STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY REVIEWER
4th Quarter: CO4-CO6
SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS
Sampling Theory
- Study of relationships existing between a population &
samples drawn from the population
It is useful in:
➢ Estimating unknown population parameters from a
knowledge of a certain sample quantities
➢ Determining whether the observed differences between 2
samples are due to chance variation or whether they are
really significant
Definition of Terms
● Population: totality of the observations with we are
concerned
● Sample: subset of the population
● Parameter: numerical quantity describing a population
● Statistic: numerical quantity describing the sample
Random Sample
- If a sample of n elements is selected from a population of N
elements using a sampling plan in which each possible
samples has the same chance of selection, then the
sampling is said to be random, and the resulting sample is
a simple random sample
Sampling Techniques
Probability Sampling Techniques
- Each element of the population has a known and usually
equal chance of being included in the sample
Simple Random Sampling
- Drawing lots or through the use of random nos.
Systematic Sampling
- Selecting every ith element in the population with the
starting point determined at random
- i is the ratio of the population size over the sample size
Stratified Sampling
- Dividing the population into a no. of non-overlapping
sub-populations or strata and then taking samples from
each stratum
Procedures: Determining the sample size per stratum
Equal Allocation: the intended sample size is divided by the no. of
strata in order to obtain the no. of samples from each stratum
Proportional Allocation: size of each stratum is divided by the
population size then multiplied by the intended sample size
Cluster Sampling
- Dividing the population into groups called clusters
- Each cluster is a representative of the population, then a
random sample of cluster is selected
- A random sample of elements from each of the selected
clusters is chosen
Multi-Stage Sampling
- Combination of several random sampling techniques in
getting a sample from a very large population
Non-probability Sampling Techniques
- Samples are chosen in such a way that some members of
the population may not have any chance of being included
in the sample
Convenience Sampling
- Selecting members of the population that are readily
available in order to obtain quick results
- Ex: Text votes, telephone interviews
Quota Sampling
- Choosing members for the sample with no other criteria or
objective but to obtain a certain no. of sample
- Ex: Colors of cars passing EDSA
Snowball Sampling
- Existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among
their acquantances
- Ex: Cases of HIV / AIDS, Cases of Illegal Drugs
Purposive Sampling
- Judgement or deliberate sampling
- When personal judgement, presumably based on prior
experience, plays a major role in selecting a group of
observations
Random Sample
- Perfect random sampling is difficult to achieve in practice
- Draw lottery is one way to do simple random sampling
- Technologies that generate random nos. can also be used
Formula:
PROPORTION & DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS
Lesson 2: Sampling & Sampling Distributions
- Consider a population of size N and suppose we want to
determine a certain population characteristic which can be
described by the parameter mean and variance
- A random sample of size n can be selected and the
computed mean and sample variance can be used to
estimate the parameters
- If the same experiment is done by choosing another
sample, it is likely possible that the new computed mean
and variance will be different from the previous one
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY REVIEWER
4th Quarter: CO4-CO6

Examples:

Sampling Error
- Difference between the sample statistic from the sample
and the value of the corresponding population parameter
from the population
Sampling Distribution of Sample Proportion

★ Sample is random, and no non-sampling error has been

made. Sampling error occurs only on sample survey, and
not in census

★ It is not possible to find sampling error because the

population parameter (e.g., 𝜇) is unknown.But if it is known, Formula:
then we do not need a statistic value( ҧ𝑥)

Non-sampling errors
- Occur in the collection, recording, and the tabulation of
data
- Can occur both in a sample survey and a census Examples:

Examples:

Central Limit Theorem

- If X1, x2, xn, is a random sample of size n taken from a
population with mean and variance, and if X is the sample
mean, the limiting form of the distribution of
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY REVIEWER
4th Quarter: CO4-CO6

Sampling Distribution: Difference between Two Averages

Formula:

Examples

Lesson 4: Estimation of Parameters (Point Estimate)

Estimator
- Statistic that specifies how to use the sample data to
estimate an unknown parameter of the population
- Used to estimate unknown population parameter such as
true population mean, true population proportion,
population variance etc.

Lesson 3: Additional Examples Examples: Use of estimation

● An auto company may want to estimate the mean fuel
Central Limit Theorem consumption of a particular car model.
● A manager may want to estimate the average time taken
by new employees to learn the job
● PH Census Bureau may want to find the mean housing
expenditure per month incurred by households
● A polling agency may want to find the proportion of
students who are in favor of our current system in
education

Process of Estimation
1. Get a sample
2. Collect info
Examples
3. Compute statistic
4. Assign value(s) to the corresponding population parameter

● This procedure assumes that the sample taken is a simple

random sample

Types of Estimators
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY REVIEWER
4th Quarter: CO4-CO6

Point Estimator: gives a single number as an estimate of the Point Estimation

unknown parameter value
Interval Estimator: gives a range of possible values as an estimate
of the unknown parameter value

Estimate and Estimator Example

Point Estimators
- Point Estimator: gives a single number as an estimate of
the unknown parameter value

Properties of Point Estimator

1. Unbiasedness
- if and only if 𝐸 መ𝜃 = 𝜃. If the equality does not
hold, መ𝜃 is said to be a biased estimator of 𝜃,
with 𝐵 መ𝜃 = 𝐸 መ𝜃 − 𝜃

2. Efficiency of Precision
- If ෡Θ1 and ෡Θ2 are two unbiased estimators of
the same populationparameter 𝜃 , we want to
choose the estimator whose samplingdistribution
has the smaller variance. Hence, if σ2 ෡𝜃1 < σ2
෡𝜃2 , we saythat ෡Θ1is a more efficient estimator
of 𝜃 than ෡Θ2

3. Resistance
- Indicates minimal influence of outliers
- Median is more resistant than the mean
● Outlier: is an observation that lies an abnormal
distance from othervalues in a random sample
from a population

4. Consistency
- Sequence of estimators is said to be consistent if
it converges in probability to the true value of the
parameter

Good Point Estimator

- RUMVUE: Resistant, Uniform, Minimum, Variance,
Unbiased, Estimator

Interval Estimator: gives a range of possible values as an estimate

of the unknown parameter value

Estimate and Estimator