Engineering Mechanics Statics and

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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18–1.

At a given instant the body of mass m has an angular IC

velocity V and its mass center has a velocity vG. Show that rG/IC
its kinetic energy can be represented as T = 12IICv2, where
IIC is the moment of inertia of the body determined about
the instantaneous axis of zero velocity, located a distance
rG>IC from the mass center as shown. G
vG V

SOLUTION
1 1
T = my2G + IG v2 where yG = vrG>IC
2 2

1 1
= m(vrG>IC)2 + IG v2
2 2

1
= A mr2G>IC + IG B v2 However mr2G>IC + IG = IIC
2

1
= I v2 Q.E.D.
2 IC

912
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exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18–2.

The wheel is made from a 5-kg thin ring and two 2-kg
slender rods. If the torsional spring attached to the wheel’s
center has a stiffness k = 2 N # m>rad, and the wheel is 0.5 m
rotated until the torque M = 25 N # m is developed, O
determine the maximum angular velocity of the wheel if it
is released from rest.
M

SOLUTION
Kinetic Energy and Work: The mass moment of inertia of the wheel about point O is

IO = mRr 2 + 2 ¢ m l2 ≤
1
12 r

1
= 5(0.52) + 2 c (2)(12) d
12
= 1.5833 kg # m2

Thus, the kinetic energy of the wheel is

1 1
T = I v2 = (1.5833) v2 = 0.79167 v2
2 O 2
Since the wheel is released from rest, T1 = 0. The torque developed is M = ku = 2u.
Here, the angle of rotation needed to develop a torque of M = 25 N # m is

2u = 25 u = 12.5 rad

The wheel achieves its maximum angular velocity when the spacing is unwound that
M
is when the wheel has rotated u = 12.5 rad. Thus, the work done by q is
12.5 rad
UM = Mdu = 2u du
L L0
12.5 rad
2
= u † = 156.25 J
0

Principle of Work and Energy:

T1 + © u 1 - 2 = T2
0 + 156.25 = 0.79167 v2
v = 14.0 rad/s Ans.

Ans:
v = 14.0 rad>s

913
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18–3.

The wheel is made from a 5-kg thin ring and two 2-kg slender
rods. If the torsional spring attached to the wheel’s center has
a stiffness k = 2 N # m>rad, so that the torque on the center 0.5 m
of the wheel is M = 12u2 N # m, where u is in radians, O
determine the maximum angular velocity of the wheel if it is
rotated two revolutions and then released from rest.
M

SOLUTION
1
Io = 2 c (2)(1)2 d + 5(0.5)2 = 1.583
12

T1 + ©U1 - 2 = T2
4p
1
0 + 2u du = (1.583) v2
L0 2

(4p)2 = 0.7917v2

v = 14.1 rad/s Ans.

Ans:
v = 14.1 rad>s

914
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*18–4.

A force of P = 60 N is applied to the cable, which causes

the 200-kg reel to turn since it is resting on the two rollers
A and B of the dispenser. Determine the angular velocity of P
the reel after it has made two revolutions starting from rest.
O 0.75 m
Neglect the mass of the rollers and the mass of the cable.
Assume the radius of gyration of the reel about its center 1m
axis remains constant at kO = 0.6 m.

B A

0.6 m
Solution
Kinetic Energy. Since the reel is at rest initially, T1 = 0. The mass moment of inertia
of the reel about its center O is I0 = mk 20 = 200 ( 0.62 ) = 72.0 kg # m2. Thus,

1 2 1
T2 = I v = (72.0)v2 = 36.0 v2
20 2
Work. Referring to the FBD of the reel, Fig. a, only force P does positive work. When
the reel rotates 2 revolution, force P displaces S = ur = 2(2p)(0.75) = 3p m. Thus

Up = Ps = 60(3p) = 180p J

Principle of Work and Energy.

T1 + ΣU1 - 2 = T2

  0 + 180p = 36.0 v2

v = 3.9633 rad>s = 3.96 rad>s Ans.

Ans:
v = 3.96 rad>s

915
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18–5.

A force of P = 20 N is applied to the cable, which causes

P
the 175-kg reel to turn since it is resting on the two rollers
A and B of the dispenser. Determine the angular velocity of 30°
the reel after it has made two revolutions starting from rest.
Neglect the mass of the rollers and the mass of the cable.
The radius of gyration of the reel about its center axis is
kG = 0.42 m. 250 mm
G

500 mm

A B

400 mm

SOLUTION
T1 + ΣU1 - 2 = T2

1
0 + 20(2)(2p)(0.250) = 3 175(0.42)2 4 v2
2

v = 2.02 rad>s Ans.

Ans:
v = 2.02 rad>s

916
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18–6.

A force of P = 20 N is applied to the cable, which causes

P
the 175-kg reel to turn without slipping on the two rollers A
and B of the dispenser. Determine the angular velocity of 30°
the reel after it has made two revolutions starting from rest.
Neglect the mass of the cable. Each roller can be considered
as an 18-kg cylinder, having a radius of 0.1 m. The radius of
gyration of the reel about its center axis is kG = 0.42 m. 250 mm
G

500 mm

A B

400 mm

SOLUTION
System:

T1 + ΣU1 - 2 = T2

1 1
[0 + 0 + 0] + 20(2)(2p)(0.250) = 3 175(0.42)2 4 v2 + 2c (18)(0.1)2 d v2r
2 2

v = vr (0.1) = v(0.5)

vr = 5v

Solving:

v = 1.78 rad>s Ans.

Ans:
v = 1.78 rad>s

917
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18–7.

The double pulley consists of two parts that are attached to v 20 rad/s
one another. It has a weight of 50 lb and a radius of gyration
about its center of kO = 0.6 ft and is turning with an angular
velocity of 20 rad>s clockwise. Determine the kinetic energy
0.5ft 1 ft
of the system. Assume that neither cable slips on the pulley.
O

SOLUTION
1 1 1
T = I v2O + mA v2A + mB v2B
2 O 2 2

1 50 1 20 1 30 B 30 lb
T = a (0.6)2 b(20)2 + a b C (20)(1) D 2 + a b C (20)(0.5) D 2 A 20 lb
2 32.2 2 32.2 2 32.2

= 283 ft # lb Ans.

Ans:
T = 283 ft # lb

918
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*18–8.

The double pulley consists of two parts that are attached to v  20 rad/s
one another. It has a weight of 50 lb and a centroidal radius
of gyration of kO = 0.6 ft and is turning with an angular
velocity of 20 rad> s clockwise. Determine the angular
0.5 ft 1 ft
velocity of the pulley at the instant the 20-lb weight moves
O
2 ft downward.

SOLUTION
Kinetic Energy and Work: Since the pulley rotates about a fixed axis,
vA = vrA = v(1) and vB = vrB = v(0.5). The mass moment of inertia of the

pulley about point O is IO = mkO 2 = ¢ ≤ (0.62) = 0.5590 slug # ft2. Thus, the
50 B 30 lb
32.2 A 20 lb
kinetic energy of the system is

1 1 1
T = I v2 + mAvA2 + mBvB2
2 O 2 2

(0.5590)v2 + ¢ ≤ [v(1)]2 + ¢ ≤ [v(0.5)]2

1 1 20 1 30
=
2 2 32.2 2 32.2

= 0.7065v2

Thus, T1 = 0.7065(202) = 282.61 ft # lb. Referring to the FBD of the system shown
in Fig. a, we notice that Ox, Oy, and Wp do no work while WA does positive work and
WB does negative work. When A moves 2 ft downward, the pulley rotates

SA SB
u = =
rA rB
2 SB
=
1 0.5
SB = 2(0.5) = 1 ft c

Thus, the work of WA and WB are

UWA = WA SA = 20(2) = 40 ft # lb

UWB = - WB SB = - 30(1) = -30 ft # lb

Principle of Work and Energy:

T1 + U1 - 2 = T2

282.61 + [40 + ( - 30)] = 0.7065 v2

v = 20.4 rad>s Ans.

Ans:
v = 20.4 rad>s

919
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18–9.

The disk, which has a mass of 20 kg, is subjected to the

couple moment of M = (2u + 4) N # m, where u is in
radians. If it starts from rest, determine its angular velocity 300 mm M
when it has made two revolutions.
O

Solution
Kinetic Energy. Since the disk starts from rest, T1 = 0. The mass moment of inertia
of the disk about its center O is I0 = mr 2 = ( 20 )( 0.32 ) = 0.9 kg # m2. Thus
1 1
2 2

1 1
T2 = I v2 = (0.9) v2 = 0.45 v2
2 0 2

Work. Referring to the FBD of the disk, Fig. a, only couple moment M does work,
which it is positive
2(2p) 4p

L L0
UM = M du = (2u + 4)du = u 2 + 4u ` = 208.18 J
0

Principle of Work and Energy.

T1 + ΣU1 - 2 = T2

0 + 208.18 = 0.45 v2

  v = 21.51 rad>s = 21.5 rad>s Ans.

Ans:
v = 21.5 rad>s

920
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18–10.

The spool has a mass of 40 kg and a radius of gyration of

kO = 0.3 m. If the 10-kg block is released from rest,
determine the distance the block must fall in order for the
300 mm 500 mm
spool to have an angular velocity v = 15 rad>s. Also, what O
is the tension in the cord while the block is in motion?
Neglect the mass of the cord.

Solution
Kinetic Energy. Since the system is released from rest, T1 = 0. The final velocity
of the block is vb = vr = 15(0.3) = 4.50 m>s. The mass moment of inertia of the
spool about O is I0 = mk 20 = 40 ( 0.32 ) = 3.60 Kg # m2. Thus

1 2 1
T2 = I v + mbv2b
20 2
1 1
= (3.60) ( 152 ) + (10) ( 4.502 )
2 2

= 506.25 J

1 1
For the block, T1 = 0 and T2 = m v2 = ( 10 )( 4.502 ) = 101.25 J
2 b b 2

Work. Referring to the FBD of the system Fig. a, only Wb does work when the block
displaces s vertically downward, which it is positive.

UWb = Wb s = 10(9.81)s = 98.1 s

Referring to the FBD of the block, Fig. b. Wb does positive work while T does
negative work.

UT = - Ts

UWb = Wbs = 10(9.81)(s) = 98.1 s

Principle of Work and Energy. For the system,

T1 + ΣU1 - 2 = T2

0 + 98.1s = 506.25
s = 5.1606 m = 5.16 m Ans.

For the block using the result of s,

T1 + ΣU1 - 2 = T2
0 + 98.1(5.1606) - T(5.1606) = 101.25

     T = 78.48 N = 78.5 N Ans.

Ans:
s = 5.16 m
T = 78.5 N

921
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18–11.

The force of T = 20 N is applied to the cord of negligible

mass. Determine the angular velocity of the 20-kg wheel
when it has rotated 4 revolutions starting from rest. The
0.4 m
wheel has a radius of gyration of kO = 0.3 m.
O

Solution
Kinetic Energy. Since the wheel starts from rest, T1 = 0. The mass moment of
inertia of the wheel about point O is I0 = mk 20 = 20 ( 0.32 ) = 1.80 kg # m2. Thus,

1 1
I v2 = (1.80) v2 = 0.9 v2
T2 =
2 0 2 T  20 N
Work. Referring to the FBD of the wheel, Fig. a, only force T does work.
This work is positive since T is required to displace vertically downward,
sT = ur = 4(2p)(0.4) = 3.2p m.

UT = TsT = 20(3.2p) = 64p J

Principle of Work and Energy.

T1 + ΣU1 - 2 = T2

0 + 64p = 0.9 v2

   v = 14.94 rad>s = 14.9 rad>s Ans.

Ans:
v = 14.9 rad>s

922
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*18–12.

Determine the velocity of the 50-kg cylinder after it has

descended a distance of 2 m. Initially, the system is at rest.
The reel has a mass of 25 kg and a radius of gyration about its A 75 mm
center of mass A of kA = 125 mm.

SOLUTION
T1 + ©U1 - 2 = T2

[(25)(0.125)2] ¢ ≤
2
1 v
0 + 50(9.81)(2) =
2 0.075
1
+ (50) v2
2
v = 4.05 m>s Ans.

Ans:
v = 4.05 m>s

923
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18–13.

The 10-kg uniform slender rod is suspended at rest when

the force of F = 150 N is applied to its end. Determine the
O
angular velocity of the rod when it has rotated 90° clockwise
from the position shown. The force is always perpendicular
to the rod.

3m

Solution
Kinetic Energy. Since the rod starts from rest, T1 = 0. The mass moment of inertia
(10) ( 32 ) + 10 ( 1.52 ) = 30.0 kg # m2. Thus,
1
of the rod about O is I0 =
12
F
1 1
T2 = I0 v2 = (30.0) v2 = 15.0 v2
2 2
Work. Referring to the FBD of the rod, Fig. a, when the rod undergoes an angular
displacement u, force F does positive work whereas W does negative work. When
p 3p
u = 90°, SW = 1.5 m and SF = ur = a b(3) = m. Thus
2 2
3p
UF = 150 a b = 225p J
2
UW = - 10(9.81)(1.5) = -147.15 J

Principle of Work and Energy.

T1 + ΣU1 - 2 = T2
0 + 225p + ( - 147.15) = 15.0 v2

  v = 6.1085 rad>s = 6.11 rad>s Ans.

Ans:
v = 6.11 rad>s

924
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18–14.

The 10-kg uniform slender rod is suspended at rest when

the force of F = 150 N is applied to its end. Determine the
O
angular velocity of the rod when it has rotated 180°
clockwise from the position shown. The force is always
perpendicular to the rod.

3m

Solution
Kinetic Energy. Since the rod starts from rest, T1 = 0. The mass moment of inertia
(10) ( 32 ) + 10 ( 1.52 ) = 30.0 kg # m2. Thus,
1
of the rod about O is I0 =
12
F
1 1
T2 = I0 v2 = (30.0) v2 = 15.0 v2
2 2

Work. Referring to the FBD of the rod, Fig. a, when the rod undergoes an angular
displacement u, force F does positive work whereas W does negative work. When
u = 180°, SW = 3 m and SF = ur = p(3) = 3p m. Thus
UF = 150(3p) = 450p J

UW = - 10(9.81)(3) = - 294.3 J

Principle of Work and Energy. Applying Eq. 18,

T1 + ΣU1 - 2 = T2
0 + 450p + ( -294.3) = 15.0 v2
v = 8.6387 rad>s = 8.64 rad>s Ans.

Ans:
v = 8.64 rad>s

925
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18–15.

The pendulum consists of a 10-kg uniform disk and a 3-kg

uniform slender rod. If it is released from rest in the position B
shown, determine its angular velocity when it rotates A 0.8 m
clockwise 90°. M  30 N  m
D

2m

Solution
Kinetic Energy. Since the assembly is released from rest, initially,
T1 = 0. The mass moment of inertia of the assembly about A is

(3) ( 22 ) + 3 ( 12 ) d + c (10) ( 0.42 ) + 10 ( 2.42 ) d = 62.4 kg # m2. Thus,

1 1
IA = c
12 2

1 1
T2 = I v2 = (62.4) v2 = 31.2 v2
2A 2

Work. Referring to the FBD of the assembly, Fig. a. Both Wr and Wd do positive
work, since they displace vertically downward Sr = 1 m and Sd = 2.4 m, respectively.
Also, couple moment M does positive work

UWr = Wr Sr = 3(9.81)(1) = 29.43 J

UWd = WdSd = 10(9.81)(2.4) = 235.44 J

p
UM = Mu = 30 a b = 15p J
2
Principle of Work and Energy.
T1 + ΣU1 - 2 = T2

0 + 29.43 + 235.44 + 15p = 31.2 v2

v = 3.1622 rad>s = 3.16 rad>s Ans.

Ans:
v = 3.16 rad>s

926
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*18–16.

A motor supplies a constant torque M = 6 kN # m to the

winding drum that operates the elevator. If the elevator has a
mass of 900 kg, the counterweight C has a mass of 200 kg, and
the winding drum has a mass of 600 kg and radius of gyration
about its axis of k = 0.6 m, determine the speed of the
elevator after it rises 5 m starting from rest. Neglect the mass
of the pulleys.

SOLUTION
vE = vC
M
s 5 C
u = =
r 0.8
D 0.8 m
T1 + ©U1 - 2 = T2

5 1 1
0 + 6000( ) - 900(9.81)(5) + 200(9.81)(5) = (900)(v)2 + (200)(v)2
0.8 2 2

1 v
+ [600(0.6)2]( )2
2 0.8

v = 2.10 m s Ans.

Ans:
v = 2.10 m>s

927
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18–17.

The center O of the thin ring of mass m is given an angular v0

velocity of v0. If the ring rolls without slipping, determine s
its angular velocity after it has traveled a distance of s down r
the plane. Neglect its thickness. O

SOLUTION
T1 + ©U1-2 = T2 u

1 1
(mr2 + mr2)v0 2 + mg(s sin u) = (mr2 + mr2)v2
2 2
g
v = v0 2 + 2 s sin u Ans.
A r

Ans:
g
v = v20 + s sin u
A r2

928
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18–18.

The wheel has a mass of 100 kg and a radius of gyration M

of kO = 0.2 m. A motor supplies a torque 0.3 m
M = (40u + 900) N # m, where u is in radians, about the s O
drive shaft at O. Determine the speed of the loading car,
which has a mass of 300 kg, after it travels s = 4 m. Initially
the car is at rest when s = 0 and u = 0°. Neglect the mass of
the attached cable and the mass of the car’s wheels.

Solution
s = 0.3u = 4
30
u = 13.33 rad

T1 + ΣU1 - 2 = T2

13.33
vC 2
L0
1 1
[0 + 0] + (40u + 900)du - 300(9.81) sin 30° (4) = (300)v2C + c 100(0.20)2 d a b
2 2 0.3

vC = 7.49 m>s Ans.

Ans:
vC = 7.49 m>s

929
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

18–19.

The rotary screen S is used to wash limestone. When empty S

it has a mass of 800 kg and a radius of gyration of
kG = 1.75 m. Rotation is achieved by applying a torque of
M = 280 N # m about the drive wheel at A. If no slipping
occurs at A and the supporting wheel at B is free to roll,
determine the angular velocity of the screen after it has 2m
rotated 5 revolutions. Neglect the mass of A and B.
0.3 m
Solution B A
M  280 N  m

TS + ΣU1 - 2 = T2

1
0 + 280(uA) = [800(1.75)2] v2
2

uS(2) = uA(0.3)

5(2p)(2) = uA(0.3)

uA = 209.4 rad

Thus

v = 6.92 rad>s Ans.

Ans:
v = 6.92 rad>s

930
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

*18–20.

If P = 200 N and the 15-kg uniform slender rod starts from

rest at u = 0°, determine the rod’s angular velocity at the
instant just before u = 45°. 600 mm
A

45° u P  200 N
B

SOLUTION
Kinetic Energy and Work: Referring to Fig. a,

rA>IC = 0.6 tan 45° = 0.6 m

Then

rG>IC = 30.32 + 0.62 = 0.6708 m

Thus,
(vG)2 = v2rG>IC = v2(0.6708)

1
The mass moment of inertia of the rod about its mass center is IG = ml2
12
(15)(0.62) = 0.45 kg # m2. Thus, the final kinetic energy is
1
=
12

1 1
T2 = m(vG)22 + IG v22
2 2

1 1
= (15)[w2(0.6708)]2 + (0.45) v2 2
2 2

= 3.6v22

Since the rod is initially at rest, T1 = 0. Referring to Fig. b, NA and NB do no work,

while P does positive work and W does negative work. When u = 45°, P displaces
through a horizontal distance sP = 0.6 m and W displaces vertically upwards
through a distance of h = 0.3 sin 45°, Fig. c. Thus, the work done by P and W is

UP = PsP = 200(0.6) = 120 J

UW = - Wh = - 15(9.81)(0.3 sin 45°) = -31.22 J

Principle of Work and Energy:

T1 + ©U1 - 2 = T2

0 + [120 - 31.22] = 3.6v22

v2 = 4.97 rad>s Ans.

Ans:
v2 = 4.97 rad>s

931
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THE SHEEP.

THE SHEEP.
Sheep supply us both with food and clothing: and the wool alone
affords, in some countries, an amazing source of industry and
wealth. They are harmless animals, and, in general, very shy and
timid. The Sheep in the high mountains of Wales are very wild, and
do not collect into large flocks, but graze in parties of from eight to a
dozen. One is always placed at a distance from the rest, to give
notice of the approach of danger. When he observes a stranger
advancing, he allows him to approach as near, perhaps, as eighty or
a hundred yards, but keeps a watchful eye upon his motions; if the
stranger shows a design of coming closer, he alarms the rest of the
flock by a loud hiss or whistle, twice or thrice repeated, when the
whole party instantly scour away with great speed, to the most
inaccessible parts of the mountains. No country produces finer
Sheep than Great Britain. Of these the Sheep that are bred in
Lincolnshire and the northern parts, are the largest and bear the
most wool. In other parts of England they are generally smaller; and
in the mountainous parts of Wales and Scotland they are very small.
THE GOAT.
 THE GOAT.

Although very shy and timid in a wild state, goats are easily trained
as domestic animals, being very sensible of kind treatment. The
disposition of this creature is, however, extremely unsettled, as is
shewn by the irregularity of all his actions. He walks, stops short,
runs, leaps, approaches or retires, shews and conceals himself, or
flies off, as if induced by mere whim, and without any other cause
than what arises from the strange vivacity of his temper. Goats love
to feed on the tops of hills, and prefer the very elevated and rugged
parts of mountains, finding sufficient food in the most heathy and
barren grounds. They are so active as to leap with ease and the
utmost security, among the most dreadful precipices; and even when
two of them are yoked together, they will, as it were by mutual
consent, take the most hazardous leaps together, and exert their
efforts in such a united manner as generally to get through the
danger unhurt. In mountainous countries they are of great service to
mankind; the flesh of the old ones being salted as winter provision,
and the milk being used in many places for making cheese. These
animals require but little care and attention, and easily provide for
themselves proper and sufficient food.
 THE STAG.

This is the most beautiful animal of the Deer kind. The elegance of
his form, the lightness of his motions, the flexibility of his limbs, his
bold branching horns, which are yearly renewed, his grandeur,
strength and swiftness, give him a decided rank over every other
inhabitant of the forest. The age of the Stag is known by its horns: he
begins to shed them about the end of February or the beginning of
March: each year they become larger.
 THE STAG.

The usual colour of the Stag, in England, is red; in other countries

it is commonly brown or yellow. His eye is extremely beautiful, soft
and sparkling: his hearing is quick; and his sense of smell very
strong. When listening, he raises his head, erects his ears, and
seems attentive to every noise, which he can hear at a great
distance. When he approaches a thicket, he stops to look round him
on all sides; if he perceives nothing to alarm him, he moves slowly
forward; but on the least appearance of danger, he flies off with the
rapidity of the wind. He appears to listen with great delight to the
sound of the shepherd’s pipe, which is sometimes made use of to
ensnare him to his destruction.
 THE FALLOW DEER.

These animals live together in herds, which sometimes divide into

two parties, and maintain obstinate battles for the possession of a
favourite part of the park: each one having its leader, which is always
the oldest and strongest of the flock. They attack in regular order of
battle; they fight with courage, and mutually defend each other.
 THE FALLOW DEER.

The chief difference between the Stag and the Fallow deer, seems
to be in the size and form of their horns; the latter are much smaller
than those of the former. The Fallow deer is easily tamed, feeds on a
variety of things which the stag refuses, and preserves its condition
nearly the same throughout the year, although its flesh, called
venison, is considered much finer at particular seasons. We have in
England two varieties of the Fallow deer, which are said to be of
foreign origin: the beautiful spotted kind were brought from Bengal in
India. These animals, with some variation, are found in almost every
country of Europe. Those of Spain are as large as stags, but darker;
their necks are also more slender; and their tails, which are longer
than those of ours, are black above, and white beneath.
 THE ROEBUCK.

The form of the Roebuck is elegant, and its motions light and easy. It
bounds seemingly without much effort, and runs with great swiftness.
When hunted, it tries to evade its pursuers by the most curious
methods: it often returns upon its former steps, till, by various
windings, it entirely misleads the hounds. This cunning animal then,
by a sudden spring, bounds to one side; and, lying close down upon
its belly, lets the hounds pass by, without offering to stir.
 THE ROEBUCK.

The Roe was at one time common in many parts of England and
Wales; but at present it is to be found only in the Highlands of
Scotland. It is the smallest of all the Deer kind, being only three feet
four inches long, and rather more than two feet in height: the horns
are from eight to nine inches long, upright, round, and divided into
three branches; the body is covered with long hair. When the female
has young, and they are in danger, she hides them in a thicket; and,
to preserve them, offers herself to be chased. Numbers of fawns are
taken alive from their dams by the peasants, and many are worried
by dogs, foxes, and other enemies; so that the beautiful Roe is
becoming daily more scarce.