Mechanics of Fluids 5th Edition Potter

Solutions Manual
Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankfan.com/product/mechanics-of-fluids-5th-edition-potter-solutions-manu
al/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Mechanics of Fluids 5th Edition Potter Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/mechanics-of-fluids-5th-edition-
potter-test-bank/

Mechanics of Fluids SI Edition 5th Edition Potter

Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/mechanics-of-fluids-si-
edition-5th-edition-potter-solutions-manual/

Mechanics Of Fluids 4th Edition Potter Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/mechanics-of-fluids-4th-edition-
potter-solutions-manual/

Mechanics of Fluids SI Edition 5th Edition Potter Test

Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/mechanics-of-fluids-si-
edition-5th-edition-potter-test-bank/
Canadian Fundamentals of Nursing 5th Edition Potter
Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/canadian-fundamentals-of-
nursing-5th-edition-potter-solutions-manual/

Statics and Mechanics of Materials 5th Edition Hibbeler

Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/statics-and-mechanics-of-
materials-5th-edition-hibbeler-solutions-manual/

Canadian Fundamentals of Nursing 5th Edition Potter

Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/canadian-fundamentals-of-
nursing-5th-edition-potter-test-bank/

Fundamentals of Nursing 9th Edition Potter Solutions

Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/fundamentals-of-nursing-9th-
edition-potter-solutions-manual/

Fluid Mechanics 5th Edition Kundu Solutions Manual

https://testbankfan.com/product/fluid-mechanics-5th-edition-
kundu-solutions-manual/
 Chapter 8 / External Flows

CHAPTER 8
External Flows
FE-type Exam Review Problems: Problems 8.1 to 8.8

8.1 (C)

8.2 (C)

VD 0.8 × 0.008
8.3 (B) Re = = = 4880.
ν 1.31 × 10−6

8.4 (B) Assume a large Reynolds number so that CD = 0.2. Then

2
1 1  80 × 1000 
F = ρV 2 ACD = × 1.23 ×  2
 × π × 5 × 0.2 = 4770 N.
2 2  3600 

8.5 (D) Assume a Reynolds number of 105. Then CD = 1.2.

1 1
F= ρV 2 ACD . ∴ 60 = × 1.23 × 402 × 4 × D × 1.2. ∴ D = 0.0041 m.
2 2
VD 40 × 0.0041
Re = = −6
= 1.64 × 105. ∴ CD = 1.2. The assumption was OK.
ν 10

VD 4 × 0.02 fD f × 0.02
8.6 (C) Re = = −5
= 5000. ∴ St = 0.21 = = .
ν 1.6 × 10 V 4
V 4 m/s
∴ f = 42 Hz (cycles/second). distance = = = 0.095 m/cycle.
f 42 cycles/s

8.7 (C) By reducing the separated flow area, the pressure in that area increases thereby
reducing that part of the drag due to pressure.

FL
8.8 (B) From Fig. 8.12a, C L = 1.1. C L = .
1
2
ρ V 2cL

2W 2 × 1200 × 9.81
∴V 2 = = = 1088 and V = 33.0 m/s.
ρ cLC L 1.23 × 16 × 1.1

197
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 8 / External Flows

Chapter 8 Problems: Separated Flows

8.9
B B C
A A
separated
flow

C A-B: favorable
A-B: favorable B-C: unfavorable D
B-C: unfavorable A-D: favorable
A-C: favorable C-D: undefined

VD 5 × 1.51 × 10 −5
8.10 Re = 5 = . ∴D = = 3.78 × 10 −5 m.
ν 20
inviscid no separation inviscid
flow flow separated
region
viscous flow
near sphere boundary layer
near surface

8.11
separation separation

wake

8.12 separated
boundary
layer
region

building wake
inviscid
flow

VD 5ν 5 × 1.22 ×10 −5
8.13 5= ∴V = . a) V = = 9.15 × 10−4 fps.
ν D 0.8/12
5 × 0.388 × 10−5
b) V = = 2.91× 10−4 fps.
0.8/12
5 × 1.6 ×10−4
c) V = = 0.012 fps.
0.8/12

VD 20 × D
8.14 Re = = −5
= 13.25 ×105 D.
ν 1.51× 10
a) Re = 13.25 ×105 × 6 = 7.9 × 106 . ∴Separated flow.

198
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 8 / External Flows

b) Re = 13.25 ×105 × 0.06 = 7.9 × 104 . ∴Separated flow.

c) Re = 13.25 × 105 × 0.006 = 7950. ∴Separated flow.

1
1 1 1
8.15 FD = ∫ pdA − pback Aback = p0 ∫ (1 − r 2 )2π rdr = p0 2π  −  = π p0
2 4 2
Afront 0

1 1
Bernoulli: p ∞ + ρV∞2 = p 0 . ∴ p0 = × 1.21 × 20 2 = 242 Pa.
2 2
1
∴ FD = π ( 242) = 380 N
2
FD 2 × 380
CD = = = 0.5
1
ρV 2 A 1.21 × 20 2 × π × 1 2
2

8.16 Ftotal = Fbottom + Ftop = 20 000 × 0.3 × 0.3+10 000 × 0.3 × 0.3 = 2700 N.

Flift = 2700 cos 10
= 2659 N

Fdrag = 2700 sin 10
= 469 N

FL 2659
CL = 1
= 1
= 2.36
2 2
2
ρV A 2
× 1000 × 5 × 0.3 × 0.3

FD 469
CD = 1
= 1
= 0.417
2
ρV 2 A 2
2
× 1000 × 5 × 0.3 × 0.3

Lw
8.17 Fℓ = p ℓ Aℓ = 26 000 × Lw. Fu = p u Au = 8000 × = 4015 Lw
2 cos 5

FL = Fℓ cos 5
− Fu cos10
= 21 950Lw
FD = Fℓ sin 5
− Fu sin10
= 1569 Lw
F 21 950 Lw
CL = 1 L =1 = 0.25
2 2
ρV A
2
× 0.3119 × 750 Lw
2
FD 1569 Lw
CD = 1
= 1
= 0.0179
2 2
2
ρV A 2
× 0.3119 × 750 Lw

199
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 8 / External Flows

V × 0.1
8.18 If C D = 1.0 for a sphere, Re = 100 (see Fig. 8.9). ∴ = 100, V =1000ν .
ν
1
a) V = 1000 × 1.46 × 10−5 = 0.0146 m/s. ∴ FD = × 1.22 × 0.01462 π × 0.052 × 1.0
2
= 3.25 × 10 −7 N.
1.46 × 10−5 1
b) V = 1000 × = 0.798 m/s. ∴ FD = × (0.015 ×1.22) × 0.7982 π × 0.052 ×1.0
0.015 × 1.22 2
= 4 .58 × 10 −5 N.
1
c) V = 1000 × 1.31× 10−6 = 0.00131 m/s. ∴ FD = × 1000 × 0.001312 π × 0.052 × 1.0
2
= 6.74 × 10 −6 N .

VD 6 × 0.5
8.19 a) Re = = −5
= 2 ×105. ∴ C D = 0.45 from Fig. 8.9.
ν 1.5 × 10
1 1
∴ FD = ρ V 2 AC D = × 1.22 × 62 × π × 0.252 × 0.45 = 1.94 N.
2 2
15 × 0.5
b) Re = −5
= 5 ×105. ∴ C D = 0.2 from Fig. 8.8.
1.5 × 10
1 1
∴ FD = ρ V 2 AC D = × 1.22 × 152 × π × 0.252 × 0.2 = 5.4 N.
2 2

8.20 The velocities associated with the two Reynolds numbers are
Re1ν 3 × 105 × 1.5 × 10−5
V1 = = = 101 m/s,
D 0.0445
Re2 ν 6 × 104 × 1.5 ×10−5
V2 = = = 20 m/s.
D 0.0445
The drag, between these two velocities, is reduced by a factor of 2.5
[(C )D high ]
= 0.5 and (C D ) low = 0.2 . Thus, between 20 m/s and 100 m/s the drag is
reduced by a factor of 2.5. This would significantly lengthen the flight of the ball.

2
1 1  2
8.21 a) FD = ρ V 2 AC D . ∴ 0.5 = × 0.00238V 2π ×   C D . ∴ V 2C D = 4810.
2 2  12 
Re = VD /ν = (V × 4/12)/1.6 × 10−4 = 2080V . Try C D = 0.5 : V = 98 fps, Re = 2 × 105 .

Try C D = 0.4 : V = 110 fps, Re = 2.3 × 105 .

2
1  2
b) C D = 0.2 : 0.5 = × 0.00238V 2π ×   × 0.2. ∴ V = 155 fps. (Check those units.)
2  12 

200
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 8 / External Flows

1 V × 0.2
8.22 4.2 = × 1000V 2π × 0.12 C D . ∴ V 2C D = 0.267. Re = −6
= 2 × 105 V .
2 10
Try C D = 0.5 : ∴ V = 0.73 m/s. Re = 1.46 ×105 . ∴ OK.

VD 40 × 2
8.23 Re = = −5
= 5.3 × 106. ∴ C D = 0.7 . (This is extrapolated from Fig. 8.9.)
ν 1.5 × 10
1
∴ FD = ×1.22 × 402 × (2 × 60) × 0.7 = 81 900 N.
2
M = 81 900 × 30 = 2.46 × 10 6 N ⋅ m.

25 × 0.05
8.24 a) Re1 = −5
= 1.2 × 105. Re2 = 1.8 × 105. Re3 = 2.4 × 105.
1.08 × 10
Assume a rough cylinder (the air is highly turbulent).

∴ ( C D )1 = 0.7, ( C D )2 = 0.8, ( C D )3 = 0.9.

1
∴ FD = ×1.45 × 252 (0.05 ×10 × 0.7 + 0.075 × 15 × 0.8 + 0.1× 20 × 0.9) = 1380 N.
2
1
M = × 1.45 × 252 (0.05 × 10 × 0.7 × 40 + 0.075 × 15 × 0.8 × 27.5 + 0.1× 20 × 0.9 × 10)
2
= 25 700 N ⋅ m.
25 × 0.05
b) Re1 = −5
= 7.6 × 104. Re2 = 1.14 ×105 , Re3 = 1.5 ×105.
1.65 × 10
101
∴ ( C D )1 = 0.8, ( C D )2 = 0.7, ( C D )3 = 0.8. ρ = = 1.17 kg/m3 .
0.287 × 308
1
∴ FD = ×1.17 × 252 (0.05 × 10 × 0.8 + 0.075 × 15 × 0.7 + 0.1× 20 × 0.8) = 1020 N.
2
1
M = × 1.17 × 252 (0.05 × 10 × 0.8 × 40 + 0.075 × 15 × 0.7 × 27.5 + 0.1× 20 × 0.8 × 10)
2
= 19 600 N ⋅ m.

8.25 Atmospheric air is turbulent. ∴Use the "rough" curve: ∴ C D = 0.7.

1 V × 2000/V 2
FD = 10 = × 0.00238V 2 × 6 D × 0.7. ∴ 2000=V D. 2
10 =5
.
2 1.6 × 10−4
ρ 0.0024  2
∴ pmin = U ∞2 − vo2  = 30 − 1042  = −11.8 psf .
2   2  

∴ V 2 D = 2370. ∴ V = 148 fps. D = 0.108 ft

201
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 8 / External Flows

8.26 Since the air cannot flow around the bottom, we imagine the structure
to be mirrored as shown. Then
L / D = 40/5 = 8. ∴ C D = 0.66C D∞ .

VDmin 30 × 2
Re min = = −5
= 4 × 106. ∴ C D = 1.0 × 0.66 = 0.66.
ν 1.5 × 10
1  2+8 
∴ FD = ×1.22 × 302 ×  × 20  × 0.66 = 36 000 N.
2  2 

8.27 FB + FD = FW . FB
FD
4 1 4
9810 × π r 3 + × 1000V 2π r 2 CD = 9810 × 7.82 × π r 3 .
3 2 3
W
V × 2r
Re = = 2 × 106 Vr. ∴ V 2C D = 178r
10 −6

a) r = 0.05 m. ∴ Re = 105V , V 2C D = 8.9. Assume a smooth sphere.

Try C D = 0.5 : ∴ V = 4.22 m/s. Re = 4.22 × 105 . This is too large for Re.
Try C D = 0.2 : ∴ V = 6.67 m/s. Re = 6.67 × 105 . OK.

b) r = 0.025 m. Re = 5 × 104V , V 2C D = 4.45.

Try C D = 0.2 : V = 4.72 m/s. Re = 2.4 × 105 . OK.

c) r = 0.005 m. Re = 104V , V 2C D = 0.89.

Try C D = 0.5 : V = 1.33 m/s. Re = 1.33 × 104 . OK.

d) r = 0.001 m. Re = 2 × 103V , V 2C D = 0.178.

Try C D = 0.4 : V = 0.67 m/s. Re = 1.33 × 103 . OK.

3 2 3
4  10  1  10  4  10 
8.28 FB + FD = FW . 0.077 × π   + × 0.00238V 2π   C D = 62.4S π   .
3  12  2  12  3  12 
V ×10/12
Re = −4
= 5.2 × 103 V . ∴1 + 0.0139V 2C D = 810S
1.6 ×10
a) S = 0.005. V 2C D = 219. Assume atmospheric turbulence, i.e., rough.
Try C D = 0.4 : V = 23.4 fps. Re = 1.2 × 105. ∴ C D = 0.3 and V = 27 fps.

b) S = 0.02. V 2C D = 1090. Try C D = 0.4 : V = 52 fps. Re = 2.7 × 105. ∴ OK.

c) S = 1.0. V 2C D = 58, 200. Try C D = 0.4 : V = 381 fps.

202
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 8 / External Flows

8.29 6 in
Assume a 180 lb, 6-ft sky diver, with components 6 in 8 in. dia.
as shown. If V is quite large, then Re > 2 × 105 and 18 in
FD = FW . 3 ft 2.5 ft 2.5 ft

1  1 1 18  4 
× 0.00238V 2  2 × 3 × × 1.0 × 0.7+2 × 2.5 × × 1.0 × 0.7 + × 2.5 × 1.0 + π ×   × 0.4  = 180.
2  2 2 12  12  
We used data from Table 8.1. ∴ V = 140 fps.

1
8.30 From Table 8.2 C D = 0.35. FD = × 1.22V 2 × 3.2 × 0.35 = 0.683V 2 .
2
2
 80 × 1000  ɺ = 337 80 × 1000 = 7500 W or 10 hp.
a) FD = 0.683 ×   = 337 N.∴W
 3600  3600
b) V = 25 m/s. FD = 0.683 × 252 = 427 N. ∴ Wɺ = 427 × 25 = 10 700 W or 14.3 hp.

c) V = 27.8 m/s. FD = 0.683 × 27.82 = 527 N. ∴ W

ɺ = 527 × 27.8 = 14 700 W or 19.6 hp.

1 1.1 m
8.31 1.2 FD = 1.1 × 400. FD = ρV 2 AC D . C D = 1.1 FD
2
1 1.2 m
1.2 × × 1.22V 2 × (2 × 3) × 1.1 = 1.1 × 400.
2 FW Fx
∴ V = 9.5 m/s. Fy

VD ( 40 000 / 3600)0.6
8.32 Re = = = 4.42 × 10 5 . ∴ C D = 0.35 from Fig. 8.9.
ν 1.51 × 10 -5

1 1
a) FD = ρ V 2 AC D = × 1.204 × (40 000/3600) 2 × 0.6 × 6 × 0.35 = 93.6 N
2 2
b) FD = 93.6 × 0.68 = 63.7 N where L /D = 6/0.6 = 10.
c) FD = 93.6 × 0.76 = 71.1 N where we can use L /D = 20 since only one end is free. The
ground acts like the mid-section of a 12-m-long cylinder.

8.33 a) Curled up, she makes an approximate sphere of about 1.2 m in diameter (just a guess!).
Assume a rough sphere at large Re. From Fig. 8.9, C D = 0.4 :
1 1
FD = ρ V 2 AC D 80 × 9.8 = × 1.21× V 2π × 0.62 × 0.4. ∴ V = 53.7 m/s.
2 2
53.7 × 1.2
Check Re: Re = −5
= 4.27 × 106. ∴ OK.
1.51× 10

203
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 8 / External Flows

1
b) FD = ρ V 2 AC D . From Table 8.2, CD = 1.4:
2
1
80 × 9.8 = × 1.21× V 2π × 4 2 × 1.4. ∴ V = 4.29 m/s.
2
4.29 × 8
Check Re: Re = −5
= 2.27 × 106. Should be larger but the velocity should be
1.51× 10
close.
1
c) FD = ρV 2 ACD
2
1
80 × 9.8 = × 1.21× V 2π × 12 × 1.4. ∴ V = 17.2 m/s.
2
17.2 × 1
Check Re: Re = −5
= 1.14 × 106. This should be greater than 107 for C D to
1.51× 10
be acceptable. Hence, the velocity is approximate.

8.34 With the deflector the drag coefficient is 0.76 rather than 0.96. The required power,
directly related to fuel consumed, is reduced by the ratio of 0.76/0.96. The cost per year
without the deflector is
Cost = (200 000/1.2) × 0.25 = $41,667.
With the deflector it is
Cost = 41,667 × 0.76/0.96 = $32,986.
The savings are $41,667 − 32,986 = $8,800.

1 1
8.35 FD = ρ V 2 AC D = × 0.00238 × 882 × (6 × 2) × 1.1 = 122 lb.
2 2
ɺ
W = FD × V = 122 × 88 = 10, 700 ft-lb/sec or 19.5 hp.

1 1
8.36 FD = ρ V 2 AC D = × 1.22 × (27.8 × 1.6)2 × π × 0.052 × 1.1 = 10.43 N.
2 2
Wɺ = F × V × 2 = 10.43 × (27.8 × 1.6) × 2 = 226 W or 1.24 hp.
D

(2 + 0.3)
8.37 The projected area is × 4 = 4.6 m 2 .
2
1 1
FD = ρ V 2 AC D = × 1.18 × 202 × 4.6 × 0.4 = 434 N.
2 2
Since there are two free ends, we use Table 8.1 with L /D = 4/1.15 = 3.47, and
approximate the force as

FD = 434 × 0.62 = 269 N.

204
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 8 / External Flows

8.38 The net force acting up is (use absolute pressure)

4 4 120
Fup = π × 0.43 × 1.21 × 9.8 − 0.5 − π × 0.43 × 9.8 = 2.16 N
3 3 2.077 × 293
From a force triangle (2.16 N up and FD to the right), we see that
tan α = Fup / FD .

a) FD = 2.16 / tan 80
= 0.381. Assume CD = 0.2:

1
0.381 = ×1.21V 2π × 0.42 × 0.2. ∴ V = 2.50 m/s.
2
2.5 × 0.8
Check Re: Re = −5
= 1.33 × 10 5 . Too low. Use C D = 0.5:
1.51 × 10
1
0.381 = × 1.21V 2π × 0.42 × 0.5. ∴ V = 1.58 m/s
2
b) FD = 2.16 / tan 70
= 0.786. Assume CD = 0.2:
1
0.786 = × 1.21V 2π × 0.42 × 0.2. ∴ V = 3.60 m/s.
2
3.6 × 0.8
Check Re: Re = −5
= 1.9 × 10 5 . Too low. Use C D = 0.5:
1.51 × 10
1
0.786 = ×1.21V 2π × 0.42 × 0.5. ∴ V = 2.27 m/s
2
c) FD = 2.16 / tan 60
= 1.25. Assume CD = 0.5:
1
1.25 = ×1.21V 2π × 0.42 × 0.5. ∴ V = 2.86 m/s.
2
2.86 × 0.8
Check Re: Re = −5
= 1.5 × 10 5 . ∴OK.
1.51 × 10
d) FD = 2.16 / tan 50
= 1.81. Assume CD = 0.5:
1
1.81 = × 1.21V 2π × 0.42 × 0.5. ∴ V = 3.45 m/s.
2
3.45 × 0.8
Check Re: Re = −5
= 1.8 × 105. Close, but OK.
1.51 × 10

8.39 Assume each section of the tree is a cylinder. The average diameter of the tree is 1 m.
The top doesn't have a blunt end around which the air flows, however, the bottom does;
so assume L /D = (5/2) × 2 = 5. So, use a factor of 0.62 from Table 8.1 to multiply the
drag coefficient. The force acts near the centroid of the triangular area, one-third the way
up. Finally,
F × d = 5000
1 2  5 
 2 × 1.21V × 5 × 0.4 × 0.62  ×  3 + 0.6  = 5000. V = 54.2 m/s.

205
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 8 / External Flows

8.40 Power to move the sign:

1
FDV = ρV 2 AC D × V
2
1
= × 1.21 × 11.11 2 × 0.72 × 1.1 × 11.11 = 657 J / s.
2
This power comes from the engine:
657 = (12 000 × 1000)m
ɺ × 0.3. ɺ = 1.825 × 10 −4 kg / s.
∴m
Assuming the density of gas to be 900 kg/m3,
1000
1.825 × 10−4 × 10 × 3600 × 6 × 52 × × 0.60 = $1370
900

8.41 The power expended is FD × V . V = (25 × 88 / 60) / 3.281 = 11.18 m/s

1 1
× 1.21×11.183 × 0.56 × C D = × 1.21× V 3 × 0.4 × C D × 0.8
2 2
∴ V = 13.47 m/s or 30.1 mph.

8.42 ɺ = 40 × 746η = F × V = 1 ρ V 2 AC × V = 1 ρ AC V 3.
W D D D
2 2
1
∴ 40 × 746 × .9 = × 1.22 × 3 × 0.35V 3 . ∴ V = 34.7 m/s or 125 km/hr.
2

Vortex Shedding

V × 0.003
8.43 40 < Re < 10 000. 40 < < 10 000. ∴ 0.2 < V < 50 m/s.
1.5 × 10−5
f × 0.003 f × 0.003
St = 0.12 = . ∴ flow = 8 Hz. St = 0.21= . ∴ f high = 3500 Hz.
0.2 50
The vortices could be heard over most of the range.

VD 6D
8.44 40 > = −5
. ∴ D < 8.13 × 10 −5 ft.
ν 1.22 × 10
VD 6D
10 000 < = . ∴ D > 0.020 ft or 0.24".
ν . × 10 −5
122

f × D 0.2 × 0.1
8.45 From Fig. 8.10, Re is related to St: St = = .
V V
VD V × 0.1
Re = = . Try St = 0.21: V = 0.095 m/s. ∴ Re = 630.
ν 1.5 ×10−5
This is acceptable. ∴ V = 0.095 m/s.

206
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 8 / External Flows

fD 0.002 × 2 VD V ×2
8.46 St = = . Re = = . Use Fig. 8.9.
V V ν 10−6
Try St = 0.21: V = 0.0191 m/s. Re = 38 × 103 . ∴ OK.

8.47 Let St = 0.21 for the wind imposed vorticies. When this frequency equals the natural
frequency, or one of its odd harmonics, resonance occurs:

T
f = 2 2
ρL d π
0.21 × 10
= 30 000/7850L2 × 0.0162 × π . ∴ L = 0.525 m
0.016
Consider the third and fifth harmonics:
f = 3 T / ρL2 d 2 π . ∴ L = 1.56 m. f = 5 T / ρL2 d 2 π . ∴ L = 2.62 m.

Streamlining

88 × 6/12 1  6
8.48 Re = = 2.8 × 105. FD = × 0.00238 × 882 × 1.0 × 0.8 ×  6 ×  = 22 lb.
1.6 × 10−4 2  12 
The coefficient 1.0 comes from Fig. 8.9 and 0.8 from Table 8.1. We have
ɺ = F × V = 22 × 88 = 1946 ft-lb/sec
W or 3.5 hp.
D

( CD )streamlined = 0.035. ∴ FD = 0.77 lb. ɺ = 67.8 ft-lb/sec or 0.12 hp.

W

VD 3 × 0.08 1
8.49 Re = = −5
= 16 000. ∴ FD = × 1.22 × 32 × (0.08 × 2) × 1.2 × .78 = 0.822 N
ν 1.5 × 10 2
The coefficient 1.2 comes from Fig. 8.9 and 0.78 from Table 8.1.
0.822 − 0.24
( CD )streamlined = 0.35. ∴ FD = 0.24 N. ∴ % reduction = × 100 = 70.8%
0.822

VD 2 × 0.8
8.50 Re = = −6
= 1.6 × 106.
∴ C D = 0.45 from Fig. 8.9.
ν 10
L 4
= = 5. ∴ C D = 0.62 × 0.45 = 0.28.
D 0.8
Because only one end is free, we double the length.
1 1
FD = ρ V 2 AC D = × 1000 × 22 × 0.8 × 2 × 0.28 = 900 N.
2 2
If streamlined, C D = 0.03 × 0.62 = 0.0186.
1
∴ FD = ×1000 × 22 × 0.8 × 2 × 0.0186 = 60 N.
2

207
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 8 / External Flows

8.51 V = 50 × 1000 / 3600 = 13.9 m/s.

Assume the ends to not be free. ∴Use CD from Fig. 8.9.

13.9 × 0.02
Re = −5
= 1.85 × 104. ∴ C D = 1.2. ( CD )streamlined = 0.3
1.5 ×10

ɺ = F × V = 1 ρ V 3 AC = 1 × 1.2 × 13.93 × 0.02 × 20 ×1.2 = 773 W or 1.04 hp.

W D D
2 2

ɺ 1 3
W streamlined = × 1.2 × 13.9 × 0.02 × 20 × 0.3 = 193 W or 0.26 hp
2

13.9 × 0.3
8.52 V = 50 × 1000/3600 = 13.9 m/s. Re = = 2.8 × 10 5 . ∴ C D = 0.4
1.5 × 10 −5
We assumed a head diameter of 0.3 m and used the rough sphere curve.
1 1
FD = ρ V 2 AC D = × 1.2 ×13.9 2 (π × 0.32 /4) × 0.4 = 3.3 N.
2 2
1 1
FD = ρ V 2 AC D = × 1.2 × 13.92 (π × 0.32 /4) × 0.035 = 0.29 N.
2 2

Cavitation

p∞ − pv 150 000 − 1670

8.53 σ= 1
. 0.7 = 1
where p∞ = γ h + patm = 150 000 Pa.
2
ρV 2 2
× 1000V 2

∴ V = 20.6 m/s.

FL 200 000
8.54 CL = 1
= 1
= 0.69. ∴α ≅ 3
.
2
ρV A × 1000 × 122 × 0.4 × 10
2 2

FD
C D = 0.0165 = 1
. ∴ FD = 4800 N.
×1000 × 122 × 0.4 × 10
2
? (9810 × 0.4 + 101 000) − 1670
σ crit = 0.75 > 1
= 1.43. ∴ no cavitation
× 1000 × 122
2

FL 50 000
8.55 CL = = = 105
. . ∴ α = 7.3
.
1 1 16
ρV 2 A × 194
. × 352 × × 30
2 2 12

208
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 8 / External Flows

FD
C D = 0.027 = 1
. ∴ FD = 1280 lb.
× 1.94 × 352 × (16/12) × 30
2
? (62.4 ×16/12 + 2117) − 0.25 ×144
σ crit = 1.6 > 1
= 1.82. ∴ no cavitation
× 1.94 × 352
2

20 × 0.8
8.56 p∞ = 9810 × 5 + 101 000 = 150 000 Pa. pv = 1670 Pa. Re = −6
= 16 × 106.
10
150 000 − 1670
σ= 1
= 0.74. ∴ C D = C D (0)(1 + σ ) = 0.3(1 + 0.74) = 0.52
×1000 × 202
2

1 1
ρ V 2 AC D = × 1000 × 202 × π × 0.42 × 0.52 = 52 000 N.
∴ FD =
2 2
Note: We retain 2 sig. figures since CD is known to only 2 sig. figures.

8.57 For a 6° angle of attack we find from Table 8.4 C L = 0.95.

1 1
FL = ρV 2 AC L = × 1000 × 152 × 4 × 0.4 L ×.95 = 12 000 × 9.8.
2 2
∴ L = 0.69 m.

Added Mass

4 400
8.58 ΣF = ma. a) 400 − 9810 × π × 0.23 = a. ∴ a = 1.75 m/s 2 .
3 9.81
4  400 1 4 
b) 400 − 9810 × π × 0.23 =  + × 1000 × π × 0.23  a. ∴ a = 1.24 m/s 2 .
3  9.81 2 3 

F
8.59 F = ma 1 = 1000 × 1.2 × V
− a 1. ∴ a1 = . m a = 0.2 × 1000 −V .
1200 −V
F F
F = (m + m a )a 2 . ∴ a2 = = . a 2 is true acceleration.
1200 −V + 200 −V 1400 −V

F F
−
a2 − a1
∴ % error = × 100 = 1400 −V 1200 −V × 100 = 16.7%.
a2 F
1400 −V

209
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 8 / External Flows

Lift and Drag on Airfoils

8.60 The total aerodynamic drag consists of both lift and drag that is:

FTotal = FL + FD ⇒ FTotal = FL2 + FD2 = 18 kN ⇒ FL2 + FD2 = (18 kN )

2

which can be combined with FL = 3FD to yield

9 FD2 + FD2 = 324 ⇒ FD = 324 10 = 5.69 kN

and hence, FL = 3 × 5.69 = 17.1 kN so
FL 17.1× 103
CL = = = 0.587
1
2
ρ V 2cL 1 × 1.2 × 61.12 × 1.3 × 10
2

8.61 From the measured force we can calculate the lift coefficient as follows
FL 13.7
CL = = 1 × 0.0233 × 150 × 6 × 18 144
= 0.70
1
2
ρ V 2cL 2

Where the velocity V was calculated from the given value of Re as

Re 4.586 × 105
V= = = 150 ft/sec
ρ c µ 0.00233 × ( 6 12 ) / 3.81× 10−7
The angle of attack is calculated from the given expression for CL
α = sin−1 ( CL 2π ) = sin−1 ( 0.7 2π ) = 6.4

FL 1000 × 9.81
8.62 CL = 1
= 1
= 0.496. ∴α = 3.2
. C D = 0.0065.
2
ρV A × 0.412 × 802 × 15
2 2

ɺ = F V =  1 × 0.412 × 80 2 × 15 × 0.0065  × 80 = 10 300 W or 13.8 hp.

W D  
2 

1500 × 9.81 + 3000

8.63 a) C L = 1.22 = 1
. ∴ V = 34.5 m/s.
×1.22 × V 2 × 20
2
1500 × 9.81 + 3000
b) ( C L )max = 1.72 = 1
. ∴ V = 50 m/s. (at 10 000 m) c)
× 0.412 × V 2 × 20
2

W ɺ = F V =  1 × 0.412 × 80 2 × 20 × 0.0065  × 80 = 13 700 W or 18.4 hp

D  
2 
where we found C D as follows:
1500 × 9.81 + 3000
( C L )cruise = 1 = 0.67. ∴ C D = 0.0065, from Fig. 8.13.
× 0.412 × 802 × 20
2

210
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 8 / External Flows

c) ∴Power = 18.4/0.45 = 40.9 hp.

1500 × 9.81 + 3000

8.64 C L = 1.22 = 1
. ∴ V = 38.0 m/s.
× 1.007 × V 2 × 20
2

1500 × 9.81 + 3000 0.275

8.65 ( C L )cruise = 1 = 0.275. ∴CD = = 0.0057.
× 1.007 × 802 × 20 48
2

∴W ɺ = F V = 1 ×1.007 × 803 × 20 × 0.0057 = 29 400 W or 39.4 hp

D
2
39.4 − 18.4
% change = × 100 = 114% increase
18.4
The increased power is due to the increase in air density.

1500 × 9.81 + 9000

8.66 C L = 1.22 = 1
. ∴ V = 39.9 m/s.
×1.22 × V 2 × 20
2

250 000 × 9.81

8.67 a) C L = 1.72 = 1
. ∴ V = 69.8 m/s.
× 1.22 × V 2 × 60 × 8
2
250 000 × 9.81
b) C L = 2.5 = 1
. ∴ V = 57.9 m/s.
× 1.22 × V 2 × 60 × 8
2
250 000 × 9.81
c) C L = 3.2 = 1
. ∴ V = 51.2 m/s.
× 1.22 × V 2 × 60 × 8
2

250 000 × 9.81

8.68 a) C L = 1.72 = 1
. ∴ V = 75.2 m/s.
× 1.05 × V 2 × 60 × 8
2

75.2 − 69.8
% change = × 100 = 7.77% increase
69.8
250 000 × 9.81  101.3 
b) C L = 1.72 = . ∴ V = 62.6 m/s  ρ = = 1.515 kg/m3 
1
× 1.515V 2 × 60 × 8  0.287 × 233 
2
62.6 − 69.8
% change = × 100 = −10.3%
69.8
250 000 × 9.81  101.3 
c) C L = 1.72 = . ∴ V = 73.7 m/s  ρ = = 1.093 kg/m3 
1
× 1.093V 2 × 60 × 8  0.287 × 323 
2
73.7 − 69.8
% change = × 100 = 5.63% increase
69.8

211
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 8 / External Flows

8.69 For a conventional airfoil assume C L /C D = 47.6 at C L = 0.3.

m × 9.81
0.3 = 1
. ∴ m = 2.38 × 106 kg
× 0.526 × 2222 × 200 × 30
2

ɺ = F V = 1 × 0.526 × 2223 × 200 × 30 × 0.3 = 490 000 W or 657 hp

W D
2 47.6

Vorticity, Velocity Potential, and Stream Function

∂ V ∇p 
8.70 ∇× + ( V ⋅ ∇) V + − ν ∇ 2 V  = 0.
 ∂t ρ 
∂V ∂ ∂ω ∇p 1
∇× = (∇ × V ) = . ∇× = ∇ × ∇ p = 0.
∂t ∂t ∂t ρ ρ

∇ × (∇ 2 V ) = ∇ 2 (∇ × V ) = ∇ 2ω (we have interchanged derivatives)

1  1
∇ × [ (V ⋅∇)V ] = ∇ ×  ∇V 2 − V × (∇ × V )  = (∇ × ∇V 2 ) − ∇ × (V × ω)
2  2

= V (∇ ⋅ ω) − ω (∇ ⋅ V ) + (V ⋅∇)ω − (ω ⋅∇ )V

= (V ⋅ ∇)ω − (ω ⋅ ∇)V since ∇ ⋅ ω = ∇ ⋅ (∇ × V ) = 0 and ∇ ⋅ V = 0.

∂ω
There results: + (V ⋅∇)ω − (ω ⋅∇ )V −ν∇ 2ω = 0.
∂t
Dω
This is written as = (ω ⋅∇)V +ν∇ 2ω.
Dt

8.71 Starting with the vorticity equation, Eq. 8.5.3, we write

Dω
= ( ω ⋅ ∇ ) V + ν ∇2ω where, ω = ωx ˆi + ωy ˆj + ωz kˆ
Dt
Since initially y-vorticity exists in the flow then, ωx = ωz = 0 .
To explain the existence of x-vorticity, write the vorticity equation in the x-direction:
Dωx ∂u
= ωy + ν ∇2ωx . Initially, ωx = 0, so ν∇2ωx = 0 .
Dt ∂y
∂u ∂u Dωx
Downstream of the obstruction, > 0 ⇒ ωy > 0, and hence ≠0
∂y ∂y Dt
which indicates that x-vorticity is being generated in the flow due to the re-orientation of
the y-vorticity tube in the x-direction.

212
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 8 / External Flows

∂ωx ∂ω ∂ω ∂ω ∂u ∂u ∂u
8.72 x-comp: + u x + v x + w x = ωx + ωy + ωz + ν∇ 2ωx
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z

∂ωy ∂ωy ∂ω y ∂ωy ∂v ∂v ∂v

y-comp: +u +v +w = ωx + ωy + ωz +ν∇ 2ωy
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z

∂ωz ∂ω ∂ω ∂ω ∂w ∂w ∂w
z-comp: + u z + v z + w z = ωx + ωy + ωz + ν∇ 2ωz
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z

∂w ∂v ∂u ∂w ∂v ∂u
8.73 ωx = − = 0. ωy = − = 0. ωz = − ≠ 0.
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y

Dωz Dωz
= (ω ⋅ ∇)w +ν∇ 2ωz ; ∴ = ν∇ 2ωz .
DT Dt
Dω z
If viscous effects are negligible, then = 0.
Dt
Thus, for a planer flow, ω z = const if viscous effects are negligible.

 ∂w ∂v  ˆ  ∂u ∂w  ˆ  ∂v ∂u  ˆ
8.74 a) ∇ × V =  − i + −  j +  −  k = 0. ∴irrotational
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   ∂x ∂y 
∂φ
= 10 x. ∴φ = 5x 2 + f ( y )
∂x
∂φ ∂f
= = 20 y. ∴ f = 10 y 2 + C. Let C = 0.
∂y ∂y

∴ φ = 5 x 2 + 10 y 2

b) ∇ × V = 0ˆi + 0ˆj + (8 − 8)kˆ = 0. ∴irrotational

∂φ ∂φ ∂f ∂f
= 8 y. ∴φ = 8xy + f ( y, z) . = 8x + = 8x. ∴ = 0 and f = f ( z).
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y
∂φ df
= = −6 z. ∴ f = −3z 2 + C. Let C = 0.
∂z dz
∴ φ = 8 xy − 3 z 2

 − y 1 ( x 2 + y 2 )−1/2 2 x − x 1 ( x 2 + y 2 )−1/2 2 y 
c) ∇ × V = 0ˆi + 0ˆj +  2 − 2  kˆ = 0. ∴irrotational
 x2 + y2 x2 + y 2 
 

213
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 8 / External Flows

∂φ x
= . ∴φ = x 2 + y 2 + f ( y )
∂x 2
x +y 2

∂φ 1 2 ∂f y ∂f
= ( x + y 2 ) −1/2 2 y + = . ∴ = 0. ∴ f = C. Let C = 0.
∂y 2 ∂y x2 + y2 ∂y

∴φ = x2 + y 2

 − y (2 x) − x(2 y )  ˆ
d) ∇ × V = 0ˆi + 0ˆj +  2 2 2
− 2  k = 0. ∴irrotational
 ( x + y ) ( x + y 2 ) 2 
∂φ x 1
= 2 . ∴ φ = ln( x 2 + y 2 ) + f ( y )
∂x x + y 2 2
∂φ y 1 2y ∂f ∂f
= 2 = + . ∴ = 0. ∴ f = C = 0. ∴φ = ln x 2 + y 2
∂y x + y 2 2
2 x +y 2 ∂y ∂y

∂ 2ψ ∂ 2ψ
8.75 + = 0. This requires two conditions on x and two on y.
∂x 2 ∂y 2
∂ψ y
y=h
At x = − L, u = U . ∴ = U.
∂y U x
∂ψ
At x = L, u = U . ∴ = U. y=0
∂y x = −L

At y = − h , ψ = 0.

At y = h, ψ = U × h. (See Example 8.9).

The boundary conditions are stated as:
∂ψ ∂ψ
(− L, y ) = U , ( L, y ) = U , ψ ( x, − h) = 0, ψ ( x, h) = 2Uh.
∂y ∂y

∂ψ ∂ψ df
8.76 u= = 100. ∴ψ = 100 y + f ( x). v = − =− = 50. ∴ f = −50 x + C.
∂y ∂x dx
∴ ψ ( x , y ) = 100 y − 50 x. (We usually let C = 0.)
∂φ ∂φ df
u= = 100. ∴φ = 100 x + f ( y ). v = = = 50. ∴ f = 50 y + C.
∂x ∂y dy
∴ φ ( x , y ) = 100 x + 50 y.

214
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 8 / External Flows

8.77 a) ψ = 40θ .

 1 ∂ ψ  1 ∂
2
1 ∂  ∂ψ 1 ∂ 
b)   +  −  = (40) +  − (0)  = 0.
r ∂r  ∂θ  r  ∂θ∂r  r ∂r r  ∂θ 
∴It is incompressible since the above continuity equation is satisfied.
Note: The continuity equation is found in Table 5.1.
∂φ 1 ∂ψ 40
c) = = . ∴φ = 40 ln r + f (θ )
∂r r ∂θ r
∂φ ∂f ∂ψ
= = −r = 0. ∴ f = C. Let C = 0.
∂θ ∂θ ∂r
∴φ = 40 ln r

40 ∂vr 40  40 
d) vr = , vθ = 0. ar = vr =  − 2  = −10.
r ∂r r  r 
∴ r = 5.43 m

∂ψ 2y ∂φ −1 y
8.78 u= = 20 2 = . ∴ φ = −40 tan + f ( y ).
∂y x + y 2 ∂x x

∂φ 40 / x ∂f 40 x ∂f 2x
v= =− + =− 2 + = −20 2 . ∴ f = C. Let C = 0.
∂y 2
1+ y / x 2 ∂y x +y 2 ∂y x + y2
y
φ = −40 tan −1 .
x

∂ 2ψ ∂ 2ψ ∂ψ
8.79 a) + = 0. = 10 y ( x 2 + y 2 )−2 (2 x).
∂x 2
∂y 2 ∂x

∂ 2ψ
2
= 20 y ( x 2 − y 2 )−2 −80 x 2 y( x 2 + y 2 ) −3
∂x
∂ψ
= 10 − 10( x 2 + y 2 ) −1 + 10 y ( x 2 + y 2 ) −2 (2 y ).
∂y
∂ 2ψ
2
= 20 y ( x 2 + y 2 ) −2 +40 y ( x 2 + y 2 )−2 − 80 y3 ( x 2 + y 2 ) −3.
∂y

∂ 2ψ ∂ 2ψ 20 y 80 x 2 y 60 y 80 y 3
∴ + = − + −
∂x 2 ∂y 2 (x2 + y 2 )2 ( x 2 + y 2 )3 ( x2 + y 2 )2 ( x 2 + y 2 )3

215
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 8 / External Flows

80 y( x 2 + y 2 ) 80 x 2 y 80 y 3 80 x 2 y + 80 y 3 − 80 x 2 y − 80 y 3
= − = − = 0.
(x 2 + y 2 ) 3 (x 2 + y 2 ) 3
(x 2 + y 2 ) 3 (x 2 + y 2 ) 3
10 r sin θ 10
b) In polar co-ord: ψ ( r , θ ) = 10 r sin θ − 2
= 10 r sin θ − sin θ .
r r
1 ∂ψ  10  ∂φ  10 
= 10 − 2  cos θ = . ∴φ = 10 +  cos θ + f (θ ).
r ∂θ  r  ∂r  r 

1 ∂φ 1 df  10  ∂ψ 10 df
= − 10 + 2  sin θ = − = −10 sin θ − 2 sin θ . = 0. f = C .
r ∂θ r dθ  r  ∂r r dθ

 1 10 x
∴ φ = 10 r +  cos θ or φ ( x , y ) = 10 x + 2 ,
 r  x + y2

where we let r cos θ = x and r 2 = x 2 + y 2 .

∂ψ
c) Along the x-axis, v = − = 0 where we let y = 0 in part (a) and
∂x
∂ψ 10 20 y 2 10
u= = 10 − 2 + 2 = 10 − 2 with y = 0.
∂y x +y 2
(x + y ) 2 2
x
∂u ∂p  10   20  ∂p
Euler’s Eq: ρ u = − . ∴ ρ 10 − 2   3  = − .
∂x ∂x  x  x  ∂x
 200 200   50 100 
∫
∴ p = ρ  5 − 3  dx = ρ  − 4 + 2  + C. C = 50 000.
 x x   x x 
 100 50 
= 1000  2 − 4  + 50 000 Pa. (Could have used Bernoulli!)
x x 
10
d) Let u = 0: 0 = 10 − 2 . ∴ x = ±1. ∴ Stag pts: (1, 0), (−1, 0)
x

∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ ∂  10 x  ∂  10 y  ( x 2 + y 2 )10 − 10 x(2 x
8.80 a) + =  10 + +  =
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂x  x 2 + y 2  ∂y  x 2 + y 2  ( x 2 + y 2 )2
( x 2 + y 2 )10 − 10 y(2 y ) 10 x 2 + 10 y 2 − 20 x 2 + 10 x 2 + 10 y 2 − 20 y 2
+ = = 0.
(x 2 + y 2 ) 2 (x 2 + y 2 )2
b) Polar co-ord: φ = 10r cos θ + 5ln r 2 . (See Eq. 8.5.14.)
∂φ 10r 1 ∂ψ
= 10 cos θ + 2 = . ∴ψ = 10r sin θ + 10θ + f (r )
∂r r r ∂θ
1 ∂φ ∂ψ df
= −10 sin θ = − = −10sin θ − . ∴ f = C . ∴ψ = 10r sin θ + 10θ .
r ∂θ ∂r dr
y
∴ ψ ( x , y ) = 10 y + 10 tan −1 .
x

216
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Miles
Lawson
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Miles Lawson

or, the Yews

Author: Mrs. W. Reynolds Lloyd

Release date: January 17, 2024 [eBook #72740]

Language: English

Original publication: Boston: Ira Bradley & Co, 1896

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MILES

LAWSON ***
Transcriber's note: Unusual and inconsistent spelling is as
printed.

Miles Lawson;
OR,

THE YEWS.

BY THE AUTHOR OF
"HOW TO SEE THE ENGLISH LAKES," ETC.

"Therefore, although it be a history

Homely and rude, I will relate the
same,
For the delight of a few natural
hearts."
WORD
SWORTH.
 BOSTON:

PUBLISHED BY IRA BRADLEY & CO.

162 WASHINGTON STREET.

CONTENTS.

Chapter I. The Homestead

Chapter II. Conscience

Chapter III. The Snow Drift

Chapter IV. The Search

Chapter V. Home Again

Chapter VI. The Mountain Echoes

Chapter VII. Changing Seasons

MILES LAWSON;
 OR,

THE YEWS.

CHAPTER I.
THE HOMESTEAD.

"The lonely cottage in the guardian nook,

Hath stirred then deeply—with its own
dear brook,
Its own small pasture—almost its own
sky."
WO
RDSWORTH.

BENEATH the crags which overhang one of the deep

mountain valleys of Westmoreland, there nestles an old
farm-house, whose low, irregular roof, deep stone porch,
and large round chimneys, make it a type of its class. Its
windows are low, wide, and mullioned; and on the sunny
side, next the small garden, they are quite embowered by
an ancient jasmine, an old-fashioned cabbage rose, and a
broad sheet of ivy, whose twisted stems are as large as
those of a good-sized tree, and whose long, clinging arms
clasp the walls nearly all round the building, festooning and
fringing even the great round chimneys. Those chimneys
are almost as large as little lime-kilns; but the smoke,
which curls up in gentle volumes, is of that pure blue tint
which betokens it to be the breath of a peat fire. The house
is beautifully white—whitewashed afresh by loving hands at
every Whitsuntide Scrow. *

* The great annual house-cleaning of the north.

But the glory of the homestead consists in its two enormous

yew trees, a pair of sombre giants, which are so old that
they never seem to grow older. They became stiff, twisted
and furrowed with age, so many centuries ago, that a few
generations time, a few odd scores of years here and there,
are nothing to them now—a mere trifle that is not worth
noticing. And so there they stretch their huge branches
towards each other, across the flagged path which leads
straight up from the garden wicket to the pointed porch,
making a dim twilight of their own, even at mid-day.

There is a rustic seat encircling the trunk of one of the

brother yew trees. Ah! That is Miles's work. Miles, the oldest
son of the house, cut those billets and branches out of the
little copse-wood at the entrance of the glen, and made
them into a seat for his sister Alice to rest on, when she is
sewing in the golden light of the summer evenings. There is
a cluster of larches, as well as a spreading oak and a
sycamore, grouped about the farm buildings; but the place
borrows its name from none of these, and for three hundred
years it has been known as "The Yews." A slab of stone, let
into the wall of the house, just above the porch, bears the
date 1559.

Pass through that deep stone porch, and you enter the farm
kitchen, a long room, whose low, raftered ceiling is made
lower still by the rack which is stretched across it, on which
rest flitches of smoked bacon, and a large assortment of
dried herbs and simples; for Mrs. Lawson is famed through
the dales for her herb teas and febrifuges. She is known,
too, for better things than these; for the perfume of her
humble piety spreads like an atmosphere around her,
though her daily cup has long been seasoned with the bitter
herbs of affliction. She does not complain of these
distasteful draughts, but declares that they are the best of
medicines, the very things to strengthen and purify the
soul's health.

"If they were not good for me, I shouldn't have them. My
Saviour knows what a bitter cup is; and he wouldn't hand it
to me unless he saw I wanted it."

Watch her as she sits in her rocking chair, which is softly

cushioned with little diamonds of patchwork. That many-
colored patchwork is a mosaic representing her whole life.
She has often expounded the story from those little pictured
memorials. This lilac spot ("pop," she calls it) is a relic of
her first short frock: the pink square is the only survivor of
the dress she wore on her first visit to Kendal—to her a
wonderful metropolis, which she thought could be like
nothing less than Jerusalem itself, "beautiful for situation,
on the sides of the north." Ah! That "innocent" chintz was
her wedding gown. Her Miles chose it himself, and he had
been a good husband to her, "walking in his house with a
perfect heart," and trying to bring up his children "in the
nurture and admonition of the Lord."

Whenever Mrs. Lawson spoke on serious subjects, she

dropped unconsciously into the language of Scripture: for
she had been a close student of only one book; and after
Miles was taken from her, that book had been the household
lamp which had lightened the darkness that had fallen upon
The Yews. She has that old family Bible on her lap now, as
she sits beside the large open hearth; and the look of
settled repose on her brow is a fine commentary on the
words which she is now reading: "In quietness and
confidence shall be your strength." Now her eye is following
her daughter Alice's lively motions, as she sees her through
the open door of the cottage parlor, where she is dusting
the furniture.

That room has a delightful old-world look; it is panelled all

round with black oak, cracked and worm-eaten, but still
shining. The mantel-piece is of carved dark oak likewise;
and faces, hideous as masks, there display their long-lived
rage or changeless smiles. Opposite the fire-place is an
ancient chest, with the name "MILES LAWESON, 1562," cut
on it in high relief, and the motto, "FEARE GOD, AND
WORKE RYTEOUSNESSE," runs along on a ribbon-like scroll,
which binds together a pair of stiff trees, like gooseberry
bushes, but which are evidently designed to represent the
goodly Yews. This, then, is the muniment room of the
Lawson family.

They were not of gentle birth; but they have been a race of
sturdy, free-born yeomen, "statesmen" * of the dales,
watching jealously over the integrity of their fell-side acres,
and of their few green meadows beside the stream: and in
every generation since 1562, has there been a young "Miles
Lawson of the Yews" to transmit the memory of him of the
old oak chest.

* "Estatesmen:" Small freeholders, whose little properties

often remain in the same family, from generation to
generation, for centuries.

This sombre-looking parlor is Alice's quiet world of

romance; it is her "chamber of imagery." For here her
young mind, stimulated by the antique features which
surrounds her, loves to picture the scenes and people of
former days.

The chief source whence she draws her genealogical

groupings of Lawsons (of whom she firmly believes the
hideous faces on the mantle-piece to be faithful portraits),
is the fine historical memory of Mark Wilson, the itinerating
schoolmaster of the dales. Mark is expected to-day at the
Yews, to take up his residence there for the next month, in
the course of his regular routine journey from homestead to
homestead. * He is the orphan son of the old curate of one
of the neighboring dales, who could leave him from his
spare pittance little besides his moderate store of learning
and his thinly furnished bookshelves. But with this
important legacy Mark felt himself, and was universally
acknowledged to be, the learned man of the district. Pardon
him his little weaknesses, for Mark is a good, honest, true-
hearted lad, though his gait is a shade too measured, and
the fountain of his learning a little too apt to overflow.
Pardon him these fertilizing inundations; for he considers
the land around to be marvellously dry and thirsty, and he
thinks he is commissioned to do the bountiful work of the
Nile when it overflows its banks and refreshes the waiting
gardens and meadows of Egypt.

* This is the plan pursued in the more remote dales,

where the population is very thinly scattered.

Before Alice had finished polishing her household motto,

and rubbing up her ungainly family portraits, the latch of
the wicket gate is heard, and she hastily looks out of the
window. "Master Wilson is come, mother, books and all!"

The said books distend the old leather bag on the shoulders
of the young man who enters, far more than do the few
quaint articles of his slender wardrobe. If this be all he
includes under the portentous name of "luggage," life is a
tolerably simple thing, after all.

"Peace be unto this house," says Mark, solemnly, as he

bends his tall thin figure under the low porch: and he looks
like a true son of peace himself, as he pronounces his
accustomed benediction, though his broad and high
forehead is not without some lines which belong rather to
the autumnal ploughing than to the spring-tide of life. But
no one who ever saw the steady light of his fine clear eye
could doubt that in him the words had been fulfilled, "They
looked unto him [their Lord] and were lightened; and their
faces were not ashamed."

Alice received him with great deference, and a certain

distant timidity; for she herself has been Master Wilson's
pupil, as well as Miles and her younger brother Mat. He
gives her a grave nod, and passes on to the widow's easy
chair.

"Winter has been here since I saw you, Mrs. Lawson. How
did you bear up under the cold? Has the rheumatism been a
little quieter?" This was spoken in a voice of such singular
sweetness and power, that if one had caught its accents in
the midst of the crush of one of the principal streets of
London, one would have been impelled to look round and
search out the speaker.

"Nae, nae, Mark," said the widow, "the rheumatism hasn't

been quiet—far awa' from that. But God hasn't forgotten
the old woman; and when he giveth quietness, who then
can make trouble?"

"You have got hold of the true medicine, Mrs. Lawson;

better than any herb tea which you can concoct."
"Nae!" said the widow, in a rather controversial tone. "They
all help! It's the three P's that does it, say I—Prayer,
Patience, and Pennyroyal."

"Well, well," replies the schoolmaster; "give me the first two

and you may keep the third. But where's my scholar, Mat?"

"Mat was off to the Scar after the sheep, hours ago," said
Alice.

"He had better get them to the lower fells before long, I'm
thinking," said his mother, turning towards the window, and
looking at the sky; "there's a snow-storm in yon clouds
above Rowter Fell—though 'tis over late in the season for
snow."

"If I read the signs aright," said the schoolmaster, "we shall
have a quiet life hereaway, blocked in by a deep fall of
snow. A fine time for Mat and his learning. Perhaps we shall
get Miles, too, to go over some of the old ground and
refresh his memory. Is Miles at home?"

"Miles has been a good deal out lately—more than I like,"

said his mother, as, a cloud of care gathered upon her calm
forehead, just like that which was veiling the fine brow of
Rowter Fell at the same moment.

"I think he must be taking to mining work, up on the 'Old

Man,'" * said Alice; "he goes that way so very often."

* "Coniston Old Man," the name of a mountain.

"Does not he tell you what he is about, when he leaves

you?" inquired Mark, anxiously.
"Nae, nae; not so very often now," was the mother's reply;
"young men like to think they are their own masters. He
says he doesn't like to be watched and followed about."

"He always used to like me to set him off as far as the top
of Green Gap in all weathers," said Alice, mournfully; "but
he thinks I can't keep up with him now, he says, and yet I
can run all the way there and back faster than old Chance."

"Does Chance go with his master?"

"No; he will not let him go either, though the dear old fellow
whines after him."

"There is some mystery here," thought the schoolmaster.

"Heaven grant that the widow's son, the son of many
prayers, may not be turning at last into the 'broad path.'"

"Perhaps it's only Bella Hartley, after all," exclaimed Alice,

with a sudden flush of illumination.

"Nae, I fear not," the widow replied. "Bella is a good girl,

and he needn't be ashamed to visit her; he knows he would
have his mother's blessing upon the head of that any day,"
though her brimming eyes, as she looked round tenderly on
the old place, showed how much it would cost her to leave
the ancestral Yews, and abdicate her quiet throne in favor of
a youthful successor.

At this moment came in Mat from the fells with a flushed

face; and pulling down his open forehead by the front curl,
by way of bow, he stood, cap in hand, evidently with
something to say.

"Well, Mat, my man," said his teacher in his kindest tone,

"what cheer from the fells?"
"We've brought the sheep all down to the lower fells,
because there's snow in the cloud over Rowter."

"Did Miles help you?"

"Nae; 'twas Chance and I. But Chance did it all. I'm sure he
saw the storm coming, he looked so all around, and sniffed,
and began at the sheep before I set him. But there are two
men yon, who want Miles."

"What like are the men?" asked the widow uneasily. "And
what do they want of Miles?"

"They said he was bound to meet them in the Gap, and he

didn't come, so they want to know if he is in the house."

"Did you bid them in, Mat? I would as lief know who my
son's friends may be."

"They said they would bide without and speak with him
there."

The widow shook her head and exchanged an anxious look

with Mark Wilson, who left the room immediately.

The two strangers, sullen, ill-favored men, one of whom

never looked you full in the face, but was always glancing
anywhere rather than straight before him, did not appear to
wish for a parley with the schoolmaster, the clear daylight of
whose countenance was in perfect keeping with the
uprightness of his character, and the unbending texture of
his principles.

"What is your will, friends?"

"We only want Miles Lawson. Is he in or off?"

"I cannot say. May I ask your business with him?"

"No. 'Twas only for a talk with him. He wasn't in the Gap,
where he should have met us, for we are naught but
friends: as he wasn't there, we came on. That's all."

The speaker looked a miner, and his companion might have

been a broom-maker; but they were ungainly, unhappy-
looking men; the one, bold and defiant, the other sinister
and cunning.

"Well!" said the miner, after a pause. "If you can't tell us
anything, we are off again. Come along, Jack."

"Stop!" cried Mark, hastily. "Is there no message for Miles

Lawson? Nothing about the business which brings you
here?"

"No," said the man, rudely; "catch us telling you."

And laughing loudly, they walked off at a quick pace.

Mark was still standing under the yew trees, thinking over
this suspicious affair, when he heard a step and a whistle,
and Miles himself appeared, lounging along with his hands
in his pockets. He started, and flushed crimson, when he
recognized the old friend and master who had not only
taught him all that he knew of book-learning in his many
migratory visits, but who had earnestly endeavored to
counteract the faults of his character by instilling good,
sound Bible principles. The younger man's face was a
strikingly fine one as to outline and feature; but there was a
look of uncertainty and hesitation, a wandering, restless
expression about the eye, which gave the impression that
principles were beginning to give way to mere impulses,
healthy feeling to heartless selfishness; a critical moment in
a young man's history.
"Well Miles, dear old fellow, I'm glad you are come home.
There's a storm abroad, and we shall have a rare time for
the books. I have brought a history of England, and a book
about the stars."

Miles held out his hand; but it was not with his old eager
cordiality: no hearty welcome to the old Yews was given or
felt; and after an awkward silence, he turned round and
said in a constrained voice, "I am sorry I shall not be at
home for awhile. I have business that takes me away."

Mark Wilson turned the full power of his piercing eye upon
his face, and was grieved to see that his friend's eye fell
under the searching survey. "I am sorry too, I am sure. I
thought we should have had some capital times of reading
and talk in the long evenings, when the mother has got her
knitting and her Bible, and Mat is learning to write, and
Alice is listening with her eyes as much as her ears. I
confess I am very sorry, Miles, unless you have some object
in hand on which you can ask God's blessing, and your
mother's prayers, just as freely as if you were sitting in your
father's own seat in his own old place."

The young man winced painfully at this, and then,

recovering himself with a bluster, (the usual recourse of a
bad cause), exclaimed, "I declare, I am treated like a child.
I am watched and questioned, and doubted, as if I was not
old enough to take care of myself: and mind, I am not a
little fool of a schoolboy any longer, Mark Wilson, I say."

Mark's powerful eyes were still fastened on his old friend, so

that the voice, which began boldly enough, died off into a
pitiful shake before the sentence was finished. He saw his
advantage and quietly said, "You know he is the fool who
says in his heart, 'There is no God:' and it is really and
practically to say this, if we act as if we had not his all-
seeing eye constantly upon us. You never need tell me what
you are about, if you go to God and tell him. You know I
don't want your confidence, Miles, if you can give it to God
in prayer, and to your widowed mother in grateful love. But
a man is known by the company he keeps." This was said in
so significant a tone that it was Miles' turn now a look of
searching inquiry; and he read something in Mark's face
which evidently startled and troubled him.

"What do you know about my friends? What do you mean

by the company I keep?"

Mark lifted up his heart in silent prayer and then replied, "I
will just leave this little word with you, my brother, 'If
sinners entice thee, consent thou not.'"

"Well," said Miles, after musing for a long season, in which,

strong symptoms of the inward conflict between the two
principles of good and of evil were visible on his changing
countenance; "well, I do believe you are my true friend,
Mark, after all; and I wish I had never sought others."

The poor fellow wrung the hand of his old master, while a
rushing tide of feeling rose within him until it left a moisture
even in his softened eyes. Mark pressed his hand in return,
in wise silence; and the two reconciled friends entered the
farm kitchen together. Neither knew that during this painful
conversation, one, feeble in body but strong in faith, had
been earnestly wrestling for a blessing; and that even
young Alice had stolen into the old oak parlor, and slipping
down on her knees, in a dark corner, had offered up the
clear, pure gems of a sister's tears. The mother looked up
through her misty spectacles, and saw, as the young men
crossed the threshold, that the prayer of faith had gained
the victory, at least for this time.
"Mother, we'll have a regular jolly evening, as Mark is come.
He shall not say a word about his old books; we're going to
have a holiday. Where's Alice? Alice give us your best
riddle-cakes, and Mat shall bring out some of his whitest
honey. Let us have some broiled ham, too; and then we'll
crack * to heart's content."

* "Crack" signifies chat in Westmoreland parlance, as well

as in Scotland.

This was spoken with an uneasy effort to be cheerful, which

did not deceive any one of the party. But they were rejoiced
to have the truant son of the ancient house, the
representative of an honored father—glad to have him
safely amongst them, on any terms. And so a grand fire
was built up on the hearth on scientific principles, by Alice's
skilled hands, peat laid against peat, and log resting on log,
until the crackling and sputtering were prodigious. The
whole long, low room was brilliantly illuminated; the jets of
reflected flame danced upon the shining old oak; a great
toasting and buttering of cakes began; the frying-pan added
its characteristic hearth-song to the general chorus of
household music, which was in truth more cheering than
melodious; a coarse table-cloth of snow-like whiteness was
spread; horn-handled knives and forks were arranged like
rays about the round-table; and a great homemade cheese
took its respectable stand in the centre.

The mother's calm eyes watched Alice's movements with

loving approval; other eyes followed her, too, but she took
little heed, until Miles broke out with the words—sincere,
genuine words this time—

"Well, it is a pleasure to have such a warm home, and a

nice handy little sister to make one comfortable on a cold
winter evening."

She looked full at her brother with a sparkling smile; but

her eyes presently brimmed over at the recollection of how
rarely of late that brother had chosen to be "made
comfortable" beside his own warm hearth-stone. He saw
what was in her mind; for Alice's was a face as truthful in
reflecting all her meanings, as the little tarns and broader
lakes which enamel her mountain land, to mirror the blue
skies or the solemn stars of heaven, and to give back the
bending of a reed or the waving of a fern:

"Heaven's height and home's deep valley,

Much of earth, but more of heaven."

Miles read the thoughts which were reflected on his sister's

simple, open countenance; his own flushed at the silent
expostulation; and turning hastily to the schoolmaster, he
led him off into talk about the months which had passed
since the last round of scholastic visits. "How are the folk up
at Scarf Beck?"

"Oh, they are very well; the sons are fine likely lads, and
Bella is a clever winsome girl. They have got a deal of
learning, out of my mouth amongst them. Fine scholars
they will be, the best in the round, except you, Miles, and
little Mat here. At least, you have been my prime scholar,
and Mat promises fair. I wish you would keep it up. It is a
fine thing to have a good home-pursuit, something to keep
the hearth bright besides the peat and the logs."

"There are no books to be had," said Miles evasively; "one

can't read the spelling book over and over again. It's weary