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Chapter 6
6.1 Exercises (e) − 3, 11
1. An integer between 4.5 and 5.5 is 5.
(f) All are real numbers.
2. A rational number between 2.8 and 2.9 is
13. Writing exercise; answers will vary.
2.85. There are many others.
14. The decimal representation of a rational
3. A whole number that is not positive and is
number will either terminate or repeat.
less than 1 is 0.
15. 1046
4. A whole number that is greater than 4.5 is 5.
There are many others. 16. 3400
5. An irrational number that is between 13 17. 5436
and 15 is 14. There are many others.
18. −30°
6. A real number that is neither negative nor
positive is 0. 19. −220°
7. It is true that every natural number is 20. −31,841

positive. The natural numbers consist of
{1, 2, 3, 4, ...}. 21. 30; 15°; −5°
8. Every whole number is not positive. Zero is 22. −8

a whole number, and it is neither positive
nor negative. 23. (a) Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Caribbean
Sea, South China Sea, Gulf of
9. True; the set of integers is included in the set California
of rational numbers.
(b) Point Success, Ranier, Matlalcueyetl,
10. True; the set of rational numbers is included Steele, McKinley
in the set of real numbers.
(c) This statement is true because the
11. (a) 3, 7 absolute value of each number is its
non-negative value.
(b) 0, 3, 7
(d) This statement is false. The absolute
(c) −9, 0, 3, 7 value of the depth of the Gulf of
California is 2375; the absolute value of
1 3 the depth of the Caribbean Sea is 8448.
(d) −9, −1 , − , 0, 3, 5.9, 7
4 5
24. (a) Chrysler had the greatest change in
sales with a 13.7% change.
(e) − 7 , 5
(b) Honda had the least change in sales
(f) All are real numbers. with a change of −2.5%.
12. (a) 3 (c) False; |5.2| < |5.6|
(b) 0, 3 (d) True; 4(3.0) = 12.0, and 13.4 > 12.0.
(c) −5, −1, 0, 3 25.
1
(d) −5.3, −5, −1, − , 0, 1.2, 1.8, 3 26.
9
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley

154 CHAPTER 6 THE REAL NUMBERS AND THEIR REPRESENTATIONS
(b) Absolute value is 0.

27.
38. 3 − 3 = 0
28. (a) Additive inverse is 0.

29. (a) |−7| = 7, which is choice A.
39. If a − b > 0, then the absolute value of a − b
(b) −(−7) = 7, which is choice A. in terms of a and b is a − b because this
expression produces a nonnegative number.
(c) −|−7| = −7, which is choice B.
40. If a − b = 0, then the absolute value of a − b
(d) −|−(−7)| = −|7| = −7, which is choice B.
is 0.
30. The opposite of −2 is 2, while the absolute
41. −12
value of −2 is 2. The additive inverse of −2
is 2, while the additive inverse of the 42. −14
absolute value of −2 is −2.
43. −8
31. −2
44. −16
(a) Additive inverse is 2.
45. The smaller number is 3 because |−4| = 4.
46. |−2| = 2, which is the smaller number.
32. −8
47. |−3| is the smaller number.
48. |−8|
49. −|−6| = −6, the smaller number.
33. 6
50. −|−3| = −3, the smaller number.
(a) Additive inverse is −6.
(b) Absolute value is 6. 51. |5 − 3| = |2| = 2; |6 − 2| = |4| = 4

The first is the smaller number.
34. 11
52. |7 − 2| = |5| = 5; |8 − 1| = |7| = 7
(a) Additive inverse is −11. The first is the smaller number.
(b) Absolute value is 11. 53. 6 > −(−2) is a true statement because 6 > 2.
35. 7 − 4 = 3 54. −8 > −(−2) is a false statement because

−8 < 2.
55. −4 ≤ −(−5) is true because −4 ≤ 5.
56. −6 ≤ −(−3) is true because −6 ≤ 3.
36. 8 − 3 = 5
57. |−6| < |−9| is true because 6 < 9.
58. |−12| < |−20| is true because 12 < 20.
59. −|8| > |−9| is false because −8 < 9.
37. 7 − 7 = 0
60. −|12| > |−15| is false because −12 < 15.

6.2: OPERATIONS, PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATIONS OF REAL NUMBERS 155
61. −|−5| ≥ −|−9| is true because −5 ≥ −9. 6.2 Exercises
62. −|−12| ≤ −|−15| is false because −12 > −15. 1. The sum of two negative numbers will
always be a negative number.
63. |6 − 5| ≥ |6 − 2| is false because 1 < 4.
2. The sum of a number and its opposite will
64. |13 − 8| ≤ |7 − 4| is false because 5 > 3. always be zero.
65. (a) Louisiana had the greatest change in 3. To simplify the expression
population. It decreased 4.1%. 8 + [−2 + (−3 + 5)], I should begin by
adding −3 and 5, according to the rule for
(b) West Virginia had the least change in order of operations.
population. It increased 0.6%.
4. If I am adding a positive number and a
66. (a) China had the greatest discrepancy negative number, and the negative number
between exports and imports. Imports has the larger absolute value, the sum will
exceeded exports by $17,911 million. be a negative number.
(b) Turkey had the least discrepancy 5. Writing exercise; answers will vary.
between exports and imports. Imports
exceeded exports by $78 million. 6. Writing exercise; answers will vary.
67. Fabric Mills shows the greatest change 7. −12 + (−8) = −20
(without regard to sign).
8. −5 + (−2) = −7
9. 12 + (−16) = −4
Answers may vary in Exercises 69−74.
10. −6 + 17 = 11
69. Three positive real numbers but not integers
1 5 3 11. −12 − (−1) = −12 + 1 = −11
between −6 and 6 are , , and 1 .
2 8 4
12. −3 − (−8) = −3 + 8 = 5
70. Three real numbers but not positive between
13. −5 + 11 + 3 = 6 + 3 = 9
3
−6 and 6 are −1, − , and −5.
4 14. −9 + 16 + 5 = 7 + 5 = 12
71. Three real numbers but not whole numbers 15. 12 − (−3) − (−5) = 12 + 3 + 5 = 20
1 2 3
between −6 and 6 are −3 , − , and .
2 3 7 16. 15 − (−6) − (−8) = 15 + 6 + 8 = 29
72. Three rational numbers but not integers 17. −9 − (−11) − (4 − 6) = −9 + 11 − (−2)
1 2 2 = −9 + 11 + 2
between −6 and 6 are , − , and . = 2+2
2 3 7
=4
73. Three real numbers but not rational numbers
18. −4 − (−13) + (−5 + 10) = −4 + 13 + (5)
between −6 and 6 are 5, π, and − 3.
= 9+5
= 14
74. Three rational numbers but not negative
2 5
numbers between −6 and 6 are , , and 19. (−12)(−2) = 24
3 6
5 20. (−3)(−5) = 15
.
2
21. 9(−12)(−4)(−1)3 = −1296
22. −5(−17)(2)(−2)4 = −1360

−18 2(−5 + 3) (−32 + 2)(3)

23. =6 38. −
−3 −2 2 3 − (−4)
2(−2) (−9 + 2)(3)
−100 = −
24. =2 −4 3+ 4
−50 −4 (−7)(3)
= −
−4 7
36 −21
25. = −6 = 1−
−6 7
= 1 − (−3)
26.
52
= −4 = 1+ 3
−13 =4
0 2(−5) + (−3)(−22 ) −10 + (−3)(−4)

27. =0 39. =
12 2 −9 + 9
−(3 ) + 9
−10 + (−3)(−4)
0 =
28. =0 0
−7
Division by zero is undefined.
29. −6 + [5 − (3 + 2)] = −6 + [5 − 5] = −6 + 0 = −6
3(−4) + (−5)(−2) −12 + 10 −12 + 10
40. = =
30. −8[ 4 + (7 − 8)] = −8[ 4 + (−1)] = −8[3] = −24 3
2 − 2 + (−6) 8−2−6 0
Division by zero is undefined.
31. −4 − 3(−2) + 52 = −4 + 6 + 25 = 2 + 25 = 27
1
41. − [3(−5) + 7(−5) + 1(−2)]
32. −6 − 5(−8) + 32 = −6 + 40 + 9 = 34 + 9 = 43 4
1
= − [ −15 − 35 − 2]
33. (−8 − 5)(−2 − 1) = (−13)(−3) = 39 4
1
= − [ −52]
(−10 + 4) ⋅ (−3) (−6) ⋅ (−3) 18 4
34. = = = −2 = 13
−7 − 2 −9 −9
35. −8(−2) − [(42 ) + (7 − 3)] = 16 − [16 + (4)] 42.

( )
5 − 3 −−5−7 9 − 6 5 − 3 −−14
= 7 ( )
−6
= 16 − [ 20] −9 − 11 + 3 ⋅ 7 −20 + 21
= −4 5 − 3(2) − 6
=
1
36. −7(−3) − [ 23 − (3 − 4)] = 21 − [8 − (−1)] 5−6−6
=
= 21 − [9] 1
= 12 = −7
(−6 + 3) ⋅ (−4) (−3) ⋅ (−4) 12 43. Division by zero is undefined, so A, B, and

37. = = = −2 C are all undefined.
−5 − 1 −6 −6
45. Commutative property of addition
46. Commutative property of multiplication
47. Inverse property of addition
48. Identity property of addition
49. Identity property of multiplication

6.2: OPERATIONS, PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATIONS OF REAL NUMBERS 157
50. Inverse property of multiplication 64. (a) Putting on your shoes and putting on
your socks are not commutative
51. Associative property of addition activities. The order of activities affects
the outcome.
52. Commutative property of multiplication
(b) Getting dressed and taking a shower are
53. Identity property of addition not commutative activities; changing
the order affects the outcome.
54. Associative property of multiplication
(c) Combing your hair and brushing your
55. Distributive property teeth are commutative activities; the
order in which they are done can be
56. Distributive property changed without affecting the outcome.
57. Inverse property of addition 65. Jack recognized the identity property for
addition.
58. Closure property of addition
66. (a) This could be interpreted as a difficult
59. Closure property of multiplication (test question), meaning that the
question on the test is difficult. It could
60. (a) 9 + 15 ÷ 3 = 9 + (15 ÷ 3) = 9 + 5 = 14 also be interpreted as a (difficult test)
question, meaning that the question is
(b) No; while 14 is the correct answer, he
part of a difficult test.
obtained it by coincidence. The division
should be done first, followed by (b) This could be interpreted as a woman
addition, to get 14. (fearing husband), meaning that the
woman fears her husband. It could also
61. (a) 6 − 8 = −2 and 8 − 6 = 2 be interpreted as a (woman fearing)
husband, meaning that the husband
(b) By the results of part (a), we may
fears women.
conclude that subtraction is not a
commutative operation. (c) This could be interpreted as a man
(biting dog), meaning that the man is
(c) When a = b, it is a true statement. For
biting the dog. It could also be
example, let a = b = 5. Then
interpreted as a (man biting) dog,
5 − 5 = 5 − 5 or 0. meaning that the dog is guilty of biting
men.
4 1
62. (a) 4 ÷ 8 = = and 8 ÷ 4 = 2
8 2 67. Use the given hint: Let a = 2, b = 3, c = 4.
Now test a + (b ⋅ c) = (a + b) ⋅ (a + c).
(b) By the results of part (a), we may a + (b ⋅ c) = 2 + (3 ⋅ 4) = 2 + 12 = 14.
conclude that division is not a However, (a + b) ⋅ (a + c) = (2 + 3) ⋅ (2 + 4)
commutative operation.
= 5⋅6
(c) This statement is true when |a| = |b| ≠ 0. = 30.
For example, let a = b = 3. Then The two expressions are not equivalent. The
3 ÷ 3 = 3 ÷ 3 = 1. distributive property for addition with
respect to multiplication does not hold.
63. (a) The inverse of cleaning up your room
would be messing up your room. 68. The student distributed −3 and wrote −3(6)
rather than the correct term −3(−6). The
(b) The inverse of earning money would be correct answer is
spending money. −3(4 − 6) = −3(4) − 3(−6) = −12 + 18 = 6.
(c) The inverse of increasing the volume on 69. −34 = −81

your MP3 player would be decreasing
the volume. The notation indicates the opposite of 34.

70. −(34 ) = −81 2010: $916 − 710 = $206 billion.

The difference between projected tax
revenue and cost of benefits in the year
71. (−3)4 = (−3)(−3)(−3)(−3) = 81 2020: $1479 − 1405 = $74 billion.
The difference between projected tax
72. −(−34 ) = −(−81) = 81 revenue and cost of benefits in the year
2030: $2041 − 2542 = −$501 billion.
73. −(−3)4 = −81
(b) The cost of Social Security will exceed
revenue in 2030 by $501 billion.
74. [ −(−3)]4 = [3]4 = 81
80. −5 + (−4) + (−3) = −12
4 4
75. −[ −(−3)] = −[3] = −81
81. −3 + (−2) + 9 + 5 + 3 + 2 + 2 = 16
76. −[ −(−34 )] = −[ −(−81)] = −[81] = −81 82. Christine’s new balance is
54 − 89 = −$35.00.
77. (a) The change in outlay from 2006 to
2007 was 490.6 − 464.7 = 25.9 (billion 83. $904.89 − $35.84 − $26.14 − $3.12
dollars). + $85.00 + $120.76 = $1045.55
(b) The change in outlay from 2007 to 84. $904.89 − $41.29 − $13.66 − $84.40
2008 was 548.8 − 490.6 = 58.2 (billion + $80.59 + $276.13 = $1122.26
dollars).
85. 14, 494 − (−282) = 14, 494 + 282
(c) The change in outlay from 2008 to = 14, 776 feet
2009 was 701.8 − 548.8 = 153.0 (billion
dollars). 86. −130 + (−54) = −184 meters
(d) The change in outlay from 2006 to 87. −4 + 49 = 45°F
2009 was 701.8 − 464.7 = 237.1 (billion
dollars). 88. 44 − x = 100
44 − 100 = x
78. (a) The difference between the height of x = −56°F
Mt. Foraker and the depth of the
Philippine Trench is 89. −27 + 139 = 112°F
17,400 − (−32,995) = 50,395 feet.
90. −47 + 165 = 118°F
(b) The difference between the height of
Pike’s Peak and the depth of the Java 91. −36 − 24 = −60°F
Trench is
14,110 − (−23,376) = 37,486 feet. 92. −50 − 19 = −69°F
(c) To find how much deeper the Cayman 93. 15 − (−12) = 15 + 12 = 27 feet
Trench is than the Java Trench:
−23,376 − (−24,721) = 1345 feet. 94. 535 − (−8) = 535 + 8 = 543 feet
(d) To find how much deeper the 95. Because these years are similar to negative
Philippine Trench is than the Cayman numbers on a number line:
Trench: −428 + (−41) = −469, which is 469 B.C.
−24,721 − (−32,995) = 8274 feet.
96. Because these years are similar to negative
79. (a) The difference between tax revenue and numbers on a number line:
cost of benefits in the year 2000: −325 − 35 = −360, which is 360 B.C.
$538 − 409 = $129 billion.
The difference between projected tax 97. $195,200 − $180,200 = $15,000
revenue and cost of benefits in the year

6.3: RATIONAL NUMBERS AND DECIMAL REPRESENTATION 159
98. $219,000 − $195,200 = $23,800 8 8 ⋅1 1

8. − =− =−
48 8⋅6 6
99. $221,900 − $219,000 = $2900
3 3⋅ 2 6
100. $217,900 − $221,900 = −$4000 9. = =
8 8 ⋅ 2 16
6.3 Exercises 3 3⋅3 9
= =
8 8 ⋅ 3 24
4 1
1. = = 0.5 = .50 which are choices A, C, 3 3 ⋅ 4 12
8 2 = =
8 8 ⋅ 4 32
4
and D. The fractions can be simplified to
8 9 9 ⋅ 2 18
10. = =
1
its equivalent fraction . It can also be 10 10 ⋅ 2 20
2 9 9 ⋅ 3 27
= =
changed to decimal form by dividing 4 by 8. 10 10 ⋅ 3 30
Remember that the overline on zero 9 9 ⋅ 4 36
indicates that this digit repeats indefinitely. = =
10 10 ⋅ 4 40
2 20 5⋅ 2
2. = 0. 6 = = 0.666... which are choices 11. −
5
=− =−
10
3 30 7 7⋅2 14
B, C, and D. This fraction can be changed to 5 5⋅3 15
20 − =− =−
an equivalent fraction, , by multiplying 7 7 ⋅3 21
30 5 5⋅ 4 20
numerator and denominator by 10. It can be − =− =−
7 7⋅4 28
represented as a decimal by dividing 2 by 3;
the digit 6 repeats. 7 7⋅2 14
12. − =− =−
5 12 12 ⋅ 2 24
3. = 0. 5, which is choice C. When 5 is 7 7 ⋅3 21
9 − =− =−
12 12 ⋅ 3 36
divided by 9, the digit 5 repeats. 7 7⋅4 28
− =− =−
1 25 12 12 ⋅ 4 48
4. = 0.25 = 0.249 = , which are choices
4 100 2 1
A, B, and C. This fraction can be changed to 13. (a) =
6 3
25
an equivalent fraction, , by multiplying
100 2 1
numerator and denominator by 25. It can be (b) =
8 4
represented as a decimal by dividing 1 by 4.
Finally, it can be shown that the repeating
4 2
decimal 0.249 is equivalent by the method (c) =
of Example 8 in the text. 10 5
16 16 ⋅1 1 3 1
5. = = (d) =
48 16 ⋅ 3 3 9 3
21 7 ⋅ 3 3 12 1
6. = = 14. (a) =
28 7 ⋅ 4 4 24 2
15 5⋅3 3 6 1
7. − =− =− (b) =
35 5⋅7 7 24 4
12 3
(c) =
16 4

2 1 7 1 8
(d) = 20. + =
16 8 9 9 9
15. These are the dots in the intersection of the 5 3 7 4 15 28 43

triangle and the rectangle as a part of the 21. ⋅ + ⋅ = + =
16 3 12 4 48 48 48
dots in the entire figure.
1 6 7 5 6 35 41
16. Both records can be expressed as fractions 22. ⋅ + ⋅ = + =
and then converted to decimals as follows: 15 6 18 5 90 90 90
8
Lewis: = 8 ÷ 20 = 0.400 2 8 7 3 16 21 5
20 23. ⋅ − ⋅ = − =−
12 3 8 8 3 24 24 24
LaRoche: = 12 ÷ 30 = 0.400
30
13 3 5 5 39 25 14 7 ⋅ 2 7
Their averages are the same. 24. ⋅ − ⋅ = − = = =
20 3 12 5 60 60 60 30 ⋅ 2 30
17. (a) Christine O’Brien had 12 hits out of 36
12 5 7 3 4 35 12 23
at-bats. The fraction simplifies to 25. ⋅ − ⋅ = − =
36 8 7 14 4 56 56 56
1
. 19 4 7 5 76 35 41
3 26. ⋅ − ⋅ = − =
15 4 12 5 60 60 60
(b) Leah Goldberg had 5 hits out of 11 at-
3 9 27
5 27. ⋅ =
bats. The fraction is a little less than 4 5 20
11
1
. 3 2 6 3⋅ 2 3
2 28. ⋅ = = =
8 7 56 28 ⋅ 2 28
(c) Leah Goldberg had 1 home run out of
2 5 10 5 ⋅ 2 5
11 at-bats. The fraction
1
is just less 29. − ⋅ − = = =
11 3 8 24 12 ⋅ 2 12
1
than . 2 3 6 6 ⋅1 1
10 30. − ⋅ = − =− =−
4 9 36 6⋅6 6
(d) Anne Kelly made 9 hits out of 40 times
5 15 5 4 20 20 ⋅1 1
9 31. ÷ = ⋅ = = =
at bat. The fraction is just less than 12 4 12 15 180 20 ⋅ 9 9
40
10 1 15 30 15 8 120 120 ⋅1 1
, which equals . 32. ÷ = ⋅ = = =
40 4 16 8 16 30 480 120 ⋅ 4 4
(e) Otis Taylor made 8 hits out of 16 times
9 3 9 8 72 3 ⋅ 24 3
at bat; Carol Britz made 10 hits out of 33. − ÷− = − ⋅− = = =
8 16 8 16 3 48 2 ⋅ 24 2
20 times at bat. The fractions and
16
3 5 3 4 12 3⋅ 4 3
10 1 34. − ÷ = − ⋅ = − =− =−
both reduce to . 8 4 8 5 40 10 ⋅ 4 10
20 2
3 1 3 + 1 4 4 ⋅1 1
19. + = = = =
8 8 8 8 4⋅2 2

⎛1 1⎞ 5 ⎛1 2⎞ 5 (c) Number from Europe:

35. ⎜ ÷ ⎟ + = ⎜ ⋅ ⎟ +
⎝3 2⎠ 6 ⎝3 1⎠ 6 7 7 ⋅ 34
⋅ 34 million = million
2 5 50 50
= + 238
3 6 = million
2 2 5 50
= ⋅ + 38
3 2 6 =4 million
4 5 50
= + 19
6 6 =4 million,
9 25
= or 4,760,000
6
9 3⋅3 3
The fraction can be simplified: = . 1 4 1 12 1 13
6 3⋅ 2 2 39. 4 + = + = + =
3 1 3 3 3 3
2 ⎛ 4 3 ⎞ 2 ⎛ 4 10 ⎞
36. ÷⎜− ÷ ⎟ = ÷⎜− ⋅ ⎟ 7 3 7 24 7 31
3 ⎝ 5 10 ⎠ 5 ⎝ 5 3 ⎠ 40. 3 + = + = + =
2 ⎛ 40 ⎞ 8 1 8 8 8 8
= ÷⎜− ⎟
5 ⎝ 15 ⎠ 9 9 2 9 20 9 29
2 15 41. 2 = 2+ = + = + =
= ⋅− 10 10 1 10 10 10 10
5 40
30
=− 3
200 42. 18 ÷ 5 = 3
3 5
=−
20
3
43. 27 ÷ 4 = 6
3 6 3 18 1 4
37. (a) 6 ⋅ = ⋅ = or 4 cups
4 1 4 4 2 1
44. 19 ÷ 3 = 6
1 ⎛3 ⎞ 1 ⎛3 4⎞ 3
(b) of ⎜ + 1⎟ = ⋅ ⎜ + ⎟
2 ⎝4 ⎠ 2 ⎝4 4⎠
1 7 13 23 26 23 49 1
1 7 45. 3 + 2 = + = + = =6
= ⋅ 4 8 4 8 8 8 8 8
2 4
7
= cup 1 7 31 37 93 37 56 11
8 46. 6 − 2 = − = − = =3
5 15 5 15 15 15 15 15
38. (a) Other regions:
⎛ 1 7 27 ⎞ 7 2 39 11
1− ⎜ + + ⎟ 47. −4 ⋅ 3 = − ⋅
⎝ 4 50 50 ⎠ 8 3 8 3
429
100 ⎛ 25 14 54 ⎞ =−
= −⎜ + + ⎟ 24
100 ⎝ 100 100 100 ⎠ 21
100 − 93 = −17
= 24
100 7
7 = −17
= 8
100
(b) Latin America or Asia:

27 1 54 25 79
+ = + =
50 4 100 100 100

1 2 25 5 1 1
48. −4 ÷ 1 = − ÷ 57. 2 + = 2+
6 3 6 3 1+ 1
1
1+ 1
6 1
25 3 3+ +
=− ⋅ 2 2 2
6 5 1
75 = 2+
=− 1+ 1
30 7
1 2
= −2 1
2 = 2+
1 + 72
3 3 3 ⋅ 4 3 12 − 3 9 1
49. − = − = = inch = 2+
4 16 4 ⋅ 4 16 16 16 7 + 72
7
1
11 3 11 3 ⋅ 2 11 − 6 5 = 2+
50. − = − = = inch 9
16 8 16 8 ⋅ 2 16 16 7
7
= 2+
51. Using Method 1, 9
1+1 18 7
2 4 = 3 ÷ 1 = 3 ⋅ 4 = 12 = 3. = +
1−1 9 9
4 4 4 1 4
2 4 25
=
9
52. Using Method 1,
2+1
5 1 5 2 10 5 1 1
3 6
= ÷ = ⋅ = = . 58. 4 + = 4+
2−1 6 2 6 1 6 3 2 + 11 2+ 1
3 1
3 6 1+ +
3 3 3
= 4+
5−1
3 7 3 8 24 3 2+ 1
4
8 4
= ÷ = ⋅ = = .
1+3 8 8 8 7 56 7 3
8 4 1
= 4+
54. Using Method 2, 2 + 34
3 −1 1
16 2 16 3−8 5 = 4+
⋅ = =− . 11
5 + 1 16 5 + 2 7 4
16 8
4
= 4+
44 4
7 + 3 = +
11 10 110 70 + 33 103 103
⋅ = = =− . 11 11
1 − 9 110 10 − 99 −89 89 48
11 10 =
11
56. Using Method 2,
11 + 1 1 + 34 2 + 34 5
5 2 5 1 5
15 9 45 33 + 5 38 59. 2
= 4
= 4
= ÷ = ⋅ =
⋅ = = .
13 − 2 45 39 − 30 9 2 2 2 4 1 4 2 8
15 3

1+ 5 4 + 5
60. 3 12 = 12 12 64.
( ) = − 62 + ( − 52 )
−3 + − 52
2 2 2 2
9
12 − 11
= = 2
2 2
9 2 11 2
= ÷ =− ÷
12 1 2 1
9 1 11 1
= ⋅ =− ⋅
12 2 2 2
9 11
= =−
24 4
3
=
8 63056 + 57708 + 56602 + 51170 + 50457
+ 49562 + 48781 + 48430
3+2 9 + 10 19 65.
19 2 19 1 19 8
61. 5 3 = 15 15 = 15 = ÷ = ⋅ = 425766
2 2 2 15 1 15 2 30 =
8
7 +5 14 + 15 ≈ $53, 221
62. 12 8 = 24 24
2 2 66. Find the total receipts and then divide by the
29 number of countries:
24
= 96.7 + 57.6 + 54.3 + 42.7 + 37.2 288.5
2 =
29 2 5 5
= ÷ = 57.7
24 1
29 1 The average is $57.7 billion.
= ⋅
24 2
5 + 9 14
=
29 67. =
48 6 + 13 19
10 + 13 23
63.
( ) = − 64 + ( − 56 )
− 23 + − 56 68. =
11 + 19 30
2 2
− 96 4+9 13
= 69. =
2 13 + 16 29
9 2
=− ÷
6 1 6 + 13 19
70. =
9 1
=− ⋅ 11 + 14 25
6 2
9 7 + 9 16 8
=− 71. = , or
12 6 + 8 14 7
3
=−
4 11 + 12 23
72. =
5 + 11 16
2+3 5
73. =
1+1 2
3+ 4 7
74. =
1+1 2

75. Using the consecutive integers 6 and 7. 8

91. : 15 = 3 ⋅ 5
6 + 7 13 1 15
= or 6 .
1+1 2 2 Because 3 is one of the prime factors of the
The number will be halfway between the denominator, the fraction will yield a
integers. repeating decimal.
76. Writing exercise; answers will vary. 8

92. : 35 = 5 ⋅ 7
35
3
77. = 0.75 Because 7 is one of the prime factors of the
4 denominator, the fraction will yield a
repeating decimal.
7
78. = 0.875
8 13
93. : 125 = 53
125
3 Because 5 is the only prime number that is a
79. = 0.1875
16 factor of the denominator, the fraction will
yield a terminating decimal.
9
80. = 0.28125 3 1
32 94. = : 8 = 23
24 8
81. = 0.27 factor of the denominator, the fraction will
11
yield a terminating decimal.
9
82. = 0.81 22 2 ⋅11 2
11 95. = =
55 5 ⋅11 5
83. = 0.285714 factor of the denominator, the fraction will
7 yield a terminating decimal.
11
= 0.73 24 3 ⋅ 8 8
84. 96. = = : 25 = 52
15 75 3 ⋅ 25 25
Because 5 is the only prime number that is a
4 2⋅2 2 factor of the denominator, the fraction will
85. 0.4 = = =
10 2 ⋅ 5 5 yield a terminating decimal.
9 1
86. 0.9 = 97. (a) The decimal representation for is
10 3
0.333....
85 5 ⋅17 17
87. 0.85 = = = 2
100 5 ⋅ 20 20 (b) The decimal representation for is
3
105 5 ⋅ 21 21 0.666....
88. 0.105 = = =
1000 5 ⋅ 200 200 (c) 0.333... + 0.666... = 0.999....
934 2 ⋅ 467 467 (d) 1 = 0. 9
89. 0.934 = = =
1000 2 ⋅ 500 500
1
7984 16 ⋅ 499 499 98. 3 ⋅ = 3 ⋅ 0.333...
90. 0.7984 = = = 3
10, 000 16 ⋅ 625 625 1 = 0.999...

6.4: IRRATIONAL NUMBERS AND DECIMAL REPRESENTATION 165
99. (a) Let x = 0 .8 4. Irrational

10 x = 8
8 4 618 1618
x= = 5. 1.618 = 1 = , a rational number.
10 5 1000 1000
(b) Let x = 0.799999... 718 2718

6. 2.718 = 2 = , a rational number.
10 x = 7.99999... Then 1000 1000
10 x = 7.99999...
− x = 0.799999... 7. 0.41, a rational number; use Example 9
9 x = 7.200000... from Section 6.3 to show that it is
7.2 72 4 41
x= = = . equivalent to the rational number .
9 90 5 99
100. (a) Let x = 0.75 8. 0.32, a rational number; use Example 9

100 x = 75
from Section 6.3 to show that it is
75 3
x= = 32
100 4 equivalent to the rational number .
99
(b) Let x = 0.7499999...
9. The number symbolized by π is irrational.
10 x = 7.499999... Then, Its value is a non terminating, nonrepeating
10 x = 7.499999... decimal. The rational values given in
− x = 0.7499999... Exercises 13 and 14 are approximations of
9 x = 6.750000... the value of π.
6.75 675 3
x= = = 10. By calculator e = 2.718281.... This number
9 900 4
is irrational; it is non terminating and non
101. (a) Let x = 0.66 repeating.
100 x = 66
11. This number is rational. It can be written as
66 33
x= = the ratio of one integer to another.
100 50 14159 314159
3 or
100000 100000
(b) Let x = 0.659999...
10 x = 6.59999... Then, 12. This number is rational; a ratio of integers.
10 x = 6.59999...
− x = 0.659999... 13. This number is irrational; it is non
9 x = 5.9400000... terminating and non repeating.
5.94 594 33
x= = = . 14. Irrational; since 5 is not a perfect square
9 900 50
number, 5 is irrational; non terminating
50 1 and nonrepeating when expressed as a
102. A prediction might be or . decimal.
100 2
15. (a) 0.272772777277772...
6.4 Exercises
+ 0.616116111611116...
1. This number is rational because it can be 0.888888888888888...
written as the ratio of one integer to another.
(b) Based on the result of part (a), we can
2. Rational conclude that the sum of two irrational
numbers may be a rational number.
3. This number is irrational because it cannot
be written as the ratio of one integer to 16. (a) 0.010110111011110...
another; only an approximation of the + 0.252552555255552...
number can be written in this form. 0.262662666266662...

(b) Based on the result of part (a), we can 5 5 6

5 6
conclude that the sum of two irrational 31. = ⋅ =
numbers may be an irrational number. 6 6 6 6
5
Using a calculator, ≈ 2.041241452 and
17. 39 ≈ 6.244997998 6
5 6
18. 44 ≈ 6.633249581 ≈ 2.041241452.
6
19. 15.1 ≈ 3.885871846
3 3 2
3 2
32. = ⋅ =
20. 33.6 ≈ 5.796550698 2 2 2 2
3
21. 884 ≈ 29.73213749 2
3 2
22. 643 ≈ 25.35744467 ≈ 2.121320344.
2
23. First find 9 ÷ 8 = 1.125 on your calculator.
Then take the square root of the resulting 7 7 7
33. = =
quotient. 4 4 2
1.125 ≈ 1.060660172 7
4
24. First find 6 ÷ 5 = 1.2 on your calculator.
Then take the square root of the quotient. 7
≈ 1.322875656.
1.2 ≈ 1.095445115 2
25. 50 = 25 ⋅ 2 = 25 ⋅ 2 = 5 2 8 8 8 4⋅ 2 2 2
34. = = = =
Using a calculator, 50 ≈ 7.071067812 and 9 9 3 3 3
5 2 ≈ 7.071067812. 8
9
26. 32 = 16 ⋅ 2 = 16 ⋅ 2 = 4 2 2 3
Using a calculator, 32 ≈ 5.656854249 and ≈ 0.9428090416.
3
4 2 ≈ 5.656854249.
7 7 3 21
27. 75 = 25 ⋅ 3 = 25 ⋅ 3 = 5 3 35. = ⋅ =
3 3 3 3
Using a calculator, 75 ≈ 8.660254038 and
7
5 3 ≈ 8.660254038. Using a calculator, ≈ 1.527525232 and
3
150 = 25 ⋅ 6 = 25 ⋅ 6 = 5 6 21
28. ≈ 1.527525232.
3
Using a calculator, 150 ≈ 12.24744871
and 5 6 ≈ 12.24744871.
14 14 5 70
36. = ⋅ =
5 5 5 5
29. 288 = 144 ⋅ 2 = 144 ⋅ 2 = 12 2
Using a calculator, 288 ≈ 16.97056275 14
and 12 2 ≈ 16.97056275. 5
70
≈ 1.673320053.
30. 200 = 100 ⋅ 2 = 100 ⋅ 2 = 10 2 5
Using a calculator, 200 ≈ 14.14213562
and 10 2 ≈ 14.14213562. 37. 17 + 2 17 = (1 + 2) 17 = 3 17
38. 3 19 + 19 = (3 + 1) 19 = 4 19

6.4: IRRATIONAL NUMBERS AND DECIMAL REPRESENTATION 167
39. 5 7 − 7 = (5 − 1) 7 = 4 7 47. 355 ÷ 113 = 3.1415929, which agrees with

the first seven digits in the decimal for π.
40. 3 27 − 27 = (3 − 1) 27 = 2 27
22
Notice that 27 can be simplified: 48. The values and 3.14 are rational
7
27 = 9 ⋅ 3 = 3 3. The final example is numbers that are approximations for π.
then 2 ⋅ 3 3 = 6 3.
49. 30 = πd = 10π
41. 3 18 + 2 = 3 9 ⋅ 2 + 2 π=
30
=3
=3 9⋅ 2+ 2 10
= 3⋅3 2 + 2
1605 321
=9 2+ 2 50. 3.1605 = 3 =3
10000 2000
= (9 + 1) 2
= 10 2 51. By Internet search, the answer is 4.
42. 2 48 − 3 = 2 16 ⋅ 3 − 3 52. The string 999999 begins at position 762,

counting from the first digit after the
= 2 16 ⋅ 3 − 3 decimal point.
= 2⋅4 3 − 3
=8 3− 3 53. ≈(1.67) ⋅ 2 = 3.3 to one decimal place.
= (8 − 1) 3 54. (a) Counting the letters of each word in
=7 3 “may I have a large container of coffee”
gives 3.1415926.
43. − 12 + 75 = − 4 ⋅ 3 + 25 ⋅ 3
(b) Counting the letters of each word in
= − 4 ⋅ 3 + 25 ⋅ 3 “see, I have a rhyme assisting my feeble
= −2 3 + 5 3 brain, its tasks ofttimes resisting” gives
= (−2 + 5) 3 3.141592653589.
=3 3 (c) Counting the letters of each word in
“how I want a drink, alcoholic of
44. 2 27 − 300 = 2 9 ⋅ 3 − 100 ⋅ 3 course, after the heavy lectures
= 2 9 ⋅ 3 − 100 ⋅ 3 involving quantum mechanics” gives
3.14159265358979.
= 2 ⋅ 3 3 − 10 3
= (6 − 10) 3 1+ 5
55. φ = ≈ 1.618033989;
= −4 3 2
1− 5
45. ≈ −0.618033989
2
φ is positive while its conjugate is negative.
The units digit of φ is 1 and the units digit of
its conjugate is 0. The decimal digits agree.
1+ 5
56. φ = ≈ 1.618033989;
2143 2
46. ≈ 9.869604395... 2
22 ≈ 0.6180339898
Then take the square root of this number. 1+ 5
9.869604395... ≈ 3.141592653... The decimal digits are the same. Their
The result agrees with the first nine digits of difference is 1.
π.

57. It is just a coincidence that 1828 appears 62. Substitute the given values into the formula
back-to-back early in the decimal. There is and follow the order of operations.
no repetition indefinitely, which would be 2P
indicative of an irrational number. I=
L
2 ⋅120
58. (1.1)10 ≈ 2.59374246 I=
80
(1.01)100 ≈ 2.704813829
240
(1.001)1000 ≈ 2.716923932 I=
80
(1.0001)10,000 ≈ 2.718145927 I= 3
(1.00001)100,000 ≈ 2.718268237 I ≈ 1.7 amps
The computed values seem to be
approaching the value of e. 63. The semiperimeter, s, of the Bermuda
1
59. Using 3.14 for π and the given formula: Triangle is (850 + 925 + 1300) or
2
L 1537.5 miles.
P = 2π
32 1537.5(1537.5 − 850)(1537.5 − 925)
5.1 (1537.5 − 1300)
P ≈ 2(3.14)
32 = 1537.5(687.5)(612.5)(237.5)
P ≈ 6.28 0.159375 ≈ 392, 000 square miles
P ≈ 2.5 seconds
64. The semiperimeter, s, of the Vietnam
60. Substitute the given values into the formula Veterans’ Memorial is
and follow the order of operations. 1
(246.75 + 246.75 + 438.14) or 465.82 feet.
−h + h2 + 0.64S 2
r=
2 465.82(465.82 − 246.75)(465.82 − 246.75)
−12 + 122 + 0.64(400) (465.82 − 438.14)
r=
2 = 465.82(219.07)(219.07)(27.68)
−12 + 144 + 256 = 618799612.9
r =
2 ≈ 24, 900 square feet
−12 + 400
r = 65. The perimeter P = 9 + 10 + 17 = 36. The
2
−12 + 20 1
r = semiperimeter, s = (36) = 18.
2 2
8 A = 18(18 − 9)(18 − 10)(18 − 17)
r =
2 = 18(9)(8)(1)
r = 4 inches
= 1296
61. Stated as a formula, the author’s response = 36
indicates: Since the perimeter and the area are both
d = h ⋅1.224 = 156 ⋅1.224 ≈ 15.3 miles equal, the triangle is perfect.
66. (a) The semiperimeter,

1
s = (11 + 13 + 20) = 22.
2
A = 22(22 − 11)(22 − 13)(22 − 20)
= 22(11)(9)(2)
= 4356
= 66, an integer.

6.5: APPLICATIONS OF DECIMALS AND PERCENTS 169
(b) The semiperimeter, 75. 3 216 = 6

1
s = (13 + 14 + 15) = 21.
2 76. 3 512 = 8
A = 21(21 − 13)(21 − 14)(21 − 15)
= 21(8)(7)(6) 77. 4 1 = 1
= 7056 78. 4 16 = 2
= 84, an integer.
79. 4 256 = 4
1
(c) s = (7 + 15 + 20) = 21.
2 80. 4 625 = 5
A = 21(21 − 7)(21 − 15)(21 − 20)
= 21(14)(6)(1) 81. 4 4096 = 8
= 1764 82. 4 2401 = 7
= 42, an integer.
83. 3 43 ≈ 3.50339806
2 2 2
67. D = L + W + H
84. 3 87 ≈ 4.431047622
= 42 + 32 + 22
= 16 + 9 + 4 85. 3 198 ≈ 5.828476683
= 29 ≈ 5.4 feet
86. 4 2107 ≈ 6.775106617
A− P P AP − P
68. r = ⋅ = 87. 4 10265.2 ≈ 10.06565066
P P P
58320(50000) − 50000 88. 4 863.5 ≈ 5.420827475
r=
50000
2916000000 − 50000 89. 4 968.1 ≈ 5.578019845
=
50000
= 0.08 90. 4 12, 966.4 ≈ 10.67099346
862 6.5 Exercises

69. (a) s = 30 ≈ 70.5 mph
156 1. True; 3.00(12) = 36.
1
(b) s = 30
382
≈ 59.8 mph 2. True; 25% = 0.25 = .
96 4
3. False; when 759.367 is rounded to the
84 nearest hundredth, the result is 759.37.
(c) s = 30 ≈ 53.9 mph
26
4. False; when 759.367 is rounded to the
nearest hundred, the result is 800.
300
70. f1 = 260 = 260 5 ≈ 581
60 1
5. True; 50% = 0.5 = , and multiplying by
2
71. 3 64 = 4 one half yields the same result as dividing
by 2.
72. 3 125 = 5
12 12 5 60
6. True; = ⋅ = = 60%.
12 + 8 20 5 100
73. 3 343 = 7
7. True; 0.70(50) = 35.
74. 3 729 = 9

8. False; 0.40(120) = 48, and 30 is less than [10.8]

48. (b) BAC = − (0.045) = 0.035
135
99
9. False; .99¢ = cent, meaning that it is 30. Substitute given values and follow order of
100 operations.
less than the value of one penny. 5600 × 26
MPH =
3.12 × 336
10. False; 0.10(70) = 7, indicating the item will 145600
be $7 less than the original price of $70. MPH =
70 − 7 = $63 1048.32
MPH ≈ 139
11. 8.53 + 2.785 = 11.315
31. Substitute given values and follow order of
12. 9.358 + 7.2137 = 16.5717 operations.
195 × 302 × 4000
Horsepower =
13. 8.74 − 12.955 = −4.215 792, 000
235, 560, 000
14. 2.41 − 3.997 = −1.587 Horsepower =
792, 000
Horsepower ≈ 297
15. 25.7 × .032 = .8224
16. 45.1 × 8.344 = 376.3144 32. Substitute given values and follow order of
operations.
17. 1019.825 ÷ 21.47 = 47.5 5252 × 400
Torque =
4500
18. −262.563 ÷ 125.03 = −2.1 2,100, 800
Torque =
4500
19.
118.5
=
118.5
= 31.6 Torque ≈ 467
1.45 + 2.3 3.75
33. (a) 78.4
20. 2.45(1.2 + 3.4 − 5.6) = 2.45(−1) = −2.45
(b) 78.41
21. 21.0% ⋅ 2500 billion = 0.21 ⋅ 2500 billion
= $525 billion 34. (a) 3689.5
(b) 3689.54
22. 3.9% ⋅ 2500 billion = 0.039 ⋅ 2500 billion
= $97.5 billion 35. (a) 0.1
23. Because 3 ⋅ (.33¢) = .99¢, one could buy (b) 0.08
three stamps for 1¢ (and you would have
.01¢ left over). 36. (a) 0.1
24. The total price should be 33 cents rather (b) 0.07

than 33 dollars.
37. (a) 12.7
25. 10(.10¢) + 10(0.5¢) = 1¢ + 5¢ = 6¢ or $0.06
(b) 12.69
26. 20(.10¢) + 10(.5¢) = 7¢ or $0.07
38. (a) 44.0
27. $1 ÷ .10¢ = 100¢ ÷ .10¢ = 1000
(b) 44.00
28. $1 ÷ .5¢ = 100¢ ÷ .5¢ = 200
42
39. 0.42 = = 42%
[11.52] 100
29. (a) BAC = − (0.03) ≈ 0.031
190

6.5: APPLICATIONS OF DECIMALS AND PERCENTS 171
87 1
40. 0.87 = = 87% (b) 10% matches letter D, .
100 10
365 10 36.5 1
41. 0.365 = ÷ = = 36.5% (c) 2% matches letter B, .
1000 10 100 50
792 10 79.2 1
42. 0.792 = ÷ = = 79.2% (d) 20% matches letter F, .
1000 10 100 5
8 10 0.8 3
43. 0.008 = ÷ = = 0 .8 % (e) 75% matches letter C, .
1000 10 100 4
93 100 0.93 1 1
44. 0.0093 = ÷ = = 0.93% (f) 33 % matches letter A, .
10, 000 100 100 3 3
1 10 10 210 57. (a) 5% means 5 in every 100.

45. 2.1 = 2 ⋅ =2 = = 210%
10 10 100 100 (b) 25% means 6 in every 24.
9 10 90 890 (c) 200% means 8 for every 4.
46. 8.9 = 8 ⋅ =8 = = 890%
10 10 100 100
(d) 0.5% means 0.5 in every 100.
1
47. = 1 ÷ 5 = 0.2, which is 20%. (e) 600% means 12 for every 2.
5
58. The total number of elements in all the
2 regions is 40.
48. = 2 ÷ 5 = 0.4, which is 40%.
5
(a) 6 out of 40 is 15%.
1
49. = 1 ÷ 100 = 0.01, which is 1%. (b) 16 out of 40 is 40%.
100
(c) 6 out of 30 is 20%.
1
50. = 1 ÷ 50 = 0.02, which is 2%.
50 (d) 10 out of 40 is 25%.
3 59. No; if the item is discounted 20%, its new

51. = 3 ÷ 8 = 0.375, which is 37.5%. price is $60 − 0.2 × $60 = $48. Then, if the
8 new price is marked up 20%, the price
becomes $48 + 0.2 × $48 = $57.60.
5 1 1
52. = 5 ÷ 6 = 0.83 , which is 83 %.
6 3 3 2 1 1
60. (a) = = 0.333... = 33 %
6 3 3
3
53. = 3 ÷ 2 = 1.5, which is 150%.
2 2 1
(b) = = 0.25 = 25%
8 4
7
54. = 7 ÷ 4 = 1.75, which is 175%.
4 4
(c) = 0.4 = 40%
10
3 1 1
56. (a) 25% matches letter E,
1
. (d) = = 0.333... = 33 %
4 9 3 3

95 95 69. Using Method 2:

61. (a) Boston: = = 0.586
95 + 67 162 25 150
=
100 x
84 84 25 x = 15000
(b) Tampa Bay: = = 0.519 15000
84 + 78 162 x=
25
75 75 x = 600
(c) Toronto: = = 0.463
75 + 87 162
70. Using Method 2:
12 3600
64 64 =
(d) Baltimore: = = 0.395 100 x
64 + 98 162 12 x = 360000
360000
93 93 x=
62. (a) Philadelphia: = = 0.574 12
93 + 69 162 x = 30, 000.
(b) Atlanta: = = 0.531
86 + 76 162 ( x)(28) = 0.392
0.392
(c) New York Mets: x=
28
70
=
70
= 0.432 x = 0.014
70 + 92 162 x = 1.4%.

(d) Washington: = = 0.364 ( x)(292) = 78.84
59 + 103 162
78.84
x=
63. Using Method 1: (0.26)(480) = 124.8. 292
x = 0.27
64. Using Method 1: (0.38)(12) = 4.56. x = 27%.
65. Using Method 1: (0.105)(28) = 2.94. 73. Find the increase and divide by the original
wage.
66. Using Method 1: (0.486)(19) = 9.234. 11.34 − 10.50 = 0.84
0.84
67. Using Method 2: = 0.08 = 8%
x 45 10.50
= The hourly wage increased by 8%.
100 30
30 x = 4500 74. Find the difference and divide by the
4500 original price.
x=
30 70.00 − 59.50 = 10.50
x = 150%. 10.50
= 0.15 = 15%
68. Using Method 2: 70.00
x 20 The discount was 15%.
=
100 48 75. Find the difference and divide by the
48 x = 2000 original population.
2000 134,953 − 129,798 = 5155
x=
48 5155
x = 41. 6%. = 0.038 = 3.8%
134, 953
The population decreased by 3.8%.

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other organs, the closing the anus would necessarily become an
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body, is sufficient when it has arrived at the last degree of weakness,
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sufficiently aware, when they take away the pillow from a dying
person, which is after done, and place the body upon a straw
mattrass. Besides, during life, there exhales continually from the
cavities of the head, from the breast, and from the belly, a vapour,
which is always absorbed by the vessels; but if this vapour be
condensed by the cold, it thickens into drops as may be seen by
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interrupts the action of the vessels, and opposes the return of life.
Humanity protests against such a detestable mode of procedure; it
tells us that we ought to allow sick people to expire in a good warm
bed, and to remove all those causes which may shorten the period of
their lives.
People are buried sometimes five or six hours after their apparent
death, yet how many examples have we seen of the principle of life
existing a long time after the motion of the heart and arteries has
ceased. We knew that the heart generally weakens by degrees, that
its power ends by not being any longer in a condition to force the
blood into the arteries, that this blood flows towards the large vessels
and that the circulation ceases; but if the tonic motion still subsists,
the circulation may be re-established, and it is above all in the
exterior part of the body, that it may be put in play to act upon the
blood. Being therefore excited by frictions upon the skin, and by
insufflation into the intestines, according to the practice of the
Acadians, it has often brought to life people taken from the water,
who to all appearance were dead. But when the body is buried, the
exterior parts are cold, and in a state of compression; besides it is
not sufficient that this tonic motion should be excited: one must also
remove those obstacles which prevent it from spreading, and giving
play to the organs of the pulse, and of respiration; but the pressure
made upon the breast and upon the belly, while the mouth is shut,
and sometimes stuffed with cotton, becomes an object almost
insurmountable. The pressure upon the belly is attended with this
great disadvantage, that it opposes the sinking of the diaphragm,
thus preventing respiration, and besides compressing the intestines,
which are generally the last part in which the vital principle subsists.
It results then from this precipitate custom, either that the remains of
life are sometimes extinguished, or that they are oppressed for a
time, so that no one never revives, but amidst the horrors of the
grave.
The difference between the end of a weak life, and the
commencement of death, is so small, and the uncertainty of the
signs of the latter is so well established, both by ancient and modern
authors, who have turned their attention to that important object, that
we can scarcely suppose undertakers capable of distinguishing an
apparent from a real death. Animals which sleep during winter, shew
no signs of life; in this case, circulation is only suspended; but were it
annihilated, the vital spark does not so easily lose its action, as the
other fluids of the body: and the principle of life, which long survives
the appearance of death, may reanimate a body, in which the action
of all the organs seem to be at an end. But how difficult is it to
determine, whether this principle may not be revived? It has been
found impossible to recal to life some animals suffocated by mephitic
vapours, though they appeared less affected than others who have
revived. Coldness, heaviness of the body, a leaden livid colour, with
a yellowness in the visage, are all very uncertain signs. Mr.
Zimmerman observed them all upon the body of a criminal, who
fainted through the dread of that punishment which he had merited.
He was shaken, dragged about, and turned in the same manner as
dead bodies without the least signs of resistance, and yet at the end
of twenty four hours, he was recalled to life by means of volatile
alkali.
It is certain that life, when to all appearance lost, may often, by
due care, be restored. Accidents frequently prove fatal, merely
because proper means are not used to counteract their effects. No
person ought to be looked upon as killed by any accident, unless
where the structure of the heart, brain, or some organ necessary to
life, is evidently destroyed. The action of these organs may be so far
impaired, as even to be for some time imperceptible, when life is by
no means gone. In this case, however, if the fluids be suffered to
grow cold, it will be impossible to put them again in motion, even
though the solids should recover their power of acting. Thus, when
the motion of the lungs has been stopped by unwholesome vapour,
the action of the heart by a stroke on the breast, or the functions of
the brain by a blow on the head, if the person be suffered to grow
cold, he will in all probability continue so; but, if the body be kept
warm, as soon as the injured part has recoverd its power of acting,
the fluids will again begin to move, and all the vital functions will be
restored.
It is a horrid custom, immediately to consign over to death every
person who has the misfortune, by a fall, a blow, or the like, to be
deprived of the appearance of life. The unhappy person, instead of
being carried into a warm house, and laid by the fire, or put to a
warm bed, is generally hurried away to church, or a barn, or some
other cold damp house, where, after a fruitless attempt has been
made to bleed him, perhaps by one who knew nothing of the matter,
he is given over for dead, and no further notice taken of him. This
conduct seems to be the result of ignorance, supported by an
ancient superstitious notion, which forbids the body of any person
killed by accident to be laid in an house that is inhabited. What the
ground of this superstition may be, we shall not pretend to inquire;
but surely the conduct founded upon it, is contrary to all the
principles of reason, humanity, and common sense.
When a person seems to be suddenly deprived of life, our first
business is to inquire into the cause. We ought carefully to observe
whether any substance be lodged in the wind-pipe or gullet; and, if
that is the case, attempts must be made to remove it. When
unwholesome air is the cause, the patient ought immediately to be
removed out of it. If the circulation be suddenly stopped, from any
cause whatever, except mere weakness, the patient should be bled.
If the blood does not flow, he may be immersed in warm water, or
rubbed with warm cloths, &c. to promote the circulation. When the
cause cannot be suddenly removed, our great aim should be to keep
up the vital warmth by rubbing the patient with hot cloths, or salt, and
covering his body with warm sand, ashes, or the like.
REMARKABLE
INSTANCES
OF
People who have been nearly buried alive, but
recovered by resuscitative application.
I.
A Director of the coach office at Dijon, named Colinet, was
supposed to be dead, and the news of this event was spread
throughout the whole city. One of his friends, who was desirous of
seeing him at the moment when he was about to be buried, having
looked at him for a considerable time, thought he perceived some
remains of sensibility in the muscles of the face. He therefore made
an attempt to bring him to life by spirituous liquors, in which he
succeeded; and this director enjoyed afterwards, for a long time, that
life which he owed to his friend. This remarkable circumstance was
much like those of Empedocles and Asclepiades. These instances
would perhaps be more frequent, were men of skill and abilities
called in cases of sudden death, in which people of ordinary
knowledge are often deceived by false appearances.
A man may fall into a syncope, and may remain in that condition
three, or even eight days. People in this situation have been known
to come to life when deposited among the dead.
II.
A boy belonging to the Hospital at Cassel, appeared to have
breathed his last: he was carried into the hall where the dead were
exposed, and was wrapped up in a piece of canvas. Some time after,
recovering from his lethargy, he recollected the place in which he
had been deposited, and crawling towards the door, knocked against
it with his foot. This noise was luckily heard by the centinel, who
soon perceiving the motion of the canvas, called for assistance. The
youth was immediately conveyed to a warm bed, and soon perfectly
recovered. Had his body been confined by close bandages, or
ligatures, he would not have been able, in all probability, to make
himself be heard: his unavailing efforts would have made him again
fall into a syncope, and he would have been thus buried alive.
III.
We must not be astonished, that the servants of an hospital should
take a syncope for a real death, since even the most enlightened
people have fallen into errors of the same kind. Dr. John Schmid
relates, that a young girl, seven years of age, after being afflicted for
some weeks with a violent cough, was all of a sudden freed from this
troublesome malady, and appeared to be in perfect health. But some
days after, while playing with her companions, this child fell down in
an instant, as if struck by lightning. A death-like paleness was
diffused over her face and arms; she had no apparent pulse; her
temples were sunk, and she shewed no signs of sensation when
shaken or pinched. A physician, who was called, and who believed
her to be dead, in compliance with the repeated and pressing
request of her parents, attempted, though without any hopes, to
recal her to life, and at length, after several vain efforts, he made the
soles of her feet be smartly rubbed with a brush, dipped in strong
pickle. At the end of three quarters of an hour, she was observed to
sigh; she was then made to swallow some spirituous liquor, and she
was soon after restored to life, much to the joy of her disconsolate
parents.
IV.
A certain man having undertaken a journey, in order to see his
brother, on his arrival at his house, found him dead. This news
affected him so much, that it brought on a most dreadful syncope,
and he himself was supposed to be in the like situation. After the
usual means had been employed to recal him to life, it was agreed
that his body should be dissected, to discover the cause of so
sudden a death; but the supposed dead person over-hearing this
proposal, opened his eyes, started up, and immediately betook
himself to his heels.
V.
Cardinal Espinola, prime minister to Philip II. was not so fortunate,
for we read in the memoirs of Amelot de la Houssai, that he put his
hand to the knife with which he was opened, in order to be
embalmed. In short, almost every one knows, that Vesalius, the
father of anatomy, having been sent for to open a woman, subject to
hysterics, who was supposed to be dead, he perceived, on making
the first incision, by her motions, and cries, that she was still alive;
that this circumstance rendered him so odious, that he was obliged
to fly, and that he was so much affected by it, that he died soon after.
VI.
On this occasion, we cannot forbear to add an event more recent,
but no less melancholy. The Abbé Prevost, so well known by his
writings, and the singularities of his life, was seized with a fit of the
apoplexy, in the forest of Chantilly, on the 23rd of October, 1763. His
body was carried to the nearest village, and the officers of justice
were proceeding to open it, when a cry which he sent forth
affrightened all the assistants, and convinced the surgeon that the
Abbé was not dead; but it was too late to save him, as he had
already received the mortal wound.
VII.
In the civil wars of France, on account of religious disputes, when
the Catholics besieged Rouen, in 1562, Francis Civile, one of the
most intrepid gentlemen of the Calvinist party, received a wound
which made him fall senseless from the rampart into the town. Some
soldiers, who supposed him dead, stripped and buried him, with the
usual negligence on those occasions. A trusty and affectionate
person he had retained in his service, desirous of procuring for his
master a more honourable burial, went with design to find his body.
His search being fruitless amongst several dead bodies which were
quite disfigured, he covered them again with earth, but so as that the
hand of one of them remained uncovered. As he was returning, he
looked behind him, and perceived that hand above the ground, and
the apprehension he was under, that such an object might excite the
dogs to unearth the dead body for devouring it, induced him to come
back in order to cover it. The moment he was going to exercise this
pious office, a gleam of light from the moon, just coming from under
a cloud, made him perceive a diamond ring Civile wore on his finger.
Without loss of time he takes up his master, who had still breath in
him, and carries him to the hospital for the wounded, but the
surgeon, who had been quite fatigued with labour, and who
considered him as on the point of death, would take no trouble about
dressing his wounds. The servant then found himself obliged to
convey him to his own inn, where he languished four days without
any help. At the end of this time two physicians were found who had
the humanity to visit him. They cleansed his wounds, and by their
care and attention put him in a way to live, and at length, to the
astonishment of every one, he finally recovered.
But the misfortunes of this hero had not yet ended. The town
having been taken by assault, the conquerors were so barbarous as
to throw him out of a window. He fortunately fell on a heap of dung,
where, abandoned by every one, he passed three days, until his
relation Ducroiset had him carried off privately in the night, and sent
to a house up the country, where his wounds were dressed as
opportunity offered. There, after so many disasters, he recovered so
perfect a state of health, that he survived forty years after all these
accidents. That particular providence, which had saved this man
from so many perils, also presided over his birth. His mother dying
with child, during the absence of her husband, had been buried
without any one thinking to extract the child, by the Cæsarian
operation, when fortunately the day after she was interred, the
husband arrived, and learnt with surprise the death of his wife, and
the little attention that was paid to the fruit of her womb. He instantly
required her grave to be dug up, and having had his unfortunate wife
opened, Civile was extracted while living.
VIII.
Sir Hugh Ackland, after being laid out as a corpse,

recovered by a bumper of brandy.
The late Sir Hugh Ackland, of Devonshire, apparently died of a
fever, and was laid out as dead: the nurse, with two of the footmen,
sat up with the corpse. Lady Ackland, sent them a bottle of brandy to
drink in the night: one of the servants being an arch rogue, told the
other that his master dearly loved brandy when he was alive, and,
says he, I am resolved he shall drink one glass, with us now he is
dead. The fellow accordingly poured out a bumper of brandy, and
forced it down his throat: a guggling immediately ensued, and a
violent motion of the neck, and upper part of the breast. The other
footman and the nurse were so terrified, that they ran down stairs;
and the brandy genius hastening away with rather too much speed,
tumbled down stairs head-foremost. The noise of the fall, and his
cries, alarmed a young gentleman that slept in the house that night,
who got up, and went to the room where the corpse lay, and, to his
great surprise, saw Sir Hugh sitting upright. He called the servants;
Sir Hugh was put into a warm bed, and the physician and apothecary
were sent for. These gentlemen in a few weeks perfectly restored
their patient to health, and he lived several years after. The above,
says the writer, is well known to the people in Devonshire, as in most
companies Sir Hugh used to tell this strange circumstance, and talk
of his resurrection by his brandy footman, to whom, when he really
died, he left a handsome annuity.
IX.
Sir Gervase Scroop.

In Edge-hill fight, Sir Gervase Scroop, fighting valiantly for his king,
received twenty-six wounds, and was left on the ground amongst the
dead: next day, his son Adrian obtained leave of the king, to find and
fetch off his father’s corpse, and his hopes pretended no higher than
a decent interment thereof: such a search was thought in vain
amongst so many naked bodies with wounds disguised from
themselves, and where pale death had confounded all complexions
together. However, he having some general hint of the place, where
his father fell, did light upon his body, which had some warmth left
therein: the heat was with rubbing within a few moments improved to
motion, that motion within some hours into sense, that sense within a
day into speech: within certain weeks he arrived to a perfect
recovery, living more than ten years after, a monument of God’s
mercy and his son’s affection. The effect of this story (says Dr.
Fuller) I received from his own mouth in Lincoln College.
X.
“We know some,” saith Alexander Benedictus, “who have been
laid in their graves half alive; and some noble persons have been
disposed in their sepulchres, whose life has lain hid in the secret
repositories of the heart. One great lady was thus entombed, who
was after found dead indeed; but sitting, and removed from her
place, as one that had returned to life amongst the carcases of the
dead. She had pulled off the hair from her head, and had torn her
breast with her nails, signs too apparent of what had passed; and
that she had long in vain called for help, while alone in the society of
the dead.”
XI.
Monsieur Mercier, in his Tableau de Paris, relates the
following extraordinary Fact.
About seventeen years ago (i. e. 1765) an innocent young country
girl, of handsome and engaging person, was hired as a servant by a
man[1] at Paris, who was unfortunately for her contaminated with
almost every vice incident to human nature. This wretch was so
struck with her beauty, that he left no means untried to seduce her;
but she was innately virtuous, and resisted all his wicked attempts.
Being a stranger at Paris, and without any friend to receive her, she
dreaded to quit the house of her persecutor, and with equal
reluctance continued. At length her virtuous resistance so inflamed
this wretched being, that not being able to gratify his desires in the
manner he wished, he formed the most diabolical plan of vengeance
that ever entered the human mind. He privately conveyed a quantity
of plate, marked with his name, into the box where the girl kept her
clothes, and then declaring he had been robbed, sent for an officer
of Police, had her taken into custody, and made his report to the
magistrate of the things that were missing. The officer on opening
her box, and finding the articles supposed to be stolen,
communicated the information to the magistrate, who, being fully
persuaded of her guilt, committed her to prison. Here she fell on her
knees, and supplicated the monster, but in vain; her tears were the
only proof of her innocence, in opposition to the apparent fact, laid to
her charge, which appeared to be incontrovertible. She was shortly
after brought to trial, where, with the aid of the master’s
circumstantial evidence, she was found guilty, ordered for execution,
and in short was hanged. But mark the secret workings of
Providence in behalf of an innocent victim! The executioner was a
novice in his profession, and in adjusting the rope round the neck of
this poor creature, he fastened it so awkwardly, that respiration was
not entirely stopped. After hanging the usual time, the body was cut
down, and sold to a Surgeon, (formerly in France, the bodies of
criminals after execution, were a part of the hangman’s perquisites,
who had liberty to dispose of them as he thought proper) who
ordered it to be removed to his house for dissection. In the evening,
when about to commence the operation, he thought he discovered
an unusual warmth in several parts of the body. On holding a glass
close to her mouth, he perceived a dulness and humidity on its
surface, which led him to conclude, that the action of the lungs had
not entirely ceased. The almost fatal knife immediately fell from his
hand, and with great humanity he had the body put in a warm bed,
where, after applying the usual remedies in cases of suspended
animation, he had the satisfaction to find his efforts effectual, in
restoring to life this unfortunate innocent. The Surgeon then sent for
a Priest, to whom he was known, and in whose prudence and
secrecy he could confide, and after telling him the particulars of this
strange affair, requested him to be witness of his conduct, and to
further aid him with his advice. When this poor unfortunate creature
opened her eyes, and beheld the priest standing near her, she
believed herself in the regions of the blest, clasping her trembling
hands together, she exclaimed,—“Eternal and heavenly Father, you
know my innocence!—Have mercy on me!”—Nothing could be more
moving and expressive than the supplications of this much injured
girl, who being roused from a death-like state, fancied herself in the
presence of the Supreme Judge, and, in fact, could hardly be
prevailed upon to desist from her invocations to the priest as to the
Almighty: and so strongly was the idea of her late dreadful sufferings
impressed upon her, that it was with much difficulty she could be
persuaded she was again an inhabitant of the earth.
[1] Note—Celibacy in men was very common in France before
the Revolution, and it was there no disparagement to a girl’s
character to have lived in the house of a bachelor as servant.
XII.
Remarkable Resuscitation in Sweden.

On the 23rd of March, 1756, a peasant, about sixty years of age,
of the province of Scheeren, in Sweden, having been made very
drunk with brandy, was, in his way home, thrown down by the
violence of the wind: and as he was too far gone in liquor to recover
his legs again, he soon fell asleep where he lay. Not being
discovered till the next morning, he was found then frozen stiff, and
taken up for dead. He was put into a shell in order for interment,
when fortunately Mr. Nauder, a physician of the province of
Gothland, being on a journey, arrived on the spot where the accident
happened. He examined the body; the face, and all the extremities,
were cold as ice, and the cheeks of an extraordinary red colour. The
joints were immoveable, the eyes were fixed. Not the least motion of
the heart or pulse, or the smallest signs of respiration were left; and
the feet were so completely frozen, that the toes were all become
black, except the great toe on the right foot. After some time
contemplating on these unfavourable circumstances, Mr. Nauder
imagined he could perceive some warmth at the pit of the stomach,
which encouraged him to hope the poor object might be recovered;
but there being no Apothecary, or medicines of any kind to be had in
the place, he was induced to try the following methods. He begun, by
ordering the arms, legs, and loins of the patient, to be rubbed with
coarse woollen cloths. He put on the stomach and belly warm cloths
of the same kind, which were frequently changed, increasing their
warmth by degrees. At the same time, the patient was laid on a
mattrass on the floor; no care being as yet taken about his feet,
which the physician supposed it was impossible to save. On
reflecting afterwards, however, on the custom of putting frozen meat
into cold water, in order to thaw it, without prejudice, he had a mind
to try the same expedient. But, as the joints were as yet inflexible, he
could not find means to immerse the feet in water, so was obliged to
content himself with ordering wet linen cloths, frequently changed, to
be wrapped round them.
By these means, the region of the heart began to recover warmth,
but not till after four hours constant rubbing, there was the least
appearance of respiration. This was about two o’clock in the
afternoon. No pulse, however, was to be perceived till near half an
hour after three, when the muscles began to lose their rigidity; the
cheeks relaxed, and before five, a silver spoon might be got between
his teeth. At this time they strove to make him swallow some hot
wine, which with much difficulty was effected: after which, his face
was covered with sweat, and his cheeks began to return to their
natural colour. Soon afterwards he began to move his eye-brows,
and at six o’clock his arms and hands. He was now placed in his
bed; before a good fire; his arms, and legs being well covered with
warm blankets. He took also two more spoonfuls of hot wine; and,
about eight o’clock, began first to talk, but in a manner very confused
and unintelligible; being delirious, and fancying himself still in the
forest. By degrees the cold had almost left his feet, and the
blackness of the toes in a great measure disappeared, although the
free motion of the joints was not as yet restored. About ten o’clock,
however he began to bend his back, and complained of a violent
pain in his legs. He now took a little beer made hot, with an egg beat
in it, and soon after went to sleep. In the morning, his feet were
warm, and without pain, and his toes recovered entirely their natural
colour, but both were extremely tender. His pulse beat quick and
strong, and together with a burning thirst indicated bleeding
necessary; but as no lancet could be procured, Mr. Nauder ordered
him some water gruel, which he drank of at intervals plentifully, till
noon; when he was relieved farther by a stool. He went again in the
evening to sleep, and was the next morning capable of sitting up,
and being conveyed home in a carriage, not indeed entirely free from
pain, but in a fair way of a perfect and speedy recovery.
XIII.
Peter Zacchias, a celebrated physician of Rome,

relates the following appropriate story.
There was a young man in the hospital of the Holy Ghost, who
being attacked with the plague from the violence of his distemper fell
into so perfect a syncope, as to be imagined dead. His body was
placed among those who, having died of the same malady, were
waiting for interment. Whilst these carcases were transporting across
the Tyber in a bark destined for the purpose, the young man
exhibited some signs of life, upon which he was immediately carried
back to the hospital, where he recovered. Two days afterwards,
however he relapsed into a like syncope, and his body once more
numbered with the dead, was again transported across the Tyber for
burial. Again, however, he came to himself; new cares were
bestowed upon him, and the assistance of suitable remedies, not
only completely restored him to life, but even cured him so
completely, that he lived for many years afterwards.
XIV.
A young Lady, buried alive in Russia.

Hasty interment is still a prevalent custom in Russia, and even
premature burials are said to be not quite unknown. A short time ago
the following horrid circumstance happened at St. Petersburg.
A young nobleman, who had squandered away his fortune, found
his sister, to whom he applied for assistance, not the least inclined,
to sacrifice her patrimony to his taste for dissipation. As he
considered himself her heir, the wicked thought arose in his breast,
to make himself master of her fortune. With this view, he found
means to give the unfortunate lady a sleeping draught. She was now
considered as dead, and with every appearance of the deepest
sorrow, her interment was resolved upon. The corpse was already
placed before the altar, when one of her friends happening to pass
through the place, was informed of her sudden death. She hurried to
the church, where the priest was already pronouncing the blessing
over the corpse; and in order to impress the last farewell kiss on the
lips of her late dearly beloved friend, she hastened to the coffin. She
seized her hand, and found it rather flaccid, but not stiff. She touched
her cheek, and imagined she felt some natural warmth in it. She
insisted on stopping the ceremony, and trying whether her friend
might not be recalled to life. But all was in vain; neither the brother
nor the priest, would listen to her solicitations: on the contrary, they
ridiculed her as a person out of her mind. Unfortunately, she no
where found assistance. She immediately, in her anxiety, threw
herself into her carriage, and hastened to the neighbouring seat of
government. Here she found a hearing; proper persons
accompanied her to investigate the affair, and she drove back with
speed, but found her friend already covered with sacred earth. The
interment had taken place the day before, and the inhuman brother
had already obtained possession of her property; while priests and
witnesses attested that the unfortunate person was actually dead.
Among the Russians, it is reckoned to be a heinous sin to dig up a
corpse; and thus the desire of the generous friend, for a long time
experienced the most violent opposition, to convince herself of the
truth by ocular demonstration; till at last the commission of inquiry
conceived some suspicion, and insisted on opening the grave, when
the poor unfortunate lady was discovered to have been buried alive,
as her face was much lacerated, and the impression of her nails in
the coffin lid. The brother and the priest were immediately taken into
custody, confessed their crime, and under went the punishment they
so justly deserved.
XV.
Remarkable Trance experienced by the Honourable

Mrs. Godfrey, sister to the Great Duke of
Marlborough.
This lady had been a long time ill in consequence of the recent
death of her brother the Duke, but one Sunday fancying herself
better than she had been for some time, and able to go to chapel; as
she was dressing for that purpose, she suddenly fell down to all
appearance dead.
The screams of her woman, and a female friend, brought Colonel
Godfrey into the room; who, having probably seen instances of
persons remaining in a state of insensibility for a considerable time,
and afterwards recovering, directed that his lady should be
immediately put to bed, and that two persons should constantly
continue with her, till indubitable symptoms appeared of her
decease.
The consequences proved with how much judgment the Colonel
had acted. Notwithstanding the opinion of the physicians, who all
declared that the breath of life was irrecoverably departed; and in
opposition to the solicitations of his friends to have the body interred,
he continued resolute in his determination to the contrary till the
Sunday following; when, exactly at the same hour on which the
change had happened, signs appeared of returning sensibility. So
punctual was nature in her operations upon this singular occasion,
that Mrs. Godfrey awoke from her trance just as the chapel bell was
once more ringing; which so perfectly eradicated from her memory
every trace of her insensibility, that she blamed her attendants for
not awaking her in time to go to church, as she had proposed to do.
Colonel Godfrey, whose tenderness to his lady was unremitted,
taking advantage of this incident, prudently gave orders, that she
should by no means be made acquainted with what had happened,
lest it should make a melancholy impression on her mind, and it is
supposed, that to the day of her death, she remained ignorant of the
transaction.
XVI.
Remarkable particulars of the death of Dr. Walker, of

Dublin, from the life of Mrs. Bellamy.
Upon our arrival at Dublin (says this lady) my mother and myself
were very kindly received by an old acquaintance of hers, the lady of
the well known Doctor Walker. This gentleman at that time, was
esteemed so eminent in his profession, that he was accumulating by
his practice a capital fortune, notwithstanding he lived in a very
genteel stile. The Doctor was then writing a treatise against the Irish
custom of burying the dead within a few hours after their decease.
He endeavoured therein to dissuade the Hibernians from pursuing
so hazardous a mode, as by interring bodies before any symptoms
of putrefaction appeared, it did not unfrequently happen, that those
who might have recovered their vital powers, were prevented from
doing so.
When my mother heared on what subject the Doctor was writing,
she related to him the story of Mrs. Godfrey (i. e. the preceding one
in this book,) and as soon as she had concluded it, to shew the
Doctor, how consonant her opinion on this point, was to his own, she
promised him, that if she was in the same kingdom with him when
the king of terrors made his approach, she would carefully attend to
the state of his corpse, and take care that it should not be entombed
whilst there was the least probability of its restoration to life.
In a subsequent letter, she resumes the subject, and concludes it
with the following melancholy narrative.
In the afternoon I sent my servant, to enquire after our good friend
Doctor Walker, who was ill of a fever. About seven she returned with
a countenance expressive of horror, and informed us that the poor
Doctor had died during the last night, and that they were already
going to bury him. And added, that as they were about to shroud the
body, the orifices which had been made in his arms, on bleeding him
before his decease, had bled afresh.
As it was now so late in the evening, and the house we had lately
removed to, being full two miles from the Doctor’s residence, my
mother confined with the rheumatism, and myself much indisposed,
rendered it impossible for either of us to reach the place of his
abode, time enough to prevent his premature interment; which, but
for these reasons, we certainly should have done. We likewise found
that Mrs. Walker, had been prevailed on by the earnest entreatise of
her sister, to leave the house and retire with her to Dunleary. My
mother, therefore, ordered the servant to take a coach, and, if the
corpse was interred, to have it taken up at all events, cost what it
would.
You can give the common people of Ireland no greater treat than a
Wake. Our maid consequently had many companions before she
reached the house, especially as she made no secret of her errand.
When they arrived, they learned that the body had been interred
immediately after her departure, lest the disorder he died of, which
was thought to be epidemic, should prove contagious. They were
further informed, that as Mrs. Walker was of the sect of Anabaptists,
it had been deposited, by her order, in their burying ground, which
was situated at the extremity of the city.
The people who accompanied our servant, having come out with
an intention of spending the night in their favourite amusement, now
resolved to seek the sexton, and carry my mother’s commands into
execution: but as it was late, and they could not find his house, they
clambered over the gate, and thus entered the receptacle for the
dead; and whilst they sat round the grave, my servant heard, or
thought she heard, a groan, which made them expect, with great
impatience, the return of day light.
As soon as Aurora made her appearance, some labourers, who
had just come to their work, acquainted them where the sexton lived,
and he was prevailed on, though not without some difficulty, to
comply with their request. Accordingly, the canonized bones of the
doctor, which had a few hours before been hearsed in death,
revisited the glimpse of morn. Upon opening the coffin, (I shudder
whilst I relate the horrid scene) they found the body now totally
deprived of life, but observed, that the late inhabitant of it had
endeavoured to burst his cearments, and leave the dreadful mansion
in which he was confined. He had actually turned upon his side; and,
as my servant had reported, his arms bled afresh. The coffin was
carried to the house of the Sexton, where multitudes, excited by
curiosity, flocked from all parts, to see this memorable instance of
fruitless precaution. The family, however, hearing of the
circumstances, the body was ordered to be re-interred, and the affair
was hushed up.
Are you casuist enough to tell me, how it happens that we are
generally disappointed in the grand expectations of our lives, and
find our favourite wishes crossed? Never was there a more singular
confirmation of this fact, than in the case of the Doctor. The fear of
being buried alive, seems to have engrossed all his thoughts. The
apprehensions which arose in his mind, both on his own account,
and that of others, furnished him an inexhaustible fund for
conversation, and gave frequent employment to his pen. The
presentiment which had taken possession of him, was not to be
suppressed. But, alas! how unavailing, from a combination of
preventive circumstances, did it prove!—Let it serve as a document
to us, not to fix our hearts with too much anxiety on any object that
lies within the reach of the accidents of life, or to indulge too great
apprehensions of any dreaded evils.
I was greatly affected at the melancholy accident which had just
happened; but my mother was almost distracted at being obliged to
break a promise she had so solemnly made, and which would have
proved so consonant to the wishes of her old friend.
I have often wondered that humanity, exclusive of affection, does
not prevent those, who have a regard for persons during their lives,
from leaving them in their last moments, through a false tenderness,
to the care of nurses and servants, who are usually insensible to
every claim but those of their own ease or interest. Too susceptible
of pain, from beholding the expiring pangs of a beloved object, they
hasten from it; whereas, that ought to be the strongest motive for
their stay, as these would stimulate them to unremitted assiduity in
administering every needful assistance whilst life remains, and to a
due attention to the body till its interment.
XVII.
The following Story is related by a Traveller, who

translated the particulars from a foreign monument.
The heroine of this event was named Retchmuth Adoleh. She was
the wife of a merchant of Cologne, and is said to have died of the
plague, which destroyed the greatest part of that city in 1571. She
was speedily interred, and a ring of great value was suffered to
remain on her finger, which tempted the cupidity of the grave-digger.
The night was the time he had planned for the plunder. On going to
the grave, opening the same, and attempting to take the ring from off
the finger of the lady, she came to herself and so terrified the
sacrilegious thief, that he scampered away with speed, and left his
lanthorn behind him. The lady took advantage of his fright, and, with
the assistance of the lanthorn, found her way home, and lived
afterwards to be the mother of three children. After her real decease,

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Mathematical Excursions 4th Edition Aufmann Solutions

7. It is true that every natural number is 20. −31,841

8. Every whole number is not positive. Zero is 22. −8

12. (a) 3 (c) False; |5.2| < |5.6|

(b) 0, 3 (d) True; 4(3.0) = 12.0, and 13.4 > 12.0.

(c) −5, −1, 0, 3 25.

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(b) Absolute value is 0.

28. (a) Additive inverse is 0.

(b) Absolute value is 0.

(b) Absolute value is 6. 51. |5 − 3| = |2| = 2; |6 − 2| = |4| = 4

35. 7 − 4 = 3 54. −8 > −(−2) is a false statement because

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61. −|−5| ≥ −|−9| is true because −5 ≥ −9. 6.2 Exercises

22. −5(−17)(2)(−2)4 = −1360

−18 2(−5 + 3) (−32 + 2)(3)

0 2(−5) + (−3)(−22 ) −10 + (−3)(−4)

35. −8(−2) − [(42 ) + (7 − 3)] = 16 − [16 + (4)] 42.

(−6 + 3) ⋅ (−4) (−3) ⋅ (−4) 12 43. Division by zero is undefined, so A, B, and

45. Commutative property of addition

46. Commutative property of multiplication

47. Inverse property of addition

48. Identity property of addition

49. Identity property of multiplication

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(c) The inverse of increasing the volume on 69. −34 = −81

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70. −(34 ) = −81 2010: $916 − 710 = $206 billion.

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98. $219,000 − $195,200 = $23,800 8 8 ⋅1 1

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15. These are the dots in the intersection of the 5 3 7 4 15 28 43

18. Writing exercise; answers will vary.

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⎛1 1⎞ 5 ⎛1 2⎞ 5 (c) Number from Europe:

(b) Latin America or Asia:

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75. Using the consecutive integers 6 and 7. 8

76. Writing exercise; answers will vary. 8

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99. (a) Let x = 0 .8 4. Irrational

(b) Let x = 0.799999... 718 2718

100. (a) Let x = 0.75 8. 0.32, a rational number; use Example 9

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(b) Based on the result of part (a), we can 5 5 6

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39. 5 7 − 7 = (5 − 1) 7 = 4 7 47. 355 ÷ 113 = 3.1415929, which agrees with

42. 2 48 − 3 = 2 16 ⋅ 3 − 3 52. The string 999999 begins at position 762,

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