Measurement of memory:

Memory cannot be observed directly but is inferred from the learner’s performance.
THERE ARE COMMOMLY 5 METODS OF MEASURING MEMORY:
1. Method of recall
2. Method of recognition
3. Relearning/saving method
4. Reconstruction method
5. Qualitative method

Method of recall:
In this method, the subject required to make some previously learned response. For example,
while appearing in an examination, a student is often require to recall material learned during
study.
2 Types of recall:
Aided recall is a type of memory task in which a person is asked to remember information
with the help of prompts or cues.
Unaided recall is a type of memory task in which a person is asked to remember information
without any prompts or cues.
Method of recognition:
The subject is required to recognize the original items from among a number of mixed items of
the same class or category. Multiple choice questions in the examination are one such
example.
Relearning/saving method:
Relearning, also known as the Savings Method, is a way of measuring retention by measuring
how much faster one relearns material that has been previously learned and then forgotten.
Saving Score formula:

Reconstruction/Rearranged method:
This method involves rearranging the parts of task as they were originally. For example, we
might show a subject 10 separate pictures, we arranged in proper order, tell a story as in a
comic strip. Then after some intervals, the subject is again presented the pictures in random
order and asked to arrange them into proper sequences.
Qualitative method:
Gestalt psychologist used qualitative method to study memory changes. Other researchers
found that our memories reflect constructive process, in which memories are reflected by the
meanings given to events when we recall information.
Ebbinghaus theory of memory:
The first attempt to study memory and forgetting were made by German psychologist Herman
Ebbinghaus in 1885. Using himself as his only subject, he memorized lists of three letters
nonsense syllables such as FIW and BOZ.
By measuring how easy it was to relearn a given list of words, he found that forgetting
occurred systematically. The most rapid forgetting occurs in the first nine hours, the rate of
forgetting slows and decline little even after the passage of many days.
His experiment led following principles of memory:/How to improve memory:
1. Meaningful material is learned more easily than meaningless material
2. Whole learning is usually better than part learning.
3. Distributed practice is more effective than massed practice.
4. Reciting a material several times durably fixes it in memory.
5. Learner is quicker when the right response is reinforced with the reward then when the
wrong response is followed by punishment.
6. Association and rhythm aid the memory process.

Learning
It is a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience.
Long lasting effect
We learn through experience, exercise or practice.

Types of learning:
1. Operant/Classical learning
2. Latent learning
3. Learning by trial & Error
4. Learning by insight
5. Observational learning

Latent learning
Latent learning is a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response. It
occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior or associations that are learned.
An example of latent learning would be typing on a computer. You may have learned typing
skills in high school but didn't get a chance to use them until you bought your first computer.
The learning you did in high school came back and you instantly knew where to put your
fingers on the keyboard.

Learning by trial & Error

Trial and error learning involves a series of actions attempted to achieve a described outcome.
According to Thorndike, these actions are determined by motivation/drive and a stimulus/goal.
In the cat experiment, the motivation for learning was the cat's hunger, and the food was the
stimulus for the behavior change.

Learning by insight
A type of learning that uses reason, especially to form conclusions, inferences, or judgments, to
solve a problem. Supplement. Unlike learning by trial-and-error, insight learning is solving
problems not based on actual experience (like trial and error steps) but on trials occurring
mentally.

Observational learning:
Observational learning is the process of learning by watching the behaviors of others. The
targeted behavior is watched, memorized, and then mimicked. Also known as shaping and
modeling, observational learning is most common in children as they imitate behaviors of
adults.
Bobo Doll experiment by albert bandura, which demonstrates how the behavior of adults easily
influences children. During the experiment, adults received praise for their aggressive behavior,
and as a result, the likelihood of the children striking the doll increased.

FIRST CHPTER END