cm) is much larger than the wire diameter (2a = 1 mm).
The magnetic force exerted by wire 1 on a unit length portion of wire 2 is (see Example 6.1)
µ0 I2
Fm
)
12 = x̂
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
2πd
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
D
th k ( de f i es
µ0 I2 πϵ0 V0 2π 2 dV0 ϵ0
of or stu e o tat
Fe12 + Fm
12 = 0 → = → I2 =
ity s w g us d S
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
Assuming the wires to be infinitely thin (since 50 cm ≫ 4 cm) and following a similar approach as
th nd wo
a his
in Example 6.1, the peak magnetic force of attraction per unit length on each wire can be calculated
T
as
µ0 I2 4π × 10−7 (105 )2
Fpeak = = = 4000 N-m−1 !
2πa 2π(0.5)
To get a better feel about the strength of this peak force, consider this force as being the weight of
an object which has a corresponding mass given by m = F/g ≃ 4000/(9.81) ≃ 408 kg. Assuming
a typical person weighs about 70 to 80 kg, the peak attraction force is equivalent to the total weight
of about 5 to 6 persons. That is, the peak force of attraction exerted over 1 m length of each wire
can be thought of as the force that would be exerted on the wire if 5 to 6 people were to stand up
over 1 m portion of this wire. Therefore, this strong peak attraction force may well make the wires
in the bundle to collapse onto one another and cause the bundle to clash.
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
3
where dF12 is the force exerted by element 1 on element 2 and R̂ is the unit vector from element 1
to element 2.
(a) Taking the origin to be at the location of element 1, we have
√ ax̂ + bŷ
I1 dl1 = I1 dl1 (−ŷ) ; I2 dl2 = I2 dl2 (x̂) ; R= a2 + b2 ; R= √
a2 + b2
so that
µ0
dF12 = I2 dl2 (x̂) × [Id l1 (−ŷ) × (ax̂ + bŷ)]
4π(a2 + b2 )
µ0 µ0 aI1 I2 dl1 dl2
= 2 2
I2 dl2 (x̂) × I1 dl1 a(ẑ) = (−ŷ)
4π(a + b ) 4π(a2 + b2 )
(b) For this case the problem statement and the figure in the text fail to specify the distance between
the two elements. For the purposes of our solution here, we shall take this distance to be a. We
then have
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh
.
r
or ud a uc y
I1 dl1 = I1 dl1 (ŷ) ; I2 dl2 = I2 dl2 (x̂ sin ϕŷ + cos ϕ) ; R=a; R̂ = x̂
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
Thus
is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
−ẑ
in o e r
z }| {
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
µ0
st f a s d s ec
2 2 d 1
ill le u vi pr
4πa2
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
µ0 I1 I2 dl1 dl2
th nd wo
4πa2
T
∫ 0.5 ∫ 0.5
F= (Idx)x̂ × ŷB0 = ẑIB0 dx = ẑ(1000)(0.5 × 10−4 ) = ẑ0.05 N-m−1
−0.5 −0.5
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
4 Chapter 6/ The Static Magnetic Field
Figure 6.2 Figure for Problem 6.7. Rectangular current-carrying loop in the presence of
a magnetic field. (a) B = x̂1.5 T. (b) B = ẑ1.5 T.
(a) We assume the current in the rectangular loop to be flowing in the clockwise direction, as shown
in Figure 6.2. For I = 5 A and B = x̂B0 = x̂1.5 T, the forces on sides 1, 2, 3, and 4 can be calculated
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
using a similar approach as in Example 6.2 as
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh
∫
.
r
2
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
0
ity s w g us d S
∫
is
te f t ss th nite
2
e rt ss fo U
F3 =
th a a ly by
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
0
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
∫
ill le u vi pr
1
w r sa co pro is
0
a his
T
(b) Following a similar approach as in part (a) with B = ẑ1.5 T, the forces on sides 1, 2, 3, and 4
can be found as F1 = −F3 = x̂15 N and F2 = −F4 = ŷ7.5 N respectively.
µ0 I µ0 I µ0 I
B = B1 + B2 = −ŷ + x̂ = [x̂ − ŷ]
2π(2) 2π(2) 4π
(b) The B field at point (1,1,0) can be written as
µ0 I 1 µ0 I 1
B = B1 + B2 = − x̂ √ √ − ŷ √ √
2π( 2) 2 2π( 2) 2
µ0 I 1 µ0 I 1
+ x̂ √ √ + ŷ √ √ =0
2π( 2) 2 2π( 2) 2
(c) Similarly, the B field at point (2,2,0) can be found as
µ0 I µ0 I µ0 I
B = B1 + B2 = −x̂ + ŷ = [−x̂ + ŷ]
2π(2) 2π(2) 4π
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
5
Figure 6.3 Figure for Problem 6.8. (a) I1 and I2 in the same direction. (b) I1 and I2 in
opposite directions.
(d) When the direction of the current on the x axis is switched, all the B1 fields also switch direction.
)
Thus, the B field at the origin is now given by
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
µ0 I µ0 I µ0 I
an ing rnin tors igh
B = B1 + B2 = ŷ + x̂ = [x̂ + ŷ]
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
2π(2) 2π(2) 4π
e in nt ns co
D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
µ0 I 1 µ0 I 1
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
√ √ + ŷ √ √
k
B = B1 + B2 = x̂
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
2π( 2) 2 2π( 2) 2
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
µ0 I 1 µ0 I 1
ill le u vi pr
√ √ + ŷ √ √
w r sa co pro is
+ x̂
o eir is rk
2π( 2) 2 2π( 2) 2
th nd wo
a his
µ0 I
T
= [x̂ + ŷ]
2π
Finally, the B field at point (2,2,0) follows as
µ0 I µ0 I µ0 I
B = B1 + B2 = x̂ + ŷ = [x̂ + ŷ]
2π(2) 2π(2) 4π
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
6 Chapter 6/ The Static Magnetic Field
µ0 I
B2 = ẑ
4πa
(c) At point P3 (0, 0, a), both the x and y portions of the L-shaped wire contribute to the B field
resulting in
µ0 I
B3 = (x̂ + ŷ)
4πa
1
J(r) = ∇×B
µ
we can easily compute J by noting that B only contains a ϕ̂ϕ component that varies with r, so
[ ]
)
eb
1 1 ∂
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
J(r) = ẑ w
t p W em ch
(rBϕ (r))
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
µ0 r ∂r
an ing rnin tors igh
( )
.
r
or ud a uc y
r2
w cl le tr p
B0 r
e in nt ns co
= ẑ − 2
th k ( de f i es
µ0 r a a
of or stu e o tat
( r)
ity s w g us d S
B0
is
te f t ss th nite
= 1− ẑ
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
µ0 a a
th a a ly by
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
∫
a his
J · ds
T
I=
S
∫ a ∫ 2π
= J(r)rdϕdr
0 0
∫ a( )
2πB0 r2
= r− dr
µ0 a 0 a
( 2 )
2πB0 a a2
= −
µ0 a 2 3
πB0 a
=
3µ0
and noting the cylindrical symmetry, we can evaluate the azimuthal component of B as
µ0 πB0 a B0 a
2πrBϕ = → Bϕ =
3µ0 6r
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
7
whence
B0 a
B(r) = ϕ̂ϕ
6r
)
eb
Therefore, the total B field at point P due to the current in the loop follows as
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
( )
an ing rnin tors igh
µ0 I 1 1
.
r
or ud a uc y
−
w cl le tr p
B = B1 + B2 = ẑ sin ϕ0
e in nt ns co
4π b a
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
is
te f t ss th nite
(a) We consider each side of the N-sided polygon-shaped loop separately and apply the superposi-
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
tion principle. Note that due to symmetry, the magnetic field due to the current of each side is the
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
same. Using the result of Example 6.3 with Figure 6.4, the magnitude of the total B field produced
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
th nd wo
µ Ia µ0 I 2 π µ0 NI π
B=N √0 = tan = tan
2
2πr r + a2 2π d N πd N
√
where we replaced a2 + r2 = d/2 and a/r = tan(π/N)
(b) As N → ∞, tan(π/N) ≃ π/N and as a result, we find
µ0 NI π µ0 I
B≃ =
πd N d
which is the same result obtained in Example 6.6.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
8 Chapter 6/ The Static Magnetic Field
Figure 6.4 Figure for Problem 6.12. An N-sided regular polygon-shaped loop.
On this basis, the contributions of each side of the square depicted in Figure 6.5c can simply be
formulated as the superposition of the B-fields at various distances from edges of wires of lengths
L = a/4 and L = 3a/4. We first note that the contributions due to segments 1 and 4 are equal, as
are those from 2 and 3. Using the right-hand rule, it is clear than all segments produce a B-field at
point P in the −z direction, so that the different contributions can be simply added to find the total
)
eb
er or in ing
field. We have
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
D
th k ( de f i es
( )
of or stu e o tat
1
ity s w g us d S
µ0 I(a/4) µ 0 I(3a/4)
|BP |seg 1 √ √
is
te f t ss th nite
= +
2 2π(a/4)2 (a/4)2 + (a/4)2 2π(a/4)2 (a/4)2 + (3a/4)2
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
| {z } | {z }
th a a ly by
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
( √ )
de o rse de ot
( )
ill le u vi pr
1 µ0 I √ 6 6
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
= 8+
th nd wo
2 2πa 5
a his
T
and
( )
1
µ0 I(a/4) µ0 I(3a/4)
|BP |seg 2 = √ + √
2 2π(3a/4) (3a/4) + (a/4)
2 2 2 2π(3a/4) (3a/4) + (3a/4)
2 2 2
| {z } | {z }
r=3a/4, L=a/4 r=3a/4, L=3a/4
( ) ( √ √ )
1 µ0 I 2 10 2 2
= +
2 2πa 15 3
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
9
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
to be out of the page, the B field at point P produced by the current in the circular-arc portion with
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh
radius a is
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
∫
th k ( de f i es
ϕ0
µ0 Iadϕ′ (−ϕ̂ϕ) × (−r̂) µ0 Iϕ0
of or stu e o tat
= −ẑ
ity s w g us d S
B1 = 2
4π a 4πa
is
te f t ss th nite
0
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
Similarly, the B field produced by the current in the circular arc with radius b is
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
∫
de o rse de ot
ϕ0
µ0 Ibdϕ′ (ϕ̂ϕ) × (−r̂)
ill le u vi pr
µ0 Iϕ0
= −ẑ
w r sa co pro is
B2 =
o eir is rk
4π b2 4πb
th nd wo
0
a his
( )
µ0 Iϕ0 1 1
B = B1 + B2 = ẑ −
4π b a
( )
1 µ0 I B field at a distance r from
B = ϕ̂ϕ
2 2πr the edge of wire of length L
Designating BiP as the contribution to the B-field at point P by the ith wire segment we have
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
10 Chapter 6/ The Static Magnetic Field
( )
1 µ0 I
B1P = (−x̂)
2 2π(1)
)
( )
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
1 µ0 I(1) w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
B2P √
m ld a
= (−ŷ)
an ing rnin tors igh
2 2π(1) 12 + 12
.
r
( )
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
1 µ0 I(1)
th k ( de f i es
B3P = √ (−ŷ)
of or stu e o tat
2 2π(1) 12 + 12
ity s w g us d S
( )
is
te f t ss th nite
1 µ0 I(1)
e rt ss fo U
B4P √
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
= (−ẑ)
k
2 2π(1) 12 + 12
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
( ) ( )
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
1 µ0 I 1 µ0 I(1)
ill le u vi pr
2 2π(1) 2 2π(1) 12 + 12
o eir is rk
th nd wo
a his
∑ ( )
µ0 1 1 1 1
BP = = BiP−x̂ − √ ŷ − √ ŷ − √ ẑ + ẑ − √ ẑ
4π 2 2 2 2
i
−µ0 [ √ √ ]
= x̂ + 2ŷ + ( 2 − 1)ẑ T
4π
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
11
From Example 6.6, we know that the B-field at a point along the axis of a circular current carrying
loop of radius a is
µ0 Ia2
B= ẑ
2(a2 + z2 )3/2
where z is the distance from the loop center, and the z-axis has chosen to be in the direction of the
thumb, when the right-hand fingers move in the direction of the current flow in the loop.
(a) Consider a point P(0,0,z) along the z axis at a distance of z from the center of the loop on the
left in Figure 6.59 on page 524 of the text. The distance between this point P and the center of the
loop on the right is then (d − z). The B-field at this point P is then given as the superposition of
the contributions from the two loops, namely
µ0 NIa2 µ0 NIa2
BP = ẑ + ẑ
2(a2 + z2 )3/2 2[a2 + (d − z)2 ]3/2
[ ]
µ0 NIa2 1 1
= ẑ +
2 (a2 + z2 )3/2 [a2 + (d − z)2 ]3/2
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
where we have taken note of the fact that both of the loops have N turns.
d on g. in t la
m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh
.
r
or ud a uc y
(b) We have
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
{ }
is
te f t ss th nite
dBz µ0 NIa2 3 2 3 2
e rt ss fo U
2 −5/2 2 −5/2
gr hi in e
=
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
dz 2 2 2
ro n an o te
z=d/2
st f a s d s ec
z=d/2
( )
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
µ0 NIa 2 −3d 3d
w r sa co pro is
= =0
o eir is rk
+
th nd wo
dBz µ0 NIa2 [ ]
= −3z(a2 + z2 )−5/2 + 3(a − z)[a2 + (a − z)2 ]−5/2
dz 2
so that
{
d2 Bz µ0 NIa2
= − 3a(a2 + z2 )−5/2 + 15z2 (a2 + z2 )−7/2 − 3[a2 + (a − z)2 ]−5/2
dz2 2
}
2 2 2 −7/2
+ 15(a − z) [a + (a − z) ]
at z = a/2 we have
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
12 Chapter 6/ The Static Magnetic Field
Following the same procedure as given above, and with some patience, it is a rather straightforward
and useful exercise for the student to differentiate the d2 Bz /dz2 expression given above and show
that d3 Bz /dz3 = 0 for z = a/2.
The natural question to ask at this point is whether the fourth derivative is also zero. It can be
shown by expanding the expression Bz (z) around z = a/2 that given by
−144(z − a/2)4
Bz (z) ≃
125a4
so that d4 Bz /dz4 ̸= 0. The fact that the first three derivatives are zero provides for an extremely
)
eb
er or in ing
smooth and uniform magnetic field, which is the basic motivation for using the Helmholtz coil
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
configuration.
an ing rnin tors igh
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
(d) We have
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
[ ]
ity s w g us d S
µ0 NIa2 1 1
is
te f t ss th nite
Bz = +
e rt ss fo U
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
[( )−3/2 ( 2 )−3/2 ]
w r sa co pro is
o eir is rk
µ0 NIa2 5a2 5a
th nd wo
Bz = +
a his
2 4 d
T
( 2 )−3/2 ( )−3/2
2 5a 5 NI NI
= µ0 NIa = µ0 ≃ 0.8992 × 10−6
d d a a
(e) At the center of the coil on the left (z = 0) we have
µ0 NIa2 [ −3 −3/2 −3
] µ NI NI
(1 + 2−3/2 ) ≃ 0.8505 × 10−6
0
Bz = a +2 a =
2 2 a a
which is quite close to the approximate expression given for the mid-point, underscoring the pur-
pose of the Helmholtz coil configuration, namely to establish a B-field which is very nearly uniform.
Note that by symmetry, the B-field at the center of the coil on the right (z = a) must be the same.
N(1)
Bz ≃ 0.8992 × 10−6 = 10−4
0.5
from which we solve N ≃ 56 turns.
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
13
)
eb
er or in ing
µ0 NIa2
ed id n
1 1
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
−
t p W em ch
Bz =
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
2 (a2 + z2 )3/2 [a2 + (a − z)2 ]3/2
an ing rnin tors igh
{ }
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
µ0 NIa2 1
e in nt ns co
1 1
D
−
th k ( de f i es
=
2 a3 [1 + (z/a)2 ]3/2 [1 + (1 − z/a)2 ]3/2
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
is
te f t ss th nite
which is plotted as a function of z/a in Figure 6.7b. For comparison, Figure 6.7a shows bz (z) versus
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
z for the case when the currents in the coils flow in the direction shown in Figure 6.59. We see that
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
Bz is quite uniform for the latter case but that this uniformity is completely destroyed when one of
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
µ I(a/2)
B = ϕ̂ϕ √0
2πr r2 + (a/2)2
For the case in hand, we have r = R, and by symmetry, it is clear that only the projection of the field
along the z axis (i.e., its z component) is nonzero. Thus, the z component of the B field produced
by one of the lower square coil is
µ I(a/2)
B1z = |B1 | sin θ = √0 sin θ
2πR R2 + (a/2)2
µ0 I(a/2) a/2
= √ √ √
2 2 2 2
2π z + (a/2) z + (a/2) + (a/2) 2 z + (a/2)2
2
µ0 Ia2
=√ √
2π(4z2 + a2 ) 2z2 + a2
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
14 Chapter 6/ The Static Magnetic Field
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
Figure 6.8 Figure for Problem 6.20. (a) Coil configuration and calculation of the B-field.
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
(b) Normalized Bz (z) versus z for optimum spacing (d = 0.5445a). (c) Expanded view of
ity s w g us d S
is
te f t ss th nite
the region near the maximum for d = 0.5a, 0.5445a, and 0.6a.
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
The total due to the lower loop is 4B1z and that due to the upper loop is identical except for the fact
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
that the center of the loop is at distance (from P) of (d − z), rather than z. Thus, the total B field
o eir is rk
th nd wo
at point P due to both of the square loops (both assumed to be carrying currents I, flowing in the
a his
T
same direction so that they produce fields in the same direction at point P) is then
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
15
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
Figure 6.9 Figure for Problem 6.21. (a) Coil configuration and calculation of the B-
st f a s d s ec
de o rse de ot
field. (b) Normalized Bz (z) versus z for the case in hand, i.e., a square and a circular coil.
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
The configuration of the square Helmholtz coils is shown in Figure 6.9a. To determine the B-field
at any point P along the axis, we reply on the result found in Example 6.3 for the B field at a distance
r from the center of a current carrying wire of length L, namely
µ IL
B = ϕ̂ϕ √0
2πr r2 + L2
For the case in hand, we have r = R, and L = 2a, and by symmetry, it is clear that only the
projection of the field along the z axis (i.e., its z component) is nonzero. Thus, the z component of
the B field produced by one side of the square coil is
µ I(2a)
B1z = |B1 | sin θ = √0 sin θ
2πR R2 + (2a)2
µ0 Ia 2a/2
= √ √ √
2π z2 + (2a/2)2 z2 + (2a/2)2 + a2 z2 + (2a/2)2
2µ0 I(2a)2
= √
π[4z2 + (2a)2 ] 4z2 + 5(2a)2
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
16 Chapter 6/ The Static Magnetic Field
The total field on the square loop is Bsqr = 4B1z . To determine the contribution due the circular
coil, we rely on the result of Example 6.6, specifying that the B-field at a point along the axis of a
circular current carrying loop of radius a is
µ0 Ia2
B= ẑ
2(a2 + z2 )3/2
where z is the distance from the loop center. Since the distance between point P in Figure 6.9a and
the center of the circular loop is (d − z), the B-field at point P due to the circular coil is
µ0 Ia2 1
Bcirc =
2 [a + (d − z)2 ]3/2
2
The total B-field at point P due to both the square and circular coils is then
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
son, a similar plot for two circular coils of radius a are shown in Figure 6.9c. We note that the field
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh
for the two circular coils is somewhat smoother near the origin (i.e., near z = 0 where the square
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
coil is located).
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
(a) Using the results of Section 6.2.1 on page 436 of the text, with N = 350 and I = 1 A, the B
de o rse de ot
ill le u vi pr
µ0 NI 4π × 10−7 × 350 × 1
T
Bctr ≃ ẑ = ẑ T ≃ ẑ11 G
l 0.4
(b) Similarly, the B field at the ends of solenoid can be found as
1
Bend ≃ Bctr ≃ ẑ5.5 G
2
µ0 Ia2
B = ẑ
2(a2 + z2 )3/2
The circular disk with a surface current distribution can be thought of as being constituted by dif-
ferential rings of radius r, radial thickness dr, each carrying a differential current dI = |Js (r)|2πrdr
and producing a differential B-field of
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
17
Figure 6.10 Figure for Problem 6.24. Variation of |B| along the solenoid axis.
The total B-field can then simply be found by integrating the above between r = 0 and r = a.
We find
[ ]
)
√
eb
∫
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
a
µ0 Kπr4 dr a3 + 3az2 3z2 ln(a + a2 + z2 )
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
2
B = ẑ = ẑ √ + 3z ln(z) −
an ing rnin tors igh
(r2 + z2 )3/2 2 a2 + z2 2
.
r
0
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
D
th k ( de f i es
where the integral can be evaluated either looking up Tables or using an analysis package such as
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
MATHEMATICA.
is
te f t ss th nite
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
k
in o e r
(a) From Section 6.2.1 (page 434 √ the B field along the axis of a solenoid with N = 750,
√ of the text),
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
4π × 10−7 × 750 × 1
√ z + 0.1 z − 0.1
T
B(z) = ẑ − √
2(0.2) 5 × 10−4 5 × 10 −4
+ (z + 0.1)2 + (z − 0.1)2
π π
(b) Since 20 cm ≫∼ 1.26 cm (i.e., very long solenoid), the B field at the center of the solenoid
can be approximately found as (page 436 of the text)
µ0 NI 4π × 10−7 × 750 × 1
Bctr ≃ ẑ = ẑ T ≃ 47.1 G
l 0.2
(c) Using the expression provided in part (a), we sketch |B| versus z as shown in Figure 6.10. The
striking uniformity of the field within the solenoid is apparent, as discussed in Section 6.2.1 of the
text.
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
18 Chapter 6/ The Static Magnetic Field
σtdr σtV0 dr
dG =→ dI = V0 dG =
)
eb
2πr 2πr
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
where dI is the current flowing in this ring. The total current flowing in the washer is then
m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh
.
( )
r
∫ b ∫ b
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
σtV0 dr σtV0 b
th k ( de f i es
Itotal = dI = = ln = 100 A
of or stu e o tat
2πr 2π a
ity s w g us d S
a a
is
te f t ss th nite
from which V0 can be determined. Using the result of Example 6.6, the B-field produced at the
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
th a a ly by
µ0 dI µ0 σtV0 dr
ill le u vi pr
w r sa co pro is
dB = =
o eir is rk
2r 2r 2πr
th nd wo
a his
∫ b ∫ b ( ) ( )
µ0 σtV0 dr µ0 σtV0 1 1 µ0 (2π)Itotal 1 1
B= dB = = − = −
a 4π a r2 4π a b ln(b/a) a b
Thus, we can write
( ) ( )
µ0 Itotal 1 1 (4π × 10−7 )(100) 1 1
B= − ẑ = ẑ − ≃ ẑ3.12 × 10−3 T
2 ln(b/a) a b 2 ln(50/10) 0.01 0.05
µ0 I1 4π × 10−7 × 1
B1 = ϕ̂ϕ
= ϕ̂ϕ = 2 × 10−7 T
2πr 2π × 1
To find the B field at the same point due to the current loop, a magnetic dipole approximation can
be used since r = 100 cm ≫ 5 cm= a. From Section 6.6, the B field at a distance of 1 m from the
center and on the plane of the 5-cm radius loop with I2 = 100 A is given by
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
19
µ0 I2 a2 4π × 10−7 (100)(0.05)2
B2 = −ẑ = −ẑ ≃ −ẑ7.85 × 10−8 T
4r3 4 × 13
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
no the iss tea s
Therefore, the total B field due to both currents is
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
an ing rnin tors igh
.
r
or ud a uc y
D
th k ( de f i es
of or stu e o tat
ity s w g us d S
(a) The magnetic flux linking the rectangular loop due the very long straight current-carrying wire
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
ro n an o te
∫ ∫ ∫
w r sa co pro is
0.5a 3a
o eir is rk
µ0 I
th nd wo
Ψ1 = B · ds = ϕ̂ϕ · ϕ̂ϕdrdz
a his
S −0.5a a 2πr
T
∫ ∫
µ0 I 0.5a 3a 1 µ0 Ia
= drdz = ln 3
2π −0.5a a r 2π
(b) Following a similar approach, the magnetic flux in this case can be evaluated as
∫ a ∫ 2.5a
µ0 I 1 µ0 Ia 5
Ψ2 = drdz = ln
2π −a 1.5a r π 3
As a result, the percentage change in Ψ linking the rectangular loop from part (a) to part (b) can be
calculated as
Ψ2 − Ψ1 2 ln 53 − ln 3
∆Ψ = × 100 = × 100 ≃ −7%
Ψ1 ln 3
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
20 Chapter 6/ The Static Magnetic Field
In view of the result of Example 6.3, the B-field produced by the long wire is the same all along
this strip and is given by
µ0 I
B = ẑ
2π(a + y)
)
eb
er or in ing
ed id n
W
since r = a + y is the radial distance away from the wire. The flux linked by the triangular loop
no the iss tea s
itt W tio
w
t p W em ch
e
d on g. in t la
m ld a
can be found by integrating the |B|dA as follows:
an ing rnin tors igh
.
r
or ud a uc y
w cl le tr p
e in nt ns co
∫
th k ( de f i es
b−a
µ0 I
of or stu e o tat
(b − a − y) tan ϕ0 dy
ity s w g us d S
Ψ=
2π(a + y)
is
te f t ss th nite
0
∫
e rt ss fo U
gr hi in e
µ0 I tan ϕ0 b−a b − (a + y)
th a a ly by
k
in o e r
y y p d le d
= dy Let u = (a + y), du = dy
ro n an o te
st f a s d s ec
2π 0 a+y
de o rse de ot
∫ ( ) [ ( ) ]
ill le u vi pr
µ0 I tan ϕ0 b b µ0 I tan ϕ0 b
w r sa co pro is
− 1 du = − (b − a)
o eir is rk
= b ln
th nd wo
2π a u 2π a
a his
T
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
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sur la poésie ukrainienne de cette époque, nous
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l’Anthologie et à l’Histoire de la littérature ukrainienne.
XIX.
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représentants des intérêts nationaux.
Les débuts de leur organisation.