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CHAPTER 7—LATE ANTIQUITY AND THE EMERGENCE OF THE MEDIEVAL
WORLD

ESSAY

1. How did Diocletian and Constantine alter the Roman Empire, and with what long-term consequences?

ANS:

2. What is the doctrine of Petrine supremacy and what are its implications for the history of the early
Christian church? How is the doctrine of Petrine supremacy related to the problem of the relationship
between church and state?

ANS:

3. What role did monks and nuns play in early medieval society? What does the author mean when he
says that "monks became the new heroes of Christian civilization"?

ANS:

4. What contributions did the Germanic peoples make to the new political, economic, and social
conditions of early European civilization?

ANS:

5. How would you define the term "Late Antiquity" with regard to intellectual, social, and political
changes experienced throughout what we now call Europe?

ANS:

6. In what ways were the teachings of Islam similar to Christianity? How were they different?

ANS:

7. Compare the intellectual life of the Roman Empire during its heyday to the intellectual life of Christian
Europe, both eastern and western, up through the seventh century C.E.

ANS:

8. What were Justinian's major goals and how did he try to achieve them? How successful was he in
actually achieving those goals?

ANS:
 9. Discuss the possible religious and non-religious reasons for the rapid spread of Islam from Arabia to
Spain in the West and across the Persian Empire in the east.

ANS:

10. What were the major contributions of Islam to Western Civilization? Be specific.

ANS:

11. In what ways were the Byzantine and Islamic civilizations of the east different from the civilization
developing in western Europe? In what ways were they the same?

ANS:

12. Were the societies of the Abbasid and Umayyad caliphates part of Western Civilization, or were they
simply influential yet distinct?

ANS:

IDENTIFICATIONS

1. Edict of Milan

ANS:

2. Theodosius

ANS:

3. Huns

ANS:

4. Visigoths and Ostrogoths

ANS:

5. Romulus Augustulus

ANS:
 6. Theodoric

ANS:

7. Vandals

ANS:

8. Odoacer

ANS:

9. Franks

ANS:

10. Clovis

ANS:

11. Charles Martel

ANS:

12. wergeld

ANS:

13. compurgation and ordeal

ANS:

14. heresy

ANS:

15. diocese

ANS:

16. Council of Nicaea

 ANS:

17. Athanasius

ANS:

18. Arianism

ANS:

19. Petrine supremacy

ANS:

20. vicar of Christ

ANS:

21. Gregory I, the Great

ANS:

22. Saint Anthony

ANS:

23. Saint Augustine's The City of God

ANS:

24. Rule of Saint Benedict

ANS:

25. abbots and abbesses

ANS:

26. monasticism

ANS:
27. St. Patrick

ANS:

28. Saint Boniface

ANS:

29. Saint Jerome and the Vulgate

ANS:

30. Cassiodorus

ANS:

31. trivium and quadrivium

ANS:

32. Venerable Bede

ANS:

33. Justinian

ANS:

34. Theodora

ANS:

35. Corpus Iuris Civilis

ANS:

36. Procopius

ANS:

37. Hagia Sophia and Hippodrome

 ANS:

38. Byzantine Empire

ANS:

39. icons/iconoclastic

ANS:

40. Muhammad

ANS:

41. Arabia

ANS:

42. Qur'an

ANS:

43. Allah

ANS:

44. Five Pillars of Islam

ANS:

45. Hegira

ANS:

46. Shari'a

ANS:

47. jihad

ANS:
 48. caliph

ANS:

49. Umayyads

ANS:

50. Shi'ites and Sunnites

ANS:

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Tetrarchy was Diocletian's plan to

a. make Christianity the foundation of the Empire.
b. rebuild the economic foundations of the West.
c. establish an orderly succession to the emperorship.
d. Romanize the Germanic tribes within the Empire.
e. reinvigorate pagan rituals
ANS: C REF: p. 180

2. Constantine's most enduring reform came in the creation of

a. a tetrarchy.
b. the "New Rome."
c. wage and price controls.
d. the coloni.
e. the Pantheon.
ANS: B REF: p. 182

3. The political, economic, and social policies of the restored empire under Diocletian and Constantine
a. meant the destruction of the civil and military bureaucracies.
b. renewed the support of the Roman peasants and lower classes for the Empire.
c. led to the economic rejuvenation of the Empire.
d. were based on coercion and the loss of individual freedom.
e. led to the abandonment of the Eastern Mediterranean with a renewed focus upon Italy.
ANS: D REF: p. 182

4. Before the Battle of Milvian Bridge, Constantine received a vision of

a. victory under Christ's protection.
b. a long and happy reign for himself.
c. a blessed afterlife for all valiant warriors.
d. famine and pestilence for seven years.
e. the apocalypse.
ANS: A REF: p. 182
 5. The Edict of Milan
a. made Christianity the official state religion of the Empire.
b. was Constantine's document officially tolerating the existence of Christianity.
c. officially divided the Roman Empire into eastern and western halves.
d. formally deposed the last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, from his throne.
e. made Milan the "New Rome", equal to old Rome.
ANS: B REF: p. 182

6. The Council of Nicaea in 325

a. first organized a system of bishoprics.
b. elected the first pope.
c. defined Christ as being "of the same substance" as God.
d. centered around the heresy of Donatism.
e. was condemned by Constantine.
ANS: C REF: p. 183

7. The heresy of Arianism

a. questioned the divinity of Jesus.
b. denied the existence of God the Father.
c. denied the existence of the Holy Spirit.
d. reverted to Roman polytheistic religious beliefs.
e. doubted the existence of the Holy Spirit.
ANS: A REF: p. 183

8. By the end of the fifth century in the West

a. the Germans greatly outnumbered the Roman population.
b. unlike the Slavs in the East, all the German tribes rejected Arian heresy.
c. the Romans still controlled the economic resources.
d. the Germans took over the economic resources.
e. Romans and Germans maintained separate cultures for the following several centuries.
ANS: C REF: p. 187 MSC: *new

9. The best example of Hiberno-Saxon art is

a. a Viking war ship.
b. a long sword.
c. the Book of Kells.
d. the architecture at the monastery of Whitby
e. the Hagia Sophia
ANS: C REF: p. 198

10. In the late fourth century, the Visigoths and other Germanic tribes, were pushed into the Balkans
region of the Eastern Roman Empire because of pressure from the
a. Byzantines.
b. Vikings.
c. Avars.
d. Arians.
e. Huns.
ANS: E REF: p. 183
11. In 476, the boy emperor Romulus Augustulus was deposed by
a. Constantine.
b. Clovis.
c. Alaric.
d. Odoacer.
e. Aetius.
ANS: D REF: p. 186

12. Theodoric, the Ostrogothic king who took control of Italy, was determined to
a. destroy Roman civilization and culture forever.
b. destroy the Jews in Italy.
c. sack the Byzantine Empire and depose the pope.
d. maintain Roman customs and practices in Italy.
e. make German the official and only language.
ANS: D REF: p. 188

13. After the death of Theodoric, the Ostrogothic kingdom

a. prospered under very able rulers.
b. was defeated by the Byzantines, reducing Rome as a center of Mediterranean culture.
c. allied itself with the Vandals against the Visigoths.
d. dominated Mediterranean trade for the next fifty years.
e. converted the Germans to orthodox Christianity.
ANS: B REF: p. 188-189

14. The founder of the Frankish kingdom and the first monarchic, Frankish defender of the Catholic faith
was
a. Thorvig.
b. Conan.
c. Hagar.
d. Clovis.
e. Charles Martel.
ANS: D REF: p. 189

15. The Frankish palace official, Charles Martel, successfully defended the civilization of the new western
European kingdoms in 732 by
a. destroying the Visigoths.
b. pushing the Burgundians back across the Rhone river.
c. defeating Muslim armies in 732.
d. sacking Rome.
e. ending the Merovingian dynasty and making himself king.
ANS: C REF: p. 189

16. Guilt under Germanic customary law was determined by

a. trial by jury.
b. the decisions of the major domus.
c. the wergeld.
d. compurgation and ordeal.
e. confession and penance.
ANS: D REF: p. 190
17. The withdrawal of Roman armies from Britain enabled
a. Celtic Britons to overrun the island.
b. Angles and Saxons, Germanic tribes from Denmark and Germany, to invade and to
establish new kingdoms on the isle.
c. the rise of medieval Scottish culture.
d. local Roman elites to rebuild English Latin culture.
e. someone later known as King Arthur to drive the Vikings from England.
ANS: B REF: p. 190

18. The Germans believed that the ordeal could

a. reveal the truth by showing who God favored in a dispute.
b. purify the spirit and bring one closer to God.
c. cause eternal damnation because it was heresy.
d. justify the acts of physically strong men.
e. be a preventative to crime.
ANS: A REF: p. 190

19. Frankish marriage customs

a. prohibited sexual union until a year after marriage.
b. placed women on an equal footing with their husbands.
c. did not allow divorce.
d. placed strong sanctions (sometimes death) on adulterous women.
e. required that husbands have numerous wives.
ANS: D REF: p. 191

20. The pope who supposedly caused Attila and the Huns to turn away from Rome was
a. Leo I.
b. Gregory the Great.
c. John Paul II.
d. Augustine III.
e. Jerome the Great.
ANS: A REF: p. 194 MSC: *new

21. The Petrine Doctrine

a. was the belief that the bishops of Rome held a preeminent position in the church.
b. was developed at the Council of Nicaea.
c. declared heresy to be the main problem of the church.
d. declared deacons to have the same spiritual powers as bishops.
e. was the theory that placed the Patriarch of Constantinople as head of the Church.
ANS: A REF: p. 193

22. The title "Vicars of Christ" has traditionally been given to the
a. Bishops of Rome.
b. Archbishops of Alexandria.
c. Patriarchs of Jerusalem.
d. Archbishops of Antioch.
e. Patriarchs of Constantinople.
ANS: A REF: p. 193

23. Augustine wrote which one of the following books?

 a. Gospel of Truth.
b. Consolation of Philosophy.
c. Meditations.
d. The City of God.
e. Latin Vulgate Bible.
ANS: D REF: p. 192

24. Augustine's Confessions was written as

a. a response to pagan philosophers' attacks on Christianity.
b. a warning to unbelievers that damnation awaited the unbaptized.
c. an epic poem to rival the works of the greatest pagan poets.
d. an account of his own miraculous personal conversion.
e. a tool to convert the German barbarians.
ANS: D REF: p. 192

25. Saint Jerome, is known for all of the following except

a. his mastery of Latin prose.
b. his skills as a linguist.
c. his translations of the Old and New Testaments from Hebrew and Greek into Latin.
d. his final return to pagan heresy and rejection of key Christian doctrines.
e. becoming one of the Latin Fathers of the Church.
ANS: D REF: p. 193

26. The holy man who created the first community of monks in Egypt and laid the foundations for the
monastic movement was
a. Saint Martin.
b. Saint Augustine.
c. Saint Jerome.
d. Saint Anthony.
e. Saint Aquinas.
ANS: D REF: p. 195

27. The basic rule for western monastic living was developed by
a. Benedict.
b. Pachomius.
c. Jerome.
d. Ambrose.
e. Basil.
ANS: A REF: p. 196

28. The Order of St. Benedict stressed

a. study and the preservation of manuscripts.
b. ecstatic worship.
c. hard manual labor to learn humility.
d. prayer and meditation.
e. a balance of study, work, and prayer.
ANS: E REF: p. 196

29. The "Apostle to the Germans" and the most famous churchman in Europe in the eighth century was
a. Gregory the Great.
 b. Augustine.
c. Jerome.
d. Benedict.
e. Boniface.
ANS: E REF: p. 198

30. In 597, Pope Gregory the Great sent the monk, ____, to England to convert the Anglo-Saxons.
a. Anthony.
b. Leo.
c. Constantius.
d. Augustine.
e. Ambrose.
ANS: D REF: p. 198 MSC: *new

31. Pope Gregory the Great was responsible for all of the following except
a. creating the Papal States.
b. recognizing the Byzantine emperor as the rightful ruler of Italy.
c. supporting the work of Christian missionaries in England.
d. writing The Ecclesiastical History of the English People.
e. becoming Bishop of Rome.
ANS: D REF: p. 195 | p. 201

32. The primary instrument of Pope Gregory for converting the Germanic peoples of Europe was
a. the imperial army.
b. monasticism.
c. bribery.
d. his oratory.
e. the eastern Empire.
ANS: B REF: p. 195

33. Irish monasticism from the sixth through eighth centuries tended to be highly
a. ascetic.
b. isolationist.
c. scornful of pagan practices.
d. scornful of classical education.
e. anti-monastic.
ANS: A REF: p. 197

34. The greatest difference between Irish Christianity and Roman Christianity was in
a. Irish church organization, giving Irish abbots more power than bishops.
b. differing interpretations of the Nicene Creed.
c. disputes over the powers of deacons.
d. conflicting views on the power of the Papal Curia.
e. the divinity of Jesus.
ANS: A REF: p. 197

35. One of the greatest nuns of the seventh-century, and founder of the Whitby monastery was
a. St. Catherine.
b. St. Joan.
c. St. Hilda.
 d. St. Jesmine.
e. St. Theodora.
ANS: C REF: p. 199

36. The great Christian scholar of late antiquity, Cassiodorus, divided the seven liberal arts into the trivium
and quadrivium. According to Cassiodorus, the trivium includes
a. grammar, rhetoric, and music.
b. geometry, music, and astronomy.
c. grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic or logic.
d. arithmetic, logic, and astronomy.
e. history, literature, and mathematics.
ANS: C REF: p. 201

37. Justinian's military conquests under the general, Belisarius,

a. included Spain and Gaul by 552.
b. was the solution to the eastern Empire's economic problems.
c. helped Italy economically.
d. were short-lived.
e. were permanent.
ANS: D REF: p. 201

38. Justinian's most important contribution to Western civilization was his

a. codification of law.
b. reconquest of western Europe.
c. preventing the migration of eastern peoples to the west.
d. spreading the use of Latin.
e. marriage to Theodora.
ANS: A REF: p. 201

39. The Corpus Iuris Civilis (Body of Civil Law) compiled under Justinian
a. was not immediately adopted by the Byzantine Empire.
b. was the last Byzantine contribution to the west to be written in Latin.
c. marked a turning away from Roman law.
d. served to undermine economic prosperity in the empire.
e. was the first literary work to be written entirely in Greek.
ANS: B REF: p. 201

40. In the year 532, Justinian almost fled the capital because of
a. a plague.
b. an invasion.
c. a vision from heaven.
d. his plan to run off with the palace funds.
e. the Nika riots.
ANS: E REF: p. 203-204

41. The Church of Hagia Sophia is recognizable by

a. a large dome, symbolizing the sphere of heaven.
b. massive columns, symbolizing the power of the state.
c. high spires, symbolizing aspiration to the divine.
d. statues of monsters and snakes, representing the underworld.
 e. c and d
ANS: A REF: p. 204

42. The controversy of 730 that set the Latin and Greek Orthodox Christians apart was over
a. the official use of the Greek language in the Byzantine Empire.
b. the election of the pope.
c. iconoclasm, or the destruction of icons.
d. the divinity of the Trinity.
e. whether Muhammad was a true prophet of God.
ANS: C REF: p. 206

43. The Byzantine emperor who initiated the iconoclastic controversy in 725 was
a. Leo III
b. Alexis I Comnenus.
c. Irene.
d. Heraclius.
e. Justinian.
ANS: A REF: p. 206

44. Muhammad was born in

a. Jerusalem.
b. Rome.
c. Yathrib.
d. the desert.
e. Mecca.
ANS: E REF: p. 207

45. The cardinal principle of the Islamic faith is that there is only God and his prophet is
a. Gabriel.
b. Jesus.
c. Moses.
d. Muhammad.
e. Abraham.
ANS: D REF: p. 208

46. Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina in 622 is known as the

a. Ka'ba.
b. razzia.
c. jihad.
d. Hegira.
e. Shari'a.
ANS: D REF: p. 207

47. Which of the following would not be a similarity between Christianity and Islam?
a. Each of the faiths had a holy book.
b. Both Muhammad and Jesus considered themselves to be divine.
c. Both religions were monotheistic.
d. Both religions had as part of their scriptures divine revelation.
e. Both religions envisioned heaven or paradise for believers.
 ANS: B REF: p. 208-209

48. The successors to Muhammad's leadership of the Muslims were known as

a. holy emperors.
b. caliphs.
c. sultans.
d. anti-popes.
e. prophets.
ANS: B REF: p. 209

49. Muslim societies abide by a strict code of law, much of it derived from the holy book Qur'an, and
regulating all aspects of Muslim life. This law code is called
a. Shari'a.
b. jihad.
c. hajj.
d. Ramadan.
e. Caliphite.
ANS: A REF: p. 208

50. The Muslim dynasty that assumed power after the assassination of Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali, and
moved the capital to Damascus was the
a. Abbasid.
b. Cordobaid.
c. Sunnite.
d. Umayyad.
e. Caliphite.
ANS: D REF: p. 209-210

TRUE/FALSE

1. Constantine declared toleration for Christians but did not make Christianity the official Roman
religion.

ANS: T REF: p. 182

2. By 395, the western and eastern parts of the Roman Empire became virtually two independent states.

ANS: T REF: p. 183

3. By the second half of the fourth century, German tribes, known as "federates," were incorporated into
the Roman army.

ANS: T REF: p. 185

4. In 711, Byzantine armies from Constantinople destroyed the Visigothic kingdom in Spain.

ANS: F REF: p. 189

5. Saint Augustine wrote that in marriage, men and women should reject celibacy and that sex should be
enjoyed without regard for purpose.
 ANS: F REF: p. 192

6. At the synod of Whitby in 664, the English church accepted the Irish practices rather than the Roman.

ANS: F REF: p. 198 MSC: *new

7. The author of the Ecclesiastical History of the English People was the monk known as the Venerable
Bede.

ANS: T REF: p. 201

8. Beginning with Justinian, the center of the Byzantine presence in Italy was Rome.

ANS: F REF: p. 188-189

9. Muslims regard Muhammad as a prophet of god but not as himself divine.

ANS: T REF: p. 207-208

10. In Islam, Jihad has been defined as "holy war" but a more accurate description is "striving in the way
of the Lord."

ANS: T REF: p. 209

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