The Effect and Impact of Smoking Among Grade 9 Students in

MCLLNHS

Maria Clara L. Lobregat National High School

10 - EMPATHY
MAY 2024
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Smoking, the act of inhaling and exhaling the fumes of burning plant material. A variety
of plant materials are smoked, including marijuana and hashish, but the act is most commonly
associated with tobacco as smoked in a cigarette, cigar, or pipe. Tobacco contains nicotine, an
alkaloid that is addictive and can have both stimulating and tranquilizing psychoactive effects.
The smoking of tobacco, long practiced by American Indians, was introduced to Europe by
Christopher Columbus and other explorers. Smoking soon spread to other areas and today is
widely practiced around the world despite medical, social, and religious arguments against it.
(Rose, 2024)

Smoking dates back to as early as 5000 BC in the Americas in shamanistic rituals. With
the arrival of the Europeans in the 16th century, the consumption, cultivation, and trading of
tobacco quickly spread. The modernization of farming equipment and manufacturing increased
the availability of cigarettes following the reconstruction era in the United States. Mass
production quickly expanded the scope of consumption, which grew until the scientific
controversies of the 1960s, and condemnation in the 1980. (Lickint, 1929)

In addition smoking can harm health by causing gum disease, tooth loss and bad breath.
The chemicals, in tobacco smoke reduce blood flow to the gums making it harder for them to
fight off infections and leading to gum disease. Smoking has an impact on health affecting
various body systems and even harming those around smokers through secondhand smoke
exposure. Understanding the far reaching effects of smoking highlights the importance of
implementing comprehensive measures to control tobacco use and providing support for people
trying to quit smoking for the sake of public health and well being.
 On average 10% of high school students and 5% of middle school students use e
cigarettes as reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Most young e
cigarette users prefer flavored devices that taste like fruit or candy. Additionally individuals who
start smoking in life are more likely to develop an addiction, to nicotine compared to those who
start later. Many adolescents who have smoked 100 cigarettes express a desire to quit but
struggle with quitting successfully.

Finally, As observed on the day-to-day in the campus of MCLLNHS many were starting to learn
and become addicted to smoking. So, in this study we focus on the effect of smoking among
grade 9 student.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

This research aims to determine the effect of smoking among the Grade 9 students. This
study seeks to answer the following questions :

1. What are the effects of smoking among grade 9 students in terms of academic performance?
2. Does smoking have any positive effects towards the health of Grade 9 students?
3. What are the good ways to convince grade 9 students to quit smoking?
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Since smoking has been one of the top contributors of diseases and illnesses, this study
will specifically aims to the following;

STUDENTS:
It will provide information on how dangerous smoking is, which can help you make more
informed decisions and avoid unhealthy lifestyles. It will help with your long-term health and
academic success.

TEACHERS:
It will give information on just how many 9th grade students are participating in
smoking. Which will allow them to develop better anti-smoking programs and help provide
environments that are more conducive to the overall health of the student and academic success.

FUTURE RESEARCHERS:

This research will contribute to a bank of studies for future researchers to validate novel
trends and to analyze the outcomes of preventive efforts. It also enriches our knowledge of
adolescent health behavior and will pave the path for future interventions.
1.4 SCOPE AND ELIMINATION

This study seeks to evaluate the Effect of Smoking among the Grade 9 Students of Maria
Clara Lorenzo Lobregat National High School Year 2023 - 2024. Our respondent in this research
study is the Grade 9 students of the MCLLNHS. This research aims to investigate the effect of
smoking on the academic performance, health , and behavior of Grade 9 students at Maria Clara
Lorenzo Lobregat National High School during the academic year 2023-2024. We will analyze
data to understand the effect of smoking among students,and it's effect towards the academic
achievement . Target respondent will answer 10 items survey questionnaire using the purposive
sampling techniques to determine the effect of smoking among the Grade 9 students.
 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter highlights relevant of literature that the researchers will use to support the
significance of the present study. Additionally, it provides a synthesis of the art in order to
properly comprehend the research and enhance of the study

Schools are in a uniquely powerful position to play a major role in reducing the serious
problem of smoking by adolescents. Furthermore, student's perception on this environment
characteristics may affect smoking practice (Johnson CA,2005).

School environment which effect student smoking behavior encompass teacher smoking,
smoke-free policy, students adherence to these rules, school personnel care on their students
smoking behavior and school training. Teachers can contribute to youth opinions about smoking.
Use of tobacco by teachers and approval of tobacco use among those significant persons is likely
to increase the probability of students smoking because of perceptions that tobacco use is
normative, usual or acceptable behavior (Devadasan, 2011). Adolescents who have seen school
members smoking are more likely to perceive smoking as a socially acceptable behavior
(Borowsky, 2003).

Some studies have reported the importance of teachers as role models. Teachers’
smoking is likely to increase the probability of smoking, through the imitation of powerful role
models. (Blaine T, 2003)

Student may need to receive advice on how to stop smoking. However, if a student is
found smoking, the disciplinary action must be taken to deter and re-educate them. Another
important way to control tobacco use is to encourage schools to teach and talk about tobacco
issues. School should ensure incorporating smoking-related topics into class. The student
perception on the extent of teaching about smoking might help the student to stay smoke-free.
Smoke-free legislation is another dimension of the school environment which smoking is
prohibited anywhere on the school ground. Students who lack no-smoking policy in school
would perceive smoking as being normative, resulting in intentions to take up the habit.
(Sussman S, 1996).

Research reports a linkage between placing restriction on smoking at school and

significantly lower rates of student smoking. (General Atlana, 1996). In addition, students
adherence to a smoke-free policy is another important feature of the school environment.

A study measured the level of strength of enforced school smoking bans by measuring
instances when teenagers perceived that most or all students obeyed the rule, found an
association with reduced smoking rate. Continuous enforcement of these policies brings about
fewer observations of smoking on school property, as well as lower rates of smoking behavior.
(Ruel EE, 2000).

Currie C. 2002. teaching staff and school governor's attendance represent crucial role for
tobacco-control efforts.

Chao Ky, 2011 et al..,. Their understanding of dangers of smoking can be helpful in
organizing activities around smoking in school. They have a duty of care to those students who
smoke and are committed to help them to break the habit. Consistent and supportive messages
from the personnel side on no-smoking may have amazing results in reducing smoking rate.

The relation between the school environment and student smoking has been examined in
numerous studies, but few have focused on the student perception on influence of the school
environment and their smoking.

A school smoking policy is considered to be strong if it was developed with input from
students and is comprehensive, consistently enforced, and addresses prevention education and
cessation strategies (Stephens YD, 2002).

According to Lovatto C. 2009 et al., tobacco control policies targeted at the population
level have been a successful public health strategy, but school smoking policies have had mixed
 effects on individual behavior. Both policy content and implementation need to be
considered when predicting smoking behavior. Measuring school policy intent and enforcement
will further our understanding of how policies may affect smoking behavior.Both individual and
community factors influence smoking behaviors, and the prevalence of smoking varies from
school to school. This variation suggests that an ecologic analysis is necessary to understand
student smoking behaviors. Yet most research on school smoking policies has focused on
examining the relationship of policies to individual smoking status. Although we acknowledge
that the purpose of school smoking policies is to influence individual smoking behavior, school
policies are primarily intended to focus on the environment by encouraging and reinforcing
nonsmoking norms within the school setting.

The purpose of this study was to examine how policy characteristics are associated with school
smoking prevalence. We conducted a secondary analysis to examine how these characteristics
influence the smoking status of individual students.
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the procedure and methods that describe the steps that will be

taken to achieve the set study objectives. The steps concerned include: the research design,

research locale, represent to the study, sample and sampling technique, and instrument of the

study.

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The researcher utilized the experimental method of research particularly the survey method
where the participants answer questions administered through questionnaires. Fifty (50) students
were selected from grade 9 students as respondents to know the effects of the cigarette regardless
of their academic performance, Most of students were of the same age, gender and mental ability
to ensure the validity of the research study. The researcher analyzed and interpreted the result of
the survey questionnaires given to the respondents before and after instructional process.

The study described, discovered and interpreted assessment and evaluation of the
students and presented facts in order to identify the reason of the students why they
taking up cigarettes. The researcher analyzed and interpreted the results of the pre-
test and post-test given to the respondents before and after the instructional
process.

3.2 RESEARCH LOCALE

This research will be conducted in Maria Clara Lorenzo Lobregat National High School,
Divisoria, Zamboanga City.
3.3 POPULATION

This study will include grade 9 respondents in Maria Clara L. Lobregat National High School.
Our target respondents are those who are currently enrolled in the current year of 2023-2024.

3.4 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

A sampling technique that will be used in this research study is non - probability sampling
method specifically purposive sampling. Purposive sampling allows the researcher to gather
respondent according to the Grade 9 level who are involved in smoking.

3.5 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

A 10 item survey questionnaire will be given to the target respondent. These 10 item
questions will help the researchers to determine the possible effect of smoking among the Grade
9 students. The researcher will use 4 point- Likert scale to measure the level of difficulty that the
students are experiencing due to smoking.
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