ELE 103

Electrical System Design and

Illumination Engineering Design

Prepared by: Engr. Franklin C. ALmonte

Light
➢ very small part of the electromagnetic
spectrum, sandwiched between
ultraviolet and infrared radiation.
➢ visible portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum extends from about 380 to
about 780 nanometers (nm)
7 Types of Electromagnetic Radiation
➢ The Illuminating Engineering Society of Radio waves — the longest wavelength, with the least energy
Microwave oven
North America (IESNA) defines light as Infrared light (IR), or infrared radiation
Visible light
“radiant energy that is capable of exciting Ultraviolet radiation (UV)
X-rays
the retina and producing a visual Gamma rays — shortest wavelength, with the most energy
sensation.”
Electromagnetic Spectrum - The complete range of all types of radiation that has both electric and magnetic fields and travels in waves.

Electromagnetic (EM) radiation is a form of energy that is all around us and takes many forms, such as radio waves, microwaves, X-rays and gamma rays.
Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Properties of Light
Rectilinear propagation
➢Light travels in straight lines.
Reflection
➢Light striking a smooth surface turns back into the original medium.
Refraction
➢Light bends when entering a transparent medium.
Reflection
Refraction

➢ When light travels from one medium to another it refracts (bends and changes velocity)
Some Important Terms:
Luminous Flux
➢ The total quantity of radiant energy per second responsible
for visual sensation from a luminous body is called
Luminous Flux.
➢ It is the light wave, emitted by the body which produces
sensations in the human eye.
➢ It is represented as F or Ø and measured in lumens.
Solid Angle
➢ The angle subtended by the partial surface area of a sphere
at its centre
➢ measured in steradians and equal to the ratio of area of the
surface to the square of radius of sphere,
Ω= area of surface/ square of radius = A/ r2 steradians
Some Important Terms:
Candle Power
➢ The light radiating capacity of a source is called its candle
power. The number of lumens given out by a source per unit
solid angle in a given direction is called its candle power. It is
denoted by C.P.
Total flux emitted = CP X solid angle = CP X 4∏
Luminous Intensity
➢ Luminous intensity in any particular direction is the luminous
flux emitted by the source per unit solid angle in that
direction.
➢ It is denoted by E and its unit is candela or candle power (CP)
.
➢ Luminous intensity of source in a particular direction
E=φ/ω
Some Important Terms:
Reduction Factor
➢ Reduction factor of a source of light is the ratio of its mean spherical candle power (MSCP) to its
mean horizontal candle power (MHCP).
Reduction Factor (RF) = MSCP/ MHCP
Illumination
➢ When light falls on a surface, it becomes visible, the phenomenon is called as illumination.
➢ It is defined as luminous flux falling on a surface per unit area. It is denoted by E and measured in
lumen per square meter or meter- candle.
I = Ф / A = CP X ω/Area lux
Some Important Terms:
Lux
➢ One meter candle or lux is defined as the illumination produced by a uniform source of one CP on
the inner surface of a sphere of radius one meter.
➢ Other units are Foot Candle, Metre Candle, Nit, Stiff
Glare
➢ the brightness within the field of vision of such a character so as to cause discomfort and
interference in vision.
Lamp Efficiency
➢ It is defined as the visible radiations emitted by it in lumens per watt.
➢ Usually, the light sources do not radiate energy only in the visible spectrum. The radiant energy is
also accompanied with infrared and ultra violet radiations.
➢ Sun light produces majority of radiations in the visible spectrum. The tungsten lamp produces small
radiations so its efficiency is very poor
Processes/phenomena which are responsible
for generation of light
1. Incandescence
2. Electric Discharge
3. Arc formation
4. Electro-luminance
5. Photo-luminance
Incandescence

➢Solids and liquids emit visible radiation when they are

heated to temperatures about 1000K.
➢As the temperature increases, the intensity increases
and the appearance becomes whiter.
Electric
Discharge

➢When an electric current

is passed through a gas
the atoms and molecules
emit radiation whose
spectrum is characteristic
of the elements present.
➢Electrons fall from High to
low energy levels resulting
in infrared, visible light, or
ultraviolet radiation
Electro-luminance

➢Light is generated when electric current is passed

through certain solids such as semiconductor or
phosphor materials.
Photoluminescence

➢Radiation at one wavelength is

absorbed, usually by a solid, and
reemitted at a different wavelength.
➢When the re-emitted radiation is
visible the phenomenon may be
termed either fluorescence or
phosphorescence.
LIGHTING CALCULATIONS
Lighting design
➢process of selecting the right kind of luminaires to produce light of the required quantity
and quality at the right location.

Two major considerations

1. Quantity of lighting
➢ There are two basic design techniques to determine the quantity of illuminance,
a. the point by point method
b. the lumen method.
2. Quality of lighting
POINT BY POINT METHOD
➢This method permits the determination of illumination level due to one or more sources
upon a specific point within an area,

Laws of Illumination or Illuminance

1. E is directly proportional to the luminous intensity (I) of the source or E ∝ I
2. Inverse Square Law. The illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance of the surface from the source. In other words, E ∝ 1/r2
3. Lambert’s Cosine Law. According to this law, E is directly proportional to the cosine of
the angle made by the normal to the illuminated surface with the direction of the
incident flux.
Inverse Square Law

Lambert’s Cosine Law

Example 1
a) A lamp gives an average output of 628 lumens. What is its M.S.C.P?
b) A lamp has luminous intensity of 250 Cd. Calculate the total
luminous flux emitted by it.
c) A light source has an illumination of 100 footcandles (fc), what is
the illumination in lux?
Solution
Example 2
A lamp giving out 1200 lm in all directions is suspended 8 m above the
working plane. Calculate the illumination at a point on the working
plane 6 m away from the foot of the lamp.
Solution
Example 3
Two lamp posts are 13 m apart and are fitted with 1,000 Cd lamp each
at a height of 5 m above the ground. Calculate the illumination on the
ground:
i. under each lamp
ii. ii. midway between the lamps
Solution
Problem 4
A small light source with intensity uniform in all directions is mounted
at a height of 10 metres above a horizontal surface. Two points A and B
both lie on the surface with point A directly beneath the source. How
far is B from A if the illumination at B is only 1/10 as great as at A ?
Solution
Example 5
A corridor is lighted by 4 lamps spaced 10 m apart and suspended at a
height of 5 m above the centre line of the floor. If each lamp gives 200
C.P. in all directions below the horizontal, find the illumination at the
point on the floor mid-way between the second and third lamps.
Solution
Example 6
Two lamps A and B of 200 candela and 400 candela respectively are
situated 100 m apart. The height of A above the ground level is 10 m
and that of B is 20 m. If a photometer is placed at the centre of the line
joining the two lamp posts, calculate its reading.
Solution
Example 7
A lamp of 100 candela is placed 1 m below a plane mirror which
reflects 90% of light falling on it. The lamp is hung 4 m above ground.
Find the illumination at a point on the ground 3 m away from the point
vertically below the lamp
Solution
Problem Set 1
1. A source of 5000 lumen is suspended 6.1 m. above ground. Find out
the illumination (i) at a point just below the lamp and (ii) at a point
12.2 m away from the first, assuming uniform distribution of light
from the source.
2. Two powerful street lamps of 1,000 candela and 800 candela
(assumed uniform in all directions) are mounted 12.5 m above the
road level and are spaced 25 metres apart. Find the intensity of
horizontal illumination produced at a point on the ground in-
between the lamp posts and just below the lamp posts.