2023 FY13CE BIOLOGY DETAILED SOLUTION pdf

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
FIJI YEAR 13 CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION 2023
BIOLOGY
DETAILED SOLUTION
Time Allowed: 3 hours
(An extra 10 minutes is allowed for reading this paper.)
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Write your Index Number on the front page and inside the back flap of the Answer Booklet.
2. Write all your answers in the Answer Booklet provided.
3. If you use extra sheets of paper, be sure to show clearly the question number(s) being answered
and to tie each sheet in your Answer Booklet at the appropriate places. Ensure that your Index
Number is written on the extra sheets.
4. Answer all the questions with a blue or black ballpoint pen or ink pen. Do not use red ink. You
may use a pencil only for drawing.
5. You may use a calculator, provided it is silent, battery-operated and non-programmable.
SUMMARY OF QUESTIONS
STRAND GUIDELINES TOTAL SUGGESTED

MARK TIME
There are 7 Multiple Choice questions, 8 Short Answer
1 questions; and one essay question 28 50 minutes
Questions 1-15 are compulsory.
2 questions, and one essay question 16 29 minutes
Questions 1-9 are compulsory.
3 questions; and one essay question 36 65 minutes
Questions 1- 19 are compulsory.
There are two essay questions under the respective
Essay strands. Both are compulsory. 20 36 minutes
Note the options for essays.
TOTAL 100 180 minutes
COPYRIGHT: MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI, 2023.

2.
STRAND 1 STRUCTURE AND LIFE PROCESSES [28 marks]

There are sixteen (16) questions in this section. Note the option in Q16.
1. The following diagram shows that in DNA, the number of purines is equal to the
number of pyrimidines.
Source: en.m.wikipedia.com
The concept shown above is known as
A. Chargaff’s rule. B. Polynucleotide.

C. Nitrogenous base. D. Semi-conservative.
Source: https://microbenotes.com
2. The enzyme responsible for relaxing supercoiled or interlocked DNA is the
A. ligase. B. helicase.
C. polymerase. D. topoisomerase.
©MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2023: BIOLOGY.

3.
3. A section of DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide chain is
A. gene. B. allele.
C. cistron. D. chromosome.
4. The exchange of genetic material during sexual reproduction between two homologous
chromosomes resulting in recombination is called
A. mutation. B. assortment.
C. crossing-over. D. segregation.

4.
Source: https://www.quora.com
5. The combination of all the alleles present in a population is the
A. genome. B. gene pool.

C. genetic drift. D. genetic equilibrium.
Source: https://www.slideserve.com
6. The splitting of an ancestral species into two or more new species without geographical
isolation of those groups is
A. parallel evolution. B. adaptive radiation.

C. allopatric speciation. D. sympatric speciation.
Source: https://www.majordifferences.com

5.
7. The study of human evolution based on fossils is
A. physiology. B. morphology.
C. embryology. D. paleontology.

6.
Source: Year 13 Biology Textbook
8. The diagram provided below shows sections of the Lactose Operon, an inducible
operon,found in bacteria. Use the diagram to answer the questions that follow.
Source: https://www.neetprep.com
(i) Name molecule A. (1 mark)
Lactose
(ii) Explain what will happen when molecule A is present. (2 marks)
In lac operon, lactose acts as an inducer.

If lactose is present in the medium for the bacteria, the regulatory gene is activated.
The inducer will bind to the repressor protein and render it inactive which allows transcription of
the operon.

7.
9. The diagram below shows one stage of protein synthesis.
Peptide bond
P-site A-site
Source: https://www.researchgate.net mRNA
(i) Name the stage of protein synthesis illustrated in the diagram. (1 mark)
Translation
What is Translation?Translation is the second step of gene expression. Moreover, it is the process of
converting mRNA molecule into an amino acid sequence of a protein. It occurs in the cell organelle
called ribosomes present in the cytoplasm of the cell. The hidden genetic information in mRNA molecule
is the order of the amino acid sequence of the protein that codes by the gene. Structurally, three
nucleotides collectively constitute a
codon
Source: https://www.diffen.com

8.
(ii) Differentiate between the A-site and the P-site. (2 marks)
The P-site (for polypeptide) is the second binding site for tRNA in the ribosome. The other
two sites are the A-site (aminoacyl), which is the first binding site in the ribosome.
Source: https://cen.acs.org
10. Explain how a frameshift mutation affects the synthesis of protein. (2marks)
If an addition or a deletion mutation disrupts this normal reading frame, then the entire gene
sequence following the mutation will be incorrectly read.
This can result in the addition of the wrong amino acids to the protein and/or the creation of a
codon that stops the protein from growing longer.
Source: https://www.quora.com
11. The following diagram shows the genetic engineering process. Use the diagram
to answer the following questions.

9.
Source: https://www.yourgenome.org
(i) Name the vector used in the process. (1mark)
Plasmid/Bacteria
A vector is a DNA molecule (often plasmid or virus) that is used as a vehicle to carry a particular
DNA segment into a host cell as part of a cloning or recombinant DNA technique.
(ii) Describe the process taking place in Step 5. (2marks)
Cloning - is the process of making a genetically identical copy of a gene or organism. Cloning is
done using molecular biology techniques. First the gene of interest is cut and paste into a vector,
such as a plasmid, to form recombinant DNA. The recombinant DNA is then inserted into a host
which makes copies of the gene.
Source: https://www.sliderbase.com

10.
12. The diagram below represents two cells next to a metric measuring device under
the low power objective of a compound light microscope.
Source: Personal Collection
Calculate the approximate length of the nucleus of one of these cells. Express
your answer in micrometers (µm). (2marks)
1 nucleus = 1mm/10 nucleus

= 0.1mm X 1000
= 100um
13. An inherited difference in humans is the ability to roll tongue. These people are
called tongue-rollers while those unable to are called non-tongue rollers. The allele
for tongue rolling (T) is dominant to non-rolling (t). Use the following information
to answer the questions below.
Tongue-rollers NonTongue-rollers Total

120 80 200
(i) Calculate the frequency of the tongue-rolling allele. (2marks)

11.
(ii) Calculate the percentage of people who are heterozygous. (2marks)
14. Hominids consist of early humans and their ancestors – Ramapithecus, Australopithecus,
and Homo. They were large primates with an upright stance and bipedal locomotion.
(i) Name one advantage of bipedalism. (1 mark)
Source: https://quizlet.com

12.
(ii) List two adaptations that may have contributed to bipedalism for early humans. (2marks)
Source: https://www.lenscience.auckland.ac.nz
15. Many primates are arboreal. Define the term arboreal. (1 mark)
Living on tress.

13.
16. ESSAYS
Option Question
I. Short Essay (5 marks)
Write an essay of about 100-150 words on the concept given below.
Speciation may occur due to reproductive barriers that prevent

interbreeding between two closely related species.
Define the term speciation and explain two types of reproductive barriers.
STRAND 1

14.
II. Long Essay (15 marks)
Polyploidy is one source of genetic variation which enables population to

contest the risk of extinction. It can arise from chromosome duplication
during mitosis or from non-disjunction during meiosis.
With reference to the above statement, discuss two:
(i) differences between autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy. (4 marks)
(ii) benefits of polyploidy in the agricultural sector. (4 marks)
(iii) reasons why polyploidy is more common in plants than in animals. (4 marks)
LONG ESSAY
STRAND 1
(i) Difference between Autopolyploidy and Allopolyploidy with Examples

15.
Any 4 Benefits to agricultural sector
 Produces variations and contribute to evolution- greater diversity in the DNA

 Genetic variations reduces the risk of extinction
 Results in larger and more resistant plants e.g modern cotton and wheat-plants grow faster-mature earlier
 Increases harvest yield- therefore increase economy for country/farmer
 Helps environment become greener in a faster way
 Polyploid plants are adaptable to ecological stress factors like low levels of rainfall and salinity much better
than diploid plants
 Due to increase in amount of DNA in nucleus and cell volume advantage is cells can have a high metabolic
rate-thus larger plants and leaf size etc
 Heterosis-this is the increase in performance displayed by hybrids-heterozygote advantage. E.g wheat,corn
the 8n variety has more endosperm than the 2n
 May stop harmful genes as plant acquires multiple copies of every chromosome from its parents thus multiple
copies of genes.Possibility that bad genes will be masked increases as more copies of the good genes are
inherited
Reason why Polyploidy is Common in Plants:
 Plants are able to survive by means of self-pollination

 Plants can undergo vegetative propagation
 Plants are able to tolerate genome duplication whereas animals are not able to
 Plants have a system of reproduction called "alternation of generations" in which they go through various
ploidy levels while remaining multicellular. In addition, seeds usually have a triploid endosperm, due to
"double fertilization." Since they have to change ploidy levels and yet produce functional cells, they are
capable of surviving polyploidy events better than animals
 Animals can reproduce asexually therefore polyploidy will cause problems in formation of gametes/ meiosis,
resulting in abnormal number of chromosomes in subsequent generations
 In animals, polyploid fetus is spontaneously aborted/miscarried
STRAND 2 LIVING TOGETHER [16 marks]

There are ten (10) questions in this section. Note the option in Q10.
1. Two species or populations cannot inhabit the same niche since one will consistently
out-compete the other. This concept is known as
A. Biological timing
B. Evolutionary theory
C. Niche differentiation
D. Gause’s exclusion principle
2. A plant that flowers regardless of the length of the period of light is a
A. short day plant.

B. long day plant.
C. day neutral plant.
D. all weather plant.
3. A community on global scale where habitats bound each other is a
A. zone.

16.
B. biome.
C. population.
D. ecosystem.
4. A period of suspended development in insects, especially during unfavourable

environmental conditions is
A. diapause.
B. vernalisation.
C. phototropism.
D. photoperiodism.
5. In Fiji, sugarcane grows mainly in the Western and Northern lowlands of Viti
Levu and Vanua Levu.
Explain why sugarcane is mostly found in those two areas. (2 marks)
All plants, no matter where they grow, are adapted to certain conditions, which can include
temperature, available water, soil type, and interactions with animals and other organisms. An
adaptation that increases a plant's chances of surviving in one habitat may not be beneficial in
another habitat.
6. Some animals have special adaptations to protect themselves from being hurt,
killed, or eaten.
List two ways that animals can use to protect themselves. (2marks)

17.

18.
7. Some animals live actively in groups and cooperate with members of the groups.
Group A Group B
Source: https://animals.howstuffworks.com
(i) From the two diagrams above, identify which is an open group? (1mark)
Group B
(ii) Differentiate between an open group and a closed group. (2marks)
Open groups are those in which new members can join at any time. Closed groups are
those in which all members begin the group at the same time.
Source: https://slideplayer.com
8. Brumation and estivation are both periods of inactivity in animals to survive
harsh conditions.
Differentiate between the terms brumation and estivation. (2marks)
Brumation: is a term used for the hibernation-like state that cold-blooded animals such as reptiles
undergo during cold weather. However, it differs from hibernation in the metabolic processes
involved.
Aestivation/Estivation- a form of hibernation that animals resort to in order to help avoid damage
from high temperatures. Aestivators are snails, earthworms, bees, toads, lizards, crocodiles etc.

19.
9. The following diagram shows a certain type of bee dance used when communicating
for food.
Source: https://www.omlet.co.uk
(i) Name the type of dance shown in the diagram. (1mark)

Waggele dance
(ii) Describe the dance shown in the diagram. (2marks)

The dance is a figure-eight pattern consisting of a central “waggle run” and two return
loops. The three primary elements of information conveyed in this dance are direction,
distance, and quality of food source.
10. ESSAYS
Option Question
Animal migration is found in all major animal groups, including birds, mammals,
fish, reptiles, insects and amphibians.
Define the term migration and explain two methods of navigation used by animals
for migration.
STRAND 2
Migration - Is an active, regularly, repeated movement in a particular direction by animals.
Some of the methods used by animals to navigate are:
1. Visual cues:
many animals learn their surrounding just as we learn the routes of streets, shops and our home. Birds that
migrate learn the shape of coastlines and other topography of their route. Other animals learn signs such as
streams, trees or any other object that would direct them towards their home. For example, a digger wasp
always memorises the landmarks around its burrow.
2. Chemical navigation: dogs follow scent to find home and ants leave chemical trails for other ants to follow.
The amazing migration of eels and salmon from the sea to certain rivers where they emigrated from
originally are guided by the presence of the chemicals.
3. Solar navigation: many birds and other animals such as honeybees use the sun as a compass which suggests

20.
that they have an in-build clock. Similarly, bees use polarised lights to navigate if the day gets cloudy.
Large migratory birds, ducks, hawks and geese fly mainly during the day and use the sun as a compass.
They compensate for the changing direction of the sun. For example, a northern hemisphere bird flying
south in autumn at 9:00 am would fly at an angle of 45˚ left of the sun while at 3:00 pm it would fly at
45˚ angle to the right of the sun. When such birds has its internal clock retarded six hours by being
placed in artificial light – dark cycles and released outside, it sees the sun at 3:00 pm as if it were 9:00
am and flies due west.
4. Magnetic fields: one of the many methods used by homing pigeons is an ability to follow the magnetic field
lines of the earth; they have magnetic compass. If a magnet that deflects the normal magnetic field, is
attached to the head of the homing pigeons, the birds can be made to fly by the same degree of
deflection. However, if it is a clear day the birds use other navigational skills such as sun compasses and
visual land mark to get home.
5. Star navigation: night migration birds used a star compass. This was showed by placing the bird into a
planetarium, a dome like theatre that has star projected on its roof. The birds in their cage orientated to
the artificial sky. Further experiments showed that birds only oriented to the bright northern stars as
these move the least during the night.
6. Sound used as sonar: bats navigate by using high pitched squeaks which bounce off objects in their path.
Similarly, humpback whales orientate by sonar since they have excellent hearing and a vast range of
clicks and booms.
Members of the Animal Kingdom are capable of displaying a wide range of

interesting behaviors, one of the most fascinating being the way they communicate
using signals. Social animals use this form of intraspecific communication in a
remarkable way to maintain order, especially where there is a hierarchy.
With reference to the above statement, discuss:
(i) two common types of signals with examples of social animals that use
each one. (4 marks)
(ii) how each of the signals mentioned above are used by animals for their
benefit. (4 marks)
(iii) two ways that communication keeps species exclusive. (4 marks)

21.
STRAND 3 BIODIVERSITY, CHANGE AND SUSTAINABILITY [36 marks]

There are twenty (20) questions in this section. Note the option in Q20.
1. Viruses are considered sub-cellular forms of life because they
A. can move and grow.

B. cannot reproduce on their own.
C. have membranes and cytoplasms.
D. are visible with electron microscope.
Properties of viruses
 no membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, or other cellular components
 they cannot move or grow
 they can only reproduce inside a host cell
 have 2 major parts - a protein coat, and DNA or RNA
 they are extremely tiny, smaller than cells and only visible with electron microscopes
2. The type of body cavity found in Aschelminthes (Roundworms) is
A. coelomate. B. acoelomate.
C. pseudocoelomate. D. platyhelminthes.

22.
3. The circular piece of DNA found in bacterial cells is the
A. capsule. B. plasmid.
C. nucleoid. D. chromosome.

23.
Source: https://theory.labster.com/plasmid/
4. A filamentous green algae that is abundant in fresh water such as ponds is
A. ulva. B. volvox.
C. ulothrix. D. spirogyra.
5. Animal-like Protists are classified based on their mode of locomotion. The group
that uses pseudopodia for movement are the
A. ciliates. B. sporozoans.
B. sarcodines. D. zooflagellates.
Sarcodina
An example is the Amoeba with the following characteristics:
 moves using pseudopodia ("false feet" ), which are like extensions of the cytoplasm—
amoeboid movement

24.
 ingests food by surrounding and engulfing food (endocytosis), creating a food vacuole
 reproduce by binary fission (mitosis)
 contractile vacuole - removes excess water
 can cause amoebic dysentery in humans - diarrhoea and stomach upset from drinking
contaminated water
 Other sarcodines include the foraminferans and heliozoans
6. The cells of fungi have cell walls made of
A. chitin. B. hyphae.
C. mycelium. D. cellulose.
7. Gemmae cups are cup-like structures used for asexual reproduction in
A. mosses. B. ferns.
C. liverworts. D. tracheophytes.
Source: https://www.eurekalert.org
8. Cnidocytes or cnidoblasts are stinging cells which are present in the cells of
A. Annelids. B. Cnidarians.
C. Flatworms. D. Roundworms.

25.
Source: https://www.studyandscore.com
9. Leeches are segmented worms that have a dorsoventrally flattened body and lack
chaetae. Leeches belong to the Class
A. Hirudinea. B. Polychaeta.
C. Oligochaeta. D. Psedocoelomate.
10. The following diagram shows the two reproductive cycles of viruses.

26.
Cycle A
Cycle B
Source: https://researchtweet.com
(i) Name Cycle A. (1 mark)

Lytic cycle
(ii) Explain Cycle B. (2 marks)
Lysogenic cycle
 Attachment. Bacteriophage attaches to bacterial cell.
 Entry. Bacteriophage injects DNA into bacterial cell.
 Integration. Phage DNA recombines with bacterial chromosome and becomes integrated
into the chromosome as a prophage.
 Cell division.
11. Gram staining is a common technique used to differentiate gram positive from
gram negative bacteria based on their different cell wall constituents.
Differentiate between gram positive and gram negative bacteria. (2 marks)

27.
12. The following diagram shows part of sexual reproduction occurring in bread mold.
Source: https://www.researchgate.net
(i) Name the division of Fungi that Bread Molds belongs to. (1 mark)
CLASS Zygomycota (Phycomycetes) (The Conjugation Fungi)
(ii) Describe structure A and how it is formed. (2 marks)

28.
13. Cnidarians such as obelia exhibit polymorphism , the occurrence of two or more
distinct forms of an individual.
Body Form A Body Form B
Source: https://383774061747737279.weebly.com
(i) Name the Body Form B. (1 mark)

Medusa
(ii) Explain one advantage of Polymorphism. (2 marks)
- Enable it to colonise different habitat thus reducing competition

- Avoids predations.
- Help in dispersal of organism.
14. Planarians are Flatworms that are said to be hermaphrodites and also show some
degree of cephalization.
Source: https://www.exploringnature.org
(i) Name the class that planarians belongs to. (1 mark)

Tubellaria

29.
(ii) Differentiate between the terms hermaphrodite and cephalization. (2 marks)
Cephalization is defined as the process involving the concentration of sensory and feeding organs
such as nerve cells, mouth, and jaws at the anterior end and the development of the brain. An
organism with a well-developed head is known as highly cephalized.
Hermaphrodites are sexually reproducing organism that produces both male and female gametes.
15. The diagram below shows a freshwater prawn.
Source: https://www.researchgate.net
(i) Name the structure labelled Y. (1 marks)

Swimming legs/swimmerets
(ii) Describe the function of the part labelled X. (2 marks)

The rostrum, a pointed projection of the carapace, aids in the protection of their
compound eyes.

30.
16. Study the following diagrams of molluscs:
1 2 3
Source: https://www.lcps.org
Complete the table given in your Answer Booklet with the correct information
regarding the above diagram. (3 marks)
Mollusc Name Class Characteristics

1 snail gastropoda (i) Have
muscular foot,
eyes, tentacles
and radula. they
are coiled.
2 nautilus Uses jet

(ii) cephalopoda propulsion to
roam the deep
ocean
3 Eight serially
(iii)chiton polyplacophora overlapping plates
arranged on its
back.
17. Explain one difference between the mammalian groups monotremes and placentals. (2 marks)
Monotremes e.g. duck-billed platypus, spiny anteater.

- Monotremes are the egg laying mammals (oviparous)
- Females secrete milk and suckle the young.
- They share two notable characteristics with reptiles
- Both the reproductive and urinary systems open into a cloaca
- “Monotreme” means single opening
- Only three species of monotremes exist today: they are found in Australia and New Guinea
- Duckbill Platypus and two species of Spiny Anteaters
- Monotremes lay eggs that are incubated outside the body - They hatch into young animals in about 10
days - The young are nourished by their mother’s milk that they lick from pores on the mother's abdomen
Placentals e.g. humans, cats, cows

- The young are fully developed in the uterus.
- The embryo obtains its nourishment from the mother by the way of the placenta.
- Placenta – organ in placental mammals through which nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and wastes are
exchanged between embryo and mother
- Gestation – the time it takes from conception to birth in mammals (can vary from 2 weeks to 2 years
depending on the mammal)

31.
18. Define the term quantitative pollution and give one example. (2 marks)
These are substances which are naturally present in the environment but are called
pollutants when their concentration is increased due to human action.
Examples: CO2, CO, Nitrogen oxides.
19. To test the Biological Oxygen Demand of a lake around the school, students
added a chemical indicator to test tubes that were filled to the brim with the water
from the lake.
(i) Name one suitable indicator to use in this activity. (1 mark)

Methylene blue
(ii) Explain why the test tubes were filled to the brim. (2 marks)
To avoid trapping of air bubbles
Air bubbles are oxygen and if present, will result in lowe BOD/affect result.
20. ESSAYS
Option Question
Insects are one of the most successful and diverse of all invertebrates.
With reference to the statement, define the term invertebrates and discuss how
any two features has contributed to the success of insects.
STRAND 3
Reasons for the success of Arthropods
 Presence of exoskeleton
The chitin prevents desiccation.
Moulting allows the arthropod to grow larger.
protects the soft tissue inside and supports the muscles
provides protection against predation.
 Diversification of segmentation A large diversity/variation of body segmentation, ranging from Chelicerates

(spiders, scorpions) with only two main body parts (cephalothorax and abdomen) whilst Insecta
(cockroaches, ants) have three main body parts (head, thorax, abdomen)
 Diversification of appendages A large variety of appendages used for different purposes such as feeding,
grasping prey, walking and jumping these enables them to occupy various ecological niches.
 Advanced sensory system

Compound eyes: able to detect light, colour and movement. This allows them to sense things such as flower
colour
Antennae: perceptive to signals such as pheromones for mating and for protecting against predators.
 Presence of wings
Evade the clutches of predators.
They can range far and wide in search of food and habitat.

32.
 Presence of malphigian tubules

To conserve water so that they can survive in dry habitats.
 Internal fertization
Prevents wastage of gametes and ensures that the embryo is developed within the egg.
 Life cycle involving metamorphosis

Allows the animal to exploit difference niches and food sources thus reduces competition.
With reference to the above statement discuss two:
(i) activities that increase carbon footprints which contribute to global

warming. (4 marks)
(ii) reasons for the need to reduce global warming. (4 marks)
(iii) ways of reducing carbon footprint. (4 marks)
STRAND 3
THE END
COPYRIGHT: MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI, 2023.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

FIJI YEAR 13 CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION 2023

2. Write all your answers in the Answer Booklet provided.

5. You may use a calculator, provided it is silent, battery-operated and non-programmable.

STRAND GUIDELINES TOTAL SUGGESTED

COPYRIGHT: MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FIJI, 2023.

STRAND 1 STRUCTURE AND LIFE PROCESSES [28 marks]

The concept shown above is known as

A. Chargaff’s rule. B. Polynucleotide.

2. The enzyme responsible for relaxing supercoiled or interlocked DNA is the

©MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2023: BIOLOGY.

3. A section of DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide chain is

©MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2023: BIOLOGY.

5. The combination of all the alleles present in a population is the

A. genome. B. gene pool.

A. parallel evolution. B. adaptive radiation.

©MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2023: BIOLOGY.

©MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2023: BIOLOGY.

Source: Year 13 Biology Textbook

(i) Name molecule A. (1 mark)

(ii) Explain what will happen when molecule A is present. (2 marks)

In lac operon, lactose acts as an inducer.

©MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2023: BIOLOGY.

9. The diagram below shows one stage of protein synthesis.

Source: https://www.researchgate.net mRNA

©MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2023: BIOLOGY.

©MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2023: BIOLOGY.

(i) Name the vector used in the process. (1mark)

(ii) Describe the process taking place in Step 5. (2marks)

©MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2023: BIOLOGY.

Source: Personal Collection

1 nucleus = 1mm/10 nucleus

Tongue-rollers NonTongue-rollers Total

(i) Calculate the frequency of the tongue-rolling allele. (2marks)

©MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2023: BIOLOGY.

(i) Name one advantage of bipedalism. (1 mark)

©MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2023: BIOLOGY.

©MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2023: BIOLOGY.

I. Short Essay (5 marks)

Write an essay of about 100-150 words on the concept given below.

Speciation may occur due to reproductive barriers that prevent

©MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2023: BIOLOGY.

II. Long Essay (15 marks)

Polyploidy is one source of genetic variation which enables population to

With reference to the above statement, discuss two:

(i) differences between autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy. (4 marks)

(ii) benefits of polyploidy in the agricultural sector. (4 marks)

(i) Difference between Autopolyploidy and Allopolyploidy with Examples

©MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2023: BIOLOGY.

Any 4 Benefits to agricultural sector

 Produces variations and contribute to evolution- greater diversity in the DNA

Reason why Polyploidy is Common in Plants:

 Plants are able to survive by means of self-pollination

STRAND 2 LIVING TOGETHER [16 marks]

2. A plant that flowers regardless of the length of the period of light is a

A. short day plant.

3. A community on global scale where habitats bound each other is a

©MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2023: BIOLOGY.

4. A period of suspended development in insects, especially during unfavourable

Explain why sugarcane is mostly found in those two areas. (2 marks)

©MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2023: BIOLOGY.

Source: Year 13 Biology Textbook

©MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, FY13CE 2023: BIOLOGY.

(ii) Differentiate between an open group and a closed group. (2marks)