DETERMINANTS OF MALE INVOLVEMENT IN FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES: A

CASE STUDY IN NANSOLOLO SUB COUNTY, KALIRO DISTRICT

NOVEMBER, 2022
DETERMINANTS OF MALE INVOLVEMENT IN FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES: A
CASE STUDY IN NANSOLOLO SUB COUNTY, KALIRO DISTRICT

BY

A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO SCHOOL OF HYGIENE-MBALE IN

PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD

OF A DIPLOMA IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE OF

UGANDA ALLIED HEALTH EXAMINATIONS BOARD

(UAHEB)

NOVEMBER, 2022

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. i

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................ iv

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1

1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background to the Study ....................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................................... 3

1.3 Objectives of the Study ......................................................................................................... 3

1.3.1 General Objective .............................................................................................................. 3

1.3.2 Specific Objectives ............................................................................................................ 3

1.4 Research Questions ............................................................................................................... 4

1.5 Scope of the Study ................................................................................................................ 4

1.5.1 Geographical Scope ........................................................................................................... 4

1.5.2 Content Scope .................................................................................................................... 4

1.5.3 Time Scope ........................................................................................................................ 4

1.6 Significance of the Study ...................................................................................................... 4

1.7 Operational Definition of Terms ........................................................................................... 5

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................. 6

2.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 6

2.1 Male involvement in family planning ................................................................................... 6

2.3 Attitude and Practice of Men in Family Planning ................................................................ 8

2.4 Barriers Hindering Male Involvement in Family Planning .................................................. 9

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................... 12

3.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 12

3.1 Study design ........................................................................................................................ 12

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 3.3 Study Area .......................................................................................................................... 12

3.4 Study Population ................................................................................................................. 12

3.5 Sampling Techniques .......................................................................................................... 12

3.6 Cluster Sampling ................................................................................................................. 13

3.7 Purposive Sampling ............................................................................................................ 13

3.8 Sample Size ......................................................................................................................... 13

3.9 Inclusion and exclusion criteria .......................................................................................... 14

3.10 Data Collection Methods .................................................................................................. 14

3.11 Data Presentation and Analysis ........................................................................................ 14

3.12 Quality Control ................................................................................................................. 14

3.13 Ethical Consideration ........................................................................................................ 15

3.14 Dissemination of Results .................................................................................................. 15

3.15 Limitation of the Study ..................................................................................................... 15

CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS

....................................................................................................................................................... 16

4.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 16

4.1 Response Rate ..................................................................................................................... 16

4.2 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents .................................................................... 16

4.3 Knowledge of Study Participant Towards Family Planning............................................... 19

4.4 Attitude of Husbands Concerning Family Planning Service Utilization ............................ 22

4.5 Barriers hindering Contraceptive uptake among men ........................................................ 24

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............... 26

5.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 26

5.1 Dissemination of findings ................................................................................................... 26

5.1.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents ................................................................. 26

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 5.1.2 Knowledge of Study Participant Towards Family Planning............................................ 26

5.1.3 Attitude of Husbands Concerning Family Planning Service Utilization ......................... 27

5.1.4 Barriers hindering Contraceptive uptake among men ..................................................... 28

5.2 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 28

5.3 Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 29

5.4 Areas for Future Research .................................................................................................. 29

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 31

APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................. 34

Appendix I: Informed Consent ................................................................................................. 34

Appendix II: Questionnaire for Respondents ........................................................................... 35

Appendix III: Work Plan .......................................................................................................... 38

Appendix IV: Budget ................................................................................................................ 39

Appendix V: A map of Uganda Showing Kaliro District. ........................................................ 40

Appendix VI: Map of Kaliro District Showing Area Of Study ................................................ 41

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AIDS - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

COC - Combined Oral Contraceptives

CPR - Contraceptive Prevalence Rate

ECPs - Emergency Contraceptive Pills

FP - Family Planning

HCF - Health Care Facilities

HCW - Health Care Workers

HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus

IUCDs - Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices

LAM - Lactation Amenorrhea Method

MDGs - Millennium Development Goals

SPSS - Statistical Package for Social Science

WHO - World Health Organization

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 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
This chapter covers the background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the
study, research questions, scope of the study and significance of the study.

1.1 Background to the Study

Family planning is a deliberate effort of couples to regulate the number of children and spacing
at birth. It aims at improving family lives at the micro-level and contributes to the sustainable
effort at the macro level. Family planning is a way of controlling the population and helps in
reducing unintended pregnancies (Cates, 2010). Direct and indirect benefits of family planning
include the reduction in the spread of HIV to newborn babies (Reynolds, Janowitz, Wilcher, &
Cates, 2010); reduction of maternal mortality and morbidity (Conde-Agudelo, Peterson, Tsui,
Ross, & Cleland, 2012); and reduction recourse to often unsafe abortion (Sedgh, et al., 2012).
The World Health Organization (WHO) explained that despite great progress over the years,
many women worldwide want to prevent pregnancy but they and their partners are not using
contraceptives and some of the reasons for this unmet need are quality of service, unavailability
of range of methods, fear of opposition from partners and worries of side effects and health
concerns among others (Sedgh, Lori, & Hussain, 2016). One factor that deserves attention is
the involvement of males in family planning.

Male involvement in family planning means more than increasing the number of men using
condoms and having vasectomies; it also includes the number of men who encourage and
support their partners in contraception and encourage peers to use family planning and who
influence the policy environment to be more conducive to developing male-related
programmes. In this context, male involvement should be understood in a much broader sense
than male contraception and should refer to all organizational activities aimed at men as a
discrete group, which has the effect of increasing the acceptability and prevalence of family
planning practice of either sex (Manortey & Missah, 2020).

Until recently, fertility and family planning research in developing countries, as well as policy
and program formulation, have generally relied on data collected from women. Increasingly,
however, attention is being paid to the inclusion of men. The reasons for the new interest in
men are not hard to find. First, information that has become available from surveys conducted
over the past decade suggests that men and women do not necessarily have similar fertility
attitudes and goals (Nagórska, Bartosiewicz, Obrzut, & Darmochwał-Kolarz, 2019). Second,
the scope of fertility and family planning research has expanded to include such broader

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reproductive health issues as sexually transmitted diseases, on which data from both men and
women are needed (Otu, Danhoundo, Toskin, Govender, & Yaya, 2021).

Although women bear children and most modern contraceptives are female centred,
childbearing has an impact on the lives of men too. This impact may be felt financially, if men
accept the responsibility of supporting their children, and in a range of other ways, including
the health and well-being of their wives and children. Often, a man's social status is also
affected when he becomes a father (Oláh, Kotowska, & Richter, 2018).

Globally, many developed countries such as Bangladesh, Malaysia and the like still face the
need to engage men and boys in family planning by facilitating the engagement of men and
boys as contraceptive users, as supportive partners for family planning, and as agents of change
(USAID, 2021).

In Africa, according to the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (2014), only 27% of
married women use FP with 22% using a modern method and 5% using the traditional method.
The male partner may have an influence in decision-making regarding contraceptive use and
the number of offspring they would like to have (Kwawukume, Laar, & Abdulai, 2022). Men
in rural Ghana are seen to be the head of the home and influence the healthcare decisions of
the entire household affairs (Apusigah, 2009).

In East Africa, several studies have been conducted in different parts of the Ethiopia which
concerned male involvement in reproductive health as well as in the utilization of family
planning (Chekole, Kahsay, Medhanyie, Gebreslassie, & Bezabh, 2019). In this country, the
husband has a great role in approving/disapproving the utilization of family planning services
by their wives based on several barriers among these, religions and cultures are stated to play
negative influence on them (Girum, Shegaze, & Tariku, 2017). This is because in many
developing countries like Ethiopia males often dominate in taking important decisions in the
family including contraceptive use by their wives (Tamiso, Admasu, Henok, Zale, & Admasu,
2016).

Data from the most recent Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) indicate that men
are involved: 62% of married Ugandan women reported that contraceptive decisions are made
jointly with their male partners and 7% state that decisions are made exclusively by their male
partners (Uganda Bureau of Statistics, 2016). However, unmet need remains among the highest
in the world, suggesting that many men are deciding that their partners should not use
contraception, a conclusion supported by other recent studies (Ouma, et al., 2015).

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Thus, the present study seeks to explore the male involvement in family planning service
utilization and associated factors in Nansololo Sub County, Kaliro District.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Research suggests that male involvement can increase uptake and continuation of family
planning methods by improving spousal communication through pathways of increased
knowledge or decreased male opposition (Wondim, Degu, Teka, & Diress, 2020). Yet, despite
growing evidence on the benefits of engaging men in reproductive health decision-making,
fertility rates and unmet need for family planning remain high in many sub-Saharan African
countries. While there are many influential factors, low contraceptive prevalence has been
attributed in part to men’s opposition to or non-involvement in family planning (Kabagenyi, et
al., 2014).

Women point to their male partner’s resistance to family planning as a significant barrier to
uptake and continuation, resulting in decisions to use contraceptive methods covertly or not at
all (Kriel, et al., 2019). Fear of spousal retaliation due to disagreements about whether to use
contraception has also been shown to be a significant barrier among women (Balogun, et al.,
2016). This seemingly contradictory role among men of being both key decision-makers
regarding fertility desires and remaining detached from reproductive health issues has posed
considerable challenges in African contexts to involve men to address low contraceptive
prevalence rates (Mosha, Ruben, & Kakoko, 2013).

Yet, there is a death of literature on factors which hinder men’s involvement in reproductive
health from the perspective of men themselves. Male partner involvements on contraceptive
uptake amongst residents in Nansololo Sub County are not clear. This research therefore
intends to investigate male partner involvement in contraceptive uptake in Nansololo Sub
County, Kaliro District.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1.3.1 General Objective
To explore the determinants of male involvement in family planning service utilization and
associated factors in Nansololo Sub County, Kaliro District.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

1. To analyse the husband knowledge of different family planning methods in Nansololo
Sub County, Kaliro District.

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 2. To examine the husband attitude towards involvement in family planning service
utilization in Nansololo Sub County, Kaliro District.
3. To identify barriers hindering contraceptive uptake among men in Nansololo Sub
County, Kaliro District.

1.4 Research Questions

1. What were the husband knowledge of different family planning methods in Nansololo
Sub County, Kaliro District?
2. What were the husband attitude towards involvement in family planning service
utilization in Nansololo Sub County, Kaliro District?
3. What barriers hindering contraceptive uptake among men in Nansololo Sub County,
Kaliro District?

1.5 Scope of the Study

1.5.1 Geographical Scope
This study was carried out in Nansololo Sub County, Kaliro District. The target population
composed of married men aged 18-55 years.

1.5.2 Content Scope

The study focused on knowledge, perceptions, practice, and attitudes on family planning which
are personal and sensitive. The study was further limited to male experiences. It did not focus
on women since statistics show that male partners hardly participate in the reproductive health
and family planning programmes. Thus, this study sought to establish this fact by pointing out
the actual constraining factors. Conversely, the researcher believed that sampling men alone in
the study gave valuable information for the scope of the study.

1.5.3 Time Scope

The study took a period of 3 months from July to September, 2022.

1.6 Significance of the Study

❖ The research was of great importance to various groups of people especially policy
makers, government and non-government organizations to ensure that there is male
involvement in family planning services.
❖ The local government used the research recommendations to formulate policies and
guidelines on how to bring male partners on board in order to adhere to the family
planning guidelines.
❖ The study added literature to the already existing body of knowledge, and it will help
future researchers with information about the same.

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1.7 Operational Definition of Terms

Family Planning (FP)

Family planning is the ability of a woman or man to control the timing and number of their
pregnancies (Pathfinder International Tanzania, 2008). FP plays a great role in reproductive
health and it contributed to the efforts of meeting Millennium Development Goals by enabling
women’s participation in economic activities.

Contraception
Contraception involves a deliberate use of artificial methods or other techniques to prevent
pregnancy as a result of sexual intercourse. Main forms of artificial contraceptives are
hormonal contraception (pills, injectable, and implants), intrauterine devices (IUDs),
emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs), barrier methods (male and female condoms,
spermicidal) and sterilization (Allison & Foulkes, 2014).

Male involvement in Family Planning

Male involvement in family planning (FP) means more than enhancing the tendency of men
using condoms as well as having vasectomies; male involvement also involves the tendency of
men to encourage and support their wives/partner as well as their peers to utilize family
planning and influencing the policy environment to match with male-related programs that are
developed. Therefore, male involvement is more than the use of contraceptives among men, it
involves also the contribution of men on enhancing acceptability and prevalence of family
planning practice of both men and women (WHO, USAID & UCDavis, 2008).

Couple
According to Cambridge dictionary “couple” means two people who are married or in romantic
or sexual relationship, or two people who are together for a particular purpose. In this study the
term “couple” appeared many times representing the people who are married or have sexual
relationship, either they are living together or not (Manlove et al, 2014).

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 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the already existing related literature on the subject under study. This
involves text books, magazines, newspapers, journals, reports among others. This chapter
considers the theoretical literature related to the subject matter.

2.1 Male involvement in family planning

Manlove et al, (2014) conducted a study that aimed at estimating the impact of enhancing the
prevalence and effectiveness of condom utilization among men who are sexually active on the
incidence of non-marital pregnancy, rates of child poverty as well as abortion and child bearing.
The paper started by recognizing the fact that nowadays researches and programs regarding
males’ involvement in family planning are apparently increasing, this shows that recently men
are recognized and considered as a crucial part of family planning and contraceptive utilization
in the world. The analysis of this study relied on the National survey of family growth (2006-
2010). The results of this study indicated that the number of pregnancies, births and abortions
were substantially reduced by simulation to enhance condom use and effectiveness of condom
use; non-marital birth rates declined from 23% to 47% for simulations that moved non users to
users, and 11% to 36% for simulations that increases effectiveness of condom use among
current users. Also, abortion rates decline ranged between 10% and 48% across the simulation.
For these results, it was revealed that simulation-modelling developments in male
contraceptive behavior has notably reduced child poverty, reduced non-marital births, and
foremost increased male involvement in family planning.

USAID (2012) conducted a study entitled “Increasing male involvements in family planning
in Jharkhand, India.” The purpose of this study was to develop a male based-family planning
intervention and assess its influence on men’s knowledge and attitudes towards family
planning, couples’ communication, and contraceptive use among a sample of young couples in
Jharkhand, India. This intervention study recruited 456 men from the age of 18 to 35 years old
and female partners that were randomly selected from 38 villages involved in this study. Also,
the district of Jharkhand, India was involved in pre-post evaluation of this project of male
involvement in family planning. The key findings of this intervention study indicated that men
are older than their female partners; mean ages were 24 for female partners and 28 for men.
Also, it was revealed that couples were married for about 7 years and having about two
children. The results obtained from this study also demonstrated that women were more
illiterate than men were; 28% of men are illiterate while 44% of women are illiterate. Moreover,
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the primary religion in India was Hindu and primarily from the government category “other
backward cates”. At last, the increase in intended future utilization of family planning by sex
revealed that; among female is 55% to 57% while among men is 56% to 65%.

Bruce (2013), conducted a study entitled “the involvement of men in family planning: A Case
of 37 Military Hospital.” According to the researcher of this study, there is a tendency
especially in developing countries that data collected for policy and programme formulation
generally relies on women. For a long time, men have been ignored on issues concerning family
planning and contraceptive utilization, forgetting the fact that men are involved to make last
decisions on the different family matters. Although women are responsible for getting birth,
breastfeeding taking care of their little children, men are also involved in childbearing. If men
are responsible in paying school fees, food, paying medical bills and taking care of many other
responsibilities at home, they should also be involved in family planning. Hence, the purpose
of this study was to explore involvement of men in family planning programs. Both qualitative
and quantitative methods were used in this study. The findings obtained from this study
demonstrated that; men play a supportive role to their wives/partners rather than using family
planning themselves. Spousal communication influences the decisions about family size
although men have more power to decide the number of children the couples should have.
Conclusively, taking consideration of the power of men in making strong decisions in families,
particularly in African countries, male involvement in family planning is a critical move to
enhance family planning and contraceptive utilization (Bruce, 2013).

Wiafe (2015) conducted a study entitled “Male involvement in family planning in Sunyani
Municipality. This study was necessary in Ghana because only the little was known about male
involvement in family planning within the country despite the fact that family planning started
since 1956. The main objective of this study was to explore male involvement in family
planning in the Sunyani Municipality, Ghana. The study design recruited in this study was a
descriptive cross-sectional study, while the sampling technique used was systematic sampling,
of which 403 adult the respondents were selected and interviewed using administered
questionnaire technique. Data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS version 20), of which the association between dependent and independent
variables were determined using logistic regressions, while statistical significance was tested
using Chi-Square Test. The results obtained from this study revealed that; majority of the
respondents (68%) were aged 18 to 34 years and 65.8% had at least completed secondary
school. Foremost, merely 34.5% of males were involved in family planning. Logistic
regressions indicated that basic education (OR=0.01, 95% CI, 0.01-0.1). There is significant

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association between having little or good knowledge of family planning and male involvement
in family planning; (OR=0.1, 95% CI, 0.03-0.037) and (OR=0.4, 95% CI, 0.27-0.89)
respectively. Conclusively, the study demonstrated that factors behind low male involvement
in family planning include lack of education, religious beliefs and stigmatization. Lastly,
training to men on family planning was recommended and emphasized so as to accelerate their
involvement (Wiafe, 2015).

2.3 Attitude and Practice of Men in Family Planning

Chibwae, et al, (2018) conducted a study that aimed at determining the prevalence and factors
affecting male partners’ attendance to available reproductive health services. This study was
conducted in lake zone Tanzania, whereby Shinyanga was the chosen district. Structured
questionnaires and interviews were deployed for data collection, whereby structured
questionnaires were distributed to randomly selected married men, while married men who
found attending on RH services were interviewed so as to have in depth information. Data were
collected from 204 married men who were randomly selected. The findings of this study
indicated that 94.4% of men have escorted their partners to RCH clinic at least once, while
50.6% of them have escorted their partners to RCH at least thrice. The findings also indicated
that three quarters (154/204) of men attended to RCH for HIV counselling and testing, while
63% attended antenatal care (ANC) services. Furthermore, it was revealed that less than 13%
of men were reported to attend sexually transmitted infections (STIs/STDs), prevention of HIV
transmission from mother to child (PMTCT), and reproductive health services. Furthermore,
the findings of this study revealed a significant association between age and RCH service
attendance. This is because, male partners with age group between 25 and 34 had p-value <
0.001, while female partner invitation had p-value < 0.05. It was noticed that majority of men
attend to RCH clinics not because they expect something better for the health of mother and
child for their presence. This is because only 20% have attended to RCH because they believe
that their presence have better health outcomes. Others attend to RCH for undefined reasons,
it just happened they are there just escorting their partners. This study concluded that most men
attend to reproductive health services following the invitation from their partners and their most
focused services are ANC and VCT. Education on the importance of spousal communication
and the health outcomes of attendance to RH services by either sex should be provided with
much emphasis (Chibwae et al., 2018).

Chuwa (2012) conducted a study on male involvement in family planning practice. The aim of
this descriptive study was to determine the factors influencing male involvement in family

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planning practices. Apparently, this study was conducted in Moshi rural district in Tanzania,
and the sum of 218 men aged 18-60 years was recruited. The results obtained in this study
indicated that awareness of men on family planning and contraceptive methods is high (85.3%),
however, utilization of contraceptives is low (47%). Also, most frequently used contraceptives
in Moshi rural district includes, pills, implants, injectables, male condoms and IUCD. It was
also revealed that education have something to do with contraceptive utilization because people
with formal education were more likely not to use contraceptives compared with people with
at least primary education. However, both users and non-users have positive attitude towards
family planning, hence if more health promotions concerning family planning are directed to
them, it will increase the use family planning methods (Chuwa, 2012).

Ijadunola, et al (2010) conducted a study that aimed at assessing men’s awareness, attitude and
practice of modern contraceptive methods; to determine the level of spousal communication
and investigate men’s opinion in family planning decision making. This descriptive cross-
sectional study used a structured household questionnaire to collect information from 402 male
study participants. The findings of this study indicated that 89% of men approved of the use of
family planning while only 11% disapproved. Current users of male contraception were 56%
while 80% of men had ever used contraception. About spousal communication on issues
concerning family planning, the findings of this study indicated that it was quite poor. Further,
it was revealed that socio-demographic factors including marriage type, religion, occupation
and educational attainment are significantly associated with contraceptive use p<0.05. To wind
up, this study reached to the conclusion that; male involvement in family planning decision is
still poor and their support to family planning use by themselves or their partners is also low
(Ijadunola et al., 2010).

2.4 Barriers Hindering Male Involvement in Family Planning

Kahale, (2010) conducted a study that aimed at analyzing barriers in the involvement and
participation of males in family planning. The study design recruited in this study was
analytical cross-sectional study, while both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in
this study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 284 male the respondents
aged between 15 to 65 years participated in this study. Eleven (11) key informants including
health care workers (HCW) from both public and private hospitals were interviewed using
qualitative approaches. Epi info 3.5.1 was used to analyze quantitative data while Atlas it was
used to analyze qualitative data. The findings indicate that, among 284 the respondents, 44.4%
were aged between 25 years to 34 years old, of which 57% participants were involved in family

9
planning, while 53% were participating in family planning. Generally, male involvement and
participation in family planning was just 43%, of which age, occupation and marital status were
significantly associated with male involvement and participation in family planning. In
addition, it was revealed that one among the critical barriers of family planning and
contraceptive utilization is religious beliefs. To wind up this study concluded that, male
involvement and participation in family planning in Tanzania is still very low, of which factors
behind this situation includes;

• Little knowledge about family planning

• Few options of contraceptives for men
• Religious beliefs
• Social factors like age and marital status
• Family planning clinics are unwelcoming for men

Kiogora, (2016) conducted a study on barriers to male involvement in family planning in

Kiambu county, central Kenya. The aim of this study was to explore barriers to male
involvement in family planning. This descriptive cross-sectional study employed 60 the
respondents who were married men aged between 18 and 55 years. These the respondents were
purposely sampled, data was collected through semi-structured interviews and key informant
interviews and analyzed through grounded approach in line with specific objectives. It was
revealed that social factors including knowledge on FP, religion, spousal communication and
gender roles influence male involvement in family planning. Further, the findings of this study
indicated that majority of men in Kiambu country have never been involved in any FP project
design activities, this implies that men are locked out from involvement. In addition, it was
revealed that men do not allow the use of modern FP methods and they are only limited to
condom use, a contraceptive method that is widely known and accepted by many. On the other
side, economic factors including unmet need for FP and income also influence male
involvement in FP, for instance, it was noticed that married men who earn less than KES 10,000
per month in Kiambu county find it too expensive to procure modern FP methods than
prioritizing their income to other necessities. (Adelekan, Omoregie, & Edoni, 2014) conducted
a study that aimed at exploring the challenges and determined the way forward to male
involvement in FP. This study used cross-sectional study design, and data were collected from
500 married men who were selected using a four-stage sampling technique. Semi structured
questionnaire and focused group discussion (FGDs) methods were used to interview the
respondents participated in this study. The findings of this study that was conducted in Nigeria
indicated that; mean age of the respondents was 28.5 ± 10.3 years. It was also revealed that
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37.9% of respondents’ spouse had ever used family planning method, while 19% were
currently utilize family planning. It was also found that merely 4.8% of study participants had
ever been involved in family planning. Several factors have been pointed out as barriers
towards male involvement in family planning. Those barriers include; the perceptions that
family planning is the women’ practice and it is not men’ custom to be involved in family
planning. Several opinions were provided including male’s support interns of transport fare
and other resources may be needed by their wives as a means of covering expenses involved
in family planning utilization. It was also pointed out that majority of men do not support their
wives in family planning uptake and had never being involved with FP practice for themselves.
The government and non-government agencies have been advised to concentrate on preparing
and conducting community sensitization programs.

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 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction

This chapter gives an overview of the study area, study design, study population, sampling
technique, methods used in sample selection, data collection tools and procedures, data analysis
and presentation, limitation and plans for dissemination of the findings.

3.1 Study design

This study used a descriptive cross-sectional design to explore male involvement in family
planning. A descriptive cross-sectional design is suitable because multiple units of the study
were involved including health facilities, wards, streets and households (Kothari, 2004).
Taking consideration, the limited time available for accomplishment of this study, this design
is suitable as it enables the researcher conduct this study within a short period of time.

3.3 Study Area

Area of the study refers to formal delineated geographical boundaries, (Msabila and Nalaila,
2013). The selected study area was Nansololo Sub County Kaliro district, which is amongst
the eleven sub counties under the administration area of Kaliro district. Nansololo Sub County
is suitable for this study because it is a rural area, which according to (Mungure & Owaga,
2014) majority of men found in rural areas are not in favour with the use of modern
contraception, neither for themselves nor for their wives.

3.4 Study Population

According to Mugenda and Mugenda (2008), study population should constitute individuals
relevant to a particular study and have common observable characteristics. This study included
male respondents in the age between 18 to 50 years old. This means that female respondents
were not included in this study as the researcher targeted to get response about contraceptive
uptake among men from male the respondents themselves.

3.5 Sampling Techniques

Both probability and non-probability sampling techniques were used to select relevant samples
in Nansololo Sub County, Kaliro District. The probability sampling technique was cluster
sampling, while the non-probability sampling technique selected in this study was purposive
sampling technique.

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3.6 Cluster Sampling

This sampling technique was used to select respondents to participate in this study from tall
the villages. This sampling technique involves grouping the population in clusters and select
relevant clusters or groups rather than individuals for the inclusion in the sample. This method
was applied to select 49 respondents from the study area.

3.7 Purposive Sampling

This sampling technique was used to select 6 key informants (health staffs) to participate in
this study. This is because health staffs from health centres IVs have reliable knowledge about
male participation in family planning. This sampling technique is suitable for the study because
it includes samples that have reliable information, less costly, more convenient and can be used
in both qualitative and quantitative studies (Freedman et al., 2007).

3.8 Sample Size

The sample size of 49 enabled the researcher to gather information that is useful for this study
and draw a valuable conclusion. Forty-nine samples (male respondents) were obtained
quantitatively by the formula provided by Slovin (2007). On the other hand, 6 samples (health
workers from health centre IVs) were obtained qualitatively based on the researcher’s own
judgement. As Malhotra and Dash, (2011) established that non-probability sampling relies on
the personal judgment of the researcher rather than chance for the sample elements to get
selected. The formula is as below;

n = a N___
1+N(e)2

Whereby;

n = sample size

N = Target population = 54

e = Precision level of significance level of error (0.07)

N = Target Population Size

Sample size = 54/1+33(0.07)2

= 49 respondents

13
3.9 Inclusion and exclusion criteria
3.9.1 Inclusion Criteria
All married men aged between 18-50yrs and residing in Nansololo Sub County in Kaliro
District were included in the study.

3.9.2 Exclusion Criteria

Men who were not interested in participating in the study as well as women were excluded
from the study.

3.10 Data Collection Methods

Two data collection methods were deployed including administered questionnaire and
interview.

3.10.1 Questionnaire

This is a method of data collection which consists of questions and other prompts given to
people in order to collect facts or opinions about something. This data collection method is
preferred since it is cost effective, quick and less intrusive, lacks interviewer bias, and offers
the possibility of anonymity and privacy to inspire more respondent’s responses on sensitive
matters (Fox & Bayat, 2007). Also, questionnaire method was employed because it is simple,
cheap and enables the researcher to reach a large number of the respondents within a short
time. Questionnaires were distributed and filled by 49 Respondents. The set of questions aims
to get information on men’s attitude, practice and barriers towards contraceptive. The
respondents were asked to choose, rate and fill the blank spaces in the questionnaires.

3.11 Data Presentation and Analysis

Data was analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. In particular, qualitative data was analysed
using content analysis and quantitative data was analysed using Statistical Package for social
Science (SPSS version 21.0). Descriptive statistics was derived whereby the findings were
presented in frequencies and percentages. The Likert scale was used, of which respondents
were required to respond to questions by indicating whether they strongly agree, agree, neutral,
strongly disagree or disagree.

3.12 Quality Control

3.12.1 Reliability

14
The tools for data collection including questionnaires and interview guide were tested before
the actual data collection. This pilot test ensured reliability of data that was collected in the
field.

3.12.2 Validity

Validity is the extent to which data adequately reflects the real meaning of the concept or issues
under consideration Kumar, (2005). The researcher designed tricky questions that can be
referred to as follow up questions so as to ensure the validity of the collected data.

3.13 Ethical Consideration

Permission to conduct the study was obtained from School of Hygiene-Mbale. Secondly
permission was sought from the Kaliro Sub County authorities before commencement of the
study. Informed consent of each individual participant was obtained at the start of the study
besides confidentiality was observed strictly by anonymous questionnaires.

3.14 Dissemination of Results

The study findings were disseminated to the local authorities and other stake holders in order
to inform decision and policy making.

Secondly a copy was submitted to UAHEB.

3.15 Limitation of the Study

Poor weather conditions. The study may be conducted during the rainy season which limits
access to respondents.

Information bias: The intents to interview respondents given their central role in regard to
male involvement in family planning services. In some instances, the outcomes of the research
may be predetermined by authority. This therefore limits the objectivity of the intended
research.

Stock outs of supplies: The researcher fully developed a budget for the research exercise.
However, given the dynamics involved in resource mobilization, the researcher may be forced
to adjust the budget negatively because of revenue shortfalls.

15
 CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF
FINDINGS
4.0 Introduction
In this chapter, the researcher presents, analyses and interprets findings of the study arising
from data collected from the respondents using both questionnaire and interview guide. The
subsections include response rate, background information on respondents and analysis of the
study findings in relation to specific objectives. This chapter presents the data collected on the
determinants of male involvement in Family Planning services: a case study in Nansololo Sub
County, Kaliro District. The results were presented inform of tables and figures.

4.1 Response Rate

Out of 40 respondents who participated in the study, 40 questionnaires were returned
completely filled thus a response rate of 100%.

4.2 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents

In this section, demographic characteristics of respondents in respect of age, academic
qualifications, gender and experience of the respondents is presented.
Gender of Respondents

The study sought to find out the distribution of respondents according to Gender. The responses
are presented in Table 4.1

Table 4.1: Age of Respondents

Age group Frequency Percent

Male 35 72
Female 14 28
Total 49 100.0
Source: primary data, (2022)

Information in Table 4.1 shows that Majority of the respondents 35(72%) were in Male, while
14(28%) were Female. The finding revealed that the majority of respondents male, this implied
that they were able to give a good insight towards the study.

Age of Respondents

The study sought to find out the distribution of respondents according to age. The responses
are presented in Table 4.2

16
Table 4.2: Age of Respondents

Age group Frequency Percent

Below 30 5 10
31-40 21 43
41-50 10 20
Above 50 13 27
Total 49 100.0
Source: primary data, (2022)

Information in Table 4.2 shows that Majority of the respondents 21(43%) were in the age range
31-40 years of age, 13(27%) were of age above 50 years, 10(20%) were of age 41-50 years,
while only 05(5%) were in the age below 30 years. The finding revealed that the majority of
respondents were aged between above 30 years, this implied that they were mature enough to
interpret and respond to the question items correctly.

Academic Qualification of Respondents

The study sought to find out the distribution of respondents according to highest academic
qualifications attained. Their distribution according to different levels of qualification is
presented in figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1: The education level of the Respondents

education level
45
40
35
30
Primary school
25
20 40%
Secondary school
15
27% 30% Diploma above
10 No education
5
3%
0
PRIMARY SCHOOL SECONDARY DIPLOMA ABOVE NO EDUCATION
SCHOOL

Source: primary data, (2022)

Information in fig. 4.1 shows that Majority of the respondents 20(40%) attained primary,
15(30%) were uneducated, 13(27%) attained secondary, 01(03%) attained tertiary. This
implied that the largest number of respondents were illiterate.

17
Occupation of Respondents

The study sought to find out the distribution of respondents according to highest academic
qualifications attained. Their distribution according to different levels of qualification is
presented in Table 4.3.

Table 4.3: Occupation of respondents

Responses Frequency Percent

Private Business 14 29
Government employee 10 20
Unemployed 25 51
Total 49 100.0
Source: primary data, (2022)

Information in Table 4.3 shows that Majority of the respondents 25(51%) were Unemployed,
14(29%) were in Private Business, 10(20%) were in civil service. This implied that the largest
number of respondents had no jobs.

Religion of Respondents

The study sought to find out the distribution of respondents according to religion. Their
distribution according to religion is presented in figure 4.2.

Figure 4.2: The Religion of Respondents

18
 Religion
45
40%
40

35
30%
30 27%

25

20

15

10

5 3%

0
Protestant Muslim Orthodox Traditional

Source: primary data, (2022)

Information in fig. 4.2 shows that Majority of the respondents 20(40%) were Protestants,
15(30%) were Traditional, 13(27%) were Muslim, while 01(03%) were orthodox. This implied
that the largest number of respondents were illiterate.

4.3 Knowledge of Study Participant Towards Family Planning

Table 4.4: If Respondents heard about Family Planning

Responses Frequency Percent

Yes 39 80.0
No 10 20.0
Total 49 100.0
Source: primary data, (2022)

Information in Table 4.4 shows that Majority of the respondents 39(80%) agree that they have
ever heard about family planning, while 10(20%) disagreed. This implies that the largest
number of respondents have ever heard about family planning though they may not have used
it.

19
Table 4.5: Respondents source of information about PMTCT

Responses Frequency Percent

TV/ Radio 26 53
Healthcare providers 16 33
Friends 02 04
Newspaper/Magazines/Books 03 06
Lecture / seminar 02 04
Others 00 00
Total 49 100.0
Source: primary data, (2022)
Information in Table 4.5 shows that Majority of the respondents 26(53%) got information from
TV/ Radio, 16(33%) got information from Healthcare providers, while 02(04%) got
information Friends, 03(06%) got information from Newspaper/Magazines/Books, 02(04%)
got information Lecture / seminar.

Table 4.6: Respondents knowledge on side effects of Family Planning

Responses Frequency Percent

Yes 35 71
No 14 29
Total 49 100.0
Source: primary data, (2022)

Information in Table 4.6 shows that Majority of the respondents 35(71%) agree that they know
the side effects of family planning, while 14(29%) disagreed. This implies that the largest
number of respondents have experienced these signs or have seen friends/ relatives with these
side effects of family planning.

20
Figure 4.3: Side Effects of family planning experienced by your partner

30
25
20
15
51%
10
29% vomiting
5
10% 10% abnormal menestration
0
un wanted weight gain
headache

Source: primary data, (2022)

Information in figure 4.3 shows that Majority of the respondents 25(51%) have experienced
Vomiting, 14(29%) have experienced Abnormal menstrual, 05(10%) have experienced
Unwanted weight gain, while 05(10%) have experienced Headache.

Table 4.7: Responses on Family planning method used by your partner

Responses Frequency Percent

Pills, Injectable and Implant 19 47.5

Loop 12 30.0
Condoms 4 10.0
Calendar, Breastfeeding 2 5.0
Permanent 3 7.5
Total 49 100.0
Source: primary data, (2022)
Information in Table 4.6 shows that Majority of the respondents 31(77.5%) agree that they use
Pills, Injectable and Implant, Loop, while 04(10%) use condoms, and others 05(12.5%) use
Breastfeeding and Permanent methods of family planning.

21
Figure 4.4: Family planning method used by you (male).

25

20

15
condom
periodic abstinence
10 43% withdrawal
permanent
27%
5
18%
12%

0
CONDOM PERIODIC WITHDRAWAL PERMANENT
ABSTINENCE

Source: primary data, (2022)

Information in Figure 4.7 shows that Majority of the respondents 21(43%) use condoms,
13(27%) use periodic abstinence, 9(18%) use withdrawal while 6(12%) use permanent method
of family planning.

4.4 Attitude of Husbands Concerning Family Planning Service Utilization

The study sought to find out the distribution of respondents according to Attitude of Husbands
Concerning Family Planning Service Utilization. The responses are presented in Table 4.8

Table 4.8: I get adequate support from parents and relatives in accessing SRHs

Bio-demographic parameter Frequency (n) Percentage (%)

Family Planning issue Agree 35 71

should concern only Undecided 4 8
women Disagree 10 21
Total 49 100
Spouse can seek family Agree 45 91
planning services without Undecided 03 06
permission from husband Disagree 01 02
Total 49 100
Family planning practice Agree 34 69
reduces confidence b/n Undecided 15 31
husband and wife Disagree 0 0
22
 Total 49 100
Its taboo for men to Agree 24 49
discuss with women about Undecided 13 27
family planning Disagree 12 24
Total 49 100
It is only women who are Agree 29 59
promiscuous that use Undecided 13 27
family planning without Disagree 07 14
their husband consent Total 49 100
Only men need to decide Agree 33 67
on family planning Undecided 16 33
Disagree 0 0
Total 49 100
Family planning methods Agree 24 49
decrease sexual urge Undecided 13 27
Disagree 12 24
Total 49 100
Men should accompany Agree 35 71
their partners to family Undecided 0 0
planning clinics. Disagree 14 29
Total 49 100
Husband involvement is Agree 23 46
important in family Undecided 15 30
planning. Disagree 11 22
Total 49 100
Source: primary data, (2022)
Three quarters of respondents 35(71%) agreed that Family Planning issue should concern only
women. Majority of the respondents 45(91%) agreed that Spouse can seek family planning
services without permission from husband, Majority of the respondents 34(69%) agreed that
Family planning practice reduces confidence b/n husband and wife, Majority of the respondents
24(49%) agreed that Its taboo for men to discuss with women about family planning, Majority
of the respondents 29(59%) agreed that It is only women who are promiscuous that use family
planning without their husband consent, Majority of the respondents 33(67%) agreed that Only
men need to decide on family planning, Majority of the respondents 24(49%) agreed that
Family planning methods decrease sexual urge, Majority of the respondents 35(71%) agreed
23
that Men should accompany their partners to family planning clinics, Majority of the
respondents 23(46%) agreed that Husband involvement is important in family planning.

4.5 Barriers hindering Contraceptive uptake among men

The study sought to find out the distribution of respondents according to Barriers hindering
Contraceptive uptake among men. The responses are presented in Table 4.8

Table 4.9: Responses on Barriers hindering Contraceptive uptake among men

Bio-demographic parameter Frequency (n) Percentage

(%)
Little knowledge about contraception Agree 28 57
hinders contraceptive uptake among men Undecided 04 8
Disagree 17 35
Total 49 100
Negative attitude about contraception Agree 30 61
hinders contraceptive uptake among men Undecided 02 04
Disagree 17 35
Total 49 100
Limited availability of contraceptives Agree 24 49
hinders contraceptive uptake among men Undecided 10 20
Disagree 15 31
Total 49 100
Limited access to contraceptives hinders Agree 18 37
contraceptive uptake among men Undecided 15 31
Disagree 16 32
Total 49 100
Large distance from health facilities Agree 35 72
hinders contraceptive uptake among men Undecided 04 8
Disagree 10 20
Total 49 100
Traditions hinders contraceptive uptake Agree 32 65
among men Undecided 10 20
Disagree 07 15
Total 49 100
Agree 26 53

24
 Religious beliefs hinder contraceptive Undecided 05 10
uptake among men. Disagree 18 37
Total 49 100
Source: primary data, (2022)
Three quarters of respondents 28(57%) agreed that Little knowledge about contraception
hinders contraceptive uptake among men, Majority of the respondents 30(61%) agreed that
Negative attitude about contraception hinders contraceptive uptake among men, Majority of
the respondents 24(49%) agreed that Limited availability of contraceptives hinders
contraceptive uptake among men, Majority of the respondents 18(37%) agreed that Limited
access to contraceptives hinders contraceptive uptake among men, Majority of the respondents
35(72%) agreed that Large distance from health facilities hinders contraceptive uptake among
men, Majority of the respondents 32(65%) agreed that Traditions hinders contraceptive uptake
among men, while Majority of the respondents 26(53%) agreed that Religious beliefs hinder
contraceptive uptake among men.

25
 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Introduction
This chapter presents discussion of the study findings, conclusion and recommendation of the
study on the determinants of male involvement in Family Planning services: a case study in
Nansololo Sub County, Kaliro District. The results were presented inform of tables and figures.
Out of the 30 respondents recruited in the study, 49 questionnaires were returned completely
filled and thus a response rate of 100%.

5.1 Dissemination of findings

5.1.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
Majority of the respondents 35(72%) were in Male, while 14(28%) were Female. The finding
revealed that the majority of respondents male, this implied that they were able to give a good
insight towards the study.

Majority of the respondents 21(43%) were in the age range 31-40 years of age, 13(27%) were
of age above 50 years, 10(20%) were of age 41-50 years, while only 05(5%) were in the age
below 30 years. The finding revealed that the majority of respondents were aged between above
30 years, this implied that they were mature enough to interpret and respond to the question
items correctly.

Majority of the respondents 20(40%) attained primary, 15(30%) were uneducated, 13(27%)
attained secondary, 01(03%) attained tertiary. This implied that the largest number of
respondents were illiterate. These findings are in line with a study conducted in Tanzania,
where 36% of married women with completed primary education and 33% of those with more
than a secondary education use a modern method of FP compared with 24% of married women
with no education (TDHS 2016).

Majority of the respondents 25(51%) were Unemployed, 14(29%) were in Private Business,
10(20%) were in civil service. This implied that the largest number of respondents had no jobs.
Majority of the respondents 20(40%) were Protestants, 15(30%) were Traditional, 13(27%)
were Muslim, while 01(03%) were orthodox. This implied that the largest number of
respondents were illiterate.

5.1.2 Knowledge of Study Participant Towards Family Planning

Majority of the respondents 39(80%) agree that they have ever heard about family planning,
while 10(20%) disagreed. This implies that the largest number of respondents have ever heard
about family planning though they may not have used it. This is in line with a study that was
conducted in Moshi rural district in Tanzania, and the sum of 218 men aged 18-60 years was

26
recruited. The results obtained in this study indicated that awareness of men on family planning
and contraceptive methods is high (85.3%), however, utilization of contraceptives is low (47%)
(Mosha, I., Ruben, R., & Kakoko, D. 2013).

Majority of the respondents 26(53%) got information from TV/ Radio, 16(33%) got
information from Healthcare providers, while 02(04%) got information Friends, 03(06%) got
information from Newspaper/Magazines/Books, 02(04%) got information Lecture / seminar.

Majority of the respondents 35(71%) agree that they know the side effects of family planning,
while 14(29%) disagreed. This implies that the largest number of respondents have experienced
these signs or have seen friends/ relatives with these side effects of family planning.

Majority of the respondents 25(51%) have experienced Vomiting, 14(29%) have experienced
Abnormal menstrual, 05(10%) have experienced Unwanted weight gain, while 05(10%) have
experienced Headache.

Majority of the respondents 31(77.5%) agree that they use Pills, Injectable and Implant, Loop,
while 04(10%) use condoms, and others 05(12.5%) use Breastfeeding and Permanent methods
of family planning.

Majority of the respondents 21(43%) use condoms, 13(27%) use periodic abstinence, 9(18%)
use withdrawal while 6(12%) use permanent method of family planning.

5.1.3 Attitude of Husbands Concerning Family Planning Service Utilization

Three quarters of respondents 35(71%) agreed that Family Planning issue should concern only
women. Majority of the respondents 45(91%) agreed that Spouse can seek family planning
services without permission from husband, Majority of the respondents 34(69%) agreed that
Family planning practice reduces confidence b/n husband and wife, Majority of the respondents
24(49%) agreed that Its taboo for men to discuss with women about family planning, Majority
of the respondents 29(59%) agreed that It is only women who are promiscuous that use family
planning without their husband consent, These findings were similarly recorded in a study in
Nigeria which found that women using contraceptives without their husband’s consent were
brandished promiscuous (Adelekan, Omoregie, &Edoni, 2014).

Majority of the respondents 33(67%) agreed that Only men need to decide on family planning,
Majority of the respondents 24(49%) agreed that Family planning methods decrease sexual
urge, Majority of the respondents 35(71%) agreed that Men should accompany their partners
to family planning clinics, Majority of the respondents 23(46%) agreed that Husband
involvement is important in family planning. Men and women do not have a “moment of
choice” during visits to health facilities to consider modern contraceptive methods because
27
health workers do not consistently discuss them with clients. Couples choose not to use modern
contraceptive methods because they are afraid of the side effects, including actual side effects
(such as heavy bleeding) and perceived side effects (IntraHealth, 2020)

5.1.4 Barriers hindering Contraceptive uptake among men

Three quarters of respondents 28(57%) agreed that Little knowledge about contraception
hinders contraceptive uptake among men, Majority of the respondents 30(61%) agreed that
Negative attitude about contraception hinders contraceptive uptake among men, Majority of
the respondents 24(49%) agreed that Limited availability of contraceptives hinders
contraceptive uptake among men, Majority of the respondents 18(37%) agreed that Limited
access to contraceptives hinders contraceptive uptake among men, Majority of the respondents
35(72%) agreed that Large distance from health facilities hinders contraceptive uptake among
men, Majority of the respondents 32(65%) agreed that Traditions hinders contraceptive uptake
among men, while Majority of the respondents 26(53%) agreed that Religious beliefs hinder
contraceptive uptake among men. These findings are in line with a study conducted in
Kabagenyi et al. (2014) in Reproductive Health, Traditional gender norms within Uganda
elevate men as primary decision-makers in women’s use of family planning methods, although
spousal communication and utilization of reproductive health services among men remains low
5.2 Conclusions
Therefore, from the findings of the study it was concluded that: different determinants of male
involvement in Family Planning services includes Knowledge of Participant, Attitude of
Husbands, and barriers Towards Family Planning.

The study showed that most respondents have ever heard about family planning, also
participants got information from TV/ Radio, most respondents agree that they know the side
effects of family planning, most of respondents 25(51%) have experienced Vomiting,
Abnormal menstrual, as side effects.

The study showed that the Attitude of Husbands as respondents agreed that Family Planning
issue should concern only women and that the Spouse can seek family planning services
without permission from husband, which is most witnessed in many families, the study therefor
concludes that men have a bad attitude towards family planning services.

The Barriers hindering Contraceptive uptake among men include; majority of respondents
agreed that Little knowledge about contraception hinders contraceptive uptake among men,
Negative attitude about contraception hinders contraceptive uptake among men, availability of
contraceptives hinders contraceptive uptake among men, Limited access to contraceptives

28
hinders contraceptive uptake among men, Large distance from health facilities hinders
contraceptive uptake among men.

5.3 Recommendations
The researcher recommends that: Nansololo Sub County,

❖ Through the ministry of health, Kaliro District should support family planning
sensitisation at all levels. This can be achieved by developing activities and
programmes that will assist and encourage young girls to remain in school and pursue
higher levels of education, the health providers and policy makers should target mostly
men who are believed to be the final decision makers on family planning during
awareness campaigns.
❖ County government and other stake holders should create awareness of all methods of
family planning, their advantages and disadvantages and suitability for specific
conditions. Family planning outreach activities by the health workers should be
encouraged and supported in order to enhance knowledge of the available family
planning services.
❖ Both public and private sectors most especially the partners who have been
implementing family planning in Nansololo Sub County like RHITES –E, IntraHealth,
RHU and other institutions that are involved in family planning programmes are
expected to instigate and promote targeting programmes for the uptake of the family
planning services
❖ Health professionals especially field staff should be trained to provide an informed
choice to women of reproductive age and also adequate knowledge should be imparted
regarding family planning and contraceptive uptake.
❖ Despite the legal restrictions against marriage at young age, early marriage is common
in the country in general and in the study area in particular. Therefore, the governments
should focus on creating awareness of the marriage law and the disadvantages of early
marriage and large family size.
❖ Lastly, there should be coordination between public and private sector to provide
adequate family planning services and supplies

5.4 Areas for Future Research

❖ A study should be conducted to determine socio-cultural factors that militate against the
use of family planning methods and services in Nansololo Sub County
❖ A study should be conducted on the efficacy of traditional family planning methods.

29
❖ A study should be conducted to determine the effects of Behavioural change on family
planning in Nansololo Sub County

30
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 APPENDICES
Appendix I: Informed Consent

DECLARATION

I, in signing this document, am giving my consent to participate in the study titled:

“Determinants of Male Involvement in Family Planning Services: A Case Study in Nansololo
Sub County, Kaliro District”.

I have read the participants’ information sheet and understood the contents, and the nature of
the research project, and I consent to participate in the research project.

I declare that my participation in this study is entirely voluntary and I also understand that I
can withdraw at any stage of the project if I do not feel comfortable to continue to participate
in the study.

It was agreed that my identification was not linked to my responses, and to complete the
questionnaire does not require me to put my name.

If I have any questions or concerns about my rights as a study participant, or if I am concerned

about an aspect of the study or the researchers then I may contact the researchers on the details
provided.

_____________________ _______________________________
Signature of Participant Date

_____________________ _______________________________
Signature of witness Date
(Where applicable)

34
Appendix II: Questionnaire for Respondents
Dear Respondent,

I am a student at School of Hygiene-Mbale. I am carrying out research on the Determinants of

Male Involvement in Family Planning Services: A Case Study in Nansololo Sub County, Kaliro
District. You have been selected as one of the respondents whose input will be of great value
in this research process. You are therefore humbly requested to respond to the following
questions. The information provided will be treated with utmost confidentiality and used only
for this study.

SECTION A: RESPONDENT’S PERSONAL DATA

Please provide the information required by ticking in the appropriate box.

1. Gender
Male Female
2. Age
20 – 30yrs 31 – 40yrs
41 – 50yrs > 50yrs
3. Education Status:
Primary School Secondary School
Diploma and Above No formal Education
4. Occupation:
Government Employee Farmer
Daily Worker Merchant
5. Religion:
Protestant Orthodox
Muslim Traditionalist

SECTION B: KNOWLEDGE OF STUDY PARTICIPANT TOWARDS FAMILY

PLANNING

6. Ever heard about family planning?

Yes No

7. If yes, where did you get information on PMTCT from? (More than one answer may
be correct)
Health care providers (Doctors/Nurses) Friend/relative/peer
TV/Radio Newspaper/Magazines/Books

35
 Lectures/seminars Others e.g. sangoma/traditional healer
8. Do you know the side effects of family planning?

Yes No

9. Side Effects of family planning experienced by your partner? (More than one answer
may be correct)

Vomiting Abnormal menstrual

Unwanted weight gain Headache

Don’t know

10. Family planning method used by your partner? (more than one answer may be correct)
Pills Injectable Implant
Loop Condom Calendar
Permanent Breastfeeding Don’t know
11. Family planning method used by you (male)? (more than one answer may be correct)
Condom Withdrawal Permanent
Periodic Abstinence Don’t know

SECTION C: ATTITUDE OF HUSBANDS CONCERNING FAMILY PLANNING

SERVICE UTILIZATION

For each question, please indicate your level of agreement by checking the box that best reflects
your perception.
SD D NS A SA
Strongly Disagree Disagree Note sure Agree Strongly Agree

No. Statement SD D NS A SA
1. Family Planning issue should concern only women
2. Spouse can seek family planning services without
permission from husband
3. Family planning practice reduces confidence b/n
husband and wife
4. Its taboo for men to discuss with women about
family planning
5. It is only women who are promiscuous that use
family planning without their husband consent

36
 6. Only men need to decide on family planning
7. Family planning methods decrease sexual urge
8. Men should accompany their partners to family
planning clinics.
9. Husband involvement is important in family
planning.

SECTION D: BARRIERS HINDERING CONTRACEPTIVE UPTAKE AMONG MEN

For each question, please indicate your level of agreement by checking the box that best reflects
your perception.
SD D NS A SA
Strongly Disagree Disagree Note sure Agree Strongly Agree

No. Statement SD D NS A SA
1. Little knowledge about contraception hinders
contraceptive uptake among men
2. Negative attitude about contraception hinders
contraceptive uptake among men
3. Limited availability of contraceptives hinders
contraceptive uptake among men
4. Limited access to contraceptives hinders
contraceptive uptake among men
5. Large distance from health facilities hinders
contraceptive uptake among men
6. Traditions hinders contraceptive uptake among
men
7. Religious beliefs hinder contraceptive uptake
among men.
***THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME***

37
Appendix III: Work Plan
Activity. Month
June 2022 July 2022 Aug 2022 Sept 2022
Proposal writing
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Writing and submission of the report to the
school of Hygiene.

38
Appendix IV: Budget
Item Quantity Unit price Total amount
(UGX)
Research concept printing 1 100,000 100,000
Research proposal printing 1 200,000 200,000
Binding of the proposal 1 20,000 20,000
Questionnaire printing 160 400 64,000
Observational checklist printing 160 400 64,000
Air time 20,000 20,000
Research assistant 1 50,000 50,000
Printing report 1 100,000 100,000
Binding of the report 1 20,000 20,000
Miscellaneous 50,000 50,000

Ground total 688,000

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Appendix V: A map of Uganda Showing Kaliro District.

KALIRO

DISTRICT

40
Appendix VI: Map of Kaliro District Showing Area Of Study

NANSOLOLO SUB COUNTY

41