final-report

lOMoARcPSD|44108515
Final Report
Bachelor of Business Administration - Business Analyst (Chandigarh University)
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SOCIAL INTERNSHIP REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement for

university school of business
In
Bachelor of Business Administration
by
Yash kothari
(22BBA12141)
University school of business

Chandigarh university,
Gharuan, Punjab

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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Social internship report submitted by “Yash

Kothari”( 22BBA12141) in the partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of
“Degree Bachelor in Business Administration” is a bonafide record of work carried
out from 25 June 2023 to 1st August 2023 under my guidance and supervision at
Chandigarh University .
SIGNATURE
MR.DIXIT KALRA
PROFESSOR
CHANDIGARH
UNIVERSITY

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Declaration by candidate
I the assigned solemnly declared that the report of the project works “SOCIAL
INTERNSHIP” is based my own work carried out during my study under the
supervision of MR DIXIT KALRA.
I assert that the statement made and conclusion drawn are an outcome of project
work I further declared that to the best of my knowledge and belief that the project
report does not contain any part of any work which has been submitted for the report
of any other degree diploma\certificate\in this University or any other university.
( Signature of candidate)
Yash kothari
22BBA12141

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY for

providing me this golden opportunity to work on this report, I would like to extend
my heartfelt appreciation to my guide, Respected MR. DIXIT KALRA , for their
invaluable guidance and support, Their insightful feedback and constructive
suggestions have been instrumental in shaping the quality of this report.
Additionally, I would like to thank my friends who have provided continuous

encouragement and support during the development of this report, Their enthusiasm
and words of motivation have been truly uplifting and inspiring, Finally, I am grateful
to my family for their unwavering belief in me and their constant encouragement
throughout this report making journey, Their love and support have been my driving
force, and I am deeply grateful for their presence in my life.
Thank you,
Yash kothari
22BBA12141

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PREFACE
Infrastructure development for rural villages is a complex idea that entails raising the
standard of living for those who live there. The multifaceted goals of rural
development include increasing the per capita income of the rural populace,
enhancing development in the provision of necessities, agriculture and related
activities, and advancement throughout every facet of human resources.
This procedure improves the social and economic prosperity of the rural populace. In
order to successfully implement sustainable development in rural areas, The Indian
government has created plans and programs for the overall growth of the rural
populace, particularly the impoverished. At its core, the rural Development strategies
and guidelines have been created to raise the equity in the production .distribution
network in addition to the improvement in creating employment opportunities for the
both in the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, the rural masses.
Still, in spite of the Despite tremendous efforts, the rural poor remain impoverished
and face challenges with infrastructure, communication, and basic amenities.
Therefore, rural development is crucial to India's agrarian economic system.
additionally bhiwani district is not an exception when it comes to the numerous
challenges that rural areas face issues in various contexts.

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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER-2
MODULE-1
2.1 INTRODUCTION:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
2.2 DESCRIPTION OF MGNERGA PROJECT SITES:--------------------------------------------------------9
2.3 INTERACTIONS WITH BENEFICIARIES AND FUNCTIONARIES:-------------------------------10
2.4 CHALLENGES FACED BY MGNREGA:------------------------------------------------------------------11
2.5 IMPACT OF MGNREGA:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
2.6 IMPORTANCE OF EMPLOYMENT GENERATION IN RURAL AREAS:--------------------------16
2.7 ROLE OF MGNREGA IN ACHIEVING EMPLOYMENT GENERATION:-------------------------17
2.8 CONCLUSION:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
CHAPTER-3
MODULE-2
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 VISIUAL REPRESENTATION OF VILLAGE :-----------------------------------------------------------23
3.3 IMPACT OF RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE ON RURAL LIVELIHOODS:--------------------------24
3.4 CHALLENGES FACED---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26
3.5 MEASURES TO IMPROVE RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE:-------------------------------------------27
3.6 SUGGESTIONS-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29
3.7 CONCLUSION:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
CHAPTER-4
MODULE-3
4.1 INTRODUCTION:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
4.2 SIGNIFICNCE---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36
4.3 CHALLENGES IDENTIFIED:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------38
4.4 SOLUTIONS PROPOSED:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40
4.5 CONCLUSION :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44
CHAPTER-5
MODULE-4
5.1 INTRODUCTION:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46
5.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF RURAL EDUCATION---------------------------------------------------------------47
5.3 OVERVIEW OF SCHOOL VISITED-----------------------------------------------------------------------52
5.4 DESCRIPTION OF RURAL SCHOOLS/MID-DAY MEAL CENTERS------------------------------53
5.5 CHALLENGES IDENTIFIED--------------------------------------------------------------------------------55
5.6 SOLUTION PROPOSED AND OPPORTUNITIES IDENTIFIED---------------------------------------------
5.7 Conclusion:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------62
CHAPTER-6
FINDINGS-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------63
CHAPTER-7
LIMITATIONS-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------67
BIBLIOGRAPHY--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------70
REFRENCES--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------71

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CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION

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Although India has emerged as a nation with significant economic and social
accomplishments, including a growing middle class, poverty is still a serious problem
in many regions of the nation, particularly in rural areas. Estimates showing a sizable
number of stunted and malnourished children have recently sparked outrage,
including that of Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh. As this book will demonstrate,
these estimates are dubious, but malnutrition and ill health are still major problems.
During my most recent surveys, I saw that poverty is decreasing even among Dalit
peasants who are landless, but I also encountered villagers who lived in nearly empty
huts and had only one ratty set of clothes.
Historically, top-down strategies from national governments, international

development organizations, NGOs, local or regional authorities, and regional
development agencies have been used in rural development programs. But a crucial
"organization gap" that highlighted the disconnect between rural communities and
national organizations in the late 1960s led to a strong emphasis on community
involvement in rural development agendas. This was frequently accomplished by
political decentralization policies, which are especially common in developing nations
of Africa, or by policies that transfer authority over socio-politico-economic decision-
making, representative election processes, and leadership from centralized to local
governments.
. Economic activities that are not directly related to agricultural activities are referred
to as non-farming producing activities. These activities generally benefit marginal
farmers and landless laborers by giving them a reliable source of income and work.
Crafts, small-scale domestic and foreign manufacturing, building, mining, quarrying,
maintenance, transportation, community service, and so forth are examples of non-
farming activities.

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CHAPTER-II
MODULE-1

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2.1 INTRODUCTION:
The Indian government launched the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) as a response to unemployment and poverty in rural
areas. The purpose of this reflection report is to give a summary of my experiences
visiting MGNREGA project sites, speaking with candidates and functionaries, and
evaluating the difficulties and effects of the project. The report will also consider how
important it is to create jobs in rural regions and how MGNREGA has been helping to
accomplish this goal.
Fundamentally, MGNREGA aims to improve the economic and social well-being of

rural communities by giving them access to opportunities for gainful employment. In
addition to lowering seasonal unemployment and underemployment, the program has
increased efforts to conserve the environment and develop rural infrastructure. It has
been instrumental in raising the standard of living for oppressed populations over the
years, especially for women and historically underprivileged areas. India's dedication
to fair development, eradicating poverty, and bringing Mahatma Gandhi's vision for
rural India to life is demonstrated by MGNREGA.

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2.2 Description of MGNERGA Project Sites:
I had the chance to see the program's implementation at the grassroots level while
visiting MGNREGA project sites. These locations were dispersed over several
regions, each with their own special chances and challenges. The initiatives involve
many different tasks, such as building roads, conserving water, planting trees, and
developing rural infrastructure. I was able to obtain a personal understanding of the
project's goals and the methods used to accomplish them by actively engaging with
these sites.
A broad variety of project types are covered by MGNREGA, such as building rural
infrastructure, conserving water and roads, developing land and soil, irrigation
projects, and other community development programs. The selection of projects is
impacted by regional needs and the possibility of creating jobs.

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2.3 Interactions with Beneficiaries and

Functionaries:
Having conversations with bureaucrats and beneficiaries was an important part of my

MGNREGA experience. I had the honor of speaking with laborers, project managers,
local people, and government representatives who were in charge of carrying out the
program. These exchanges gave important insights into the viewpoints of people who
were affected by MGNREGA firsthand. The beneficiaries' expressions of enthusiasm
and gratitude were evident as they talked about how having regular employment
possibilities improved their social standing and standard of living.
These are some interactions .
Application for MGNREGA work by rural households is when the first interaction
takes place. Applications for jobs are submitted by beneficiaries, and applications are
verified and approved by local officials, such as Gram Panchayat officials.
Beneficiaries engage in daily interactions with coworkers, managers, and supervisors

of the work environments. Good communication makes sure that tasks get done on
time, that wages are computed accurately, and that complaints are quickly resolved.
MGNREGA projects sometimes include training and skill development. Through

interaction with trainers or experts, beneficiaries can learn new skills that can open up
better livelihood opportunities outside of MGNREGA work.
.

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2.4 Challenges Faced by MGNREGA:
Even though MGNREGA has greatly improved the empowerment of rural

populations, there have been certain difficulties with its implementation. Getting work
to everyone who needs it on schedule is one of these challenges. There have been
cases where beneficiaries have experienced delays in finding employment due to
administrative challenges and logistical limitations, which has left them frustrated and
disillusioned. Furthermore, maintaining the program's assets' sustainability and
quality is still a challenge that calls for ongoing review and monitoring.
These are some few challenges identified:-
Delays in Wage Payments: One of the most frequent issues MGNREGA workers
deal with is the delay in receiving their wages. Delays may cause rural households to
experience financial hardship, negating the program's intended outcome.
Insufficient Awareness One major issue is that not everyone is aware of the program
and what benefits are available. It's possible that a large number of eligible
beneficiaries are unaware of MGNREGA rights or how to apply for jobs.
Gender Inequalities:- Even with MGNREGA's provisions for equal pay for men and
women, gender differences still exist. It could be difficult for women to get
employment, or they might get paid less for doing the same work as men.
Underemployment: MGNREGA has helped lower unemployment, but it hasn't completely

done away with underemployment. Because there may not be enough projects or work
opportunities, workers may not always receive the full 100 days of employment that are
promised under the program.
Work and Asset Quality: There is significant variation in the work and assets produced by
MGNREGA projects. In some places, it can be difficult to guarantee that the infrastructure
developed is long-lasting and fulfills its intended function.

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Administrative Difficulties: Complicated paperwork and administrative processes may

discourage prospective beneficiaries from submitting an application for an MGNREGA job.
To make the program more accessible, these procedures must be streamlined.
Workplace Safety: When safety measures aren't followed, employees may be in danger. It can
be difficult to guarantee that working conditions are healthy and safe in some areas.

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2.5 Impact of MGNREGA:
It is impossible to exaggerate the effects of MGNREGA on rural communities. In

addition to offering safety to the most vulnerable members of society, the initiative
has accelerated rural areas' economic development. MGNREGA has improved the
general socioeconomic well-being of rural communities, decreased migration to
metropolitan areas, and reduced poverty by stipulating a minimum number of days of
employment. Additionally, the emphasis on creating useful assets like rural
infrastructure and irrigation systems has increased agricultural output and encouraged
local entrepreneurship.
Employment Generation: Millions of rural households now have a source of income

thanks to MGNREGA, which has also dramatically decreased seasonal
unemployment. It has provided a safety net in hard times and economic downturns by
ensuring at least 100 days of wage employment.

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Poverty Reduction: The initiative has played a significant role in reducing poverty. It
has raised living standards, decreased income inequality, and strengthened economic
security for vulnerable groups by giving rural households a reliable source of income.
Infrastructure Development: MGNREGA has facilitated the construction and

renovation of essential rural infrastructure, such as public buildings, roads, bridges,
and canals. This has improved access to markets, increased connectivity, and
stimulated economic activity in rural areas.
Empowerment of Marginalized Groups: Women, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled

Tribes are among the marginalized communities that MGNREGA prioritizes inclusion
of. These groups now enjoy greater social and economic power, which helps to
improve gender equality and lessen discrimination.

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Environmental Sustainability: A number of MGNREGA initiatives, including soil

conservation, watershed management, and afforestation, are centered on
environmental sustainability. These programs have supported ecological balance and
lessened environmental degradation.
Skill Development: Through a variety of projects, the program has made it possible
for workers in rural areas to gain new skills. Their employ ability and long-term
financial prospects are both enhanced by this skill development.

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2.6 Importance of Employment Generation in

Rural Areas:
The creation of jobs in rural areas is critical to long-term development. Agriculture is
a major source of income for rural communities, but it is subject to seasonal variations
and other external factors. MGNREGA has diversified the rural economy, increased
income levels, and reduced the vulnerability of rural households to economic shocks
by expanding employment opportunities beyond the agricultural sector. Furthermore,
the program has empowered women by providing opportunities for economic
independence and social empowerment.
Economic Stability: In rural areas, particularly in areas that depend heavily on

agriculture, seasonal unemployment and underemployment are prevalent problems.
MGNREGA gives rural households financial stability by acting as a safety net during
hard farming seasons and recessions.
Decreased Migration: The pursuit of job opportunities often leads to a migration

from rural to urban areas. By providing local jobs, enabling people to remain in their
villages, protecting the social cohesion of rural communities, and lessening the burden
on urban infrastructure, MGNREGA contributes to the decrease in this migration that
is driven by distress.
Better Public Services: Greater access to public services, such as healthcare and
education, can result from higher incomes in rural areas. Rural households can invest
in their families' education and well-being because they have more disposable
income.

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2.7 Role of MGNREGA in Achieving

Employment Generation:
In order to generate jobs in rural areas, MGNREGA has been essential. The program
has provided rural households with a safety net by ensuring 100 days of wage
employment, especially during lean agricultural seasons. Additionally, it has
strengthened workers' bargaining power, resulting in better working conditions and
fair pay. In addition to addressing short-term financial needs, the MGNREGA job
program has promoted social inclusion and long-term human capital development.
Guaranteed Employment: Every rural household that applies for employment under
MGNREGA is guaranteed at least 100 days of paid work within a fiscal year. By
ensuring that rural households have access to jobs when they need them, this
guarantee helps to lower seasonal unemployment and underemployment.
Safety Net for Vulnerable Populations: For those who are economically at risk,
MGNREGA provides an essential safety net. It lowers the likelihood of poverty and
food insecurity by giving rural households a steady source of income during slow
agricultural seasons or recessionary times.
Improving Livelihoods: By providing employment opportunities and a way to make

a steady income, the program directly aids in improving livelihoods. The extra money
helps rural families meet their basic needs, raise their standard of living, and develop
financial stability.

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In
conclusion, MGNREGA is an essential tool for creating jobs in rural areas. It
strengthens livelihoods, supports infrastructure development, protects the weak, and
gives marginalized communities more power. The initiative makes a substantial
contribution to rural development in India, lowering poverty and raising standard of
living in rural areas.

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2.7 Conclusion:
The MGNREGA project has proven to be a trans formative force, assisting in the
direct combat of rural unemployment and poverty. My visits to project sites and
conversations with beneficiaries and staff members allowed me to observe firsthand
the tremendous influence that MGNREGA has had on rural communities' quality of
life. Notwithstanding ongoing difficulties, the program's importance in creating jobs is
indisputable. In addition to ensuring livelihood security, MGNREGA has encouraged
inclusive growth, empowering disadvantaged groups in society and advancing rural
India's general development.
India's rural areas like nohar has greatly benefited from the Mahatma Gandhi National
Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), which has increased employment,
decreased poverty, and enhanced rural infrastructure. It has strengthened the voice of
oppressed people and promoted environmental sustainability. MGNREGA continues
to be an essential tool for social welfare and rural development in India, despite
obstacles. For the program to continue to be successful and have a positive influence
on the lives of millions of rural households, more funding and improvement are
needed.

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CHAPTER-III
MODULE -2

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3.1 INTRODUCTION
We will learn about the effect of rural infrastructure on rural livelihood in this
report.Siwani Tehsil, located in Bhiwani District of Haryana State, India, contains the
village of Morka. It is a part of the Hisar Division. It can be found 66 kilometers west
of Bhiwani, the district headquarters. 297 km from the state capital and 17 km from
Siwani Maharashtra
The postal head office is Behl, and the pin code for Morka is 127028
An important factor in determining the standard of living and general well-being of

rural communities is their infrastructure. In order for rural areas to develop
socioeconomically, they must have adequate infrastructure for communication,
transportation, energy, water supply, and healthcare. The purpose of this paper is to
examine how rural infrastructure affects rural livelihoods and suggest ways to
improve infrastructure in rural areas .

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3.2 VISIUAL REPRESENTATION OF VILLAGE :-
Morka is a village located in Siwani Block of Bhiwani district in Haryana. Positioned

in rural area of Bhiwani district of Haryana. As per constitution of India and
Panchayati Raj Act, Morka village is administrated by Gram Panchayat .

The people of Morka lead incredibly tranquil lives. The individuals come from
various communities and castes. The history of Morka village is one of pride. Morka
is a historic village that has produced martyrs and defense personnel with gallantry
awards. In Morka, agriculture is the primary occupation of the locals. Morka Village
is still awaiting the development of Mega Industries. Morka Village's top concerns are
roads, electricity, drinking water, and education.
The villagers are surrounded by beautiful scenery. We can enjoy the lovely sounds of
the birds as we wake up early in the morning. We can take in the splendor of the rising
sun and the delicious

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3.3 Impact of Rural Infrastructure on Rural

Livelihoods:
(a)Improved Access and Connectivity: Access to

markets, schools, hospitals, and other critical services is made possible for rural
communities through the construction of adequate road networks and transportation
infrastructure. This improved access encourages business ventures, makes it easier for
goods and services to be transported, and gives locals more options for making a
living.
(b)Agricultural Productivity: A higher level of agricultural

productivity is a result of infrastructure such as storage facilities, water management
facilities, and irrigation systems. Farmers are able to maximize crop yields, lower
post-harvest losses, and raise their income levels when they have access to
dependable water sources and efficient storage infrastructure.

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(c)Market Access: Farmers and other rural business owners can connect
with bigger markets both inside and outside of their communities with the help of
well-developed rural infrastructure. The transportation and sale of locally produced
goods and agricultural produce are made easier by effective transportation systems,
warehousing facilities, and marketplaces. This enables rural residents to increase their
income and clientele.
(d)Employment Opportunities:- Enhanced rural

infrastructure draws businesses and investments to these areas, generating jobs for the
local populace. In addition to creating short-term jobs during the construction phase,
infrastructure development projects like building roads, bridges, and energy projects
also encourage long-term job opportunities in related industries.
(e) Access to Basic Services: Access to basic services is

guaranteed for rural communities by their infrastructure, which includes clean water
supply systems, healthcare facilities, and educational facilities. Good human capital
development is facilitated by access to safe drinking water, healthcare, and education.
This improves rural residents' livelihoods and quality of life.

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3.4 Challenges Faced
Poor Connectivity: It may be difficult to transport labor, supplies, and equipment to

construction sites in rural areas due to a lack of connectivity to markets and urban
centers.
Environmental Issues: Projects involving rural infrastructure frequently touch on

delicate ecosystems, like wetlands, forests, or agricultural land. It can be difficult to
strike a balance between environmental preservation and development.
Insufficient Planning: Inadequate planning and design can result in infrastructure

projects that are either rapidly out of date or do not satisfy the needs of the local
community.
Technology Access: Lack of access to contemporary construction tools and

technologies can impede the effectiveness of infrastructure development in many rural
areas.
Financial Restraints: Rural communities may have few municipal revenue streams,
which leaves them largely reliant on federal or state funding. Ongoing projects may
be impacted by funding reductions or delays.
Lack of Planning Tools and Data: Evidence-based decision-making for

infrastructure development may be hampered by a lack of planning tools and
inadequate data on rural areas.

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3.5 Measures to Improve Rural Infrastructure:
(a) Investment in Road Networks:To ensure connectivity between rural and

urban areas, governments and pertinent stakeholders should give priority to
the construction and upkeep of rural road networks. Building new roads and
renovating old ones can greatly increase accessibility and transportation,
promoting business ventures and expanding prospects for employment.
(b)Enhanced Connectivity and Communication: The digital

divide that exists between rural and urban areas can be closed with investments in
mobile and broadband network infrastructure. By giving rural residents access to
information, e-commerce sites, and online services, improved connectivity empowers
them and creates new opportunities for economic growth and entrepreneurship.
(c) Rural Electrification: Expanding rural communities' access to inexpensive,

dependable power should be a priority. This can be accomplished by installing
renewable energy systems, like wind and solar power, to guarantee a steady and
sustainable power supply. Electricity access promotes the development of small-scale
businesses, enhances healthcare, and expands educational options.
(d) Integrated Water Management: Water resource utilization and sustainable

agriculture depend heavily on investments in water management infrastructure, such
as water storage facilities, irrigation systems, and watershed management initiatives.
By taking these steps, agricultural productivity is increased, reliance on rainfall is
decreased, and the negative effects of floods or droughts on rural livelihoods are
lessened.

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(e) Strengthening Local Institutions: The institutions of local government should

be strengthened, and community members should be included in the design and
execution of rural infrastructure projects. This increases the sustainability and efficacy
of these initiatives by ensuring that infrastructure development is in line with the
unique needs and priorities of rural communities.

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3.6 SUGGESTIONS
MORKA has a great deal of room for growth and development in a number of areas.
Enhancing infrastructure, including roads, public transportation, and basic amenities,
will improve the general quality of life for residents and draw businesses and
investments.
This can be achieved by concentrating on infrastructure development, education and
skill development, healthcare facilities, economic growth, tourism and heritage,
environmental sustainability, community engagement, and digital connectivity.
Giving education and skill development top priority will equip young people with the
knowledge and skills they need to succeed in the contemporary economy.Setting
environmental sustainability as a top priority will protect natural resources, reduce
pollution, and build a more sustainable and healthy community environment.

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3.7 Conclusion:
For sustainable rural development, poverty reduction, and improved rural livelihoods,
rural infrastructure development essential.Governments and other pertinent
stakeholders can foster an environment that is conducive to the prosperity of rural
communities by making investments in the infrastructure related to transport
communication, energy, water supply, and healthcare.
The effective implementation of rural infrastructure projects necessitates strategic

planning, resource allocation, and engaged community participation. These factors
will ultimately result in increased livelihood opportunities and an improved standard
of living for rural residents.
Finally, residents will be able to access online services, engage in the digital economy,
and improve administrative procedures through e-governance solutions by increasing
digital literacy and connectivity.

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CHAPTER-IV
MODULE-3

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4.1 INTRODUCTION:
In order to provide necessary resources for human consumption, such as milk and eggs,
animal husbandry is essential. But this industry has a lot of obstacles to overcome, like
worries about animal welfare, environmental problems, and the requirement for sustainable
practices. I went to a nearby livestock farm to acquire firsthand knowledge of these issues and
possible solutions. The purpose of this report is to examine the difficulties the farm is facing
and suggest long-term solutions for animal husbandry.
Farm Overview: Situated in a rural area close to Nohar, the visited farm is a medium-sized
livestock farm. Raising poultry and dairy cattle is its main emphasis. The farm uses
contemporary methods to maximize production efficiency while ensuring animal welfare. I
spoke with the farm's employees and owners during my visit, and I saw their
Millions of people depend on animal husbandry to support their livelihoods, and it is

essential to the world's food production. However, this industry faces a number of
difficulties, such as sustainability concerns and disease outbreaks. We went to a
nearby livestock farm to learn more about the problems and possible solutions. The
observations and conversations made during the visit are summarized in this report.

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Animal Domestication: The practice of bringing wild animals under control signaled
the start of animal husbandry. Originally, humans had to rely on hunting and gathering
for their food, but as they tamed animals, such as sheep, cattle, and goats, they were
able to obtain a steady supply of food, labor, and resources like milk, wool, and
leather.
Change from Nomadic to Sedentary Lifestyle: Humans were able to move from
hunter-gatherer nomadic communities to settled agricultural communities thanks to
the domestication of animals. This change was a pivotal point in human history that
paved the way for the emergence of agrarian societies and the growth of civilizations
Function in Agriculture: The husbandry of animals has always been essential to

agriculture. The use of domesticated animals for field preparation and cargo
transportation, such as horses, water buffalo, and oxen, has greatly increased
agricultural productivity.

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Diverse Livestock Species: To meet their unique needs for meat, dairy products,
eggs, and other resources, humans have selectively bred and developed a variety of
livestock species over the ages, including cattle, pigs, chickens, and fish.
Economic Significance: The husbandry of animals now plays a significant role in the
world economy. It provides a sizable amount of the world's food supply and sustains
the livelihoods of millions of people worldwide.

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4.2 SIGNIFICNCE
Animal husbandry is a very important practice in modern society for a number of

reasons.
Food Production: The main source of food for billions of people worldwide is
animal husbandry, which produces meat, dairy products, eggs, and other vital
nutrients. It is essential for tackling issues related to global food security.
Livelihoods: Millions of people, particularly in rural areas, rely on animal husbandry

as a source of employment and income. It provides for the livelihoods of
veterinarians, farmers, herders, and other professionals working in the food and
agriculture industries.
Economic Contributions: The livestock industry makes a substantial financial

contribution to the economies of many nations. It includes the industries that produce
food as well as those that deal with leather, wool, and other animal byproducts.

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Cultural and Traditional Significance: Many societies' cultural traditions are

strongly ingrained in the methods of animal husbandry. They frequently hold a major
position in rites, festivals, and traditions.
Environmental Impact: Because the livestock industry contributes significantly to

greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and habitat destruction, it also poses
environmental concerns. Using sustainable methods for animal husbandry is crucial to
reducing these effects.
Research and Innovation: Scientific research and innovation have focused heavily
on animal husbandry, which has resulted in improvements in animal welfare, disease
management, breeding methods, and animal genetics.

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4.2 CHALLENGES IDENTIFIED:
Animal Welfare: Ensuring the welfare of the animals is one of the major challenges
in animal husbandry. The farm struggled to give the animals enough room, good
ventilation, and access to natural light, among other ideal living conditions. Animals
living in cramped quarters may experience stress, wounds, and illnesses.It is regarded
as one of the most important problems facing animals.
Environmental Impact: Livestock farms are implicated in environmental
degradation due to their emissions of greenhouse gases, excessive use of water, and
problems with managing manure. The farm had trouble properly and efficiently
managing the manure, which can lead to water pollution and the release of methane, a
strong greenhouse gas that is bad for the environment.
Antibiotic Use and Resistance: One major problem in livestock farming is the
overuse of antibiotics. It may cause bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics,
endangering the health of both people and animals. The farm had trouble coming up
with substitutes to cut down on antibiotic use and stop the development of antibiotic
resistance.
Feed Sourcing and Nutrition: Animal productivity and health depend on a

sustainable and nutrient-rich feed supply. The farm encountered challenges in
obtaining affordable and ecologically sustainable animal feed.
Disease Management: Preventing and controlling diseases is a challenge for the

farm. There have been financial losses and worries about animal welfare as a result of
recent outbreaks.

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Nutrition and Feeding: Getting the animals access to high-quality, reasonably priced
feed is a concern. The profitability of the farm is severely impacted by the growing
cost of feed.
Environmental Sustainability: There are constant difficulties in waste management

and environmental sustainability. The farm is looking into ways to lessen its impact
on the environment.
Market Access: It can be difficult to find dependable markets for livestock products,
which can have an impact on the farm's ability to make money.Millions of people
depend on animal husbandry to support their livelihoods, and it is essential to the
world's food production. However, this industry faces a number of difficulties, such as
sustainability concerns and disease outbreaks. In order to understand the problems and
possible fixes.

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4.3 Solutions Proposed:
Improved Animal Welfare Practices:The farm could make

infrastructural improvements to give the animals enough room, cozy resting places,
and improved ventilation so they can remain healthy and productive in order to
address issues with animal welfare. By simulating natural daylight, appropriate
lighting systems can improve animal productivity and health.
Sustainable Manure Management:The farm can implement nutrient

management planning and composting as sustainable manure management
techniques. By lowering methane emissions, minimizing water pollution, and
producing fertilizers rich in nutrients for crops, these methods can support the circular
economy.

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Responsible Antibiotic Use: Strict procedures should be followed by the farm

in order to reduce the amount of antibiotics used and to adopt complementary disease
prevention strategies. Improved biosecurity protocols, immunization campaigns, and
routine health monitoring can help lower the need for antibiotics and fight antibiotic
resistance.
Diversification of Feed Sources:Investigating alternate feed sources, such as

regionally produced crop residues and food waste, can naturally produce affordable
and sustainable solutions. Furthermore, balanced diets and precision feeding methods
can minimize environmental impact, maximize nutrition, and cut down on feed waste.

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Government Assistance: Governments ought to offer farmers financial and technical

assistance, such as financing options, subsidies for veterinary care, and investments in
rural infrastructure. It is also essential to make sure that laws and policies promote
sustainable practices and animal welfare.
Education and Training: Farmers can be equipped with the knowledge and abilities
necessary to overcome obstacles by participating in training programs on
contemporary, sustainable animal husbandry techniques.
Cooperation: Promoting cooperation and information exchange between farmers,

extension agents, and business specialists can aid in the spread of best practices and
promote innovation.

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4.5 SUGGESTIONS
Government Resource and Policy Measures: Promote government assistance, such

as financing availability, veterinary care subsidies, and infrastructure investment in
rural areas.Make sure that laws and policies promote fair market access, sustainable
practices, and animal welfare.
Certification and Labeling: To increase the marketability of products, seek

certification from reputable animal welfare and sustainability organizations.
To inform customers about the farm's procedures and dedication to animal welfare,
provide readable and understandable labels on animal products.
Improve Animal Welfare: To maintain the health and welfare of animals, make sure
they have adequate housing, sanitization, and ventilation.Teach farm laborers about
humane handling techniques and standards for animal welfare . Establish procedures
for treating animals humanely at every stage of their lives.
The goals of these suggestions are to enhance animal husbandry methods with regard
to market viability, sustainability, and animal health and welfare. Combining these

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tactics can assist farms in overcoming industry obstacles while maintaining animal
welfare and the long-term viability of the business.

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4.6 CONCLUSION :-
though there are many obstacles in the way of animal husbandry,

sustainable solutions can effectively solve them. I learned about issues with antibiotic
use, animal welfare, environmental impact, and feed sourcing during my tour to the
nearby livestock farm. Enhancing animal welfare procedures, managing manure
sustainably, using antibiotics responsibly, and varying the sources of feed are some of
the solutions.
Livestock farms can help create a more sustainable agricultural sector that
benefits the environment and animals by putting these solutions into practice. To
improve society and the country as a whole, it is imperative that farmers, legislators,
and consumers work together and support these initiatives to build a more resilient
and responsible animal husbandry sector.

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CHAPTER-5
MODULE -4

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5.1 INTRODUCTION:
This report aims to provide a comprehensive overview of my observations and

experiences during visits to rural schools and mid-day meal centers. The report will
bring into the description of the visited locations, evaluate the academic and
infrastructural resources available, discuss the digital divide and gaps observed, and
finally reflect on the significance of education and the challenges faced by rural
schools in providing quality education.
An essential part of inclusive and equitable educational systems is rural education. It

is essential for developing talent, strengthening communities, and closing
socioeconomic divides. We started a series of school visits in order to obtain a deeper
understanding of the potential, difficulties, and opportunities within rural education.
The purpose of this report is to share our knowledge and provide light on the
opportunities and paths for rural education development.

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5.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF RURAL EDUCATION
The ability of rural education to transform people as individuals, as communities, and

as a whole is what makes it so important. It is a cornerstone of educational systems all
over the world because it is essential in addressing a number of significant social and
economic challenges. An outline of the importance of rural education is provided
below:
Equal Access to Education: Access to high-quality education is guaranteed to all

people, regardless of where they live. This is made possible by rural education. By
fostering equity in educational opportunities, it aids in bridging the educational gap
between urban and rural areas.
Empowering Rural Communities: By supplying information, skills, and resources

for individual and group development, education empowers rural communities. It
makes it easier for people living in rural areas to actively engage in social, political,
and economic life.

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Economic Development: Rural education has the potential to stimulate economic

growth. It helps people become more productive and generates income by giving
them the skills required for entrepreneurship, agriculture, and a variety of other
industries.
Poverty Reduction: One effective strategy for lowering poverty is through rural
education. It provides a way for people to transition from subsistence farming to more
sustainable and financially rewarding careers.
Enhanced Agricultural Practices: Education has the power to enhance agricultural

practices, which are a vital component of rural economies. This covers methods that
increase agricultural productivity, such as crop diversification, sustainable farming,
and efficient resource management.

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Health and Sanitation: Education helps spread knowledge of good hygiene and
health practices. The general health of rural populations is enhanced by knowledge
about nutrition, hygiene, and disease prevention.
Community Development: Through the instillation of values such as social

responsibility, civic engagement, and cooperation, rural education promotes
community development. It promotes the creation of initiatives and organizations
with a local focus.
Cultural Preservation: Local customs and cultures can be promoted and preserved
through rural education. It enables communities to transmit to future generations their
indigenous knowledge and cultural legacy.
Empowerment of Women: Women's empowerment is significantly impacted by

education in rural areas. It improves their capacity for making decisions, advances
gender parity, and motivates women to engage in social and economic endeavors.

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Environmental Sustainability: Education can help people understand the

significance of sustainable resource management as well as environmental issues.
This promotes more ecologically conscious behavior and helps to keep rural
ecosystems intact.
Social Mobility: Opportunities for social mobility are provided by rural education.
People can aim for better jobs, higher living standards, and the potential to escape
poverty by pursuing an education.
Global Competitiveness: Having access to education in rural areas is essential for

maintaining global competitiveness in an increasingly interconnected world. It
enables people living in rural areas to keep up with technological advancements and
engage in the global economy.

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Education plays a crucial role in fostering resilience and preparedness in rural

communities against natural disasters and other emergencies. It gives people the
information they need to handle emergencies with competence.

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5.3 OVERVIEW OF SCHOOL VISITED
SNB PUBLIC SCHOOL

About 20 miles from the closest town, SNB PUBLIC School is located in the center
of a small agricultural village. With meadows and verdant fields all around, the school
offers an idyllic rural learning environment.
Infrastructure: The school's main building, which houses several classrooms, a

library, and a small computer lab, is immaculate. Students play games and engage in
physical activities on the playground.
SNB Public School has relatively small class sizes, with an average of 15 to 20
students in each. Close relationships between teachers and students are made possible
as a result of this.
Educational Resources: Textbooks and reference materials are available in the

school's compact but devoted library. Technology accessibility and the internet is
limited, which has prompted innovative teaching methods.

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5.4 DESCRIPTION OF RURAL

SCHOOLS/MID-DAY MEAL CENTERS
I got the chance to see a number of schools and midday meal centers while I was
visiting rural areas. The majority of rural schools were found in isolated, low-income
communities with little access to infrastructure and resources.
These educational institutions catered to a multicultural student body that included
kids from underprivileged and underdeveloped neighborhoods.
Academic and infrastructural resources:
It was clear from looking at these rural schools' academic resources that they had a
lot of difficulties in offering high-quality instruction. There weren't many textbooks,
study guides, or instructional aids available. There was a teacher shortage in many
schools, which led to big class sizes and insufficient one-on-one time. The lack of
contemporary teaching strategies and instructional technology also made learning
more difficult.
In terms of physical resources, basic amenities were typically lacking in rural schools.
Poor maintenance and overcrowding were common in classrooms. There were broken
furniture pieces, poor lighting, and insufficient seating arrangements. Moreover, the
lack of operational labs and libraries.

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Digital Divide and Gaps: During the visits, one of the most
striking findings was the obvious digital divide in rural schools. Computers, internet
connectivity, and other digital learning resources were unavailable in many schools.
Students' learning opportunities were severely impacted by this digital divide since
they were unable to access online educational resources or develop the requisite
digital literacy skills. Students were further marginalized and had fewer opportunities
for a well-rounded education in the absence of digital infrastructure.

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5.5 CHALLENGES IDENTIFIED
Due to the distinct qualities of rural areas, there are many obstacles facing rural
education. To guarantee high-quality education for everyone, communities,
legislators, and educators must overcome obstacles brought about by socioeconomic,
geographic, and resource constraints. This essay addresses the major obstacles that
rural education must overcome, focusing on the effects that these obstacles have on
communities, teachers, and students.
Locational Isolation
Because rural schools are frequently located far from urban areas, getting to them is a
major challenge. Longer commutes and less access to educational institutions are two
consequences of living in remote areas. To get to school, students may have to travel
long distances—often on bad roads. Fatigue, absenteeism, and dropout rates may
follow from this. Geographic isolation also makes it more difficult to access
extracurricular activities, qualified teachers, and educational resources.
2. Inadequate Resources and Infrastructure
Inadequate resources and infrastructure plague many rural schools. There are
instances when the conditions in classrooms are poor, including crammed classrooms,
little furniture, and inadequate restrooms. Lack of teaching resources, textbooks, and
technology access is a common problem in schools. Rural students' access to a high-
quality education is limited by this scarcity.

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3. Lack of Teachers and Their Quality
In rural areas, finding and keeping qualified teachers is a recurring problem. Teacher
shortages are caused by less incentives, lower pay, and difficulties recruiting
educators to work in remote areas. This shortage has several negative effects on
student performance overall and the quality of instruction. The use of underqualified
or inexperienced teachers in schools frequently results in differences in student
achievement.
4. Availability of High-Quality Courses and Curriculum
It's possible that rural schools don't have access to good, varied curricula. Many find it
difficult to provide specialized courses, advanced coursework, and extracurricular
activities. Students' chances to grow intellectually and skillfully are thus limited. As a
result, pupils might not obtain a comprehensive education, and their opportunities for
the future might be restricted.
5. Differences in Economics
Lower socioeconomic circumstances are common in rural areas, which has an effect
on students' educational experiences. Families may experience poverty, which makes
it difficult for them to pay for uniforms, school supplies, and transportation expenses.
Furthermore, children may be forced to work due to financial difficulties, which will
negatively impact their participation and attendance in school.

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6. Restricted Access to After-School Activities
Students' social skills and personal growth depend heavily on their involvement in
extracurricular activities. However, due to budgetary limitations, a lack of facilities,
and a shortage of teachers, rural schools frequently find it difficult to provide a broad
variety of extracurricular activities. This restriction may make it more difficult for
students to pursue their passions and skills.
7. Involvement of Parents and Community Assistance
For a child to succeed in school, parental involvement and community support are
essential. On the other hand, parents may not have as much time in rural areas
because of agricultural or livelihood obligations. Communities might also not have
the infrastructure or resources necessary to take an active part in school activities. An
unsupportive network can make it more difficult for students to learn as a whole.
8. Professional Development for Teachers
Teachers in rural areas might not have as many opportunities for professional
development, which could hinder their ability to adopt new technologies and teaching
strategies. Budgetary restrictions frequently make it difficult to provide sufficient
training, despite the fact that ongoing instruction is crucial to raising the standard of
instruction in rural schools.
9. Language Difficulties
Language barriers may exist in some rural areas, which can hinder students' ability
to understand and communicate effectively in the instruction language. This may
hinder their academic development and restrict their access to opportunities for
further education and employment.

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5.6 SOLUTION PROPOSED AND

OPPORTUNITIES IDENTIFIED
Despite its particular difficulties, rural education has a lot of room to grow and
improve. In addition to providing students with more equitable opportunities, efforts
to raise the standard of education in rural areas can also benefit the general well-being
of these communities. In this section, we look at a number of options and solutions
that can be used to improve rural education and the educational experiences of
students living there.
1. Development of Infrastructure
Investing in the development and enhancement of rural school infrastructure is a

crucial solution to the problem of insufficient resources and infrastructure. This
covers the building of new classrooms, the supply of necessities like sanitary facilities
and clean drinking water, and the upkeep of already-existing buildings.
Possibility: By fostering employment growth and expanding construction-related

enterprises in rural areas, infrastructure development initiatives can also improve local
economies. Furthermore, involving the community in infrastructure development can
help them feel more proud of and invested in their schools.

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Recruitment and Retention of Teachers
Solution: Providing high-quality education in rural areas requires attracting and

keeping qualified teachers. To do this, educators who are willing to work remotely
should be given incentives like greater pay, housing allowances, and chances for
professional growth. Retaining teachers in remote schools can also be facilitated by
offering them chances for professional growth and a supportive work environment.
Possibility: It may be advantageous to hire and prepare instructors from the

neighborhood. Local people are best suited to address these issues because they are
frequently more familiar with the particular needs and difficulties that rural students
face.
Models of Alternative Education

Solution: Alternative education models, like community learning centers or mobile
schools, can be established in places where traditional schools are impractical because
of their remote location. Students unable to attend traditional schools can now receive
an education at their doorstep thanks to these models.
Possibility: Alternative education approaches can be adaptable and customized to

meet the particular requirements of every community. They can be affordable options
in isolated locations and enable more individualized learning experiences.

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Engagement of the Community and Parents
Solution: Promoting community support and parental involvement is essential to

raising the standard of instruction in rural schools. Parents should be invited to
participate in school decision-making, and schools should set up opportunities for
community members to support instructional initiatives.
Possibility: Involved communities and parents can offer invaluable assistance in the
form of funds, volunteer work, and mentoring. Students and schools benefit greatly
from this collaboration by having a strong support system.
Financial Aid and Scholarships

Solution: Scholarship programs and financial support can be established to address
economic disparities and financial constraints that prevent students from accessing
higher education. These initiatives can help students in need, pay for textbooks, and
cover school expenses.
Opportunity: Financial aid and scholarships guarantee that every student has equal
access to education and relieve families of the financial burden of paying for school-
related expenses.

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5.7 Conclusion:
In conclusion, the tours of midday meal centers and rural schools yielded insightful
information about the difficulties these establishments encounter in offering high-
quality education. Students' educational progress is hampered in rural areas by a lack
of academic and infrastructural resources, the digital divide, and obstacles to utilizing
contemporary teaching methodologies.
These issues can be resolved by boosting funding for rural education, enhancing
infrastructure, supplying teachers with training, and closing the digital divide. We
cannot guarantee equitable and high-quality education for everyone, regardless of
where they live, unless we make such concentrated efforts.
To sum up, rural education presents a world of enormous opportunity and promise in
addition to being a challenge that must be overcome. We can build a future where all
+-rural students have equitable access to high-quality education, creating countless
opportunities and improving the rural communities' environment by tackling the
obstacles and seizing the opportunities.
To guarantee that rural education serves as a beacon of hope, equity, and prosperity in
addition to serving as a gateway to knowledge, the commitment of all stakeholders is
imperative.

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CHAPTER-VI
FINDINGS

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When evaluating a village's infrastructure and rural development, a number of

important factors become apparent, which are indicative of the general health and
advancement of the community. First, assessing the state of the village's roads and
transportation systems provides insight into its accessibility and connectedness both
inside and outside of the community.
This helps to illuminate residents' ease of mobility and the possibility of boosting the
local economy through increased trade and mobility. Examining the condition of
neighborhood schools and medical facilities also sheds light on how easily accessible
education and healthcare are, demonstrating the community's dedication to the
advancement of human welfare.
The extent of necessary services and general standard of living can be revealed by
evaluating the supply and quality of necessities like electricity, clean water, and
sanitary facilities. In addition, the evaluation of agricultural practices and resources
highlights the village's reliance on farming and related activities, exposing the
potential for agricultural development, sustainability, and food security.
Examining the presence of community centers, recreational areas, and cultural hubs
also highlights the value of social cohesion, which helps residents feel a sense of
belonging and identity. Evaluating small companies and neighborhood markets at the
same time highlights the community's entrepreneurial spirit and shows promise for
self-sufficiency and economic growth.
Examining any current government programs, non-governmental organizations

involved, and rural development initiatives sheds light on the cooperative efforts to
improve the village and promote sustainable development. Furthermore, interacting
with local stakeholders—such as residents, community leaders, and representatives
from different sectors—allows for a deeper comprehension of the issues, goals, and
shared vision for the village's future.

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CHAPTER-VII
SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

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Focus should be placed on technological advancement. Which help in coping with

the present demand and human advancement could help in development of the nation
Banks ought to offer low-interest loans to the impoverished villagers so they can
launch a business and start making a living. And they can give a step in rising their
living standard .
The government ought to take a more proactive stance or launch successful programs
that create jobs. And also efficiency of program should be meet with goal which csn
help in advancement of society
The government ought to teach the villagers various small crafts.which can help
villagers to upgrade themselves with the time and can meet the demand of present.
The government should set up infrastructure to facilitate the sale or transportation of

the villagers' locally produced goods into the cities.which help in time effectiveness
and help in rising the profits which ultimately leads to rise in per capita .
Rural areas can host industries.this single step can help in decreasing unemployment
level of the area. These an be done by attracting the industralist to the area.

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CHAPTER- VIII
LIMITATIONS

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Following are some challenges faced by:-
RURAL RESIDENTS
£ The lives of those who reside in villages are currently filled with hardship. Our
villagers face a wide range of issues.
£ The locals are superstitious, impoverished, and illiterate.
£ The majority of the villages lack basic facilities like well-maintained roads,
hospitals, and schools.
£ A significant portion of children work in the agricultural industry.
£ The laws of health are unknown to them.
PUBLIC EDUCATION AND SCHOOLS
£ Absence of Infrastructure: Inadequate infrastructure is a problem in many Indian

government schools. It's possible that they lack necessities like sanitary restrooms,
secure drinking water, and comfortable seating.
£ Poor Education Quality: The curriculum in government schools might not be as

extensive as in private schools, and the quality of instruction might not be up to par.
Moreover, there may be differences in the caliber of the teaching staff, with certain
educators lacking in motivation or training.
£ Big Class Sizes: Teachers may find it challenging to give each student
individualized attention in India's government schools due to the frequently large
class sizes.
£ Restricted Resources: The resources available to government schools for

extracurricular activities like music, art, and sports may be limited.

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RURAL DEVELOPMENT
£ Access to markets, services, and information is restricted by a lack of road,

electricity, and telecommunication connectivity in rural areas. Moreover, many rural
areas still lack basic amenities like clean drinking water, sanitary facilities, and
healthcare.
£ The consequences of climate change, including heat waves, floods, droughts, and
extreme weather events, are felt more strongly in rural areas.
£ For instance, between 1990 and 2016, the number of farmland birds decreased by
one-third.
NON FARM LIVELIHOOD
£ Non-farm livelihood 35–50% of rural income in developing nations comes from

non-farm activities; for the landless and extremely poor, sustainable household
income gains are linked to extra money made from non-farm activities.
£ the rural non-farm sector can and frequently does contribute to economic growth,
rural employment, poverty alleviation, and a more spatially balanced distribution of
population.
£ With connections between the non-farm and farm sectors, the distributional effects
of rural non-farm opportunities can be strongly pro-poor.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Visiting some skilled worker in the village.

Via an internet resource.
Via mobile media.
By way of the villagers.
Conducting a campaign in the village

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REFRENCES
1. Makrauli Khurd- Rohtak - Soki.in - Indian

Villages". soki.in.
2. ^ "Census of India 2011". Retrieved 6
May 2017.
3. https//unacademy,com/content/cbse
-class- 11/study-
material/economics/rural-
development- programmes-in-india/
4. https-//www,mkgandhi,org/gandhionvill
ages/villag esanitation,htm#-~-text=One
%20of%20the%20chief%2
0causes,people%20improved%20to
%20that%20extent

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Bachelor of Business Administration - Business Analyst (Chandigarh University)

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SOCIAL INTERNSHIP REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement for

Bachelor of Business Administration

University school of business

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This is to certify that Social internship report submitted by “Yash

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I would like to express my sincere gratitude to CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY for

Additionally, I would like to thank my friends who have provided continuous

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Historically, top-down strategies from national governments, international

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Fundamentally, MGNREGA aims to improve the economic and social well-being of

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2.2 Description of MGNERGA Project Sites:

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2.3 Interactions with Beneficiaries and

Having conversations with bureaucrats and beneficiaries was an important part of my

Beneficiaries engage in daily interactions with coworkers, managers, and supervisors

MGNREGA projects sometimes include training and skill development. Through

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2.4 Challenges Faced by MGNREGA:

Even though MGNREGA has greatly improved the empowerment of rural

Underemployment: MGNREGA has helped lower unemployment, but it hasn't completely

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Administrative Difficulties: Complicated paperwork and administrative processes may

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2.5 Impact of MGNREGA:

It is impossible to exaggerate the effects of MGNREGA on rural communities. In

Employment Generation: Millions of rural households now have a source of income

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Infrastructure Development: MGNREGA has facilitated the construction and

Empowerment of Marginalized Groups: Women, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled

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Environmental Sustainability: A number of MGNREGA initiatives, including soil

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2.6 Importance of Employment Generation in

Economic Stability: In rural areas, particularly in areas that depend heavily on

Decreased Migration: The pursuit of job opportunities often leads to a migration

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2.7 Role of MGNREGA in Achieving

Improving Livelihoods: By providing employment opportunities and a way to make

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An important factor in determining the standard of living and general well-being of

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3.2 VISIUAL REPRESENTATION OF VILLAGE :-

Morka is a village located in Siwani Block of Bhiwani district in Haryana. Positioned

Panchayati Raj Act, Morka village is administrated by Gram Panchayat .

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3.3 Impact of Rural Infrastructure on Rural

(a)Improved Access and Connectivity: Access to

(b)Agricultural Productivity: A higher level of agricultural