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1
CHAPTER 9
9.1 The flop counts for the tridiagonal algorithm in Fig. 9.6 can be summarized as
Thus, as n increases, the effort is much, much less than for a full matrix solved with Gauss elimination
which is proportional to n3.
9.2 The equations can be expressed in a format that is compatible with graphing x2 versus x1:
18 2 x1
x2 3 0.333333 x1
6
40 x1
x2 5 0.125 x1
8
a11=2;a12=-6;b1=-18;
a21=-1;a22=8;b2=40;
x1=[0:20];x21=(b1-a11*x1)/a12;x22=(b2-a21*x1)/a22;
plot(x1,x21,x1,x22,'--'),grid
xlabel('x_1'),ylabel('x_2')
10
8
x2
2
0 5 10 15 20
x1
Thus, the solution is x1 = 9.6, x2 = 6.2. The solution can be checked by substituting it back into the
equations to give
9.3 (a) The equations can be rearranged into a format for plotting x2 versus x1:
x2 14.25 0.77 x1
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2
1.2
x2 11.76471 x1
1.7
20
0
0 20 40 60 80
-20
-40
-60
If you zoom in, it appears that there is a root at about (38.7, –15.6).
38 38.5 39 39.5
-15
-15.4
-15.8
-16.2
The results can be checked by substituting them back into the original equations:
(b) The plot suggests that the system may be ill-conditioned because the slopes are so similar.
which is relatively small. Note that if the system is normalized first by dividing each equation by the largest
coefficient,
0.77 x1 x2 14.25
0.705882 x1 x2 11.76471
A1 1 1 1(0) 1(1) 1
1 0
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3
A2 2 1 2(0) 1(3) 3
3 0
A3 2 1 2(1) 1(3) 1
3 1
D 0(1) 2(3) 5(1) 1
1 2 5
1 1 1
2 1 0 2
x1 2
D 1
0 1 5
2 1 1
3 2 0 8
x2 8
D 1
0 2 1
2 1 1
3 1 2 3
x3 3
D 1
3x1 x2 2
2 x1 x2 x3 1
2 x2 5 x3 1
Multiply pivot row 1 by 2/3 and subtract the result from the second row to eliminate the a21 term. Note that
because a31 = 0, it does not have to be eliminated
3x1 x2 2
0.33333x2 x3 0.33333
2 x2 5 x3 1
3x1 x2 2
2 x2 5 x3 1
0.33333x2 x3 0.33333
Multiply pivot row 2 by 0.33333/2 and subtract the result from the third row to eliminate the a32 term.
3x1 x2 2
2 x2 5 x3 1
0.16667 x3 0.5
Note that, at this point, the determinant can be computed as the product of the diagonal elements
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4
D 3 2 0.16667 ( 1) 2 1
0.5
x3 3
0.16667
1 5(3)
x2 8
2
2 0(3) 1(8)
x1 2
3
The results can be checked by substituting them back into the original equations:
2(8) 5(3) 1
2(2) 8 3 1
3(2) 8 2
9.5 (a) The equations can be expressed in a format that is compatible with graphing x2 versus x1:
x2 0.5 x1 9.5
x2 0.51x1 9.4
The resulting plot indicates that the intersection of the lines is difficult to detect:
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
5 10 15 20
Only when the plot is zoomed is it at all possible to discern that solution seems to lie at about x1 = 14.5 and
x2 = 10.
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5
14.7
14.65
14.6
14.55
14.5
14.45
14.4
14.35
14.3
9.75 10 10.25
0.5 1
0.5(2) (1)(1.02) 0.02
1.02 2
(c) Because the lines have very similar slopes and the determinant is so small, you would expect that the
system would be ill-conditioned
(d) Multiply the first equation by 1.02/0.5 and subtract the result from the second equation to eliminate the
x1 term from the second equation,
0.5 x1 x2 9.5
0.04 x2 0.58
0.58
x2 14.5
0.04
This result can be substituted into the first equation which can be solved for
9.5 14.5
x1 10
0.5
(e) Multiply the first equation by 1.02/0.52 and subtract the result from the second equation to eliminate the
x1 term from the second equation,
0.52 x1 x2 9.5
0.03846 x2 0.16538
0.16538
x2 4.3
0.03846
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6
This result can be substituted into the first equation which can be solved for
9.5 4.3
x1 10
0.52
Interpretation: The fact that a slight change in one of the coefficients results in a radically different solution
illustrates that this system is very ill-conditioned.
9.6 (a) Multiply the first equation by –3/10 and subtract the result from the second equation to eliminate the
x1 term from the second equation. Then, multiply the first equation by 1/10 and subtract the result from the
third equation to eliminate the x1 term from the third equation.
10 x1 2 x2 x3 27
4.4 x2 1.7 x3 53.4
0.8 x2 6.1x3 24.2
Multiply the second equation by 0.8/(–4.4) and subtract the result from the third equation to eliminate the x2
term from the third equation,
10 x1 2 x2 x3 27
4.4 x2 1.7 x3 53.4
6.409091x3 33.9091
33.9091
x3 5.29078
6.409091
(53.4 1.7(5.29078))
x2 10.0922
4.4
(27 5.29078 2(10.0922))
x1 0.152482
10
(b) Check:
9.7 (a) Pivoting is necessary, so switch the first and third rows,
8 x1 x2 2 x3 20
3x1 x2 7 x3 34
2 x1 6 x2 x3 38
Multiply the first equation by –3/(–8) and subtract the result from the second equation to eliminate the a21
term from the second equation. Then, multiply the first equation by 2/(–8) and subtract the result from the
third equation to eliminate the a31 term from the third equation.
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7
8 x1 x2 2 x3 20
1.375 x2 7.75 x3 26.5
5.75 x2 1.5 x3 43
8 x1 x2 2 x3 20
5.75 x2 1.5 x3 43
1.375 x2 7.75 x3 26.5
Multiply pivot row 2 by –1.375/(–5.75) and subtract the result from the third row to eliminate the a32 term.
8 x1 x2 2 x3 20
5.75 x2 1.5 x3 43
8.108696x3 16.21739
16.21739
x3 2
8.108696
43 1.5( 2)
x2 8
5.75
20 2(2) 1(8)
x1 4
8
(b) Check:
9.8 Multiply the first equation by –0.4/0.8 and subtract the result from the second equation to eliminate the
x1 term from the second equation.
0.8 0.4 x1 41
x 45.5
0.6 0.4 2
0.4 0.8 x3 105
Multiply pivot row 2 by –0.4/0.6 and subtract the result from the third row to eliminate the x2 term.
0.8 0.4 x1 41
0.6 0.4 x2 45.5
0.533333 x3 135.3333
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8
135.3333
x3 253.75
0.533333
45.5 (0.4)253.75
x2 245
0.6
41 (0.4)245
x1 173.75
0.8
(b) Check:
0.8(173.75) 0.4(245) 41
0.4(173.75) 0.8(245) 0.4(253.75) 25
0.4(245) 0.8(253.75) 105
Values for the flows can be substituted and the system of equations can be written in matrix form as
C =
2.0000
2.0000
5.8333
9.10 Let xi = the volume taken from pit i. Therefore, the following system of equations must hold
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9
x =
1.0e+003 *
4.0058
7.1314
5.1628
Therefore, we take x1 = 4005.8, x2 = 7131.4, and x3 = 5162.8 m3 from pits 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
9.11 Let ci = component i. Therefore, the following system of equations must hold
c =
20.0000
40.0000
60.0000
9.12 Centered differences (recall Chap. 4) can be substituted for the derivatives to give
ci 1 2ci ci 1 c c
0D U i 1 i 1 kci
x 2 2x
2.5c8 4.2c9 15
These and the equations for the other interior nodes can be assembled in matrix form as
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10
The following script generates the solution with the Tridiag function from p. 247 and develops a plot:
clear,clc,clf
D=2;U=1;k=0.2;c0=80;c10=10;dx=1;
diag=(2*D+k*dx^2);
super=-(D-0.5*U*dx);
sub=-(D+0.5*U*dx);
r1=-sub*c0; rn=-super*c10;
n=9;
e=ones(n,1)*sub;f=ones(n,1)*diag;g=ones(n,1)*super;
r=zeros(n,1);r(1)=r1;r(n)=rn;
c=Tridiag(e,f,g,r)
c=[80 c 10]; x=0:1:10;
plot(x,c) ylim([0 90])
Alternatively, as in the following script, the solution can be generated directly with MATLAB left division:
clear,clc,clf
A=[4.2 -1.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-2.5 4.2 -1.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 -2.5 4.2 -1.5 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 -2.5 4.2 -1.5 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 -2.5 4.2 -1.5 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 -2.5 4.2 -1.5 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 -2.5 4.2 -1.5 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.5 4.2 -1.5
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.5 4.2];
b=[200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15]';
c=(A\b)'
c=[80 c 10]; x=0:1:10;
plot(x,c), ylim([0 90])
c =
68.6613 58.9183 50.5357 43.3029 37.0219 31.4898 26.4684 21.6284 16.4454
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11
80
60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
9.13 For the first stage, the mass balance can be written as
F1 yin F2 x2 F2 x1 F1 x1
F F
1 2 K y1 2 Ky2 yin
F1 F1
F F
y4 1 2 K y5 2 xin
F1 F1
F F
yi-1 1 2 K yi 2 Kyi 1 0
F1 F1
The solution can be developed in a number of ways. For example, using MATLAB,
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12
9.9e-006
9e-007
>> X=5*Y
X =
0.05
0.0049995
0.0004995
4.95e-005
4.5e-006
9.14 Assuming a unit flow for Q1, the simultaneous equations can be written in matrix form as
2 1 2 00 Q2 0
0
0
0 2 10 Q3 0
2
0 0 0 03 Q4 0
2
1 1 0 00 Q5 1
0
0 1 1 1 0 0 Q6 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 Q7 0
>> A=[-2 1 2 0 0 0;
0 0 -2 1 2 0;
0 0 0 0 -2 3;
1 1 0 0 0 0;
0 1 -1 -1 0 0;
0 0 0 1 -1 -1];
>> B=[0 0 0 1 0 0 ]';
>> Q=A\B
Q =
0.5059
0.4941
0.2588
0.2353
0.1412
0.0941
>> A=[1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0;
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0;
0 1 0 3/5 0 0 0 0 0 0;
-1 0 0 -4/5 0 0 0 0 0 0;
0 -1 0 0 0 0 3/5 0 0 0;
0 0 0 0 -1 0 -4/5 0 0 0;
0 0 -1 -3/5 0 1 0 0 0 0;
0 0 0 4/5 1 0 0 0 0 0;
0 0 0 0 0 -1 -3/5 0 0 0;
0 0 0 0 0 0 4/5 0 0 1];
>> B=[0 0 -74 0 0 24 0 0 0 0]';
>> x=A\B
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13
x =
37.3333
-46.0000
74.0000
-46.6667
37.3333
46.0000
-76.6667
-74.0000
-37.3333
61.3333
Therefore, in kN
9.16
function x=pentasol(A,b)
% pentasol: pentadiagonal system solver banded system
% x=pentasol(A,b):
% Solve a pentadiagonal system Ax=b
% input:
% A = pentadiagonal matrix
% b = right hand side vector
% output:
% x = solution vector
% Error checks
[m,n]=size(A);
if m~=n,error('Matrix must be square');end
if length(b)~=m,error('Matrix and vector must have the same number of
rows');end
x=zeros(n,1);
% Extract bands
d=[0;0;diag(A,-2)];
e=[0;diag(A,-1)];
f=diag(A);
g=diag(A,1);
h=diag(A,2);
delta=zeros(n,1);
epsilon=zeros(n-1,1);
gamma=zeros(n-2,1);
alpha=zeros(n,1);
c=zeros(n,1);
z=zeros(n,1);
% Decomposition
delta(1)=f(1);
epsilon(1)=g(1)/delta(1);
gamma(1)=h(1)/delta(1);
alpha(2)=e(2);
delta(2)=f(2)-alpha(2)*epsilon(1);
epsilon(2)=(g(2)-alpha(2)*gamma(1))/delta(2);
gamma(2)=h(2)/delta(2);
for k=3:n-2
alpha(k)=e(k)-d(k)*epsilon(k-2);
delta(k)=f(k)-d(k)*gamma(k-2)-alpha(k)*epsilon(k-1);
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14
epsilon(k)=(g(k)-alpha(k)*gamma(k-1))/delta(k);
gamma(k)=h(k)/delta(k);
end
alpha(n-1)=e(n-1)-d(n-1)*epsilon(n-3);
delta(n-1)=f(n-1)-d(n-1)*gamma(n-3)-alpha(n-1)*epsilon(n-2);
epsilon(n-1)=(g(n-1)-alpha(n-1)*gamma(n-2))/delta(n-1);
alpha(n)=e(n)-d(n)*epsilon(n-2);
delta(n)=f(n)-d(n)*gamma(n-2)-alpha(n)*epsilon(n-1);
% Forward substitution
c(1)=b(1)/delta(1);
c(2)=(b(2)-alpha(2)*c(1))/delta(2);
for k=3:n
c(k)=(b(k)-d(k)*c(k-2)-alpha(k)*c(k-1))/delta(k);
end
% Back substitution
x(n)=c(n);
x(n-1)=c(n-1)-epsilon(n-1)*x(n);
for k=n-2:-1:1
x(k)=c(k)-epsilon(k)*x(k+1)-gamma(k)*x(k+2);
end
clear,clc
A=[8 -2 -1 0 0;-2 9 -4 -1 0;-1 -3 7 -1 -2;0 -4 -2 12 -5;0 0 -7 -3 15];
b=[5 2 1 1 5]';
x=pentasol(A,b)'
x =
1.0825 1.1759 1.3082 1.1854 1.1809
9.17 Here is the M-file function based on Fig. 9.5 to implement Gauss elimination with partial pivoting
[m,n]=size(A);
if m~=n, error('Matrix A must be square'); end
nb=n+1;
Aug=[A b];
npiv=0;
% forward elimination
for k = 1:n-1
% partial pivoting
[big,i]=max(abs(Aug(k:n,k)));
ipr=i+k-1;
if ipr~=k
npiv=npiv+1;
Aug([k,ipr],:)=Aug([ipr,k],:);
end
absakk=abs(Aug(k,k));
if abs(Aug(k,k))<=tol
D=0;
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15
Here is a script to solve Prob. 9.5 for the two cases of tol:
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muddle and confusion are there, and so are the men who rise above
it as well as those who are sucked under and lost.
Motivation
It is hard to draw the line between individual and group political
behavior. A man may be a mirror or conductor of political forces as
well as a discrete individual. His motivation is perhaps the most
individual aspect of his political experience. Most of the leading
characters in these political novels are strongly motivated. In only a
few cases, such as that of Willis Markham in Revelry, does the
individual drift into politics. The ones who, in Wilcher’s words, “want
to defend something, to get some reform,” are very common. The
“something” that Robert Jordan wants to defend is liberty in Spain,
so that “there should be no more danger and so that the country
should be a good place to live in.” Lanny Budd feels exaltation that in
his role of Presidential Agent he is helping to defend democracy. The
reform that brings Millard Carroll to Washington is expressed in the
aims of the New Deal, and a similar response on a more emotional
level is made by Glenn Spotswood. Passing the shacks of the
Mexican workers they have tried to help, he exclaims, “By God, Jed,
we’ve got to do something to stop this kind of thing.”
A powerful motivating force which operates on a less conscious level
derives from a man’s being a bastard. Hamer Shawcross in Fame Is
the Spur, like Hyacinth Robinson in The Princess Casamassima, is
illegitimate. Both men are raised by people who try to give them the
emotional security of which their birth deprives them, but their
attempts to change the society into which they were born seem in
part due to the feeling that they are among its second-class citizens.
Razumov in Under Western Eyes has been raised, as far as the
reader knows, without any family life at all. Yet he is motivated in
exactly the opposite direction from Shawcross and Robinson. His
assumption of a counter-revolutionary role is a direct result of his
feeling that his nation and its existing social fabric are all he has. He
tells the well-born revolutionary Haldin:
I have no domestic tradition. I have nothing to think against. My tradition is
historical. What have I to look back to but that national past from which
you gentlemen want to wrench away your future?... You come from your
province, but all this land is mine—or I have nothing.
Generations later, another Russian reacts the same way under the
new regime. Feyda Nikitin in The Age of Longing has been orphaned
by childbirth and a counter-revolutionary firing squad. The last
message from his father’s eyes was one of “unshakable faith in the
Great Change, and of a childlike belief in the marvels and happiness
which it would bring.” This was enough to start Feyda on a career
whose apex is the listing of Frenchmen to be liquidated after Russian
conquest.
The character of Feyda serves to bridge the gap between men like
Shawcross, Robinson, and Razumov and those who are motivated
by a similar but much more powerful force—spiritual bastardy. One
of these is the most demoniac of all Dostoyevsky’s possessed, Pyotr
Verhovensky. He publicly ridicules his father: “the man’s only seen
me twice in his life and then by accident.” It would be easy to make a
case basing Pyotr’s anarchistic politics upon a partial transference of
his resentment of parental rejection from old Stepan, his father, to
Russia, his fatherland. Tony Maggiore, the hero-villain of Caesar’s
Angel, is called “the terrible child—the child who had never known
childhood.” Canon Borda’s analysis of Fabrizio del Dongo’s violent
behavior is also based upon childhood experiences: “He is a
younger son who feels himself wronged because he is not the
eldest.” There are also characters like Joe Yerkes in The Grand
Design who set out to change a society in which they feel at a social
and economic disadvantage. The houseboy and then protégé of a
professor, Yerkes is eventually led, chiefly by his feelings of inferiority
and insecurity, to join the Communist Party and to work at organizing
auto workers. These activities are a means, though never
acknowledged, through which he can try to change the existing
society into one in which he will enjoy a higher status and more
prestige. In The Secret Agent the Professor’s failure in a series of
jobs had turned him into a revolutionary determined to destroy the
society which had rejected him. Jim Nolan had fought “the system”
as a lone, dispirited antagonist. The example of cell-mates had
finally channeled this antagonism into Communism, because “the
hopelessness wasn’t in them.... There was conviction that sooner or
later they would win their way out of the system they hated.” Some
few individuals, like Disraeli’s exemplary young men, enter politics
out of a sense of noblesse oblige. But more enter from a feeling of
protest. Don Paolo’s reflections in Bread and Wine emphasize the
emotional nature of this motivation in revolutionaries:
He had once asked many militant members of his party what had led them
to Marxism, and nearly all of them had confessed that their original
impulse, as in his case, had been moral condemnation of existing society.
He had read the biographies of many revolutionaries, and he had never
yet discovered anyone who had become a revolutionary out of scientific
conviction or economic calculation.
The pangs of unrequited love are partially responsible for Peter
Stirling’s dedication to success in politics in The Honorable Peter
Stirling, just as Frances Motherwell’s rejection by Vic Herres, in The
Troubled Air, causes her to denounce the Communist movement to
which he is devoted. Other motivating forces are just as
conventional. Such dissimilar characters as Fabrizio del Dongo in
The Charterhouse of Parma and Jethro Bass in Coniston are
influenced by the career of Napoleon. The will to power as a basic
drive is more clearly put by Old Gisors in Man’s Fate: “every man
dreams of being god.” Mary McCarthy in The Oasis (1949) labels
Will Taub’s motivation as basically this when she says that “dreams
of power and mastery, far more than its fraternal aspect, were what
had attracted him to communism....” In some cases, like those of
Silone’s heroes, the motivation is quite complex. Don Nicola, in A
Handful of Blackberries, says that Rocco de Donatis “was the object
of the clearest call from God that I have ever witnessed.” Yet he had
become a Communist and left the Church like Pietro Spina in Bread
and Wine “because of the profound disgust with which he reacted to
the abyss which he perceived between its practical actions and the
words it preached.” Even Spina’s name—literally “rock-thorn”—is
symbolic of the conflict between these forces within him. The
carpenter, merchant, clergyman, or teacher may drift into his
vocation through family pressure or pursuit of the line of least
resistance. Almost always the politician enters his because of a
powerful driving force which is just as likely to be subconscious as
conscious.
The Disillusioned
In The Age of Longing ex-Marxist poet Julien Dellatre asks Hydie
Anderson:
Do you remember ‘The Possessed’? They were an enviable crowd of
maniacs. We are the dispossessed—the dispossessed of faith; the
physically or spiritually homeless. A burning fanatic is dangerous; a burnt-
out fanatic is abject.
With these words he speaks for a constantly growing number of
former political enthusiasts who have discovered that they had
carried not a torch but a club. One is tempted to call this era the Age
of Disillusionment. But this would in a sense be an error, for
disillusionment is as old as politics. It is always present; only the
number of cases varies. The literary list is a long one—Phineas Finn,
the Duke of Omnium, Dick Remington, Hilary Vane, Harvey Sayler,
Glenn Spotswood, and scores of others. Even the opportunist
Shawcross is not immune. Near the end of his career he asks
himself if statesmen are not actually “the true pests and cancers of
human society.” He thinks that if he could have one wish granted, it
would be that politicians would leave all the people alone for fifty
years. “We might then have a better world,” he reflects. “We couldn’t
have a worse one.”
The modern literature of disillusionment introduces a variation on this
old theme. The discontent is localized to one ideology—
Communism. Mary McCarthy states one of its basic causes in The
Oasis when she says that Will Taub’s “disillusionment with the
Movement had sprung largely from its concentration on narrowly
nationalistic aims and its abandonment of an insurgent ideology.” In
its original use, the term “literature of disillusionment” referred
primarily to the body of work of a group of writers who had turned
away from Communism. But for the purposes of this study it is just
as fruitful to focus on the creations rather than their authors. The
best of these novels is unquestionably Koestler’s Darkness at Noon.
It is outstanding not only as a psychological portrait in depth, but also
as an interpretation of an important phenomenon. Rubashov is at
once an individual and a mirror of forces at work in modern
international politics. His journey has taken him from exalted
participation in revolution, through consolidation of its gains, to a final
questioning of the worth of the whole agonizing process. But his life
has been bound up so completely with the cause that even his final
renunciation is tinged with haunting doubt. Lying in his cell, one of
the last survivors of the old guard, he is unable to repress it:
The horror which No. 1 emanated, above all consisted in the possibility
that he was in the right, and that all those whom he had killed had to
admit, even with the bullet in the back of their necks, that he conceivably
might be in the right.
Rubashov’s disillusionment springs from the fact that the light has
gone out of the revolutionary movement, that what was to become a
new paradise has become an old hell. The dictatorship of the
proletariat has evolved into the tyranny of No. 1; the new man has
grown into a Neanderthaler. Instead of a promised land, Rubashov
has returned from his foreign assignments to find a country where
factory workers are shot as saboteurs for negligence caused by
fatigue. His conclusion that the regime’s error was caused by
abandonment of ethical standards is central to the bouleversement
he undergoes. But even despite this basic departure from
Communist thought, it is important to recognize that he is still a
Marxist. He even elaborates the old dialectic in prison with his
“theory of the relative maturity of the masses.” His participation in his
mock trial emphasizes the ambivalence he feels. One passage
explains this behavior and that of some of the men to whom Koestler
dedicated the novel:
The best of them kept silent to do a last service to the Party, by letting
themselves be sacrificed as scapegoats—and, besides, even the best had
each an Arlova on his conscience. They were too deeply entangled in their
own past, caught in the web they had spun themselves, according to the
laws of their own twisted ethics and twisted logic; they were all guilty,
although not of those deeds of which they accused themselves. There
was no way back for them. Their exit from the stage happened strictly
according to the rules of their strange game. The public expected no
swan-song of them. They had to act according to the textbook, and their
part was the howling of wolves in the night....
Where there is freedom of choice, the disillusioned one follows one
of three courses: needing an outlet for the forces which originally
took him to the Party, he engages in leftist, non-Stalinist activity;
ricocheting violently in the opposite direction, he aligns himself with
the extreme Right; or exhausted, he sinks into a melancholy,
nostalgia-tinged apathy. Rocco de Donatis throws himself into the
struggle of the peasants for land. Frederick Wellman and Elsie
McCabe lie with virtuosity in the service of Senator O’Brien. Lannie
Madison retreats into neurosis. The causes of the disenchantment
vary. Glenn Spotswood makes his break because he is interested in
men as men rather than as pawns in a game. Rocco’s point of
departure is the discovery of Siberian labor camps. Both of them,
however, suffer somewhat the same aftereffects. There is a feeling of
loss, the sensation that a platform has been knocked out from under
them.
This particular reaction is best portrayed through the creative artists
who appear in these novels. Julien Dellatre is one of three ex-
Communists who call themselves the Three Ravens Nevermore. A
scarred veteran of the Spanish Civil War, he refers to his poems,
“Ode to the Cheka,” “Elegy on the Death of a Tractor,” and “The
Rape of Surplus Value” as “past asininities.” His renunciation of the
Movement is complete, yet his tragedy lies in the fact that he has
found nothing to replace it. He has concluded that “Europe is going
to the dogs,” that the reason is a turning away from God, a “loss of
cosmic consciousness.” Feeling that a new religion is necessary to
save twentieth-century man, he lacks a conviction which would
permit him to take the final step into faith. The great passion of his
life is behind him. In his own comment he has summed himself up:
“a burnt-out fanatic is abject.” Another man of letters in the same
novel is Leo Leontiev, “Hero of Culture and Joy of the People,” who
has come from Russia to France to address an international peace
rally. The death of his wife frees him to renounce the regime and find
political asylum in France. Psychologically ready to take this step,
“he felt as if a whole drugstore of poison were working at [his
synapses]—the accumulated toxins of thirty years.” He has become
a Hero of Culture by following the Party line in literature rather than
his artistic conscience. Free at last, he feels that he must write
something truly fine, a vindication of himself that will also be worthy
of his wife, whose death he suspects may have been suicide or
murder. But he is unable even to write the projected I Was a Hero of
Culture for the American publisher who has given him a substantial
advance. For him, as for Dellatre, the light had flickered out, and it
could not be rekindled.
Some artists, like novelist Bernard Carr and poet Lester Owens in
Yet Other Waters manage to rebound, to continue to work creatively.
But still they bear psychological scar tissue. Even in the process of
preparing to leave the Movement, Bernard Carr suggests from the
floor that the Writers Congress be concluded with the singing of “The
Internationale.” And he is moved as he sings. An allied phenomenon
is that of the individual who is inwardly in conflict with the Party but
remains with it through a fear of these consequences. When Bernard
tells frustrated poet Sam Leventhal that he should leave the Party,
Sam turns pale. “Bernie, the Party is my life,” he replies. “It would be
spiritual death for me outside the Party.” An even more revealing
answer is made by British physicist Lord Edwards. When Leontiev
asks him why he stays, Edwards replies: “I told you there is nothing
else. You will soon find that out yourself. Besides—once you’ve
invested all your capital in a firm, you don’t withdraw it—not at our
age, not after thirty years.”