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 Chapter 8 / External Flows

CHAPTER 8
External Flows
FE-type Exam Review Problems: Problems 8-1 to 8-8

8.1 (C)

8.2 (C)

VD 0.8 × 0.008
8.3 (B) Re = = = 4880.
ν 1.31 × 10−6

8.4 (B) Assume a large Reynolds number so that CD = 0.2. Then

2
1 1  80 × 1000 
F = ρV 2 ACD = × 1.23 ×  2
 × π × 5 × 0.2 = 4770 N.
2 2  3600 

8.5 (D) Assume a Reynolds number of 105. Then CD = 1.2.

1 1
F= ρV 2 ACD . ∴ 60 = × 1.23 × 402 × 4 × D × 1.2. ∴ D = 0.0041 m.
2 2
VD 40 × 0.0041
Re = = −6
= 1.64 × 105. ∴ CD = 1.2. The assumption was OK.
ν 10

VD 4 × 0.02 fD f × 0.02
8.6 (C) Re = = −5
= 5000. ∴ St = 0.21 = = .
ν 1.6 × 10 V 4
V 4 m/s
∴ f = 42 Hz (cycles/second). distance = = = 0.095 m/cycle.
f 42 cycles/s

8.7 (C) By reducing the separated flow area, the pressure in that area increases thereby
reducing that part of the drag due to pressure.

FL
8.8 (B) From Fig. 8.13a, C L = 1.1. C L = .
1
2
ρ V 2cL

2W 2 × 1200 × 9.81
∴V 2 = = = 1088 and V = 33.0 m/s.
ρ cLC L 1.23 × 16 × 1.1

199
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Chapter 8 / External Flows

Chapter 8 Problems: Separated Flows

8.9
B B C
A A
separated
flow

A-B: favorable
A-B: favorable B-C: unfavorable D
B-C: unfavorable A-D: favorable
A-C: favorable C-D: undefined

VD 5 × 1.51× 10−5
8.10 Re = 5 = . ∴D = = 3.78 × 10−5 m.
ν 20
inviscid no separation inviscid
flow flow separated
region
viscous flow
near sphere boundary layer
near surface

8.11
separation separation

wake

8.12 separated
boundary
layer
region

building wake
inviscid
flow

VD 5ν 5 × 1.141× 10−6
8.13 5= ∴V = . a) V = = 2.85 × 10−4 m/s
ν D 0.02
5 × 0.367 × 10−6
b) V = = 9.2 × 10−5 m/s
0.02
5 × 1.47 × 10−5
c) V = = 3.7 × 10−3 m/s
0.02

200
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 Chapter 8 / External Flows

VD 20 × D
8.14 Re = = −5
= 13.25 ×105 D.
ν 1.51×10
a) Re = 13.25 ×105 × 6 = 7.9 ×106 . ∴Separated flow.

b) Re = 13.25 ×105 × 0.06 = 7.9 ×104 . ∴Separated flow.

c) Re = 13.25 ×105 × 0.006 = 7950. ∴Separated flow.

1
1 1 1
8.15 FD = ∫ pdA − pback Aback = p0 ∫ (1 − r 2 )2π rdr = p0 2π  −  = π p0
2 4 2
Afront 0

1 1
Bernoulli: p ∞ + ρV∞2 = p 0 . ∴ p0 = × 1.21 × 20 2 = 242 Pa.
2 2
1
∴ FD = π ( 242) = 380 N
2
FD 2 × 380
CD = = = 0.5
1
ρV 2 A 1.21 × 20 2 × π × 1 2
2

8.16 Ftotal = Fbottom + Ftop = 20 000 × 0.3 × 0.3+10 000 × 0.3 × 0.3 = 2700 N.

Flift = 2700 cos 10
= 2659 N

Fdrag = 2700 sin 10
= 469 N

FL 2659
CL = 1
= 1
= 2.36
2 2
2
ρV A 2
× 1000 × 5 × 0.3 × 0.3

FD 469
CD = 1
= 1
= 0.417
2
ρV 2 A 2
2
× 1000 × 5 × 0.3 × 0.3

Lw
8.17 Fℓ = p ℓ Aℓ = 26 000 × Lw. Fu = p u Au = 8000 × = 4015 Lw
2 cos 5

FL = Fℓ cos 5
− Fu cos10
= 21 950Lw
FD = Fℓ sin 5
− Fu sin10
= 1569 Lw
F 21 950 Lw
CL = 1 L =1 = 0.25
ρV 2 A
2
2
× 0.3119 × 750 Lw
2
FD 1569 Lw
CD = 1
= 1
= 0.0179
2
ρV 2 A 2
2
× 0.3119 × 750 Lw

201
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Chapter 8 / External Flows

V × 0.1
8.18 If C D = 1.0 for a sphere, Re = 100 (see Fig. 8.9). ∴ = 100, V =1000ν .
ν
1
a) V = 1000 × 1.46 × 10−5 = 0.0146 m/s. ∴ FD = × 1.22 × 0.01462 π × 0.052 ×1.0
2
= 3.25 × 10 −7 N .
1.46 × 10−5 1
b) V = 1000 × = 0.798 m/s. ∴ FD = × (0.015 ×1.22) × 0.7982 π × 0.052 × 1.0
0.015 × 1.22 2
= 4 .58 × 10 −5 N .
1
c) V = 1000 × 1.31× 10−6 = 0.00131 m/s. ∴ FD = × 1000 × 0.001312 π × 0.052 ×1.0
2
= 6.74 × 10 −6 N .

VD 6 × 0.5
8.19 a) Re = = −5
= 2 ×105. ∴ C D = 0.45 from Fig. 8.9.
ν 1.5 ×10
1 1
∴ FD = ρ V 2 AC D = × 1.22 × 62 × π × 0.252 × 0.45 = 1.94 N.
2 2
15 × 0.5
b) Re = −5
= 5 ×105. ∴ CD = 0.2 from Fig. 8.8.
1.5 ×10
1 1
∴ FD = ρ V 2 AC D = × 1.22 × 152 × π × 0.252 × 0.2 = 5.4 N.
2 2

8.20 The velocities associated with the two Reynolds numbers are
Re1ν 3 × 105 × 1.5 × 10−5
V1 = = = 101 m/s,
D 0.0445
Re 2 ν 6 × 104 × 1.5 × 10−5
V2 = = = 20 m/s.
D 0.0445
The drag, between these two velocities, is reduced by a factor of 2.5
[(C )D high ]
= 0.5 and (C D ) low = 0.2 . Thus, between 20 m/s and 100 m/s the drag is
reduced by a factor of 2.5. This would significantly lengthen the flight of the ball.

1 

 =

8.21 a)

2 
1 kg
2.2 N = 1.204    0.05 m
2 m 

m
   = 465 
s

202
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 Chapter 8 / External Flows


0.10 m s
Re = = = #6623 % 
 m  m
1.51 × 10!"
s
m
 = 30.5
Now we iterate. Start by guessing CD = 0.5:

s
Re = 2.02 × 10"

m
Referring to Figure 8.9, we adjust our guess to CD = 0.4:
 = 34.1
s
Re = 2.25 × 10"

1 kg
1.204    0.05 m 0.2
b) We try CD = 0.2:
2.2 N =
2 m
m
 = 48.2
s

1 V × 0.2
8.22 4.2 = ×1000V 2π × 0.12 CD . ∴ V 2CD = 0.267. Re = −6
= 2 ×105 V .
2 10
Try C D = 0.5 : ∴ V = 0.73 m/s. Re = 1.46 ×105 . ∴ OK.

VD 40 × 2
8.23 Re = = −5
= 5.3 ×106. ∴ C D = 0.7 . (This is extrapolated from Fig. 8.9.)
ν 1.5 ×10
1
∴ FD = ×1.22 × 402 × (2 × 60) × 0.7 = 81 900 N.
2
M = 81 900 × 30 = 2.46 × 10 6 N ⋅ m.

25 × 0.05
8.24 a) Re1 = −5
= 1.2 ×105. Re 2 = 1.8 ×105. Re3 = 2.4 ×105.
1.08 ×10
Assume a rough cylinder (the air is highly turbulent).

∴ ( C D )1 = 0.7, ( C D )2 = 0.8, ( C D )3 = 0.9.

1
∴ FD = × 1.45 × 252 (0.05 × 10 × 0.7 + 0.075 × 15 × 0.8 + 0.1× 20 × 0.9) = 1380 N.
2
1
M = × 1.45 × 252 (0.05 × 10 × 0.7 × 40 + 0.075 × 15 × 0.8 × 27.5 + 0.1× 20 × 0.9 × 10)
2
= 25 700 N ⋅ m.
25 × 0.05
b) Re1 = −5
= 7.6 ×104. Re2 = 1.14 ×105 , Re3 = 1.5 ×105.
1.65 ×10

203
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Chapter 8 / External Flows

101
∴ ( C D )1 = 0.8, ( C D )2 = 0.7, ( C D )3 = 0.8. ρ = = 1.17 kg/m3 .
0.287 × 308
1
∴ FD = × 1.17 × 252 (0.05 × 10 × 0.8 + 0.075 × 15 × 0.7 + 0.1× 20 × 0.8) = 1020 N.
2
1
M = ×1.17 × 252 (0.05 × 10 × 0.8 × 40 + 0.075 ×15 × 0.7 × 27.5 + 0.1× 20 × 0.8 × 10)
2
= 19 600 N ⋅ m.

1 kg
8.25 Atmospheric air is turbulent. ∴Use the "rough" curve: ∴ C D = 0.7.

 = 45 N = 1.204    1.8 m0.7

2 m
m
59.33  =   
s
m
59.33 
) s *

10" =
m
1.51 × 10!" s
m
 = 39.3
s
 = 0.038 m = 3.8 cm

8.26 Since the air cannot flow around the bottom, we imagine the
structure to be mirrored as shown. Then
L/D = 40/5 = 8. ∴C D = 0.66CD∞ .

VDmin 30 × 2
Re min = = −5
= 4 ×106. ∴ CD = 1.0 × 0.66 = 0.66.
ν 1.5 ×10
1  2+8 
∴ FD = × 1.22 × 302 ×  × 20  × 0.66 = 36 000 N.
2  2 

8.27 FB + FD = FW . FB
FD
4 1 4
9810 × π r 3 + × 1000V 2π r 2 C D = 9810 × 7.82 × π r 3 .
3 2 3
W
V × 2r
Re = = 2 ×106 Vr. ∴ V 2CD = 178r
10−6

a) r = 0.05 m. ∴ Re = 105V , V 2C D = 8.9. Assume a smooth sphere.

Try C D = 0.5 : ∴ V = 4.22 m/s. Re = 4.22 × 105 . This is too large for Re.

204
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 Chapter 8 / External Flows

Try C D = 0.2 : ∴ V = 6.67 m/s. Re = 6.67 × 105 . OK.

b) r = 0.025 m. Re = 5 × 104V , V 2C D = 4.45.

Try C D = 0.2 : V = 4.72 m/s. Re = 2.4 × 105 . OK.

c) r = 0.005 m. Re = 104V , V 2C D = 0.89.

Try C D = 0.5 : V = 1.33 m/s. Re = 1.33 × 104 . OK.

d) r = 0.001 m. Re = 2 × 103V , V 2C D = 0.178.

Try C D = 0.4 : V = 0.67 m/s. Re = 1.33 × 103 . OK.

8.28

, +
 =
.
kg 4 m 1 kg
1.204     0.25 m #9.81  % + 1.204    0.25 m
m 3 s 2 m 
N 4
= 9810   /   0.25 m 
m 3

kg 
0.773 N + 0.118  = 642 N/
m 

0.5 m
Re = = 3.3 × 100 
m
1.51 × 10!"
s

a) / = 0.005
   = 20.65
Assume atmospheric turbulence, i.e., rough.

m
Try CD = 0.4
 = 7.2
s
Re = 2.4 × 10 ∴ 23
"

b) / = 0.02
  = 102.2

m
Try CD = 0.4
 = 16
s
Re = 5.2 × 10 ∴ 23
"

c) / = 1.0
  = 5434

205
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Chapter 8 / External Flows

m
Try CD = 0.4
 = 74
s
Re = 2.4 × 104 ∴ 23

8.29 6 in
Assume a 180 lb, 6-ft sky diver, with components 6 in 8 in. dia.
as shown. If V is quite large, then Re > 2 × 105 and 18 in
FD = FW . 3 ft 2.5 ft 2.5 ft

1  1 1 18  4 
× 0.00238V 2  2 × 3 × × 1.0 × 0.7+2 × 2.5 × × 1.0 × 0.7 + × 2.5 × 1.0 + π ×   × 0.4  = 180.
2  2 2 12  12  
We used data from Table 8.1. ∴ V = 140 fps.

1
8.30 From Table 8.2 C D = 0.35. FD = × 1.22V 2 × 3.2 × 0.35 = 0.683V 2 .
56×7666 
a)
 = 0.683 # % = 337 N
2

466
80 × 1000
89 = 337   = 7.5 kW
3600

b)  = 25
;
<

 = 0.68325 = 427 N
89 = 42725 = 10.7 kW

c)  = 27.8
;
<

 = 0.68327.8 = 528 N
89 = 52827.8 = 14.7 kW

1 1.1 m
8.31 1.2 FD = 1.1 × 400. FD = ρV 2 AC D . C D = 1.1 FD
2
1 1.2 m
1.2 × × 1.22V 2 × ( 2 × 3) × 1.1 = 1.1 × 400.
2 FW Fx
∴ V = 9.5 m/s. Fy

VD (40 000/3600)0.6
8.32 Re = = = 4.42 ×105. ∴ CD = 0.35 from Fig. 8.9.
ν 1.51×10 -5

206
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 Chapter 8 / External Flows

1 1
a) FD = ρ V 2 AC D = × 1.204 × (40 000/3600) 2 × 0.6 × 6 × 0.35 = 93.6 N
2 2
b) FD = 93.6 × 0.68 = 63.7 N where L /D = 6/0.6 = 10.
c) FD = 93.6 × 0.76 = 71.1 N where we can use L /D = 20 since only one end is free. The
ground acts like the mid-section of a 12-m-long cylinder.

8.33 a) Curled up, she makes an approximate sphere of about 1.2 m in diameter (just a guess!).
Assume a rough sphere at large Re. From Fig. 8.9, C D = 0.4 :
1 1
FD = ρ V 2 AC D 80 × 9.8 = × 1.21× V 2π × 0.62 × 0.4. ∴ V = 53.7 m/s.
2 2
53.7 ×1.2
Check Re: Re = −5
= 4.27 ×106. ∴ OK.
1.51×10

1
b) FD = ρ V 2 AC D . From Table 8.2, CD = 1.4:
2
1
80 × 9.8 = × 1.21× V 2π × 4 2 ×1.4. ∴ V = 4.29 m/s.
2
4.29 × 8
Check Re: Re = −5
= 2.27 ×106. Should be larger but the velocity should be
1.51×10
close.
1
c) FD = ρV 2 ACD
2
1
80 × 9.8 = × 1.21× V 2π × 12 × 1.4. ∴ V = 17.2 m/s.
2
17.2 ×1
Check Re: Re = −5
= 1.14 ×106. This should be greater than 107 for C D to
1.51×10
be acceptable. Hence, the velocity is approximate.

8.34 With the deflector the drag coefficient is 0.76 rather than 0.96. The required power,
directly related to fuel consumed, is reduced by the ratio of 0.76/0.96. The cost per year
without the deflector is
Cost = (200 000/1.2) × 0.25 = $41,667.
With the deflector it is
Cost = 41,667 × 0.76/0.96 = $32,986.
The savings is $41,667 − 32,986 = $8,800.

1  1 kg m 

 =  = 1.204   #26.7 % 1.8 m × 0.6 m1.1 = 510 N
8.35

2 
2 m s

207
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Chapter 8 / External Flows

m
89 =
  = 510 N #26.7 % = 13.6 kW
s

1 1 kg m 
% 0.05 m 1.1 = 10.3 N
8.36

 =   = 1.204  #1.6 × 27.8
2 
2 m s
m
89 = 2
  = 10.3 N #27.8 % = 570 W
s

( 2 + 0.3)
8.37 The projected area is × 4 = 4 .6 m 2 .
2
1 1
FD = ρ V 2 AC D = × 1.18 × 202 × 4.6 × 0.4 = 434 N.
2 2
Since there are two free ends, we use Table 8.1 with L /D = 4/1.15 = 3.47, and
approximate the force as

FD = 434 × 0.62 = 269 N.

8.38 The net force acting up is (use absolute pressure)
4 4 120
Fup = π × 0.43 × 1.21 × 9.8 − 0.5 − π × 0.43 × 9.8 = 2.16 N
3 3 2.077 × 293
From a force triangle (2.16 N up and FD to the right), we see that
tan α = Fup /FD .

a) FD = 2.16/ tan 80
= 0.381. Assume CD = 0.2:

1
0.381 = × 1.21V 2π × 0.42 × 0.2. ∴ V = 2.50 m/s.
2
2.5 × 0.8
Check Re: Re = −5
= 1.33 × 10 5 . Too low. Use C D = 0.5:
1.51 × 10
1
0.381 = × 1.21V 2π × 0.42 × 0.5. ∴ V = 1.58 m/s
2
b) FD = 2.16 / tan 70
= 0.786. Assume CD = 0.2:
1
0.786 = × 1.21V 2π × 0.42 × 0.2. ∴ V = 3.60 m/s.
2
3.6 × 0.8
Check Re: Re = = 1.9 × 10 5 . Too low. Use C D = 0.5:
1.51 × 10 −5
1
0.786 = × 1.21V 2π × 0.42 × 0.5. ∴ V = 2.27 m/s
2
c) FD = 2.16 / tan 60
= 1.25. Assume CD = 0.5:
1
1.25 = × 1.21V 2π × 0.42 × 0.5. ∴ V = 2.86 m/s.
2

208
© 2017 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Chapter 8 / External Flows

2.86 × 0.8
Check Re: Re = −5
= 1.5 × 10 5 . ∴OK.
1.51 × 10
d) FD = 2.16 / tan 50
= 1.81. Assume CD = 0.5:
1
1.81 = × 1.21V 2π × 0.42 × 0.5. ∴ V = 3.45 m/s.
2
3.45 × 0.8
Check Re: Re = −5
= 1.8 × 105. Close, but OK.
1.51 × 10

8.39 Assume each section of the tree is a cylinder. The average diameter of the tree is 1 m. The
top doesn't have a blunt end around which the air flows, however, the bottom does; so
assume L /D = (5/2) × 2 = 5. So, use a factor of 0.62 from Table 8.1 to multiply the drag
coefficient. The force acts near the centroid of the triangular area, one-third the way up.
Finally,
F × d = 5000
1 2  5 
 2 ×1.21V × 5 × 0.4 × 0.62  ×  3 + 0.6  = 5000. V = 54.2 m/s.

8.40 Power to move the sign:

1
FDV = ρV 2 AC D × V
2
1
= × 1.21 × 11.11 2 × 0.72 × 1.1 × 11.11 = 657 J / s.
2
This power comes from the engine:
657 = ( 12 000 × 1000)m
ɺ × 0.3. ɺ = 1.825 × 10 −4 kg / s.
∴m
Assuming the density of gas to be 900 kg/m3,
1000
1825
. × 10 − 4 × 10 × 3600 × 6 × 52 × × 0.30 = $683
900

1 m  1
 #11.1 % 0.56 m   =   0.40 m 0.8
8.41 The power expended is FDV:

2 s 2 

m 
#11.1 % 0.56 m  =   0.40 m 0.8
Canceling terms:

s
m km
 = 13.4 = 48
s h

209
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Chapter 8 / External Flows

ɺ = 40 × 746η = F × V = 1 ρ V 2 AC × V = 1 ρ AC V 3 .

1
8.42 W D D D

89 =
  =    
2 2

2
1 kg
89 = 30 000 W0.90 = 1.204     3 m 0.35
2 m
m km
 = 35.0 = 126
s h

Vortex Shedding

V × 0.003
8.43 40 < Re < 10 000. 40 < < 10 000. ∴ 0.2 < V < 50 m/s.
1.5 ×10−5
f × 0.003 f × 0.003
St = 0.12 = . ∴ flow = 8 Hz. St = 0.21= . ∴ fhigh = 3500 Hz.
0.2 50
The vortices could be heard over most of the range.

VD 1.8D
8.44 40 > = −6
. ∴ D < 2.5 ×10−5 m
ν 1.141×10
VD 1.8 D
10 000 < = . ∴ D > 0.0063 m or 0.63 cm
ν 1.141× 10−6

f × D 0.2 × 0.1
8.45 From Fig. 8.10, Re is related to St: St = = .
V V
VD V × 0.1
Re = = . Try St = 0.21: V = 0.095 m/s. ∴ Re = 630.
ν 1.5 ×10−5
This is acceptable. ∴ V = 0.095 m/s.
fD 0.002 × 2 VD V × 2
8.46 St = = . Re = = −6 . Use Fig. 8.9.
V V ν 10
Try St = 0.21: V = 0.0191 m/s. Re = 38 ×103 . ∴ OK.

8.47 Let St = 0.21 for the wind imposed vorticies. When this frequency equals the natural
frequency, or one of its odd harmonics, resonance occurs:

T
f = 2 2
ρL d π
0.21 × 10
= 30 000/7850L2 × 0.0162 × π . ∴ L = 0.525 m
0.016
Consider the third and fifth harmonics:

210
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 Chapter 8 / External Flows

f = 3 T / ρL2 d 2 π . ∴ L = 1.56 m. f = 5 T / ρL2 d 2 π . ∴ L = 2.62 m.

Streamlining

m
#25 % 0.15 m
8.48

Re = s
 = 2.5 × 10
"
m
1.51 × 10!"
s
1 kg m 

 = 1.204   #25 % 1.00.80.15 m × 1.8 m = 81.3 N
2 m s
The coefficient 1.0 comes from Fig. 8.9 and 0.8 from Table 8.1. We have

  <>?@A;BCD@E = 0.035

 = 2.8 N
ɺ = F V = (81.3 N) ( 25 m/s ) = 2030 or 2030 = 2.7 hp
W D
746

ɺ = 71 W or 0.095 hp
W

VD 3 × 0.08 1
8.49 Re = = −5
= 16 000. ∴ FD = × 1.22 × 32 × (0.08 × 2) × 1.2 × .78 = 0.822 N
ν 1.5 ×10 2
The coefficient 1.2 comes from Fig. 8.9 and 0.78 from Table 8.1.
0.822 − 0.24
( C D )streamlined = 0.35. ∴ FD = 0.24 N. ∴ % reduction = × 100 = 70.8%
0.822

VD 2 × 0.8
8.50 Re = = −6
= 1.6 ×106.
∴ CD = 0.45 from Fig. 8.9.
ν 10
L 4
= = 5. ∴ C D = 0.62 × 0.45 = 0.28.
D 0.8
Because only one end is free, we double the length.
1 1
FD = ρ V 2 AC D = × 1000 × 22 × 0.8 × 2 × 0.28 = 900 N.
2 2
If streamlined, C D = 0.03 × 0.62 = 0.0186.
1
∴ FD = × 1000 × 22 × 0.8 × 2 × 0.0186 = 60 N.
2
8.51 V = 50 ×1000 / 3600 = 13.9 m/s.
Assume the ends to not be free. ∴Use C D from Fig. 8.9.

211
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Chapter 8 / External Flows

13.9 × 0.02
Re = −5
= 1.85 ×104. ∴ CD = 1.2. ( CD )streamlined = 0.3
1.5 ×10

ɺ = F × V = 1 ρ V 3 AC = 1 × 1.2 ×13.93 × 0.02 × 20 ×1.2 = 773 W or 1.04 hp.

W D D
2 2

ɺ 1 3
W streamlined = × 1.2 × 13.9 × 0.02 × 20 × 0.3 = 193 W or 0.26 hp
2

13.9 × 0.3
8.52 V = 50 ×1000/3600 = 13.9 m/s. Re = −5
= 2.8 × 10 5 . ∴ C D = 0.4
1.5 × 10
We assumed a head diameter of 0.3 m and used the rough sphere curve.
1 1
FD = ρ V 2 AC D = × 1.2 ×13.92 (π × 0.32 /4) × 0.4 = 3.3 N.
2 2
1 1
FD = ρ V 2 AC D = × 1.2 × 13.92 (π × 0.32 /4) × 0.035 = 0.29 N.
2 2

Cavitation

p∞ − pv 150 000 − 1670

8.53 σ= 1 2
. 0.7 = 1
where p∞ = γ h + patm = 150 000 Pa.
ρV × 1000V 2
2 2

∴ V = 20.6 m/s.

FL 200 000
8.54 CL = 1
= 1
= 0.69. ∴α ≅ 3
.
2
ρV A × 1000 × 122 × 0.4 × 10
2 2

FD
C D = 0.0165 = 1
. ∴ FD = 4800 N.
× 1000 × 122 × 0.4 × 10
2
? (9810 × 0.4 + 101 000) − 1670
σ crit = 0.75 > 1
= 1.43. ∴ no cavitation
×1000 ×122
2

FL 200 × 103
8.55 CL = = = 1.1. ∴α = 8
(Table 8.4)
1 1
ρV 2 A × 1000 ×10 2 × 0.4 × 9
2 2
FD
C D = 0.027 = 1
. ∴ FD = 4.86 kN
× 1000 ×102 × 0.4 × 9
2

212
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 Chapter 8 / External Flows

? 9810 × 0.4 + 1.01×105 − 1780

σ crit = 1.6 > 1
= 2.07 ∴ no cavitation
× 1000 × 102
2

20 × 0.8
8.56 p∞ = 9810 × 5 + 101 000 = 150 000 Pa. pv = 1670 Pa. Re = −6
= 16 ×106.
10
150 000 − 1670
σ= 1
= 0.74. ∴ C D = C D (0)(1 + σ ) = 0.3(1 + 0.74) = 0.52
× 1000 × 202
2

1 1
ρ V 2 AC D = ×1000 × 202 × π × 0.42 × 0.52 = 52 000 N.
∴ FD =
2 2
Note: We retain 2 sig. figures since C D is known to only 2 sig. figures.

8.57 For a 6° angle of attack we find from Table 8.4 C L = 0.95.

1 1
FL = ρV 2 AC L = × 1000 × 152 × 4 × 0.4 L ×.95 = 12 000 × 9.8.
2 2
∴ L = 0.69 m.

Added Mass

4 400
8.58 ΣF = ma. a) 400 − 9810 × π × 0.23 = a. ∴ a = 1.75 m/s 2 .
3 9.81
4  400 1 4 
b) 400 − 9810 × π × 0.23 =  + × 1000 × π × 0.23  a. ∴ a = 1.24 m/s 2 .
3  9.81 2 3 

F
8.59 F = ma 1 = 1000 × 1.2 × V
− a 1. ∴ a1 = . m a = 0.2 × 1000 −V .
1200 −V
F F
F = ( m + m a )a 2 . ∴ a2 = = . a 2 is true acceleration.
1200 −V + 200 −V 1400 −V

F F
−
a − a1
∴ % error = 2 × 100 = 1400 −V 1200 −V × 100 = 16.7%.
a2 F
1400 −V

Lift and Drag on Airfoils

8.60 The total aerodynamic drag consists of both lift and drag that is:

FTotal = FL + FD ⇒ FTotal = FL2 + FD2 = 18 kN ⇒ FL2 + FD2 = (18 kN )

2

213
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Chapter 8 / External Flows

which can be combined with FL = 3FD to yield

9 FD2 + FD2 = 324 ⇒ FD = 324 10 = 5.69 kN

and hence, FL = 3 × 5.69 = 17.1 kN so
FL 17.1× 103
CL = = = 0.587
1
2
ρ V 2cL 1 × 1.2 × 61.12 × 1.3 × 10
2

8.61 From the measured force we can calculate the lift coefficient as follows
FL 13.7
CL = 2
= 1 × 0.0233 × 150 × 6 × 18
= 0.70
1
2
ρ V cL 2
144
Where the velocity V was calculated from the given value of Re as
Re 4.586 × 105
V= = = 150 ft/sec
ρ c µ 0.00233 × ( 6 12 ) / 3.81× 10−7
The angle of attack is calculated from the given expression for CL
α = sin−1 ( CL 2π ) = sin−1 ( 0.7 2π ) = 6.4

FL 1000 × 9.81
8.62 CL = 1
= 1
= 0.496. ∴α = 3.2
. C D = 0.0065.
2
ρV A × 0.412 × 802 × 15
2 2

ɺ = F V =  1 × 0.412 × 80 2 × 15 × 0.0065  × 80 = 10 300 W.

W D  
2 

1500 × 9.81 + 3000

8.63 a) C L = 1.22 = 1
. ∴ V = 34.5 m/s.
× 1.22 × V 2 × 20
2
1500 × 9.81 + 3000
b) ( C L )max = 1.72 = 1
. ∴ V = 50 m/s. (at 10 000 m)
× 0.412 × V 2 × 20
2

ɺ = F V =  1 × 0.412 × 80 2 × 20 × 0.0065  × 80 = 13 700 W

c) W D  
2 
where we found C D as follows:
1500 × 9.81 + 3000
( C L )cruise = 1 = 0.67. ∴ C D = 0.0065, from Fig. 8.13.
× 0.412 × 802 × 20
2

∴Power = 13 700/0.45 = 30 400 W

1500 × 9.81 + 3000

8.64 C L = 1.22 = 1
. ∴ V = 38.0 m/s.
× 1.007 × V 2 × 20
2

214
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 Chapter 8 / External Flows

1500 × 9.81 + 3000 0.275

8.65 ( C L )cruise = 1 = 0.275. ∴CD = = 0.0057.

1 kg m 
× 1.007 × 802 × 20 48

∴ 8 =
  = 1.007   #80 % 20 m 0.0057 = 29 400 W

2

2 m s

30 400 W − 13 700 W
% change = × 100 = 122% increase
13 700 W

The increased power is due to the increase in air density.

1500 × 9.81 + 9000

8.66 C L = 1.22 = 1
. ∴ V = 39.9 m/s.
× 1.22 × V 2 × 20
2

250 000 × 9.81

8.67 C L = 1.72 = 1
. ∴ V = 69.8 m/s.
×1.22 × V 2 × 60 × 8
2

250 000 × 9.81

8.68 a) C L = 1.72 = 1
. ∴ V = 75.2 m/s.
×1.05 × V 2 × 60 × 8
2

75.2 − 69.8
% change = × 100 = 7.77% increase
69.8
250 000 × 9.81  101.3 
b) C L = 1.72 = . ∴ V = 62.6 m/s  ρ = = 1.515 kg/m3 
1
× 1.515V 2 × 60 × 8  0.287 × 233 
2
62.6 − 69.8
% change = × 100 = −10.3%
69.8
250 000 × 9.81  101.3 
c) C L = 1.72 = . ∴ V = 73.7 m/s  ρ = = 1.093 kg/m3 
1
× 1.093V 2 × 60 × 8  0.287 × 323 
2
73.7 − 69.8
% change = × 100 = 5.63% increase
69.8

8.69 For a conventional airfoil assume C L /C D = 47.6 at C L = 0.3.

m × 9.81
0.3 = . ∴ m = 2.38 × 106 kg

1 0.3
1
× 0.526 × 222 2 × 200 × 30

89 =
  = 0.526222 20030   = 108.8 GW

2

2 47.6

215
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Chapter 8 / External Flows

Vorticity, Velocity Potential, and Stream Function

∂ V ∇p 
8.70 ∇× + ( V ⋅∇) V + − ν ∇ 2 V  = 0.
 ∂t ρ 
∂V ∂ ∂ω ∇p 1
∇× = (∇ × V ) = . ∇× = ∇ × ∇ p = 0.
∂t ∂t ∂t ρ ρ

∇ × (∇ 2 V) = ∇2 (∇ × V ) = ∇ 2ω (we have interchanged derivatives)

1  1
∇ × [ ( V ⋅∇) V ] = ∇ ×  ∇V 2 − V × (∇ × V )  = (∇ × ∇V 2 ) − ∇ × ( V × ω)
2  2

= V (∇ ⋅ ω) − ω (∇ ⋅ V ) + ( V ⋅ ∇)ω − (ω ⋅∇ ) V

= ( V ⋅ ∇ )ω − (ω ⋅ ∇ ) V since ∇ ⋅ ω = ∇ ⋅ (∇ × V ) = 0 and ∇ ⋅ V = 0.
∂ω
There results: + ( V ⋅∇)ω − (ω ⋅∇ ) V −ν∇ 2ω = 0.
∂t
Dω
This is written as = (ω ⋅∇ ) V + ν∇ 2ω.
Dt

8.71 Starting with the vorticity equation, Eq. (8.5.3), we write

Dω
= ( ω ⋅ ∇ ) V +ν ∇2 ω where, ω = ωx ˆi + ω y ˆj + ωz kˆ
Dt
Since initially y-vorticity exists in the flow then, ωx = ωz = 0 .
To explain the existence of x-vorticity, write the vorticity equation in the x-direction:
Dωx ∂u
= ωy + ν ∇2ωx . Initially, ωx = 0, so ν∇2ωx = 0 .
Dt ∂y
∂u ∂u Dωx
Downstream of the obstruction, > 0 ⇒ ωy > 0, and hence ≠0
∂y ∂y Dt
which indicates that x-vorticity is being generated in the flow due to the re-orientation of
the y-vorticity tube in the x-direction.

∂ω x ∂ω ∂ω ∂ω ∂u ∂u ∂u
8.72 x-comp: + u x + v x + w x = ωx + ωy + ωz + ν∇ 2ω x
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z

∂ω y ∂ω y ∂ω y ∂ω y ∂v ∂v ∂v
y-comp: +u +v +w = ωx + ωy + ωz +ν∇ 2ω y
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ω z ∂ω ∂ω ∂ω ∂w ∂w ∂w
z-comp: + u z + v z + w z = ωx + ωy + ωz +ν∇ 2ωz
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z

216
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 Chapter 8 / External Flows

∂w ∂v ∂u ∂w ∂v ∂u
8.73 ωx = − = 0. ω y = − = 0. ωz = − ≠ 0.
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y

Dωz Dωz
= (ω ⋅ ∇) w +ν∇ 2ωz ; ∴ = ν∇ 2ωz .
DT Dt
Dω z
If viscous effects are negligible, then = 0.
Dt
Thus, for a planer flow, ω z = const if viscous effects are negligible.

 ∂w ∂v  ˆ  ∂u ∂w  ˆ  ∂v ∂u  ˆ
8.74 a) ∇ × V =  − i + −  j +  −  k = 0. ∴irrotational
 ∂y ∂z   ∂z ∂x   ∂x ∂y 
∂φ
= 10 x. ∴φ = 5x 2 + f ( y )
∂x
∂φ ∂f
= = 20 y. ∴ f = 10 y 2 + C. Let C = 0.
∂y ∂y

∴ φ = 5 x 2 + 10 y 2

b) ∇ × V = 0ˆi + 0ˆj + (8 − 8)kˆ = 0. ∴irrotational

∂φ ∂φ ∂f ∂f
= 8 y. ∴φ = 8xy + f ( y, z) . = 8x + = 8x. ∴ = 0 and f = f ( z).
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y
∂φ df
= = −6z. ∴ f = −3z 2 + C. Let C = 0.
∂z dz
∴ φ = 8 xy − 3 z 2

 − y 1 ( x 2 + y 2 ) −1/2 2 x − x 1 ( x 2 + y 2 ) −1/2 2 y 
c) ∇ × V = 0ˆi + 0ˆj +  2 − 2  kˆ = 0. ∴irrotational
 x2 + y2 x2 + y 2 
 
∂φ x
= . ∴φ = x 2 + y 2 + f ( y )
∂x x2 + y2

∂φ 1 2 ∂f y ∂f
= ( x + y 2 ) −1/2 2 y + = . ∴ = 0. ∴ f = C. Let C = 0.
∂y 2 ∂y x2 + y2 ∂y

∴φ = x2 + y 2

217
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Chapter 8 / External Flows

 − y (2 x) − x(2 y )  ˆ
d) ∇ × V = 0ˆi + 0ˆj +  2 2 2
−  k = 0. ∴irrotational
 ( x + y ) ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 
∂φ x 1
= 2 . ∴φ = ln( x 2 + y 2 ) + f ( y )
∂x x + y 2 2
∂φ y 1 2y ∂f ∂f
= 2 = + . ∴ = 0. ∴ f = C = 0. ∴φ = ln x 2 + y 2
∂y x + y 2 2
2 x +y 2 ∂y ∂y

∂ 2ψ ∂ 2ψ
8.75 + = 0. This requires two conditions on x and two on y.
∂x 2 ∂y 2
∂ψ y
y=h
At x = − L, u = U . ∴ = U.
∂y U x
∂ψ
At x = L, u = U . ∴ = U. y=0
∂y x = −L

At y = − h , ψ = 0.

At y = h, ψ = U × h. (See Example 8.9).

The boundary conditions are stated as:
∂ψ ∂ψ
( − L, y ) = U , ( L, y ) = U , ψ ( x, − h) = 0, ψ ( x, h) = 2Uh.
∂y ∂y

∂ψ ∂ψ df
8.76 u= = 100. ∴ψ = 100 y + f ( x). v = − =− = 50. ∴ f = −50x + C.
∂y ∂x dx
∴ ψ ( x , y ) = 100 y − 50 x. (We usually let C = 0.)
∂φ ∂φ df
u= = 100. ∴φ = 100x + f ( y). v = = = 50. ∴ f = 50 y + C.
∂x ∂y dy
∴ φ ( x , y ) = 100 x + 50 y.

8.77 a) ψ = 40θ .

 1 ∂ ψ  1 ∂
2
1 ∂  ∂ψ 1 ∂ 
b)   +  −  = (40) +  − (0)  = 0.
r ∂r  ∂θ  r  ∂θ∂r  r ∂r r  ∂θ 
∴It is incompressible since the above continuity equation is satisfied.
Note: The continuity equation is found in Table 5.1.

∂φ 1 ∂ψ 40
c) = = . ∴φ = 40 ln r + f (θ )
∂r r ∂θ r

218
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