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Target Prelims Special Material

29-02-2024 1.
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Ancient India

North Indian Rulers

Maitraka Dynasty
The Maitrakas of Valabhi
✓ Maitraka dynasty, Indian dynasty that ruled in Gujarat and Saurashtra (Kathiawar) from the 5th to the
8th century CE.
✓ Its founder, Bhatarka, was a general who, taking advantage of the decay of the Gupta empire,
established himself as ruler of Gujarat and Saurashtra with Valabhi (modern Vala) as his capital.
✓ Although the early Maitraka kings were loosely feudatory to the Guptas, they were in fact independent.

✓ Under the powerful Shiladitya I (c. late 6th century), the kingdom became very influential; its rule
extended into the regions of Malwa and Rajasthan.

✓ Later, however, the Maitrakas suffered at the hands of the Chalukyas of the Deccan and of the emperor
Harsha of Kannauj.
✓ After Harsha’s death the Maitrakas revived, but the Arabs who had established themselves in Sindh in
712 killed the last Maitraka king, Shiladitya VI, and razed his capital about 780.

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✓ Maitraka dynasty, Indian dynasty that ruled in Gujarat and Saurashtra (Kathiawar) from the 5 th to the
8th century CE.
✓ Its founder, Bhatarka, was a general who, taking advantage of the decay of the Gupta empire,
established himself as ruler of Gujarat and Saurashtra with Valabhi (modern Vala) as his capital.
✓ Although the early Maitraka kings were loosely feudatory to the Guptas, they were in fact independent.

✓ Under the powerful Shiladitya I (c. late 6th century), the kingdom became very influential; its rule
extended into the regions of Malwa and Rajasthan.
✓ Later, however, the Maitrakas suffered at the hands of the Chalukyas of the Deccan and of the emperor
Harsha of Kannauj.
✓ After Harsha’s death the Maitrakas revived, but the Arabs who had established themselves in Sindh in
712 killed the last Maitraka king, Shiladitya VI, and razed his capital about 780.

Yadavas Dynasty
The Yadavas of Devagiri
✓ The earliest historical ruler of the Seuna/Yadava dynasty can be traced back to the mid-9 th century but
little is known about their early history, their 12th -century court poet Hemadri records the names of the
family’s early rulers.

✓The territory of the early Yadava rulers was in present-day Maharashtra, and several scholars have
claimed that the dynasty had a “Maratha” origin.
✓ During this time, the Marathi language emerged as the dominant
language in the dynasty’s inscriptions. Prior to this, the primary
languages of their inscriptions were Kannada and Sanskrit.
✓ Hemadri’s traditional genealogy of the Yadavas traces their descent
from Visnu, the Creator and Yadu were his later descendants.
✓ The dynasty’s first historically attested ruler is Dridhaprahara (860-
880 AD), who is credited with founding the city of Chandradityapura
(modern Chandor). He was a feudatory of Chalukyas.
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✓ Bhillama (1175-1191 CE) was the first sovereign ruler of the Yadava dynasty in the Deccan region.

✓ Bhillama forced Ballala to retreat around 1187, conquered the former Chalukya capital Kalyani, and
declared himself a sovereign ruler.
✓ He then founded the city of Devagiri, which became the new Yadava capital.

Maukhari Dynasty
Maukhari dynasty
✓ Maukhari dynasty, Northern Indian rulers of the 6th century CE. Though originally feudatories of the
Guptas, the Maukhari established their independence at Kannauj in the 6 th century.

Silver Coins
✓ The Maukharis ruled over most of what is now Uttar Pradesh, and had some control over Magadha (now
in southern Bihar), until those areas were reconquered by the Guptas about 606.
✓ The dynasty’s founder, Ishanavarman, ruled under the title maharajadhiraja. He was succeeded by
Sarvavarman, Avantivarman, and Grahavarman.

Medieval India

Administration During Akbar’s Regin

Diwan
Diwani Kul- Diwani kul was the financial minister in the Mughal administration, who looked out all the
fiancial transactions and payments .

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Mir Bakshi
The head of the military department was known as the mir bakhshi. The mir bakhshi, not the diwan, was
considered the head of the nobility.
As a result, only the most powerful grandees were appointed to this position. Recommendations for
mansabs, promotions, and other positions were made to the emperor through the mir bakhshi.
Once the emperor had accepted a recommendation, it was forwarded to the diwan for confirmation and
assignment of a jagir to the appointee. Promotions were handled in the same manner.
Mir Bakhshi oversaw the empire's intelligence and information agencies. Intelligence officers (barids) and
news reporters (waqia-navis) were stationed throughout the empire. Their reports were delivered to the
emperor at the court by Mir bakhshi.
As a result, the diwan and the mir bakshi were almost on equal footing, supporting and checking each
other.

Mir Saman
Mir Saman was in charge of the imperial household,
including the supply of all provisions and articles for the
haram or female apartments' inmates.
Many of these items were made under royal supervision
in royal workshops known as karkhanas. Only nobles who
had the emperor's complete trust were appointed to this
position.
This officer was in charge of maintaining court etiquette, controlling the royal bodyguard, and other
responsibilities.

Bakshi

Bakshi, Faujdar, Sadr, Kotwal were the officers who supported subedars in carrying out the functions
during Mughal Emperor Akbar’s rule.
Bakshi was a paymaster, Sadr was the minister in-charge of religious and charitable patronage, faujdar was
a military commander and kotwal was the town police commander.

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 Modern India

Regulating Act, 1773

The Regulating Act was passed in the British Parliament in June 1773.
It was the first parliamentary ratification and authorization defining
the powers and authority of the East India Company with respect to its
Indian possessions.

Background
• The East India Company was in severe financial crisis and had asked a loan of 1 million pounds from the
British government in 1772.
• Allegations of corruption and nepotism were rampant against company officials.
• There was a terrible famine in Bengal where a huge population perished.
• The Dual form of administration instituted by

• Robert Clive was complex and drawing a lot of complaints. According to this system, the company had
Diwani rights (obtained after the Battle of Buxar) in Bengal and the Nawab had Nizamat rights (judicial and
policing rights) as secured from the Mughal Emperor. In reality, both powers were vested with the
company. The farmers and the general population suffered as their improvement was neglected and the
company was only concerned with maximizing revenue.
•Lawlessness increased in Bengal.
• The defeat of the company against Mysore’s Hyder Ali in 1769.

Provisions of the Regulating Act

• This act permitted the company to retain its territorial possessions in India but sought to regulate the

activities and functioning of the company. It did not take over power completely, hence called ‘regulating’.

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• The act provided for the appointment of a Governor-General along with four Councillors in the
Presidency of Fort William (Calcutta), jointly called the
Governor-General in Council.
• As per this, Warren Hastings was appointed as the
Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William.
• The Governors in Councils at Madras and Bombay
were brought under the control of Bengal, especially in
matters of foreign policy. Now, they could not wage war
against Indian states without Bengal’s approval.
• The company directors were elected for a period of five years and one-fourth of them were to retire
every year. Also, they could not be re-elected.
• The company directors were directed to make public all correspondence on revenue, civil and military
matters with Indian authorities before the British authorities.
• A Supreme Court of Judicature was established at Calcutta with Sir Elijah Impey as the first Chief Justice.
Judges were to come from England. It had civil and criminal jurisdiction over the British subjects and not
Indian natives.

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