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Tokunaga, Fundamental Statistics for the Social and Behavioral Sciences: Instructor Resource
Chapter 6
Probability and Hypothesis Testing
DEFINITION OF PROBABILITY
1. Mathematically, probability may be defined as

a. the number of ways an outcome may occur divided by the total number of possible outcomes.
b. the total number of possible outcomes minus the number of ways a particular outcome may occur.
c. the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis.
d. the number of ways an outcome may occur.
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 6-1
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: What is probability?
Question Type: MC

a. the number of ways an outcome may occur divided by the total number of possible outcomes
b. the total number of possible outcomes minus the number of ways a particular outcome may occur
c. the number of ways an outcome can occur minus the number of ways the outcome cannot occur
d. the number of ways an outcome can occur
Ans: A
Question Type: MC

a. the number of ways an outcome may occur divided by the total number of possible outcomes
b. the total number of possible outcomes divided by the total number of events
c. the total number of possible outcomes
d. the number of ways an outcome can occur plus the number of ways an outcome cannot occur
Ans: A
Question Type: MC
4. Conceptually, probability is most similar to the concept of

a. certainty
b. likelihood
c. division
d. proof
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Question Type: MC

a. research
b. likelihood
c. multiplication
d. descriptive statistics
Ans: B
Question Type: MC

a. proof
b. likelihood
c. population
d. data
Ans: B
Question Type: MC

a. likelihood
b. hypothesis
c. samples
d. deductive reasoning
Ans: A
Question Type: MC

a. theory
b. likelihood
c. cause and effect relationships
d. certainty
Ans: B
Question Type: MC

a. collecting data
b. likelihood
c. variability
d. normal distributions
Ans: B
Question Type: MC
10. Imagine you are in the lobby of a hotel and are standing in front of several elevators. Which of the
following in the best example of probability?
a. Standing in front of the elevator you believe will be the first one to arrive
b. Counting the number of elevators.
c. Taking the stairs instead of waiting for an elevator to arrive
d. Pushing the 'up' button on the elevator even though it has already been pushed by someone else
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Application
Question Type: MC
ADDITION RULE OF PROBABILITY
11. The addition rule of probability relates to

a. the combined probabilities of mutually exclusive outcomes.
b. the fact that the probability of an outcome is a number between 0 and 1.00.
c. how researchers state the null and alternative hypotheses..
d. determining the number of ways a particular outcome may occur.
Ans: A
Question Type: MC
12. Which of the following best addresses the addition rule of probability?
a. What is the probability of getting a score greater than the mean?
b. Is there life on Mars?
c. The probability of an outcome is a number between 0 and 1.
d. In rolling a pair of dice, is there an equal probability of rolling an 8 versus a 9?
Ans: A
Question Type: MC
a. What is the likelihood of getting hit by lightning?
b. Who will be the next President of the United States?
c. What is the probability of getting a score at least 10 points above the mean?
d. In rolling a pair of dice, is there an equal probability of rolling an 8 rather than a 9?
Ans: C
Question Type: MC
a. What’s more likely to occur: being kidnapped or getting hit by lightning?
b. Is there intelligent life on other planets?
c. What is the probability of drawing an 8, 9, or 10 from a deck of cards?
d. Is there an equal chance of having a baby boy versus a baby girl?
Ans: C
Question Type: MC
a. Am I more likely to be killed in a plane crash or by terrorists?
b. What are my chances of getting at least 4 heads in 7 coin flips?
c. What is the probability of Hillary Clinton being elected President?
d. What type of car is most likely to be stolen?
Ans: B
Question Type: MC
a. Which grocery store checkout line should I get in?
b. What are my chances of getting a parking ticket?
c. What are the chances of Barack Obama being elected President?
d. What is the likelihood one of the California professional football teams will win the Super Bowl?
Ans: D
Question Type: MC
a. What is my chance of winning any type of prize on the state lottery?
b. Which type of cell phone is most likely to have mechanical problems?

c. What is the likelihood of a major earthquake hitting the Bay Area today?
d. Which is more likely to happen to a 30-year old woman: getting married or getting hit by
lightning?
Ans: A
Question Type: MC
a. What are the chances my checkout line in the grocery store will be the slowest?
b. Am I more likely to be in an automobile accident or a plane crash?
c. What is the likelihood of talking a policeman out of giving you a speeding ticket?
d. What are my chances of my test score being in the top third of the class?
Ans: D
Question Type: MC
a. What are the chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics?
b. How likely is it that my Toyota will be in a car accident?
c. What are the chances of my flight arriving within half an hour of the scheduled time?
d. What are my chances of having the highest test score in my class?
Ans: C
Question Type: MC
IMPORTANCE OF PROBABILITY IN RESEARCH PROCESS
20. Probability is an important concept for researchers primarily because

a. it is used to develop statistical hypotheses such as the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.
b. it is used to prove a study’s research hypotheses.
c. it is used to evaluate data collected from samples.
d. most research involves flipping coins and pulling aces out of a deck of cards.
Ans: C
Answer Location: Why is probability important to researchers?
Question Type: MC

a. it helps researchers examine their data.

b. researchers collect data from samples rather than from populations.
c. it helps researchers develop research hypotheses.
d. researchers test hypotheses they have about samples by collecting data from populations.
Ans: B
Question Type: MC

a. it helps researchers prove their hypotheses.
c. researchers test hypotheses they have about samples by collecting data from populations.
d. most research involves flipping coins and pulling aces out of a deck of cards.
Ans: B
Question Type: MC

a. it helps researchers examine their data.
b. it helps researchers calculate descriptive statistics.
c. it helps researchers prove their hypotheses.
d. researchers collect data from samples rather than from populations.
Ans: D
Question Type: MC
24. Probability is an important concept to researchers primarily because

a. researchers collect data from samples rather than from populations
b. it is the basis of how researchers choose their method of collecting data
c. it helps researchers develop statistical hypotheses such as the null and alternative hypothesis
d. it helps people make bets on professional football games
Ans: A
Question Type: MC

a. probability is the basis of descriptive statistics
b. it helps researchers prove and disprove their research hypotheses
c. researchers collect data from samples rather than from populations
d. it is the basis of the Las Vegas tourism industry

Ans: C
Question Type: MC

a. it is used in calculating descriptive statistics.
c. it helps researchers interpret scores on variables.
d. researchers often assign grades to their students by flipping coins.
Ans: B
Question Type: MC

a. researchers have little faith in their ability to draw conclusions from their research.
b. it helps researchers prove their theories.
c. researchers don’t collect data from entire populations.
d. most researchers suffer from gambling addictions.
Ans: C
Question Type: MC

a. researchers collect data from samples rather than from populations.
b. it helps researchers prove their research hypotheses aren’t true.
c. it helps researchers calculate and interpret the mean and standard deviation.
d. researchers often assign grades to their students by rolling pairs of dice.
Ans: A
Question Type: MC
29. In which of the following steps of the research process is probability most important?
a. Developing a research hypothesis
b. Collecting data
c. Calculating descriptive statistics
d. Calculating inferential statistics
Ans: D

Question Type: MC
30. In which of the following steps of analyzing data is probability most important?
a. Creating frequency distribution tables
b. Calculating the mean and standard deviation
Ans: D
Question Type: MC
a. Examining your data by creating tables and figures
b. Calculating measures of central tendency
Ans: D
Question Type: MC
a. Creating frequency distributions tables to examine data
b. Calculating descriptive statistics
c. Calculating inferential statistics
d. Calculating measures of variability such as the standard deviation
Ans: C
Question Type: MC
a. Calculating measures of central tendency such as the mean or median
b. Developing research hypotheses
c. Examining your data by creating tables and figures
Ans: D
Question Type: MC
a. Calculating measures of central tendency
b. Calculating inferential statistics
c. Checking data for outliers
d. Examining one’s data using figures and tables
Ans: B
Question Type: MC
a. Deciding which type of method (i.e., experiment, questionnaire) to use to collect data
b. Calculating inferential statistics
c. Stating the null hypothesis
d. Creating figures such as bar charts and histograms
Ans: B
Question Type: MC
a. Testing research hypotheses
b. Examining one’s data
c. Developing research hypotheses
d. Reviewing the existing literature on the topic of interest
Ans: A
Question Type: MC
CONCEPT OF SAMPLING ERROR
37. Sampling error refers to:

a. differences between statistics calculated from a sample and statistics pertaining to the population
from which the sample is drawn.
b. differences between statistics calculated from two different populations.
c. differences between the likelihood of an occurrence of a particular outcome of an event and all
possible outcomes.
d. difference between the likelihood of being in one category versus another category.
Ans: A
Question Type: MC
38. If you were to draw 15 random samples of 100 residents in a city you may get 15 different means.
These differences across samples may be defined as:
a. probability
b. random error
c. sampling error
d. normal error
Ans: C
Question Type: MC
39. A researcher finds that the mean income for her sample is $40,500 but the mean for the population
from which the sample is drawn is believed to be $44,270. The difference between the two means
can be attributed to:
a. nonrandom sampling
b. normal sampling
c. luck
d. sampling error
Ans: D
Question Type: MC
40. A researcher finds that the mean age of his survey respondents is 32.4 years; however, the mean age
in the population is believed to be 35.1 years. The difference between the two means can be
attributed to:
a. sampling error
b. non-random sampling
c. luck
d. normal sampling
Ans: A
Question Type: MC
41. A researcher finds that the mean number of children in her sample is 3.48; however, the mean number
of children in the population is 2.44. The difference between the two means can be attributed to:
a. systematic error
b. faulty logic
c. sampling error
d. non-random error
Ans: C
Question Type: MC
42. A researcher finds that the mean number of arrests in his sample is .39 whereas the mean number of
arrests in the population is .15 The difference between the two means can be attributed to:
a. non-normal error
b. luck
c. a lack of planning
d. sampling error
Ans: D
Question Type: MC
BINOMIAL VARIABLES AND DISTRIBUTIONS
43. A binomial distribution is used for:

a. a variable consisting of exactly two categories
b. a variable consisting of only one category
c. a variable consisting of three categories
d. a variable that has zero categories
Ans: A
Answer Location: Applying probability to binomial distributions
Question Type: MC
44. Which of the following is an example of a binomial variable?

a. Religion (Christian, Buddhist, Catholic, Agnostic)
b. Race (White, Asian, African American, Hispanic, Native American)
c. Age (Over 65 or Under 65)
d. Highest degree (High school diploma, Some college, BA, professional degree)
Ans: C
Question Type: MC
45. The sum of the probabilities for the values of a binomial variable equals:
a. 1.00
b. .50
c. 2.00
d. zero
Ans: A
Question Type: MC
46. Which of the following is NOT an example of a binomial variable:

a. Gender (Male, Female)
b. Arrested (Yes, No)
c. Jury verdict (Guilty, Not guilty)
d. Length of sentence (in years)
Ans: D
Question Type: MC
STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING
47. Which of the following is the first step in hypothesis testing?

a. Make a decision regarding the null hypothesis
b. Calculate the appropriate statistic
c. Relate the result of the analysis to the research hypothesis
d. Draw a conclusion from the analysis
e. State the null and alternative hypothesis
Ans: E
Answer Location: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
Question Type: MC
48. In which of the following steps in hypothesis testing would you need your calculator?
a. State the null and alternative hypothesis
c. Make a decision regarding the null hypothesis
e. Relate the result of the analysis to the research hypothesis
Ans: B
Question Type: MC
49. Which of the following steps in the hypothesis testing process involves mathematical calculations?
a. State the null and alternative hypothesis
c. Make a decision regarding the null hypothesis
e. Relate the result of the analysis to the research hypothesis
Ans: B
Question Type: MC
50. Which of the following is the last step in the process of hypothesis testing?
a. Make a decision regarding the null hypothesis
c. Relate the result of the analysis to the research hypothesis
d. State the null and alternative hypothesis
Ans: C
Question Type: MC
STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES
51. The null and alternative hypotheses

a. are mutually exclusive from each other.
b. contain values of a sample statistic such as the sample mean ( X ).
c. are two types of research hypotheses.
d. state the critical values of a statistic needed to reject the null hypothesis.
Ans: A
Answer Location: State the Null and Alternative Hypothesis
Question Type: MC
52. The process of hypothesis testing starts with the assumption that
a. the null hypothesis is true
b. the null hypothesis is false
c. the alternative hypothesis is true
d. we do not know whether the null hypothesis or the alternative hypothesis is true.
Ans: A
Question Type: MC
a. neither the null hypothesis nor the alternative hypothesis are true
b. both the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis are true
c. the null hypothesis is true
d. the null hypothesis is unknown
Ans: C
Question Type: MC
54. Hypothesis testing starts with the assumption that

a. neither the null hypothesis nor the alternative hypothesis are true
b. the alternative hypothesis is true

c. the null hypothesis is true
d. research can prove the null hypothesis is false
Ans: C
Answer Location: The null hypothesis (H0)
Question Type: MC
a. the null hypothesis is yet to be defined
b. the null hypothesis is true
c. the alternative hypothesis is true unless the data proves otherwise
d. the research hypothesis is true
Ans: B
Question Type: MC
a. the null hypothesis is true
b. neither the null nor the alternative hypothesis are true
c. both the null and the alternative hypotheses are true
d. the research hypothesis is correct
Ans: A
Question Type: MC
a. the research hypothesis is incorrect.
b. the alternative hypothesis is true.
c. the null and the alternative hypotheses are the same.
d. the null hypothesis is true.
Ans: D
Question Type: MC
a. the null hypothesis is true.
b. the alternative hypothesis is true.
c. the null hypothesis is zero.
d. neither the null hypothesis nor the alternative hypothesis are true.
Ans: A

Question Type: MC
a. the null hypothesis is unknown.
b. the alternative hypothesis cannot be proven.
c. the alternative hypothesis cannot be true.
d. the null hypothesis is true.
Ans: D
Question Type: MC
60. The “equals” sign (=) can be found in which of the following hypotheses?
a. research hypothesis
b. null hypothesis
c. alternative hypothesis
d. all of the above
Ans: B
Question Type: MC
61. The statement ______ is an example of a ______ .

a.  = 5; null hypothesis
b.  = 5; alternative hypothesis
c.  ≠ 5; null hypothesis
d.  = 5; research hypothesis
e.  ≠ 5; research hypothesis
Ans: A
Question Type: MC
62. The “not equals” sign (≠) can be found in which of the following hypotheses?
a. research hypothesis
b. null hypothesis
c. alternative hypothesis
d. all of the above
Ans: C
Answer Location: The alternative hypothesis (H1)
Question Type: MC
63. A statistical hypothesis that contains the ______ symbol may be defined as ______ .
a. ≠; one-tailed
b. <; non-directional
c. <; one-tailed
d. ≠; directional
Ans: C
Answer Location: Directionality of the alternative hypothesis
Question Type: MC
64. The statement “ ≠ 8” is an example of a

a. directional null hypothesis
b. non-directional null hypothesis
c. directional alternative hypothesis
d. non-directional alternative hypothesis
Ans: D
Question Type: MC
65. The statement “ > 8” is an example of a

a. directional null hypothesis.
b. non-directional null hypothesis.
c. directional alternative hypothesis.
d. non-directional alternative hypothesis.
Ans: C
Question Type: MC
66. A statistical hypothesis that contains the ______ symbol may be defined as ______
a. <; two-tailed
b. >; non-directional
c. ≠; two-tailed
d. ≠; directional
Ans: C
Question Type: MC
67. The statement ______ is an example of a ______ .

a.  ≠ 5; non-directional alternative hypothesis
b.  = 5; directional alternative hypothesis
c.  ≠ 5; null hypothesis
d.  = 5; directional research hypothesis
Ans: A

Question Type: MC
68. The statement “ < 3” is an example of a

a. directional null hypothesis
b. non-directional null hypothesis
c. directional alternative hypothesis
d. non-directional alternative hypothesis
Ans: C
Question Type: MC
69. Which of the following is a correctly stated alternative hypothesis?

a. H1:  ≠ 3
b. H1= 3
c. H1:  = 3
d. H1> 3
Ans: A
Question Type: MC
70. A researcher states a null hypothesis (H0) that  = 25. Which of the following is the most likely
source of this particular value for ?
a. Her personal beliefs
b. Her review of the research literature
c. Her own research
d. Her intuition
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Example: Making Heads or Tail of the Super bowl
Question Type: MC
71. Which of the following beliefs is the best example of a null hypothesis (H0)?
a. "Men are smarter than women"
b. "There is life on Mars"
c. "Taking steroids does not help baseball players hit more home runs"
d. "McDonald's hamburgers taste better than Burger King hamburgers"
Ans: C
Question Type: MC
a. "Republicans are more likely to oppose gun control than are Democrats"
b. "American Olympic skiers are not better than the rest of the world"
c. "Hybrid cars get better gas mileage than traditional cars"
d. "Apple Ipods are easier to use than other companies’ MP3 players"
Ans: B
Question Type: MC
a. "Test prep courses such as Kaplan and the Princeton Review raise students’ SAT scores"
b. "Women are more considerate than men"
c. "The higher the price of gas, the more people will consider buying a hybrid car"
d. "All politicians are the same"
Ans: D
Question Type: MC
a. “All politicians are the same”
b. “There is life on other planets”
c. “McDonald’s French fries taste better than In-n-Out French fries”
d. “Men are more vain than are women”
Ans: A
Question Type: MC
a “Giving medication to children has no effect on their academic performance”
b. “Older people have more problems learning new technology”
c. “Taking naps during the day makes it harder to fall asleep”
d. “Americans are more patriotic than Europeans”
Ans: A
Question Type: MC
76. Which of the following beliefs is the best example of an alternative hypothesis (H1)?
a. "Boys and girls are equally likely to become obese as they age”
b. "Pepsi and Coke taste the same"
c. "Taking steroids help baseball players hit more home runs"
d. "Drugs such as Viagra do not improve the relationship between married couples"
Ans: C

Question Type: MC
77. Which of the following beliefs is most similar to an alternative hypothesis (H1)?
a. "Republicans and Democrats are equally likely to oppose gun control"
b. "Men and women have the same beliefs regarding marriage"
c. "Hybrid cars get the same gas mileage as well-made traditional cars"
d. "Ipods are easier to use than other companies’ MP3 players"
Ans: D
Question Type: MC
a. “It doesn’t matter whether the President of the U.S. is a Democrat or a Republican”
b. “Men and women are looking for the same thing in their dating partners”
c. “Rubbing a good luck charm helps gamblers win more money”
d. “Cats are just as smart as dogs”
Ans: C
Question Type: MC
a. “Caffeine doesn’t affect my ability to fall asleep”
b. “Girls are just as good at sports as are boys”
c. “I’m more likely to buy a product if it’s endorsed by my favorite actor”
d. “It doesn’t matter what college I go to”
Ans: C
Question Type: MC
a. “I’m more likely to buy a product endorsed by an athlete than an actor”
b. “Toyotas are no more likely to be in an accident than any other type of car”
c. “Generic drugs are just as effective as name-brand drugs”
d. “The networks of the different cell phone companies are all the same”
Ans: A
Question Type: MC
a. "Men and women like the same TV shows”
b. "There are no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq"

c. "Taking hormones helps baseball players hit more home runs"
d. "McDonald's hamburgers taste the same as Burger King hamburgers"
Ans: C
Question Type: MC
STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES VS RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
82. ____ hypotheses ______.

a. Statistical; are stated when you analyze your data
b. Research; involve mathematical symbols
c. Statistical; are stated at the beginning of a research study
d. Research; are the null and alternative hypotheses
Ans: A
Answer Location: State the null and alternative hypotheses (H0 and H1)
Question Type: MC
83. ____ hypotheses ______.

a. Research; are stated when you analyze your data
b. Statistical; are stated using concepts and words
c. Research; are stated at the beginning of a research study
Ans: C
Question Type: MC
84. ____ hypotheses ______.

a. Research; are expressed using numbers
b. Statistical; are expressed using concepts and words
c. Research; are stated at the beginning of a research study
Ans: C
Question Type: MC
ALPHA
85. Alpha () refers to

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"Mitä? Näin myöhään yöllä?" sanoi vaimo. "Olkaa toki järkevä,

nuori mies, niin rakastunut kuin lienettekin."
"Asiani on erittäin tärkeä", sanoi laivuri kärsimättömästi.

"Ettekö saata minulle sitä ilmoittaa?" kysyi eukko, joka välttämättä
tahtoi saada uteliaisuutensa tyydytetyksi.
"Olen saanut tietoja hänen isästään", sanoi laivuri, koettaen pysyä

rauhallisena.
Pää katosi ja ikkuna suljettiin. Hetken perästä, mikä laivurista

tuntui ijankaikkisuudelta, kuului askeleita eteisessä, ovi aukeni ja
Annis seisoi hänen edessään.
Lähdettiin takaisin satamaan ja laivuri kertoi matkalla tietonsa. Tie

oli pitkä ja Annis tunsi väsyvänsä, mutta kieltäytyi kuitenkin ylpeästi
nojautumasta seuraajansa käsivarteen — liiaksikin hyvin muistaen
edellisen matkansa samalla tiellä. Päästyään laiturille näkivät he
perämiehen tulevan juosten vastaan. Laivuri sai ankaran
sydämentykytyksen.
"Sinne ei enään kannata mennä", sanoi perämies. "'Febe' on jo

matkalla.
Huudammeko kun se menee ohitse?"
Laivuri unohti Anniksen laiturille, hyppäsi laivaan ja tirkisti jokea

ylös. Yö oli tähtikirkas ja hetkisen katseltuaan eroitti hän epäselvästi
pienen kuunarin, joka hiljalleen lähestyi.
"Vetäkää ylös pari merkkilyhtyä, Jack, ja ajakaa miehet kojusta",

huusi hän perämiehelle.
"Miksi niin?" kysyi tämä ihmeissään.
"Tehkää kuten käskin", huusi laivuri kiukkuisesta "Henry, auta

näiden luukun kansien nostamisessa."
Perämies sytytti lyhdyt ja juoksi keulaan herättämään miehistöä.
"Febe" oli enään parikymmentä metriä peränpuolella.
"Ohoii! Kuunari, ohoi!" huusi Wilson ja juoksi syrjälle.
"Halloo", kuului käheä ääni.
"Onko teillä täysi lasti?" kysyi "Merilokin" kapteeni.
"Ei."
"Laskekaa sitten ankkuri ja tulkaa viereen", huusi Wilson. "Meidän

pitää vielä viikon päivät viipyä täällä ja ruumassa on pari tusinaa
sillitynnöreitä, joiden välttämättä pitää olla Lontoossa tällä viikolla."
"Febe" oli nyt aivan "Merilokin" rinnalla; laivuri pidätti henkeään

levottomuudesta.
"Ette siinä viivy jos puolen tuntia", huusi hän huolestuneena.
Ankkurin kolina oli musiikkia hänen korvilleen ja tuskin luottaen

silmiinsä, näki hän "Feben" miesten korjaavan juuri ylös saatuja
purjeita. Kymmenen minuutin kuluttua keinuivat kuunarit vieretysten.
"Merilokin" lastiruuman luukut olivat auki ja keinuva merkkilyhty

märssyssä levitti heikkoa valoaan miehistön unisille kasvoille.
Perämies seisoi kajuutan seinän nojalla ja supatti ohjeita Anniksen
korvaan.
"Rientäkää", sanoi "Feben" laivuri, "otan ne vaan kannelle kun

matka ei ole pitempi."
Toimekkaana riensi hän syrjälle ohjaamaan lastin siirtoa ja tarkasti

uteliaana toimitusta katselevaa tyttöä.
"Kaunis laiva", sanoi Annis. "Saanko tulla katsomaan sinne?"
"Kernaasti, ellette vaan tule tielle", kuului vastaus.
Käyttäen hyväkseen tätä ehdollista lupausta, astui Annis "Febeen"

ja kuljeskeli ympäri sen kantta. Saavuttuaan kajuutan rappusille, hän
pysähtyi ja katseli ympärilleen. Kaikki olivat toimissaan, eikä kukaan
näyttänyt enempää kiinnittäneen huomiotansa häneen. Tyttö epäili
silmänräpäyksen ja astui sitten pimeään kajuuttaan.
"Oletteko se te, kapteeni?" kuului ääni. "Minkätähden

pysähdyimme?"
Annis ei vastannut.
"Kuka se on?" kuului ääni uudestaan, tällä kertaa jyrkemmin.
"Hiljaa", sanoi Annis.
"Mikä hätänä?" kysyi herra Tillotson.
Annis säpsähti ja koetti kuunnella toista ääntä. Mutta ainoastaan

heikko hengitys oli kaikki mitä hän saattoi eroittaa.
"Isä!" huudahti hän yht'äkkiä. "Se olen minä, — Annis! Missä sinä
olet?"
Kuului huudahdus toiselta puolen kajuuttaa ja Annis näki jonkun

hypähtävän pystyyn ja lähestyvän häntä. Se tarttui hänen
vyötäisiinsä ja partaset kasvot koskettivat hänen hienoa hipiäänsä.
Vuoroin nauraen, vuoroin itkien, kiersi Annis käsivartensa isänsä
kaulaan ja puristi häntä suonenvedontapaisesti.
"Kas niin! — kas niin, lapseni", sanoi lopulta kapteeni Gething.

"Oli kerrassaan ihme, että onnistuimme pysäyttää teidät", sanoi
Annis innoissaan. "'Merilokki' on aivan vieressä, enkä minä ymmärrä
miksi sinä uudestaan aiot mennä matkaasi."
"Sitä en itsekään ymmärrä", sanoi Gething väsyneesti.
"Voit toki käsittää, etten minä johda sinua mihinkään vaaraan. Ota
takki päällesi ja tule mukaan."
Sanomatta sanaakaan teki kapteeni Gething mitä käskettiin ja

seurasi tytärtään kannelle.
"En tulekaan mukaan, kapteeni", sanoi hän, tavatessaan "Feben"

laivurin nostamassa sillitynnöreitä.
"Vai niin", vastasi tämä lyhyesti, "mutta rahoja ette enää saa
takaisin."
Häpeissään ja pitäen tyttärensä käsivarresta, astui kapteeni

Gething "Merilokkiin" ja pudisti Wilsonin kättä. Saavuttuaan
kertomuksensa ja selvityksensä puoliväliin sai laivuri ihmeellisen
halun kohdata Tillotsonia, mutta Annis sai hänet sentään estettyä, ja
kun "Febe" oli saanut lastattua sillinsä, liukui se hiljalleen,
toivotettuaan ystävällisesti hyvää yötä, jokea ulos ulapalle.
"Merilokin" miehistö pääsi jatkamaan häirittyä untansa.
"Oletteko tyytyväinen nyt?" kysyi laivuri Annikselta, kun kapteeni

Gething väsyneenä oli mennyt kajuuttaan.
"Täydellisesti", vastasi Annis.
"Mutta minä en ole", sanoi Wilson merkitsevällä äänenpainolla.

Miss Gething hymyili ja nojautui laivan syrjälle katselemaan
tummaa vettä ja nukkuvaa kaupunkia. Hän ei liikahtanut, kun Wilson
asettui hänen viereensä ja kun tämä tarttui hänen käteensä ei hän
estellyt.
"Minä en ole tyytyväinen — — vielä", sanoi Wilson ja vei tytön

käden huulilleen.
Samassa huomasi hän merkkilyhtyjen loistavan liian kirkkaasti.

Hän laski ne alas ja puhalsi sammuksiin. Vaan yht'äkkiä kuului
pidätettyä naurua, laivuri kääntyi ympäri — silmänräpäystä liian
myöhään. Annis Gething katosi kajuutan rappusista.
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Fundamental Statistics for the Social

and Behavioral Sciences 1st Edition

Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 8th

Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 8th

Essential Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 1st

Essential Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 1st

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 3rd Edition

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 9th Edition

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 4th Edition

Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition

1. Mathematically, probability may be defined as

2. Mathematically, probability may be defined as

3. Mathematically, probability may be defined as

4. Conceptually, probability is most similar to the concept of

Answer Location: What is probability?

5. Conceptually, probability is most similar to the concept of

6. Conceptually, probability is most similar to the concept of

7. Conceptually, probability is most similar to the concept of

8. Conceptually, probability is most similar to the concept of

9. Conceptually, probability is most similar to the concept of

ADDITION RULE OF PROBABILITY

11. The addition rule of probability relates to

b. Which type of cell phone is most likely to have mechanical problems?

IMPORTANCE OF PROBABILITY IN RESEARCH PROCESS

20. Probability is an important concept for researchers primarily because

21. Probability is an important concept for researchers primarily because

a. it helps researchers examine their data.

22. Probability is an important concept for researchers primarily because

23. Probability is an important concept for researchers primarily because

24. Probability is an important concept to researchers primarily because

25. Probability is an important concept to researchers primarily because

d. it is the basis of the Las Vegas tourism industry

26. Probability is an important concept to researchers primarily because

27. Probability is an important concept to researchers primarily because

28. Probability is an important concept to researchers primarily because

Cognitive Domain: Application

CONCEPT OF SAMPLING ERROR

37. Sampling error refers to:

BINOMIAL VARIABLES AND DISTRIBUTIONS

43. A binomial distribution is used for:

44. Which of the following is an example of a binomial variable?

46. Which of the following is NOT an example of a binomial variable:

STEPS IN HYPOTHESIS TESTING

47. Which of the following is the first step in hypothesis testing?

51. The null and alternative hypotheses

54. Hypothesis testing starts with the assumption that

b. the alternative hypothesis is true

Answer Location: The null hypothesis (H0)

61. The statement ______ is an example of a ______ .

64. The statement “ ≠ 8” is an example of a

65. The statement “ > 8” is an example of a

67. The statement ______ is an example of a ______ .

Answer Location: Directionality of the alternative hypothesis

68. The statement “ < 3” is an example of a

69. Which of the following is a correctly stated alternative hypothesis?

Cognitive Domain: Application

b. "There are no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq"

STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES VS RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

82. ____ hypotheses ______.

83. ____ hypotheses ______.

84. ____ hypotheses ______.

85. Alpha () refers to

Pää aivan pyörällä illan moninaisista vaiheista, kiiruhti laivuri

"Sinä kuljeksija", huohotti laivuri ja tarttui samaan aikaan kuunarin

61. The statement is an example of a .

67. The statement is an example of a .

82. hypotheses __.

83. hypotheses __.

84. hypotheses __.