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Part 1 – What is Sociology?
Chapter 2
What Do Sociologists Do?
1) Max is a graduate student in sociology. He has decided to research and find out if
unemployment contributes to the problem of spousal abuse. After deciding on his topic
and defining the problem, the next step in his research should be to:
a. choose a research method.
b. review the literature.
c. analyze the results.
d. select a topic.
e. collect the data.
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 35
Skill: Applied
2) Although establishing rapport with participants is an important concern for

researchers, it can sometimes lead to the problem of:
a. “going native” or getting too close to participants.
b. invalidating the experiences of women and gay men.
c. discarding undesirable results.
d. a narrow focus on structured interviews.
e. a discrepancy between hypothesis and research method.
Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 31
Skill: Factual
3) Laud Humphrey’s research focused on:

a. the behaviour of radical environmental groups.
b. anonymous sex among men in public restrooms.
c. the treatment of restaurant workers.
1 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc.

d. rape as an act of power.

e. homelessness in Toronto.
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 41
Skill: Factual
4) Studying would be considered a legitimate topic for sociological research.

a. genetics
b. psychological dysfunction
c. physiological degeneration
d. people’s disgusting or inappropriate behaviour
e. controlled experimental design
Answer: d
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 28, 42
Skill: Factual
5) In Humphrey’s study, the men who acted as an early warning signal for police were
called:
a. watchdogs.
b. guardians.
c. look-out queens.
d. watchqueens.
e. tearoom attendants.
Answer: d
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 41
Skill: Factual

6) A[n] predicts a relationship between or among variables.

a. correlation coefficient
b. hypothesis
c. topical statement
d. assertion
e. operational definition
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 35
Skill: Factual
7) A[n] is a factor that varies from one case to another.

a. variable
b. discriminant
c. unobtrusive measure
d. hypothesis
e. valency
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 35
Skill: Factual
8) Max has formulated a hypothesis that men who are unemployed are more likely to
abuse their wives than men that are employed. In this statement, unemployed and
employed are termed:
a. operational definitions.
b. topics.
c. variables.
d. unobtrusive measures.
e. definitions.
Answer: c

Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 35
Skill: Applied
9) Data are considered to be when the operational definitions measure what

they are intended to measure.
a. hypothetical
b. reliable
c. valid
d. consistent
e. replicated
Answer: c
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 36
Skill: Factual
10) John is developing an operational definition to measure the military strength of

different nations. He is concerned that his operational definition actually measures what it
is intended to measure. John is concerned about the:
a. accuracy of his hypothesis.
b. extent his measure varies from one case to the next.
c. reliability of his measure.
d. inter-rater consistency of his measures.
e. validity of his operational definitions.
Answer: e
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 36
Skill: Applied
11) The term refers to the extent to which different studies come up with
similar results.
a. duplication

b. validity
c. operationalizing
d. reliability
e. probability
Answer: d
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 36
Skill: Factual
12) Michael has conducted two studies and the results of his studies show very similar
results. This is an example of:
a. plagiarism.
b. validity.
c. reliability.
d. duplication.
e. probability.
Answer: c
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 36
Skill: Applied
13) Max wants to test his hypothesis that unemployed men are more likely to commit
spousal abuse than men who are employed. He is most likely to use a analysis
to test his hypothesis.
a. descriptive
b. qualitative
c. variable
d. quantitative
e. discriminant
Answer: d
Diff: 2

Type: MC
Page Reference: 36–38
Skill: Applied
14) After research is published, the research "belongs" to the scientific community and
the findings are available for:
a. reification.
b. validation.
c. verification.
d. replication.
e. reproduction.
Answer: d
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 38
Skill: Factual
15) Jessica has decided to repeat Max's study of spousal abuse to test the findings. This
process is known as:
a. reproduction.
b. validation.
c. replication.
d. reification.
e. verification.
Answer: c
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 38
Skill: Applied
16) When reading a table, the states the topic of the table.
a. running head
b. source
c. heading

d. headnote
e. title
Answer: e
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 39
Skill: Factual
17) If Frannie, a sociologist, wanted to know how many families decorated the outside of
their homes at Christmas time in her town, she would most likely use which type of
research method?
a. A survey
b. An experiment
c. Documents
d. Secondary analysis
e. Participant observation
Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
18) To be able to generalize your findings to a total population, it is important to select a

sample that is:
a. convenient.
b. representative of the population.
c. stratified.
d. a binomial population sample.
e. valid and reliable.
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 29
Skill: Factual

19) In a sample, everyone in the population has the same chance of being
included in the study.
a. snowball
b. convenience
c. random
d. stratified
e. cluster
Answer: c
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 29
Skill: Factual
20) Phillip would like to collect information from a large number of people, but only has
a limited budget. In order to sample a large number, but to keep the cost low, Phillip will
most likely use _ as a research method.
a. structured interviews
b. unstructured interviews
c. participant observation
d. secondary analysis
e. self-administered questionnaires
Answer: e
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 30
Skill: Applied
21) If a researcher wishes to make certain that each question is asked in precisely the
same way, they would use as the method of obtaining information.
a. experiments
b. interviews
c. unstructured conversation
d. participant observation

e. secondary analysis
Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
22) Fred has been hired to conduct consumer research for the Chrysler Corporation. They
are interested in finding out if the population in Windsor prefers Chryslers or Toyotas.
Fred has drawn his sample from the union membership lists of the Chrysler Corporation
and has concluded that people in Windsor overwhelmingly prefer Chryslers to Toyotas.
His research is an example of misrepresentation because Fred:
a. asked biased questions.
b. did not triangulate his methods.
c. listed biased choices.
d. discarded undesirable results.
e. chose a biased sample.
Answer: e
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Page Reference: 30
Skill: Applied
23) "It is estimated that alcohol is the leading cause of car accidents. In contrast,
marijuana accounts for less than 2 percent of the car accidents in Canada. Knowing this,
in your opinion, should marijuana be legalized just like alcohol is legalized?" This is an
example of a biased:
a. choice.
b. response.
c. sample.
d. question.
e. result.
Answer: d
Diff: 2
Type: MC

Page Reference: 30
Skill: Applied
24) There are two advantages to using structured interviews. One advantage is that they
are faster to administer; the other is that it is:
a. easier to code the answers.
b. easier to capture unanticipated variables.
c. a way for respondents to answer in their own words.
d. used to ask sensitive questions.
e. helpful in establishing rapport.
Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Skill: Factual
25) Mattie has volunteered at the local crisis center. While she was participating as a
volunteer, she was given permission to gather data on the number of women who report
being abused and who later participated in counselling. Mattie is using as a
method of gathering data.
a. participant observation
b. secondary analysis
c. structured interviews
d. archival research
e. content analysis
Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 31
Skill: Applied
26) Although participant observation can provide detailed answers to some questions, one
major problem with this research method in collecting data is with:
a. reliability.
b. validity.
c. spurious correlations.
d. generalizability.
e. alpha bias.
Answer: d
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 31
Skill: Factual
27) Mark has been asked to conduct research on the number of military bases that exist in
the United States. He needs the answer in a very short time and has little monetary
resources to use to conduct the research. Which research method is he most likely to use?
a. Survey
b. Unobtrusive measures
c. Secondary analysis
d. Participant observation
e. Content analysis
Answer: c
Diff: 3
Type: MC
Skill: Applied
28) If a researcher is using diaries to collect information about the attitudes of rape
victims, he or she is using to collect data.
a. unstructured interviews
b. unobtrusive measures
c. documents
d. participant observation
Answer: c
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 33

Skill: Applied
29) Steve and Naomi are counting the empty whiskey bottles in trash cans to measure the
level of whiskey consumption in a town. These researchers are using the _
method of conducting research.
a. unobtrusive measures
b. survey research
d. documents research
Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 33
Skill: Applied
30) If a researcher finds that one variable always precedes the other variable, the
preceding variable would be the variable and the variable that changes would
be the variable.
a. experimental; control
b. primary; secondary
c. control; experiment
d. dependent; independent
e. independent; dependent
Answer: e
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 35
Skill: Applied
31) If an experiment were conducted to examine whether viewing pornography increased

the likelihood of committing rape, the number of pornographic films viewed would be
considered the variable.
a. influence
b. independent

c. dependent
d. control
e. experimental
Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 35
Skill: Applied
32) Sociologists are interested in the broad features of society and social behaviour, or in
the actual workings of a specific group in a natural setting. For this reason, they often use
to collect their information.
a. experiments
b. obtrusive measures
d. documents
e. surveys
Answer: c
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 31
Skill: Factual
33) After reviewing the literature, Max has developed the hypothesis that the stress felt
by unemployed men increased the probability of spousal abuse. Stress would be
considered the variable and spousal abuse would be considered the
variable.
a. dependent; control
b. primary; secondary
c. independent; dependent
d. independent; control
e. dependent; independent
Answer: c
Diff: 2

Type: MC
Page Reference: 35
Skill: Applied
34) The refers to the change in behaviour that can occur when subjects know
they are being studied.
a. Thomas theorem
b. Hawthorne effect
c. Peter principle
d. Humphrey's hypothesis
e. Henslin probability
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 34
Skill: Factual
35) Mark is conducting a study to determine if people will be receptive to a change in the
widget that the Allerton Corporation is selling. His research is an example of:
a. evaluation research.
b. action research.
c. basic research.
d. clinical research.
e. marketing research.
Answer: e
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 35
Skill: Applied
36) Toronto Homelessness Action Task Force, created by Mayor Mel Lastman, chose a
to first count the homeless and second to suggest remedies.
a. random sample
b. snowball sample

c. statistical survey method

d. binomial population sample
e. multi-method approach
Answer: e
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 37
Skill: Factual
37) If a researcher were to steal someone else's work, they would be guilty of:
a. false replication.
b. plagiarism.
c. betraying confidentiality.
d. nepotism.
e. falsifying the results.
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 38
Skill: Factual
38) Mario Brajuha refused to turn over his research notes to the authorities because:
a. it would reveal he had made up some of his data.
b. as an undocumented worker, he would be deported.
c. of the fear of being imprisoned.
d. he would be accused of plagiarism.
e. he wanted to protect his respondents.
Answer: e
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Skill: Factual

39) Rik Scarce was put in jail for contempt of court because he refused to answer
questions:
a. that would violate his agreement of confidentiality.
b. about himself and his work.
c. about topics related to the raid of research facilities.
d. about his personal involvement in ALF.
e. that were embarrassing to himself and his colleagues.
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 40
Skill: Factual
40) A number of sociologists thought that Laud Humphrey's research on tearooms was
unethical because:
a. his study could not be replicated.
b. he did not identify himself to his subjects as a researcher.
c. his results were falsified.
d. he made up his data concerning tea consumption.
e. some of his writing had been plagiarized.
Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 41
Skill: Factual
41) In their research on convicted rapists, Diana Scully and Joseph Marolla discovered
that:
a. most rapists would never rape again.
b. rapists are not sick or overwhelmed by uncontrollable urges.
c. rapists are emotionally different from other men.
d. most rapists are sick.
e. rapists are motivated by passion.

Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 42
Skill: Factual
42) Which of the following would be a good example of a valid sociological topic?
a. The study of brain waves in depressed people
b. The study of factors relating to divorce in Canada
c. A comparison of brain structures between men and women
d. The composition of a meteorite
e. The impact of steroids on athletic performance
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 28
Skill: Applied
43) Researchers who study people without their knowledge that they are being observed
use which of the following methods?
a. Unobtrusive measures
b. Participant observation
c. Unstructured interviews
d. Secondary analysis
e. Obtrusive measures
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 33
Skill: Factual
44) Operational definitions serve the purpose of:

a. choosing a research method.
b. controlling the dependent variable.

c. creating an appropriate research design.

d. establishing correlation.
e. measuring variables.
Answer: e
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 35
Skill: Factual
45) Research ethics strictly forbid:

a. studying controversial topics.
b. using more than one method per study.
c. utilizing and citing only one source in a paper.
d. bringing harm to research subjects.
e. using more than one sample.
Answer: d
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 38
Skill: Factual
46) A researcher who uses participant observation to study a group of people would most
likely be employing:
a. secondary analysis.
b. quantitative research methods.
c. multiple regression analysis.
d. causal logic.
e. qualitative research methods.
Answer: e
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 31
Skill: Applied

47) If the funder of a research project is influencing the results of findings of that
research, this would be a(n) problem.
a. methodological
b. reliability
c. ethical
d. correlation
e. logical
Answer: c
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 38
Skill: Applied
48) C. Wright Mills believed that:

a. research is of little value.
b. research without theory is of little value.
c. theory is of little value.
d. research should be atheoretical.
e. neither theory nor research is of any value because the social world can never be
properly understood.
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 41
Skill: Factual
49) Any sociological study which uses mathematical formulas and statistics is likely to
be:
a. an experiment.
b. ethnographic.
c. quantitative.
d. valid.
e. qualitative.

Answer: c
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 33
Skill: Factual
50) usually occurs first in the research model.

a. Creating operational definitions
b. Reviewing the literature
c. Selecting a topic
d. Defining the problem
e. Formulating a hypothesis
Answer: c
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 35
Skill: Factual
51) would be a good example of a research variable.

a. Hockey
b. France
c. World War I
d. Age
e. The Great Depression
Answer: d
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 35
Skill: Applied
52) A random sample is one in which:

a. everyone has a 50% chance of being selected.
b. only those who have a certain opinion are selected.

c. there is an even distribution of men and women.

d. selection is based on random categories.
e. everyone has an equal opportunity of being selected.
Answer: e
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 29
Skill: Factual
53) Sociologists study human behaviour at both the macro and micro level.
a. True
Correct: Correct
b. False
Incorrect: Incorrect
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 28
Skill: Factual
54) The practices and rituals around tattooing, piercing, and body painting would be of
interest to sociologists.
a. True
Correct: Correct
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 28
Skill: Factual
55) Sociological research on violence confirms that strangers are responsible for most
violence against women and children.
a. True

b. False
Correct: Correct
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 28
Skill: Factual
56) Sociological behaviour is based on common sense.

a. True
b. False
Correct: Correct
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 28
Skill: Factual
57) The first step in research is to conduct a literature review.

a. True
b. False
Correct: Correct
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 35
Skill: Factual
58) A hypothesis is a statement of the expected relationship between variables according

to predictions based on a theory.
a. True
Correct: Correct

b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
59) Reviewing the literature can help us to narrow down the problem by pinpointing
particular areas to study.
a. True
Correct: Correct
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Page Reference: 35
Skill: Factual
60) Validity is the extent to which different studies come up with similar results.
a. True
b. False
Correct: Correct
Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Page Reference: 36
Skill: Factual
61) Reliability is the extent to which operational definitions measure what they are
intended to measure.
a. True
b. False

Correct: Correct
Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Page Reference: 36
Skill: Factual
62) Quantitative analysis involves crunching numbers.

a. True
Correct: Correct
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 38
Skill: Factual
63) The goal of qualitative analysis is to observe, describe, and interpret people’s
behaviour.
a. True
Correct: Correct
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 3
Type: TF
Page Reference: 34
Skill: Factual
64) When research is published it "belongs" to the scientific community and the findings
are available for replication.
a. True
Correct: Correct
b. False

Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 38
Skill: Factual
65) When we repeat a study to test the results, we are involved in duplication.
a. True
b. False
Correct: Correct
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 38
Skill: Factual
66) In a table, the headnote will explain the topic of the table.
a. True
b. False
Correct: Correct
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 39
Skill: Factual
67) A random sample means that everyone in the population has the same chance of
being included in the study.
a. True
Correct: Correct
b. False
Answer: a

Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 29
Skill: Factual
68) Sociologists strive to ask questions that reduce bias.

a. True
Correct: Correct
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 30
Skill: Factual
69) One of the biggest problems with research using the participant observation method
is that it is difficult to generalize the findings.
a. True
Correct: Correct
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 31
Skill: Factual
70) Secondary analysis is when the researcher conducts a second survey of the same
population.
a. True
b. False
Correct: Correct
Answer: b
Diff: 2

Type: TF
Skill: Factual
71) The marketing researcher uses quantitative research exclusively.

a. True
b. False
Correct: Correct
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 35
Skill: Factual
72) An ethical sociological researcher will protect the anonymity of people who provide
them with information.
a. True
Correct: Correct
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Skill: Factual
73) If research is conducted without theory, it is of little value and is simply a collection
of unrelated facts.
a. True
Correct: Correct
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: TF

Page Reference: 41
Skill: Factual
74) Scully and Marolla found that most rapists were motivated to commit rape as a crime
of passion.
a. True
Incorrect: Correct
b. False
Correct: Incorrect
Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Page Reference: 42
Skill: Factual
75) Sociologists do research on just about every area of human behaviour.

a. True
Correct: Correct
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 28
Skill: Factual
76) It is unimportant for researchers to worry about rapport with their respondents; it
makes no difference to research results.
a. True
b. False
Correct: Correct
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 31

Skill: Factual
77) Early Canadian community studies utilized participant observation methods and
focused on rural Quebec.
a. True
Correct: Correct
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Page Reference: 31
Skill: Factual
78) Closed-ended questions may not include all the respondents’ opinions and are,
therefore, another source of potential research bias.
a. True
Correct: Correct
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 3
Type: TF
Page Reference: 30
Skill: Factual
79) Sociological research is removed from the sociologist's personal interests and their
access to potential subjects.
a. True
b. False
Correct: Correct
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 41

Skill: Factual
80) Sociological research usually just verifies common notions about the way in which
our world works.
a. True
b. False
Correct: Correct
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 28
Skill: Factual
81) Survey research is thought to be unreliable because it only involves samples of the
population being studied.
a. True
b. False
Correct: Correct
Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Page Reference: 30
Skill: Factual
82) Establishing a rapport between the researcher and the person being interviewed is
necessary if the answers are particularly sensitive.
a. True
Correct: Correct
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Page Reference: 31

Skill: Factual
83) When researchers use "secondary analysis" as their research method, they are relying
on information that has been previously collected by others.
a. True
Correct: Correct
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 32
Skill: Factual
84) When conducting a survey, it is important to include everyone in your target

population.
a. True
b. False
Correct: Correct
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 29
Skill: Factual
85) Laud Humphreys found that, contrary to common sense, coffee was actually
consumed in greater quantities in tearooms.
a. True
b. False
Correct: Correct
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: TF

Skill: Factual
86) List the eight basic steps of scientific research and briefly discuss what is done in
each step.
Answer:
Diff: 2
Type: ES
Skill: Factual
87) List and explain what the six elements are in a table.
Answer:
Diff: 2
Type: ES
Page Reference: 39
Skill: Factual
88) How do sociologists gather data? Briefly explain the methods.
Answer:
Diff: 3
Type: ES
Skill: Factual
89) List the four practices that can distort, misrepresent, or lead to fraudulent research.
Briefly explain what each practice is.

Answer:
Diff: 3
Type: ES
Page Reference: 30
Skill: Factual
90) Explain the research model in Figure 2.3.
Answer:
Diff: 3
Type: ES
Page Reference: 36
Skill: Factual
91) How do sociologists choose a particular research method?
Answer:
Diff: 2
Type: ES
Page Reference: 33
Skill: Factual
92) What is the role of ethics in sociological research?
Answer:
Diff: 2
Type: ES
Page Reference: 38
Skill: Factual

93) What is the relationship between theory and research?
Answer:
Diff: 3
Type: ES
Page Reference: 43
Skill: Conceptual
94) Describe the ethical issues involved in the research of Mario Brajuha.
Answer:
Diff: 1
Type: ES
Skill: Factual
95) Describe the ethical issues involved in the research of Rik Scarce.
Answer:
Diff: 1
Type: ES
Page Reference: 40
Skill: Factual
96) Describe the ethical issues involved in the research of Laud Humphreys.
Answer:
Diff: 2
Type: ES

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And 2. For comfort to those that are reproached.
Those things which are in the 13 verse, were handled before

chapters 2. & 3.
Doctrine 7. God hath certaine and appointed times to execute

his judgements.
This is gathered from verse 17 at the beginning.
Reason 1. Because the patience and long-suffering of God must

have their time.
2. Because there is a time also required, that men may fill up the
measure of their sinnes.
3. Because there are certaine opportunities of time, wherein

Gods judgements are executed with greater benefit, then they could
be at other times.
Vse. This may serve to admonish us, not to condemne God any
way either of slownesse or rashnesse in respect of his judgements,
but to rest well satisfied in his most wise ordering of all things.
Doctrine 8. Judgement doth often begin at the house of God,

that is, at the Church.
This is gathered from the same place.
Reason 1. Because the sinnes of those, which professe Gods

name, do in a speciall manner wrong Gods name and his honour,
and therefore the more they offend God, the more ought they to be
punished.
2. Because Gods chiefe care is, to purifie his Church by such

chastisements.
3. Because God oftentimes useth the unbelievers as his

instruments to correct his Church; they must therefore be first
tolerated, that they may accomplish Gods counsell, and afterwards
punished, because they have done so wickedly.
Vse. This may serve to direct us, not to be troubled in minde,

when we see the Church afflicted before and above other people,
but to acknowledge Gods divine ordering of it.
Doctrine 9. The judgement which God exerciseth upon his

Church, is a most certaine argument of the most severe and heavie
judgement that shall in its due time come upon wicked men and
unbeleevers.
This is gathered from verse 17,18. So Ieremiah 25.29.
Reason 1. Because God deales with his Church as a Father, but

he will deale with others as a Judge.
2. Towards the Church in the midst of judgement he remembers

mercy, but towards the wicked and unbeleevers he exerciseth
revenge.
3. Because to the beleevers judgement worketh together for

good, but in the unbelievers it hath no such mitigation.
Use 1. This may be for comfort to the faithfull in their afflictions.
2. For terrour to the unbeleevers in their persecutions and carnall

security.
Doctrine 10. They that suffer for the name of Christ, do

properly suffer according to the will of God.
This is gathered from verse 19. compared with verse 14,16.
Reason 1. Because their sinnes oftentimes are not the causes of

these afflictions, but the will of God to make triall of them.
2. Because it is the revealed will of God, that such afflictions are

the lot of the faithfull, and the way by which they usually come to the
kingdome of God.
3. Because this suffering of such afflictions is part of our

obedience to the revealed will of God.
Vse. This may serve to comfort us against the trouble of these

afflictions.
Doctrine 11. They which suffer in this manner, may commend

their soules unto God.
This is gathered from the same verse.
Reason 1. Because when they suffer for the name of God, God
doth in some sort suffer with them, and therefore their cause is Gods
cause.
2. Because in that duty which we performe unto God, as his

servants, we may expect protection from him, as our Master.
3. Because while we are exposed unto danger for Gods sake,

God cannot but take care of us.
Vse. This is a use of consolation, and it is explained and set forth

by the Apostle Paul, 2 Timothy 1.12.
Doctrine 12. They should do this by well doing.
This is gathered from the same verse. So Romans 1.
Reason 1. Because they cannot suffer for the name of Christ but
as they suffer for well doing.
2. Because they cannot preserve the liberty of their confidence,

but by a good conscience, that is, by well doing.
3. Because to commend an evill cause unto God, is, to make

God as it were the Patron of evill.
Vse. This may serve to admonish us, to take heed, that we doe
not deprive our selves of this great priviledge by evill doing.
Doctrine 13. God is a faithfull protector and defender of those

that commend their soules unto him.
Reason 1. Because it is easie for him to preserve our soules, as

it was heretofore to make them: and in this respect he is called in the
text, God the Creator not the Preserver.
2. Because it stands upon his glory to do this.
3. Because the fidelity and truth of his promises requires as

much.
This may serve to comfort us in all straits and adversities: Let

them commend their soules under a faithfull Creator, saith the
Apostle.
Chapter V.
Verse 1. The Elders which are among you I exhort, who am also an
Elder, and a witnesse of the sufferings of Christ, and also a
partaker of the glory that shall be revealed.
Verse 2. Feed the flock of God which is among you, taking the
oversight thereof, not by constraint, but willingly: not for filthy
lucre, but of a ready minde.
Verse 3. Neither as being Lords over Gods heritage: but being

ensamples to the flock:
Verse 4. And when the chiefe Shepheard shall appeare, ye shall

receive a crowne of glory that fadeth not away.
The Analysis.
ERE is a speciall exhortation propounded towards

the Elders, that they should performe their duty
and office in a holy manner. The duty in generall is
set downe to be, to feed the flock, whereof they
were made overseers, by a diligent oversight and
care of them, verse 2. at the beginning. And withall
it is described by 3 conditions that are in a speciall manner required
therein, which are set forth by a dehortation from the three contrary
vices, that are opposed to those three conditions. 1. The first
condition is, willingly to feed the flock; the contrary vice whereunto is,
to do it by constraint. 2. To do it readily and freely: the contrary vice
unto this, is, to seeke after filthy lucre thereby. 3. Not only in doctrine,
but in example of life to go before the Church; the contrary vice
whereunto is, to Lord it over the Church. This duty being thus
declared and described, they are perswaded unto it by the reward
that is adjoyned, which for that cause all faithfull shepherds do
receive, verse 4. at the end. Which reward is set forth both by the
internall nature of it, that it is a crowne of glory that fadeth not away;
and by the authour and giver of it, to wit, that the chiefe Shepherd
our Lord Jesus Christ, will give it; and also by the time of this giving
of it, when the chiefe Shepherd shall appeare, that is, at the last day
of judgement. Now this exhortation, that it might be the more
effectuall, and might worke the more upon them, is urged and set
forth by the person of Peter, who was the ministring cause thereof,
1. From the parity and fellowship of the same duty, as Peter an Elder
prayed the other Elders to do their duty. 2. From the knowledge
which he had and the testimony which he could give of the afflictions
of Christ, which he suffered for the Church, the remembrance
whereof should stir up all shepherds to a diligent care of the Church.
3. From that certaine expectation which he had of the glory to come,
which glory he promiseth to all shepherds in the name of the chiefe
shepherd.
The Doctrines drawne herehence.
Doctrine 1. Those exhortations are most effectuall which are

propounded in an humble manner.
This is gathered from verse 1. where the Apostle prayes, not

commands, in humility and charity. So Philippians 1.9. 1 Timothy 5.1.
He prayes the Elders also as a fellow Elder, although he was placed
in a higher degree, as Apostle.
Reason 1. Because by this manner of doing it appeares, that he

which exhorts doth not aime at his owne good, but the good of
another.
2. Because by this manner of doing his zeale shewes it selfe to

be the purer.
3. Because he, to whom such an exhortation is made, is
honoured thereby, and so takes it the easier and better.
Vse. This may serve to direct us, in all our exhortations and
admonitions to have respect unto this.
Doctrine 2. It makes the exhortation the more effectuall, when

a man speakes out of certaine judgement and communion of
affection.
This is gathered herehence, that Peter makes way for his

exhortation, in that he was a witnesse of the sufferings of Christ, and
so had a certaine knowledge of those things which belong unto
Christ, and that he was partaker of the same glory; and therefore he
was affected after the same manner himselfe, as he desired they
should be.
Reason 1. Because knowledge gives ability and authority, and

communion of affection addes zeale and charity to the exhortation.
2. Because these two will take away those objections, which

usually hinder the efficacy of the exhortation; namely, either that he
gives his judgement of things that he doth not know, or else at least
he is an unexperienced man, of whom it may rightly be said, If thou
wert here, thou wouldest thinke otherwise.
Use. This may serve to direct us to get knowledge of those things

which we exhort others unto, and affections also answerable
thereunto.
Doctrine 3. Men should be exhorted in a speciall manner unto

those duties, which belong unto their proper or particular functions or
callings.
This is gathered from verse 2. where the shepherds are exhorted

to feed the flock.
Reason 1. Because every mans particular function is that
condition wherein God hath placed him to advance his glory.
2. Because a mans faithfulnesse is most of all made triall of in

that condition.
3. Because the duties of our generall calling should be exercised

in every Christians particular condition.
Vse. This may serve to admonish every one to take greatest care
of those duties which are proper to his calling or condition.
Doctrine 4. It is the proper duty of a Shepherd, to feed the

flock that is committed to his charge.
This is gathered from verse 2.
Reason 1. Because the shepherds are appointed for the

edification of the Church: now to feed is nothing else, but to use all
meanes that are appointed by God to procure the edification of the
Church.
2. Because Pastors are properly given to the faithfull that are

converted, who as new borne babes should be nourished and
brought up with milke and food, untill they come to perfection.
3. Because the overseers of the Church should take most care of

those things, that are most necessary for the Church; but it is most
necessary for the faithfull being imperfect, to have their spirituall life
preserved and increased by feeding.
Vse. This may serve to admonish, 1. The Ministers not to thinke

that it is a light or common duty that lies upon them, but that the very
life of the Church doth in some sort depend upon their labour and
Ministery, and therefore so to carry themselves, as befits and
becomes so great a duty.
2. The people, not to expect from their Ministers vain and light
things which might tickle their eares, but to come to a Sermon as to
the Lords Table, and seeke for spirituall food to feed their soules
unto everlasting life.
Doctrine 5. Pastors should performe their duties willingly, not

by constraint.
This is gathered from the same verse. Now by constraint is

meant that forcing which proceeds from outward things, whereby a
man performes the part of a Minister in some sort, either to avoid
poverty, or disgrace and infamy, or the censure of others.
Reason 1. Because that which is done by constraint, comes not

from the heart as from an inward principle, nor from the Spirit
sanctifying; and therefore it is not a duty pleasing and acceptable
unto God.
2. Because that which comes not from the heart, and is not done
willingly, is done only perfunctorily and for fashion sake, not with that
diligence and care which God requires.
3. Because that which proceeds not from the heart and the
deerest affection of the soule, doth not usually worke upon other
mens mindes, and therefore is not effectuall to the edification of the
Church, which is the end of the Ministery.
Use. This should admonish us, to look not only to the

understanding, but also to the disposition of the will and heart in the
Ministers of the Church.
Doctrine 6. They should do the same of a ready minde, not for

lucre.
Now by lucre is meant all kinde of worldly profit, which men

acquire unto themselves, either in doing the thing, or in getting fame,
or in gaining friends, and the like.
Reason 1. Because that which depends upon lucre or some such
like end, must necessarily be applyed thereunto, and this is to
corrupt the word of God, 2 Corinthians 2.17.
2. Because that which depends upon mutable things, that also it

selfe is mutable and inconstant.
3. Because he which seeketh after lucre, is not a Minister of God,

but of Mammon.
Use. This may serve to admonish, 1. The Ministers, not to follow

after lucre. 2. The people not to suffer their Ministers to be tempted
by poverty, and so to be the lesse cheerefull and ready in performing
their duty, Hebrews 13.17.
Doctrine 7. The affectation of Lordlinesse should be far from

Christs Ministers.
Reason 1. Because they are called to meere service, not to

Lordlinesse.
2. Because Christ himselfe, whose Ministers they are, did

purposely live amongst men as one that serveth, that he might leave
an example unto those that should minister unto others in his name,
Luke 22.27.
3. Because the worke wherein they are imployed, is not subject

to the command and authority of men. For men cannot command
religion, but only perswade unto it.
4. Because the Lordlinesse of Ministers alienates mens mindes

from their testimony, because they neither willingly subject
themselves to such as affect Lordlinesse, and they suppose too that
those men, whom they see to study their owne glory and power, do
neither look after the glory of God, nor the good of the Church.
Vse. This may serve to admonish all Ministers, to take heed not
only of all affectation, but also all shew of Lordlinesse. Now these
men have a shew of Lordlinesse, 1. That would have others in some
sort to depend upon their authority. 2. Those that prescribe
something as necessary to be believed or done, which is not taken
out of Gods word. 3. Those that expound the will of God it selfe too
imperiously, having no regard to the infirmity of those with whom
they have to doe.
Doctrine 8. Ministers should go before the people not only in

doctrine, but in example also.
Reason 1. Because they are called to feed the flock with all their
strength; and therefore they should edifie the Church not only by
their words, but by their deeds also.
2. Because a wicked life doth either utterly destroy their

preaching, or at least much weaken it.
3. Because a good example is of a singular force, in that it

sheweth that that very thing may be done, which he preacheth
should be done.
4. Because it takes away all prejudice out of mens minds, and all
suspicion of affecting Lordlinesse and vaine glory, when they see
Ministers seriously to do that, which they propound and perswade
others to do.
Vse. This may serve to exhort, first, the Ministers, to labour to

leade an exemplary life. Secondly, the people, to imitate the good life
of their Ministers, for therefore are they proposed as examples. The
common vices contrary to this duty, are: 1. That many observe those
things only in their Ministers, which they may carpe at or calumniate,
and not those things which they should take notice of, with intention
to imitate them. 2. That many imagine that there is a speciall kinde of
holinesse belonging to Ministers, which others are not bound to
labour for. 3. That many excuse their wicked courses by this
pretence, that they are Lay-men, not Ecclesiasticall or Clergy-men.
Doctrine 9. Ministers should expect the just reward of their

labour and care, not from men, but from Christ.
Reason 1. Because Christ is the chiefe shepherd, and Lord of the

flock, as it is in the text.
2. Because they must expect many injuries from men, and those
good things which doe happen, are not such, or so highly to be
esteemed of, as that they should depend upon them.
3. Because they will labour to please him most, from whom they
expect their reward. Now they should please Christ, not men.
Vse. This may serve to comfort godly Ministers against those

troubles, which they finde men to make against them.
Doctrine 10. Their reward is a crowne of eternall glory.
Reason 1. Because glory is the reward of the faithfull for all kinde
of obedience towards God: Now in the Ministery there is a speciall
kinde of obedience.
2. Because those that did strive or runne lawfully in a race, there

was wont to be a Crowne set before them; so for those that carry
themselves well in the exercise of the Ministery, besides the glory
common to all the Saints, there is a speciall kinde of addition
prepared, which is like as it were a crown.
Vse. This may serve to exhort Ministers, couragiously to

contemne all temporary ignominy and disgrace for this Crowne of
eternall glory.
Doctrine 11. This Crowne of glory shall be fully given at

Christs second comming to judgement.
Vse. This may serve to admonish us, patiently to persevere unto
the end.
Verse 5. Likewise ye younger, submit your selves unto the elder:

yea, all of you be subject one to another, and be clothed with
humility: for God resisteth the proud, and giveth grace to the
humble.
Verse 6. Humble your selves therefore under the mighty hand of

God, that he may exalt you in due time.
Verse 7. Casting all your care upon him, for he careth for you.
The Analysis.
T he Apostle having in the former verses described the duty of the

Elders towards the Church or the younger sort, and perswaded
them unto it, he doth there-hence conclude the duty of the younger
towards the elders by a comparing of things that are alike unto it, as
the first word of the 5 verse shewes unto us, Likewise. This duty is in
generall pointed out by subjection, which is set forth by the other
duty, that is due not only to the Elders, but also to all the members of
the Church, by reason of that nature which it hath common with the
former; and it is also called subjection in those words, yea, all of you
be subject one to another. Now this subjection as well unto the
Elders as unto all, is first described what kinde of subjection it ought
to be, to wit, not only outward, but proceeding from the inward
subjection of the soule unto God, be clothed with humility. And that it
is meant of humility towards God may be gathered from verse 6.
Secondly, He doth perswade them also unto this humility:
1. Because it is an ornament of the minde; that by the way. 2. From
Gods blessing adjoyned, which followes thereupon, God gives grace
unto the humble, which is illustrated by Gods curse contrary
thereunto, that fals upon the proud, God resisteth the proud. Thirdly,
he doth urge and presse them unto this subjection towards God,
verse 6. Humble your selves therefore; and he shewes the proper
reason of this subjection, which is the mighty hand or omnipotency of
God: and withall hee explaines that reason, which he had before
propounded concerning the blessing and grace of God towards the
humble, to wit, that by that grace they shall be exalted: the time of
which exaltation is marked out, that it shall be in due time, that hee
may exalt you in due time. In the last place by anticipation of a close,
but weighty objection, whereby this subjection is usually made very
difficult, he shewes the true manner thereof, to wit, that it should be
joyned with that confidence, which casts all care upon God, so that
no feare or worldly care can hinder this subjection, which confidence
he doth perswade them unto by that effectuall providence which God
hath over the faithfull for their good, verse 7. at the end, For he
careth for you.
The doctrines arising herehence.
Doctrine 1. There is the like duty of the people towards their

Pastors, as there is of the Pastors towards the people.
This is gathered from verse 5 at the beginning. Likewise ye

younger. Now by the younger in this place is chiefely meant the
flock, which depends upon the Pastors, because the Pastors and
Presbyters were for the most part chosen of those that were elder in
age, and therefore the greatest part of the flock consisted of
youngers. Now their duty is said to be like, not for that it is in the
same kinde, that the people should guide their Pastors, as the
Pastors do guide the people, but because there is the like reason of
both their duties.
Reason 1. Because the same God and Lord both of Pastors &
people, hath imposed and prescribed to both their duties.
2. Because that relation which is betwixt the Pastor and people,

requires a mutuall intercourse of duty.
3. Because the Pastors labour and care is made void, if the

people do not in some sort answer the same.
4. Because the Pastors care and labour, tending to the salvation
of the people, deserves it.
Use. This may serve to reprove those that are very curious and
rigid in exacting their Pastors duty, when in the meane time they are
nothing carefull of their own dutie.
Doctrine 2. The duty of people towards their Pastors consists

chiefly in subjection.
Reason 1. Because their Pastors are set over them in Gods

name.
2. Because faithfull Pastors propound nothing else to themselves

to observe, but the will of God, whereunto subjection and obedience
must necessarily be yeelded.
3. Because in the calling of their Pastors, they did either expresly

or covertly at least promise this very thing.
Vse. This may serve to reprove those that come unto Sermons,
as Judges, to play the Criticks, not to subject themselves to the will
of God, and such as cast off all discipline as an intollerable yoke.
Doctrine 3. There is a kind of subjection also due unto all

Christians.
This is gathered from these words, Be yee all subject one to

another.
Reason 1. Because as occasion shall serve, we should humble

our selves to performe the meanest offices unto our brethren.
2. Because we should submit our selves unto the private

admonitions of our brethren.
3. Because we should with all patience beare all the infirmities of

our brethren.
Vse. This may serve to reprove the arrogancy and pride of men,
which cannot endure any such subjection.
Doctrine 4. Humility is a great ornament.
Reason 1. Because humility is a singular vertue, and in some sort

the foundation of all the rest.
2. Because it makes us acceptable unto godly men, to whom in

this regard we are made more profitable.
3. Because it doth greatly commend us in the sight of God, when

for his sake we are subject not only to our superiours and equals, but
also to those of the lowest degree.
Vse. This may serve to refute all those, that seeke for honour and
reputation by arrogancy; and shunne humility as it were a vile
debasing of a mans selfe.
Doctrine 5. God resisteth the proud.
Reason 1. Because the proud resist the will of God.
2. Because they seeke unfitting things, or at least not after a due

manner.
3. Because whatsoever proceeds from pride, turnes to the

dishonour of God, to whom all subjection is due.
Vse. This may serve to condemne proud men.
Doctrine 6. God giveth grace to the humble.
Reason 1. Because the promise of grace was made to humility.
2. Because humility is the disposing and fitting of a man for to

receive grace.
3. Because only the humble men have a worthy esteeme of Gods
grace.
Vse. This may serve to exhort us, greatly to labour for humility.
Doctrine 7. The strength and power of God should stirre us up

to subjection towards him.
This is gathered from verse 6 at the beginning.
Reason 1. Because it were madnesse to resist the Almighty.
2. Because Gods omnipotencie is the protection of those that

humble themselves before him.
Vse. This may serve to admonish us, not to suffer our selves so
much as in thought to be led away from our obedience towards God,
but from the meditation of Gods omnipotency and our own infirmity
to increase daily more and more in humility.
Doctrine 8. God will exalt the humble in due time.
This is gathered from verse 6 at the end.
Reason 1. Because glory is the reward of obedience.
2. Because they glorifie God, and therefore God will exalt them
according to his promise, Those that honour me, I will honour.
Vse. This may serve to direct us, to seek for true exaltation by
humilitie and submission.
Doctrine 9. They that humble themselves before God, may

safely, and also should cast all their care upon God.
Reason 1. Because this is Gods covenant, that he will be

alwayes all-sufficient unto them that walke before him.
2. Because God by a singular care and providence watcheth over
those that have a care of his glory, & seek his kingdome, as it is in
the text, He careth for you.
Vse. This may serve to comfort all the godly, because God hath
freed them from all care; and they should imbrace this libertie by true
faith, and putting their trust in him, and apply it to themselves.
Verse 8. Be sober, be vigilant: because your adversary the Devill, as

a roaring Lion walketh about, seeking whom he may devoure:
Verse 9. Whom resist stedfast in the faith, knowing that the same
afflictions are accomplished in your brethren that are in the
world.
Verse 10. But the God of all grace, who hath called us into his
eternall glory by Christ Iesus, after that ye have suffered a while,
make you perfect, stablish, strengthen, settle you.
Verse 11. To him be glory and dominion for ever and ever. Amen.
The Analysis.
F or conclusion of the whole Epistle, to the foregoing exhortations

there is added one generall one, which doth most neerely
belong to the scope of the Apostle, to wit, that notwithstanding all
opposition, difficulty, and temptation, they should constantly persist
and go forward in that grace, which they had received. Now this care
is described, 1. by two duties, which belong to the due manner
thereof, sobernesse, and vigilancy. 2. The necessity of these duties
is shewed by the grievous danger, to which otherwise they should be
exposed. And this danger is set forth by the efficient cause thereof,
the Devill, of whom the Apostle makes a description to that purpose:
1. By the opposition and enmity which he hath against us; in respect
whereof he is called, our adversary or enemy. 2. By the manner and
degree of that enmitie, that it is joyned with cruelty, as of a roaring
Lion. 3. That besides this cruelty there is over and above in him very
great diligence and greedinesse to do us hurt, in these words:
seeking whom he may devoure. Now the Apostle gives us warning,
that we must not yeeld to this enemy and danger which he threatens
us, but resist it, verse 9 at the beginning, which is nothing else, but
not to suffer our selves to be removed by his temptations from the
grace of God: and the chiefe meanes of this resistance he shewes to
consist in the stedfastnesse of our faith; which faith may in this
respect be wonderfully confirmed by the example of our brethren in
the world, who have experience of the like afflictions and temptations
of Sathan. Agreeable to this exhortation he addes a prayer verse 10.
Because the successe of all our endeavours depends upon the
grace and blessing of God: And in this prayer he beseecheth God to
strengthen the faithfull, and make them perfect in all grace, at the
end of the verse, make you perfect, stablish, strengthen, settle you.
The arguments whereby he confirmes their faith that they shall
obtaine this petition, are two: 1. The all-sufficiencie of the grace of
God in it selfe, in which respect this title is given unto God, that he is
the God of all grace. 2. The communicating of this grace in the
calling of the faithfull, in these words: who hath called you: the grace
of which calling is shewed, first, by the end and scope, that it is, to
partake of the eternall glorie of God. Secondly, by the principall
cause, in Christ Iesus. Thirdly, by the condition that goes before the
accomplishment of this calling, and properly belongs to this
exhortation of the Apostle unto constancie in afflictions, to wit,
because we are so called unto eternall glorie, that in the meane time
we must suffer afflictions, after that ye have suffered a while. In the
last place upon occasion of this prayer he addes a religious
doxologie, glorifying God, verse 11. wherein is contained both the
last end of that petition, and a confirmation of the same that it shall
be heard; as also an indirect exhortation to the faithfull, to bend all
their care thereunto, to glorifie Gods name really and effectually, by
persisting in the grace of God.
The Doctrines arising here-hence.
Doctrine 1. We had need to watch continually. Be vigilant.

Reason 1. Because sinne and danger doth naturally steale upon
us, if we do not resist it.
2. Because we cannot do our duty without diligent care and

labour, and therein consists the manner of watching.
3. Because if we could avoid danger, & obtain our desires, if we

did not seeke it with care and diligence, it would be no praise to us,
nor peace of conscience.
Vse. This may serve to direct us, to imitate watchmen, which

watch and ward to keepe the Citie; the like diligence should we use
in keeping our soules, to examine all that goes in and out, our
thoughts affections, words, and actions, together with the occasions
of them, what they are, whence they came, and whither they tend.
Doctrine 2. That we may watch as we ought to do, it is

required that we should be sober.
Now by sobernesse is meant the moderation of our affections

touching all worldly things.
Reason 1. Because the cares of this world do so burthen the

soule, that they leave no place for spirituall cares.
2. Because the care of the world doth draw and distract the
minde, so that although it doth not altogether exclude religion, yet it
doth diminish and weaken it.
3. Because under the shew of some worldly profit, pleasure, or

honour, we do oftentimes admit of those things, which betray and
destroy our soules.
Vse. This may serve to admonish us not to drown our selves in

the things of this world, but so to use the world, as if we used it not,
1 Corinthians 7.31.

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2) Although establishing rapport with participants is an important concern for

3) Laud Humphrey’s research focused on:

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d. rape as an act of power.

4) Studying would be considered a legitimate topic for sociological research.

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6) A[n] predicts a relationship between or among variables.

7) A[n] is a factor that varies from one case to another.

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9) Data are considered to be when the operational definitions measure what

10) John is developing an operational definition to measure the military strength of

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18) To be able to generalize your findings to a total population, it is important to select a

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31) If an experiment were conducted to examine whether viewing pornography increased

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c. statistical survey method

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44) Operational definitions serve the purpose of:

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c. creating an appropriate research design.

45) Research ethics strictly forbid:

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48) C. Wright Mills believed that:

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50) usually occurs first in the research model.

51) would be a good example of a research variable.

52) A random sample is one in which:

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c. there is an even distribution of men and women.

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56) Sociological behaviour is based on common sense.

57) The first step in research is to conduct a literature review.

58) A hypothesis is a statement of the expected relationship between variables according

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62) Quantitative analysis involves crunching numbers.

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68) Sociologists strive to ask questions that reduce bias.