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PSYCHOLOGY A1 Psychology 114

MULTIPLE
CHOICE
QUESTIONS
WEEK 1-5
 Week 1
1. South African Psychology pre-1994 predominantly reflected:
a) Apartheid ideology
b) Integrationist principles
c) Postcolonial perspectives
d) Humanistic approaches
Answer: a) Apartheid ideology
Explanation: South African Psychology pre-1994 largely aligned with the principles of
apartheid, endorsing racial segregation and unequal treatment based on skin color.

2. Which event marked a significant turning point for South African Psychology?
a) The signing of the Freedom Charter
b) The end of apartheid
c) The Sharpeville Massacre
d) The Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Answer: b) The end of apartheid
Explanation: The end of apartheid in 1994 marked a significant turning point for South
African Psychology, as it opened up new possibilities for addressing social justice and
equality.

3. Post-1994, South African Psychology aimed to:

a) Maintain the status quo
b) Challenge power dynamics
c) Reinforce racial stereotypes
d) Promote segregation
Answer: b) Challenge power dynamics
Explanation: Post-1994, South African Psychology aimed to challenge power dynamics,
address social inequalities, and promote inclusive and equitable practices.

4. Psychology's authorization of racism refers to:

a) The endorsement of racist ideologies by psychologists
 b) The establishment of anti-racist policies in psychology
c) The role of psychology in dismantling racism
d) The exclusion of racism from psychological research
Answer: a) The endorsement of racist ideologies by psychologists
Explanation: Psychology's authorization of racism points to instances where psychologists
have supported or perpetuated racist ideologies, theories, or practices.

5. South African psychology's problems include:

a) Lack of diversity and inclusivity
b) Overemphasis on individual pathology
c) Insufficient acknowledgement of historical context
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: South African psychology faces challenges such as a lack of diversity and
inclusivity, an overemphasis on individual pathology, and insufficient recognition of the
historical and social context that shapes psychological experiences.

6. Which psychological perspective was dominant in South Africa during the apartheid era?
a) Behaviorism
b) Psychoanalysis
c) Humanism
d) Racial determinism
Answer: d) Racial determinism
Explanation: During the apartheid era, a perspective of racial determinism was dominant in
South African psychology, which posited that an individual's behavior and abilities were
determined by their race.

7. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in South Africa aimed to:
a) Purge apartheid supporters from the psychological community
b) Address past human rights abuses and promote healing
c) Reinforce racial divisions within the country
d) Promote forgiveness and forgetfulness
 Answer: b) Address past human rights abuses and promote healing
Explanation: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in South Africa was
established to address past human rights abuses, promote healing, and foster reconciliation
among individuals and communities affected by apartheid.

8. Which psychological approach emphasizes the influence of social and cultural factors on
behavior?
a) Cognitive psychology
b) Evolutionary psychology
c) Social constructionism
d) Biological psychology
Answer: c) Social constructionism
Explanation: Social constructionism emphasizes the role of social and cultural factors in
shaping behavior, emphasizing that our understanding of reality is socially constructed and
varies across different contexts.

9. The concept of ubuntu, often discussed in South African psychology, highlights:

a) Individualism and self-interest
b) Collectivism and interconnectedness
c) Racial superiority and hierarchy
d) Western values and norms
Answer: b) Collectivism and interconnectedness
Explanation: The concept of ubuntu, prevalent in South African psychology, emphasizes
collectivism, interconnectedness, and the idea that one's humanity is intertwined with others.

10. Which psychological framework is critical of the Eurocentric bias in psychological

theories and research?
a) Feminist psychology
b) Positive psychology
c) Psychoanalytic psychology
d) Postcolonial psychology
Answer: d) Postcolonial psychology
 Explanation: Postcolonial psychology critically examines the Eurocentric bias in
psychological theories and research and seeks to decenter Western perspectives by including
diverse cultural and historical contexts.

11. Which term refers to the process of acknowledging and challenging one's own biases and
privileges?
a) Cultural assimilation
b) Ethnocentrism
c) Self-reflection
d) Intersectionality
Answer: c) Self-reflection
Explanation: Self-reflection refers to the process of introspection, introspectively
examining one's thoughts, feelings, biases, and privileges. It involves being aware of one's
own cultural, social, and personal perspectives and critically assessing their impact on one's
interactions with others.

12. South African Psychology pre-1994 was influenced by:

a) Anti-apartheid activists
b) Colonialist ideologies
c) Postcolonial theories
d) Human rights movements
Answer: b) Colonialist ideologies
Explanation: South African Psychology pre-1994 was heavily influenced by colonialist
ideologies that supported racial segregation, white supremacy, and the subjugation of non-
white populations.

13. South African Psychology post-1994 aimed to:

a) Reinforce racial hierarchies
b) Promote social justice and equality
c) Maintain apartheid policies
d) Preserve traditional cultural practices
Answer: b) Promote social justice and equality
 Explanation: South African Psychology post-1994 sought to promote social justice and
equality by challenging the legacies of apartheid, addressing systemic injustices, and
advocating for inclusive and transformative practices.

14. Psychology's authorization of racism can be seen in:

a) The exclusion of marginalized voices in research
b) The promotion of multiculturalism and diversity
c) The integration of anti-racist theories and practices
d) The dismantling of racial stereotypes in psychological research
Answer: a) The exclusion of marginalized voices in research
Explanation: Psychology's authorization of racism is evident in instances where
marginalized voices and perspectives are excluded or marginalized in research, perpetuating
biases and reinforcing racist ideologies.

15. South African psychology's problems include:

a) Lack of representation of diverse cultures and identities
b) Overemphasis on individualistic explanations
c) Insufficient attention to the impact of colonialism
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: South African psychology's problems include a lack of representation of
diverse cultures and identities, an overemphasis on individualistic explanations that neglect
systemic factors, and insufficient acknowledgement of the impact of colonialism on
psychological experiences.

16. Which psychological perspective emphasizes the role of power and social structures in
shaping behavior?
a) Behaviorism
b) Humanism
c) Critical psychology
d) Psychoanalysis
Answer: c) Critical psychology
 Explanation: Critical psychology emphasizes the role of power dynamics, social
structures, and cultural contexts in shaping behavior. It critically examines social inequalities
and advocates for transformative approaches to address social injustices.

17. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) aimed to:

a) Promote collective forgetting of past injustices
b) Seek retribution and punishment for apartheid crimes
c) Provide reparations to apartheid victims
d) Facilitate healing and reconciliation
Answer: d) Facilitate healing and reconciliation
Explanation: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) aimed to facilitate healing
and reconciliation by encouraging both victims and perpetrators of apartheid crimes to share
their experiences, acknowledge wrongdoing, and promote forgiveness and understanding.

18. Which psychological approach focuses on the interplay of gender and power in
understanding human behavior?
a) Cognitive psychology
b) Evolutionary psychology
c) Feminist psychology
d) Biological psychology
Answer: c) Feminist psychology
Explanation: Feminist psychology examines the influence of gender and power dynamics
on human behavior. It highlights gender inequalities, challenges traditional gender roles, and
promotes social justice and equality.

19. The concept of ubuntu emphasizes:

a) Individualism and self-interest
b) Competition and achievement
c) Collective responsibility and interconnectedness
d) Western values and norms
Answer: c) Collective responsibility and interconnectedness
 Explanation: The concept of ubuntu emphasizes collective responsibility,
interconnectedness, and the idea that one's well-being is dependent on the well-being of
others. It promotes a sense of community and social harmony.

20. Which psychological framework challenges the universal applicability of Western

psychological theories?
a) Cross-cultural psychology
b) Positive psychology
c) Cognitive psychology
d) Postcolonial psychology
Answer: d) Postcolonial psychology
Explanation: Postcolonial psychology challenges the universal applicability of Western
psychological theories by recognizing and critiquing the cultural biases and Eurocentrism
inherent in many psychological frameworks.21. South African Psychology pre-1994 largely
supported:
a) Racial equality and integration
b) Social justice and human rights
c) Apartheid policies and racial segregation
d) Multiculturalism and diversity
Answer: c) Apartheid policies and racial segregation
Explanation: South African Psychology pre-1994 aligned with apartheid policies and
racial segregation, endorsing the unequal treatment of individuals based on their race and
supporting the oppressive system of apartheid.

22. The establishment of the Psychological Society of South Africa (PsySSA) in 1994 aimed
to:
a) Maintain the dominance of colonialist ideologies
b) Promote diversity and inclusivity in psychology
c) Reinforce racial hierarchies within the profession
d) Advocate for apartheid policies in psychology
Answer: b) Promote diversity and inclusivity in psychology
Explanation: The establishment of PsySSA in 1994 aimed to promote diversity and
inclusivity within the field of psychology, challenging the previous dominance of colonialist
ideologies and advocating for transformative and socially just practices.
23. The concept of "othering" in psychology refers to:
a) Emphasizing the similarities between different cultures
b) Recognizing the shared humanity and interconnectedness of individuals
c) Creating and reinforcing divisions between "us" and "them"
d) Promoting cultural assimilation and erasing diversity
Answer: c) Creating and reinforcing divisions between "us" and "them"
Explanation: "Othering" in psychology involves creating and reinforcing divisions
between different groups, often through the perception of an "us" versus "them" dichotomy.
It can perpetuate stereotypes, discrimination, and marginalization.

24. Which psychological perspective emphasizes the role of historical and social context in
understanding behavior?
a) Psychoanalysis
b) Behaviorism
c) Social constructionism
d) Humanism
Answer: c) Social constructionism
Explanation: Social constructionism emphasizes that behavior is shaped by social and
historical context. It recognizes that our understanding of reality and the meanings we assign
to experiences are socially constructed and vary across different cultures and contexts.

25. What is the primary goal of decolonizing psychology in South Africa?

a) Eradicating psychology as a discipline
b) Replacing Western theories with African ones
c) Challenging and transforming colonialist legacies in psychology
d) Promoting racial hierarchies and segregation
Answer: c) Challenging and transforming colonialist legacies in psychology
Explanation: The primary goal of decolonizing psychology in South Africa is to challenge
and transform the colonialist legacies that have influenced the field, including biases,
Eurocentrism, and marginalization of indigenous knowledge. It seeks to promote a more
inclusive, diverse, and socially just practice of psychology.
 Week 2

1. What is the main focus of the current conversation in South African psychology after
independence?
a) Reinstating colonialist ideologies
b) Promoting cultural assimilation
c) Addressing social injustices and inequalities
d) Reinforcing racial hierarchies

Answer: c) Addressing social injustices and inequalities

Explanation: The current conversation in South African psychology after independence
largely revolves around addressing social injustices and inequalities inherited from the
apartheid era. It emphasizes the need for transformative approaches that promote social
justice, inclusivity, and equality.

2. Postcolonialism in psychology aims to:

a) Reinforce colonialist ideologies
b) Promote Western psychological theories
c) Challenge and deconstruct colonial legacies
d) Establish cultural imperialism

Answer: c) Challenge and deconstruct colonial legacies

Explanation: Postcolonialism in psychology seeks to challenge and deconstruct the colonial
legacies and biases that have shaped psychological theories and practices. It aims to promote
diverse perspectives, decolonize knowledge production, and address power imbalances.

3. Liberation Psychology emphasizes:

a) Maintaining the status quo
b) Individualistic explanations of behavior
c) Empowering marginalized groups
d) Reinforcing oppressive structures
Answer: c) Empowering marginalized groups
Explanation: Liberation Psychology emphasizes empowering marginalized groups and
working towards social justice. It seeks to address oppressive structures, promote collective
action, and empower individuals and communities to challenge inequality and injustice.

4. Cultural Psychology focuses on:

a) The influence of culture on behavior and mental processes
b) The study of individual differences
c) Biological determinants of behavior
d) The impact of colonialism on psychological development

Answer: a) The influence of culture on behavior and mental processes

Explanation: Cultural Psychology focuses on how culture shapes and influences behavior,
cognition, and mental processes. It examines the role of cultural norms, values, and practices
in shaping individuals' psychological experiences and perspectives.

5. What is the primary goal of postcolonial psychology?

a) Reestablishing colonial power structures
b) Promoting cultural assimilation
c) Challenging and dismantling colonial ideologies
d) Reinforcing racial hierarchies

Answer: c) Challenging and dismantling colonial ideologies

Explanation: The primary goal of postcolonial psychology is to challenge and dismantle
colonial ideologies that have influenced psychological theories and practices. It aims to
decolonize knowledge production, recognize diverse perspectives, and promote social justice
and equality.

6. Which approach within liberation psychology emphasizes the importance of collective

action and social change?
a) Individualistic liberation
b) Community-based liberation
c) Radical liberation
 d) Cognitive liberation

Answer: b) Community-based liberation

Explanation: Community-based liberation within liberation psychology emphasizes the
importance of collective action and social change. It recognizes the power of communities
coming together to challenge oppressive structures and work towards liberation and justice.

7. Cultural psychology acknowledges that:

a) Culture has no impact on psychological processes
b) Culture is the sole determinant of behavior
c) Cultural influences interact with individual and social factors
d) Cultural practices are universal across all societies

Answer: c) Cultural influences interact with individual and social factors

Explanation: Cultural psychology acknowledges that cultural influences interact with
individual and social factors to shape behavior and psychological processes. It recognizes the
complex interplay between culture and other contextual factors in understanding human
behavior.

8. How does cultural psychology contribute to our understanding of behavior?

a) By emphasizing genetic factors
b) By focusing solely on individual differences
c) By exploring the influence of cultural context
d) By disregarding the impact of culture on behavior

Answer: c) By exploring the influence of cultural context

Explanation: Cultural psychology contributes to our understanding of behavior by exploring
the influence of cultural context on individuals. It recognizes that behavior cannot be fully
understood without considering the cultural norms, values, and practices that shape it.

9. What does the term "epistemic violence" refer to in the context of postcolonial
psychology?
a) The use of physical force in knowledge production
 b) The perpetuation of colonial knowledge systems
c) The rejection of Western psychological theories
d) The promotion of cultural assimilation

Answer: b) The perpetuation of colonial knowledge systems

Explanation: In the context of postcolonial psychology, "epistemic violence" refers to the
perpetuation of colonial knowledge systems, where the dominant Western perspectives are
privileged over diverse cultural perspectives. It highlights the marginalization and
devaluation of indigenous knowledge and ways of knowing.

10. What is the central aim of liberation psychology?

a) To maintain social inequalities and power imbalances
b) To promote individualistic approachesto psychological well-being
c) To challenge and transform oppressive social structures
d) To reinforce traditional cultural practices

Answer: c) To challenge and transform oppressive social structures

Explanation: The central aim of liberation psychology is to challenge and transform
oppressive social structures that perpetuate inequality, injustice, and marginalization. It seeks
to empower individuals and communities to actively work towards social change and create
a more just and equitable society.

11. Which of the following is a key focus of the current conversation in South African
psychology after independence?
a) Reinforcing colonial power dynamics
b) Ignoring the impact of apartheid on mental health
c) Addressing the mental health needs of diverse populations
d) Promoting cultural assimilation

Answer: c) Addressing the mental health needs of diverse populations

Explanation: The current conversation in South African psychology after independence
places a strong emphasis on addressing the mental health needs of diverse populations,
particularly those who have been historically marginalized and disadvantaged by apartheid.
It recognizes the importance of culturally sensitive and contextually appropriate approaches
to mental health care.

12. How does postcolonial psychology challenge traditional psychological theories?

a) By ignoring the impact of colonialism on mental health
b) By prioritizing Western perspectives over indigenous knowledge
c) By deconstructing biases and power imbalances in psychological theories
d) By reinforcing colonial ideologies in psychological research

Answer: c) By deconstructing biases and power imbalances in psychological theories

Explanation: Postcolonial psychology challenges traditional psychological theories by
deconstructing biases and power imbalances inherent in these theories. It seeks to recognize
and dismantle the colonial influences that have shaped psychological knowledge, and it
promotes more inclusive and culturally sensitive approaches to understanding human
behavior.

13. Liberation psychology is primarily concerned with:

a) Advancing individualistic goals and aspirations
b) Maintaining the existing social order
c) Empowering marginalized groups and promoting social justice
d) Reinforcing traditional cultural norms

Answer: c) Empowering marginalized groups and promoting social justice

Explanation: Liberation psychology is primarily concerned with empowering marginalized
groups and promoting social justice. It seeks to challenge and transform oppressive
structures, address inequality, and promote the well-being and agency of marginalized
individuals and communities.

14. Cultural psychology recognizes that:

a) Cultural practices are universally applicable to all individuals
b) Culture has no impact on psychological processes
c) Culture shapes and influences behavior and cognition
d) Cultural influences are irrelevant in understanding human behavior
Answer: c) Culture shapes and influences behavior and cognition
Explanation: Cultural psychology recognizes that culture shapes and influences behavior and
cognition. It acknowledges that individuals' thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are influenced
by their cultural background, including norms, values, beliefs, and practices.

15. What is the main focus of the current conversation in South African psychology after
independence?
a) Reinstating colonialist ideologies
b) Promoting cultural assimilation
c) Addressing social injustices and inequalities
d) Reinforcing racial hierarchies

Answer: c) Addressing social injustices and inequalities

Explanation: The current conversation in South African psychology after independence
largely revolves around addressing social injustices and inequalities inherited from the
apartheid era. It emphasizes the need for transformative approaches that promote social
justice, inclusivity, and equality.

16. Postcolonialism in psychology aims to:

a) Reinforce colonialist ideologies
b) Promote Western psychological theories
c) Challenge and deconstruct colonial legacies
d) Establish cultural imperialism

Answer: c) Challenge and deconstruct colonial legacies

Explanation: Postcolonialism in psychology seeks to challenge and deconstruct the colonial
legacies and biases that have shaped psychological theories and practices. It aims to promote
diverse perspectives, decolonize knowledge production, and address power imbalances.

17. Liberation Psychology emphasizes:

a) Maintaining the status quo
b) Individualistic explanations of behavior
 c) Empowering marginalized groups
d) Reinforcing oppressive structures

Answer: c) Empowering marginalized groups

Explanation: Liberation Psychology emphasizes empowering marginalized groups and
working towards social justice. It seeks to address oppressive structures, promote collective
action, and empower individuals and communities to challenge inequality and injustice.

18. Cultural Psychology focuses on:

a) The influence of culture on behavior and mental processes
b) The study of individual differences
c) Biological determinants of behavior
d) The impact of colonialism on psychological development

Answer: a) The influence of culture on behavior and mental processes

Explanation: Cultural Psychology focuses on how culture shapes and influences behavior,
cognition, and mental processes. It examines the role of cultural norms, values, and practices
in shaping individuals' psychological experiences and perspectives.

20. In the context of South African psychology after independence, why is addressing social
injustices and inequalities important?
a) To reinforce the existing power structures
b) To maintain cultural assimilation
c) To promote social cohesion and equality
d) To perpetuate racial hierarchies

Answer: c) To promote social cohesion and equality

Explanation: Addressing social injustices and inequalities in South African psychology after
independence is important to promote social cohesion and equality. It seeks to rectify the
historical legacies of apartheid, redress systemic inequalities, and create a society that values
and respects the rights and dignity of all individuals.

21. How does postcolonial psychology challenge the dominant narratives in psychology?
 a) By embracing and reinforcing colonial ideologies
b) By ignoring the impact of colonialism on psychological theories
c) By deconstructing the biases and power imbalances in psychological knowledge
d) By promoting Western perspectives exclusively

Answer: c) By deconstructing the biases and power imbalances in psychological knowledge

Explanation: Postcolonial psychology challenges the dominant narratives in psychology by
deconstructing the biases and power imbalances that exist within psychological knowledge.
It critiques the Western-centric perspectives and seeks to include and value diverse cultural
perspectives in the understanding of psychological phenomena.

22. Which of the following is a fundamental principle of liberation psychology?

a) Reinforcing traditional power structures
b) Focusing solely on individual well-being
c) Empowering marginalized groups and promoting social change
d) Ignoring cultural diversity and context

Answer: c) Empowering marginalized groups and promoting social change

Explanation: Empowering marginalized groups and promoting social change is a
fundamental principle of liberation psychology. It aims to challenge and transform
oppressive structures, advocate for social justice, and empower individuals and communities
to actively participate in creating a more equitable society.

23. How does cultural psychology contribute to our understanding of human development?
a) By emphasizing genetic factors exclusively
b) By disregarding the impact of culture on development
c) By recognizing the role of culture in shaping development
d) By promoting cultural assimilation

Answer: c) By recognizing the role of culture in shaping development

Explanation: Cultural psychology contributes to our understanding of human development
by recognizing the role of culture in shaping it. It acknowledges that cultural norms, values,
and practices influence individuals' cognitive, emotional, and social development and
highlights the importance of considering cultural contexts in studying human development.

24. What is the significance of the current conversation in South African psychology after
independence for the field of psychology as a whole?
a) It has no impact beyond South Africa
b) It highlights the importance of cultural diversity in psychological research
c) It reinforces the dominance of Western psychological theories
d) It excludes indigenous knowledge from psychological discourse

Answer: b) It highlights the importance of cultural diversity in psychological research

Explanation: The current conversation in South African psychology after independence holds
significance for the field of psychology as a whole by highlighting the importance of cultural
diversity in psychological research. It calls for the inclusion of diverse perspectives,
decolonization of knowledge, and the recognition of the contextual factors that shape
psychological phenomena.

25. How does postcolonial psychology contribute to the decolonization of knowledge?

a) By promoting cultural assimilation in psychological research
b) By reinforcing colonial ideologies and practices
c) By challenging and deconstructing colonial biases in knowledge production
d) By disregarding the importance of cultural diversity in research

Answer: c) By challenging and deconstructing colonial biases in knowledge production

Explanation: Postcolonial psychology contributes to the decolonization of knowledge by
challenging and deconstructing colonial biases in knowledge production. It seeks to
recognize and rectify the historical injustices, promote diverse perspectives, and foster a
more inclusive and equitable approach to psychological research and practice.
 Week 3
1. What is psychoanalysis?
a) A form of hypnosis used to treat psychological disorders
b) A therapeutic approach that explores the unconscious mind
c) A theory that emphasizes the role of genetics in human behavior
d) A research method used to study cognitive processes

Answer: b) A therapeutic approach that explores the unconscious mind

Explanation: Psychoanalysis is a therapeutic approach developed by Sigmund Freud that
focuses on exploring the unconscious mind to understand and treat psychological disorders.
It involves techniques such as free association, dream analysis, and interpretation of
unconscious conflicts.

2. Who is considered the founder of psychoanalysis?

a) Carl Rogers
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Sigmund Freud
d) Abraham Maslow

Answer: c) Sigmund Freud

Explanation: Sigmund Freud is widely regarded as the founder of psychoanalysis. He
developed the theory and therapeutic approach of psychoanalysis, which has had a
significant influence on the field of psychology.

3. What are the three components of Freud's structural model of the human mind?
a) Id, ego, and superego
b) Conscious, unconscious, and preconscious
c) Self, other, and society
d) Behavior, cognition, and emotion

Answer: a) Id, ego, and superego

Explanation: Freud's structural model of the human mind consists of three components: the
id, which operates on the pleasure principle; the ego, which mediates between the id and the
external world; and the superego, which represents internalized moral standards.

4. Which component of the mind operates on the reality principle?

a) Id
b) Ego
c) Superego
d) Preconscious

Answer: b) Ego
Explanation: The ego operates on the reality principle and seeks to find realistic and socially
acceptable ways of satisfying the id's desires. It balances the conflicting demands of the id
and the superego.

5. Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's own unacceptable impulses to

others?
a) Repression
b) Projection
c) Regression
d) Rationalization

Answer: b) Projection
Explanation: Projection is a defense mechanism in which individuals attribute their own
unacceptable impulses, thoughts, or feelings to others. It helps individuals avoid
acknowledging and dealing with their own undesirable qualities.

6. What is the purpose of defense mechanisms?

a) To protect the unconscious mind from conscious awareness
b) To suppress all emotional experiences
c) To reinforce maladaptive behaviors
d) To promote cognitive restructuring
Answer: a) To protect the unconscious mind from conscious awareness
Explanation: Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies that operate unconsciously
and help individuals cope with anxiety or protect their conscious mind from distressing
thoughts and feelings.

7. Which of the following is NOT one of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

a) Oral
b) Anal
c) Phallic
d) Cognitive

Answer: d) Cognitive
Explanation: Freud's psychosexual stages of development include the oral, anal, phallic,
latent, and genital stages. These stages represent different erogenous zones and highlight the
importance of early childhood experiences in shaping personality.

8. According to Freud, which psychosexual stage occurs during infancy?

a) Oral
b) Anal
c) Phallic
d) Genital

Answer: a) Oral
Explanation: The oral stage is the first psychosexual stage according to Freud's theory. It
occurs during infancy (approximately 0-18 months) and is focused on the mouth as the
primary erogenous zone. This stage involves issues related to dependency and oral
gratification.

9. What is the primary focus of the anal stage?

a) Exploration of the genitals
b) Development of gender identity
 c) Development of language skills
d) Control of bowel movements

Answer: d) Control of bowel movements

Explanation: The anal stage, occurring during the ages of approximately 18 months to 3
years, is characterized by the focus on controlling bowel movements and the pleasure
associated with defecation. It is associated with issues of toilet training and the development
of self-control.

10. Which defense mechanism involves reverting to an earlier stage of development?

a) Repression
b) Regression
c) Displacement
d) Sublimation

Answer: b) Regression
Explanation: Regression is a defense mechanism in which individuals revert to earlier, more
childlike behaviors and ways of dealing with stress. It is a way to seek comfort and security
during times of anxiety or distress.

11. According to Freud, which psychosexual stage occurs during the ages of approximately 3
to 6 years?
a) Oral
b) Anal
c) Phallic
d) Latent

Answer: c) Phallic
Explanation: The phallic stage occurs during the ages of approximately 3 to 6 years in
Freud's psychosexual theory. It is characterized by the child's curiosity about the differences
between male and female anatomy and the development of the Oedipus complex or Electra
complex.
12. What is the Oedipus complex?
a) A defense mechanism involving denial of reality
b) An unconscious fear of castration
c) A stage of psychosexual development associated with anal fixation
d) A child's sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent

Answer: d) A child's sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent

Explanation: The Oedipus complex is a psychoanalytic concept proposed by Freud. It refers
to a child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent and feelings of rivalry or
jealousy toward the same-sex parent. It is considered a normal part of psychosexual
development.

13. Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's own unacceptable impulses to
others?
a) Repression
b) Displacement
c) Projection
d) Rationalization

Answer: c) Projection
Explanation: Projection is a defense mechanism in which individuals attribute their own
unacceptable impulses, thoughts, or feelings to others. It helps individuals avoid
acknowledging and dealing with their own undesirable qualities.

14. What is the primary goal of psychoanalysis as a therapeutic approach?

a) To eliminate all unconscious conflicts completely
b) To focus on changing conscious thoughts and behaviors
c) To provide medication for psychological disorders
d) To bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness

Answer: d) To bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness

Explanation: The primary goal of psychoanalysis is to bring unconscious conflicts and
repressed memories into conscious awareness. By doing so, individuals gain insight into
their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, facilitating personal growth and resolution of
psychological difficulties.

15. Which defense mechanism involves channeling unacceptable impulses into socially
acceptable activities?
a) Sublimation
b) Denial
c) Repression
d) Rationalization

Answer: a) Sublimation
Explanation: Sublimation is a defense mechanism in which individuals channel their
unacceptable impulses or drives into socially acceptable activities or pursuits. It allows for
the expression and satisfaction of desires in a socially appropriate manner.

16. What is the purpose of psychoanalysis in terms of personality development?

a) To reinforce existing personality traits
b) To eliminate all unconscious conflicts
c) To promote conformity to societal norms
d) To uncover and resolve unconscious conflicts

Answer: d) To uncover and resolve unconscious conflicts

Explanation: Psychoanalysis aims to uncover and resolve unconscious conflicts that
contribute to the development of psychological symptoms or distress. By addressing these
conflicts, individuals can achieve greater self-understanding and make positive changes in
their lives.
17. Which of the following is an example of a defense mechanism?
a) Learning through observation
b) Problem-solving through logical reasoning
c) Coping with stress through humor
d) Expressing emotions openly and honestly
Answer: c) Coping with stress through humor
Explanation: Coping with stress through humor is an example of a defense mechanism. It
involves using humor as a way to reduce anxiety, cope with difficult situations, and protect
oneself from distressing emotions.

18. What is the role of the unconscious mind in psychoanalysis?

a) It has no impact on conscious thoughts and behaviors.
b) It stores all repressed memories and desires.
c) It regulates instinctual drives and impulses.
d) It controls rational decision-making processes.

Answer: b) It stores all repressed memories and desires.

Explanation: In psychoanalysis, the unconscious mind is believed to store repressed
memories, desires, and unresolved conflicts that influence conscious thoughts and behaviors.
It is the focus of exploration and interpretation in therapy.

19. Which psychosexual stage occurs during adolescence?

a) Oral
b) Anal
c) Phallic
d) Genital

Answer: d) Genital
Explanation: The genital stage is the final psychosexual stage according to Freud's theory. It
occurs during adolescence and beyond, where the focus shifts to mature sexual relationships
and the development of intimate connections with others.

20. What is the purpose of psychoanalysis in terms of psychological disorders?

a) To eliminate symptoms completely
b) To provide medication for symptom relief
c) To gain insight into underlying causes and conflicts
 d) To prescribe specific behavioral interventions

Answer: c) To gain insight into underlying causes and conflicts

Explanation: Psychoanalysis aims to gain insight into the underlying causes

21. What is the purpose of psychoanalysis in terms of psychological disorders?

a) To eliminate symptoms completely
b) To provide medication for symptom relief
c) To gain insight into underlying causes and conflicts
d) To prescribe specific behavioral interventions

Answer: c) To gain insight into underlying causes and conflicts

Explanation: Psychoanalysis seeks to help individuals with psychological disorders by
exploring and gaining insight into the underlying causes and conflicts that contribute to their
symptoms. By understanding the unconscious dynamics at play, individuals can develop a
deeper awareness of their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, and work towards resolving
these conflicts.

22. What is the role of transference in psychoanalysis?

a) The transfer of unconscious desires onto the therapist
b) The transfer of conscious thoughts onto the therapist
c) The transfer of defense mechanisms onto the therapist
d) The transfer of medication effects onto the therapist

Answer: a) The transfer of unconscious desires onto the therapist

Explanation: Transference refers to the unconscious transfer of feelings, desires, and
attitudes from significant past relationships onto the therapist in the therapeutic setting. It
provides valuable material for exploration and interpretation, allowing the therapist and
patient to gain insight into unresolved conflicts and relationship patterns.
23. How does Freud describe the development of the superego?
a) It is innate and present at birth.
b) It develops through social interactions and moral teachings.
 c) It is shaped by unconscious conflicts during early childhood.
d) It emerges during adolescence as a result of hormonal changes.

Answer: b) It develops through social interactions and moral teachings.

Explanation: According to Freud, the superego develops through social interactions and
moral teachings during childhood. It represents internalized societal values, moral standards,
and the conscience. The superego incorporates parental and cultural influences and
influences individuals' behavior and decision-making processes.

24. Which defense mechanism involves disguising one's true motives or feelings through the
use of seemingly logical explanations?
a) Repression
b) Rationalization
c) Denial
d) Sublimation

Answer: b) Rationalization
Explanation: Rationalization is a defense mechanism in which individuals provide seemingly
logical or rational explanations to justify or disguise their true motives, behaviors, or
feelings. It helps individuals maintain self-esteem and reduce discomfort associated with
conflicting thoughts or actions.

25. How did Freud view dreams in the context of psychoanalysis?

a) As random and meaningless brain activity
b) As a reflection of current conscious thoughts and desires
c) As a symbolic representation of unconscious wishes and conflicts
d) As a form of self-hypnosis that promotes relaxation

Answer: c) As a symbolic representation of unconscious wishes and conflicts

Explanation: Freud believed that dreams were a key avenue for accessing the unconscious
mind. He viewed dreams as a symbolic representation of unconscious wishes, desires, and
conflicts. Through dream analysis, Freud believed that individuals could gain insight into
their unconscious processes and unresolved issues.
 Week 4
1. Which psychologist is known for pioneering behaviorism and conducting the "Little
Albert" experiment?
a) John B. Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Ivan Pavlov
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: a) John B. Watson
Explanation: John B. Watson conducted the "Little Albert" experiment, where he
conditioned a young boy to fear a white rat by pairing it with a loud noise.

2. Who developed the concept of operant conditioning and the Skinner box?
a) John B. Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Ivan Pavlov
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: b) B.F. Skinner
Explanation: B.F. Skinner developed the concept of operant conditioning, which focuses
on how behavior is shaped by its consequences. He also designed the Skinner box, a
controlled environment for studying behavior.

3. Which psychologist is famous for classical conditioning experiments involving dogs and
salivation?
a) John B. Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Ivan Pavlov
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: c) Ivan Pavlov
Explanation: Ivan Pavlov conducted classical conditioning experiments, where he
conditioned dogs to associate the sound of a bell with the presentation of food, leading to
salivation at the sound of the bell alone.
4. Who is known for the social learning theory and the Bobo doll experiment?
a) John B. Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Ivan Pavlov
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: d) Albert Bandura
Explanation: Albert Bandura developed the social learning theory, emphasizing the role of
observation and imitation in learning. The Bobo doll experiment showed how children
imitated aggressive behavior they had observed.

5. Which psychologist believed that all behavior is learned through conditioning and that free
will is an illusion?
a) John B. Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Ivan Pavlov
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: b) B.F. Skinner
Explanation: B.F. Skinner was a proponent of behaviorism and believed that all behavior,
including human behavior, is shaped through conditioning processes, and free will is not a
significant factor.

6. Who conducted the famous "Little Albert" experiment?

a) John B. Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Ivan Pavlov
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: a) John B. Watson
Explanation: John B. Watson conducted the "Little Albert" experiment, where he
conditioned a young boy to fear a white rat by pairing it with a loud noise.

7. Which psychologist introduced the concept of operant conditioning?

a) John B. Watson
 b) B.F. Skinner
c) Ivan Pavlov
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: b) B.F. Skinner
Explanation: B.F. Skinner introduced the concept of operant conditioning, which focuses
on how behavior is shaped by its consequences.

8. In classical conditioning, what is the process by which a conditioned response weakens

when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus?
a) Acquisition
b) Generalization
c) Extinction
d) Discrimination
Answer: c) Extinction
Explanation: Extinction refers to the weakening and eventual disappearance of a
conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the
unconditioned stimulus.

9. Who is known for classical conditioning experiments involving dogs and salivation?
a) John B. Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Ivan Pavlov
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: c) Ivan Pavlov
Explanation: Ivan Pavlov conducted classical conditioning experiments, where he
conditioned dogs to associate the sound of a bell with the presentation of food, leading to
salivation at the sound of the bell alone.

10. Who proposed the social learning theory, emphasizing the role of observation and
imitation in learning?
a) John B. Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
 c) Ivan Pavlov
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: d) Albert Bandura
Explanation: Albert Bandura proposed the social learning theory, which highlights the
importance of observational learning and imitation in acquiring new behaviors.

11. Who believed that behavior is learned through conditioning processes and that free will
is an illusion?
a) John B. Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Ivan Pavlov
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: b) B.F. Skinner
Explanation: B.F. Skinner believed that all behavior, including human behavior, is shaped
through conditioning processes, and he argued that free will is not a significant factor in
behavior.

12. Who conducted the Bobo doll experiment?

a) John B. Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Ivan Pavlov
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: d) Albert Bandura
Explanation: Albert Bandura conducted the Bobo doll experiment, which demonstrated
how children imitate aggressive behavior they have observed.

13. Who is associated with the concept of "vicarious reinforcement"?

a) John B. Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Ivan Pavlov
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: d) Albert Bandura
 Explanation: Albert Bandura introduced the concept of "vicarious reinforcement," which
suggests that individuals can learn from observing the consequences of others' behavior.

14. Who developed the idea of "classical conditioning"?

a) John B. Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Ivan Pavlov
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: c) Ivan Pavlov
Explanation: Ivan Pavlov is credited with developing the concept of classical conditioning
through his experiments with dogs and salivation.

15. Which type of conditioning involves the association between a neutral stimulus and an
unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response?
a) Operant conditioning
b) Classical conditioning
c) Observational conditioning
d) Reinforcement conditioning
Answer: b) Classical conditioning
Explanation: Classical conditioning involves the process of associating a neutral stimulus
with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

16. Who proposed the concept of "operant conditioning"?

a) John B. Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Ivan Pavlov
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: b) B.F. Skinner
Explanation: B.F. Skinner introduced the concept of operant conditioning, which focuses
on how behavior is influenced by its consequences.
17. What is the reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced after a specific
number of responses?
a) Fixed-ratio schedule
b) Fixed-interval schedule
c) Variable-ratio schedule
d) Variable-interval schedule
18. Who conducted the "Little Albert" experiment, where a young boy was conditioned to
fear a white rat?
a) John B. Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Ivan Pavlov
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: a) John B. Watson
Explanation: John B. Watson conducted the "Little Albert" experiment, where he
conditioned a young boy to fear a white rat by pairing it with a loud noise. This experiment
demonstrated the principles of classical conditioning.

19. What is the process by which a conditioned response reappears after a period of time has
elapsed without any exposure to the conditioned stimulus?
a) Acquisition
b) Generalization
c) Spontaneous recovery
d) Discrimination
Answer: c) Spontaneous recovery
Explanation: Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of a conditioned response
after a period of rest or time has passed without any further conditioning. It can occur after
extinction has taken place.

20. Who proposed the concept of "social learning theory" and emphasized the role of
observational learning?
a) John B. Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Ivan Pavlov
 d) Albert Bandura
Answer: d) Albert Bandura
Explanation: Albert Bandura proposed the social learning theory, which suggests that
individuals learn by observing and imitating the behavior of others. This theory emphasizes
the importance of modeling and social reinforcement in the learning process.

21. Which psychologist introduced the concept of "operant conditioning," where behavior is
influenced by its consequences?
a) John B. Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Ivan Pavlov
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: b) B.F. Skinner
Explanation: B.F. Skinner is known for his work on operant conditioning, which focuses
on how behavior is shaped by its consequences. He introduced the concept of reinforcement
and punishment as key factors in modifying behavior.

22. Who conducted experiments with dogs to study classical conditioning, specifically the
association between a bell and salivation?
a) John B. Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Ivan Pavlov
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: c) Ivan Pavlov
Explanation: Ivan Pavlov conducted experiments with dogs to study classical
conditioning. He observed that dogs could be conditioned to associate a neutral stimulus
(such as a bell) with a significant stimulus (such as food), leading to a conditioned response
(salivation) to the neutral stimulus alone.

23. Who conducted the Bobo doll experiment, demonstrating the influence of observational
learning on behavior?
a) John B. Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
 c) Ivan Pavlov
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: d) Albert Bandura
Explanation: Albert Bandura conducted the Bobo doll experiment, where children
observed aggressive behavior toward a doll and later imitated that behavior. This study
highlighted the role of observational learning and social modeling in shaping behavior.

24. Which psychologist proposed that behavior is learned through conditioning processes,
and free will is not a significant factor?
a) John B. Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Ivan Pavlov
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: b) B.F. Skinner
Explanation: B.F. Skinner was a prominent behaviorist who believed that behavior is
primarily shaped through conditioning processes, such as reinforcement and punishment. He
argued that free will plays a minimal role in behavior and that it is largely determined by
external factors.

25. Who introduced the concept of "vicarious reinforcement," suggesting that individuals can
learn from observing the consequences of others' behavior?
a) John B. Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Ivan Pavlov
d) Albert Bandura
Answer: d) Albert Bandura
Explanation: Albert Bandura proposed the concept of vicarious reinforcement, which
suggests that individuals can learn by observing the consequences of others' behavior. This
type of learning occurs through modeling and imitation.
 Week 5

1. What is the main focus of Humanistic psychology?

a) Studying unconscious desires and conflicts
b) Examining observable behavior and its consequences
c) Understanding individual growth, potential, and self-actualization
d) Investigating the influence of genetics on behavior

Answer: c) Understanding individual growth, potential, and self-actualization

Explanation: Humanistic psychology emphasizes the study of human experiences, self-
awareness, personal growth, and the pursuit of one's full potential. It emphasizes the
importance of subjective experiences and the role of free will in shaping behavior.

2. Who is considered the founder of Humanistic psychology?

a) Sigmund Freud
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Abraham Maslow
d) Ivan Pavlov

Answer: c) Abraham Maslow

Explanation: Abraham Maslow is widely regarded as the founder of Humanistic psychology.
He developed the theory of self-actualization and the hierarchy of needs, which emphasize
the importance of human growth, motivation, and fulfillment.

3. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be met first
before higher-level needs can be pursued?
a) Esteem needs
b) Self-actualization needs
c) Safety needs
d) Belongingness needs

Answer: c) Safety needs

Explanation: Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that lower-level needs, such as
physiological and safety needs, must be satisfied before higher-level needs, such as
belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization, can be pursued. Safety needs include physical
security, stability, and protection from harm.

4. Which theorist is associated with the concept of self-actualization?

a) Carl Rogers
b) Sigmund Freud
c) B.F. Skinner
d) Ivan Pavlov

Answer: a) Carl Rogers

Explanation: Carl Rogers is associated with the concept of self-actualization. He believed
that individuals have an inherent drive to achieve their full potential and become the best
version of themselves. Self-actualization involves personal growth, authenticity, and
congruence between one's self-concept and experiences.

5. According to Carl Rogers, what is the key element for psychological growth and well-
being?
a) Conditional positive regard
b) Unconscious desires
c) Authenticity and congruence
d) Reinforcement and punishment

Answer: c) Authenticity and congruence

Explanation: Carl Rogers emphasized that psychological growth and well-being are
facilitated by authenticity and congruence. Authenticity involves being genuine, open, and
honest with oneself and others. Congruence refers to consistency between one's self-concept
and actual experiences.

6. What is self-concept?
a) The unconscious part of the mind
b) A person's genetic makeup
 c) The individual's perception and beliefs about themselves
d) The inherited traits passed down from parents

Answer: c) The individual's perception and beliefs about themselves

Explanation: Self-concept refers to an individual's perception, beliefs, and ideas about
themselves. It includes aspects such as self-esteem, self-image, and self-perception. Self-
concept is influenced by various factors, including experiences, interactions, and social
comparisons.

7. Which type of regard refers to receiving love, acceptance, and approval only when
meeting certain conditions or expectations?
a) Unconditional positive regard
b) Positive self-regard
c) Conditioned regard
d) Conditional positive regard

Answer: d) Conditional positive regard

Explanation: Conditional positive regard refers to receiving love, acceptance, and approval
from others only when meeting certain conditions or expectations. It can lead to the
development of incongruence and a discrepancy between one's true self and the self that is
accepted by others.

8. According to Humanistic psychology, what is the primary motive for human behavior?
a) Unconscious desires and conflicts
b) Biological instincts and drives
c) The pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain
d) The need for personal growth and fulfillment

Answer: d) The need for personal growth and fulfillment

Explanation: Humanistic psychology suggests that the primary motive for human behavior is
the pursuit of personal growth, self-actualization, and the fulfillment of one's potential. It
emphasizes the importance of subjective experiences, free will, and self-determination.
9. What is the term used to describe the unconditional acceptance and support given to an
individual without any judgment or conditions?
a) Unconditional positive regard
b) Empathy
c) Congruence
d) Self-actualization

Answer:a) Unconditional positive regard

Explanation: Unconditional positive regard refers to the nonjudgmental acceptance and
support given to an individual regardless of their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. It is a key
concept in Carl Rogers' person-centered therapy, where the therapist provides a safe and
accepting environment for the client to explore their experiences without fear of judgment or
rejection.

10. According to Humanistic psychology, what is the term used to describe the process of
fully experiencing and savoring the present moment?
a) Self-actualization
b) Congruence
c) Mindfulness
d) Unconditional positive regard

Answer: c) Mindfulness
Explanation: Mindfulness is the term used to describe the process of being fully present and
engaged in the current moment, without judgment or attachment to thoughts or emotions. It
is often associated with practices such as meditation and is considered beneficial for personal
growth, stress reduction, and overall well-being.

11. What is the primary difference between Humanistic psychology and psychoanalysis?
a) The emphasis on unconscious desires and conflicts
b) The focus on observable behavior and its consequences
c) The belief in free will and personal agency
d) The reliance on medication for symptom relief
Answer: c) The belief in free will and personal agency
Explanation: The primary difference between Humanistic psychology and psychoanalysis is
the belief in free will and personal agency. Humanistic psychology emphasizes the
individual's capacity for self-determination, personal growth, and the pursuit of their own
potential, while psychoanalysis focuses on unconscious drives and conflicts.

12. Which of the following is NOT one of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

a) Esteem needs
b) Safety needs
c) Cognitive needs
d) Physiological needs

Answer: c) Cognitive needs

Explanation: Maslow's hierarchy of needs includes physiological needs (e.g., food, water,
shelter), safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization
needs. Cognitive needs are not explicitly included in Maslow's hierarchy, although they may
be considered as part of the higher-level self-actualization needs.

13. What is the concept of "positive regard" in Carl Rogers' theory?

a) The unconditional acceptance and support provided by others
b) The praise and approval given based on meeting certain conditions
c) The ability to perceive oneself accurately and without distortion
d) The belief that individuals are inherently good and capable of growth

Answer: b) The praise and approval given based on meeting certain conditions
Explanation: "Positive regard" in Carl Rogers' theory refers to the praise, approval, and
acceptance given to individuals based on meeting certain conditions or expectations. It is
distinct from "unconditional positive regard," which involves accepting and valuing
individuals without any conditions or judgment.

14. Which term describes the process of reorganizing one's self-concept to accommodate
new experiences or information?
a) Self-actualization
 b) Congruence
c) Assimilation
d) Accommodation

Answer: d) Accommodation
Explanation: Accommodation, in the context of self-concept, refers to the process of
reorganizing one's beliefs, self-perception, or understanding of oneself to incorporate new
experiences or information. It involves adjusting or expanding one's self-concept to align
with new realities or perspectives.

15. According to Carl Rogers, what is the primary goal of therapy?

a) Uncovering unconscious desires and conflicts
b) Modifying maladaptive behaviors through conditioning
c) Facilitating personal growth and self-actualization
d) Resolving childhood traumas and conflicts

Answer: c) Facilitating personal growth and self-actualization

Explanation: According to Carl Rogers, the primary goal of therapy is to facilitate personal
growth and self-actualization. The therapist aims to provide a supportive, empathetic, and
accepting environment that allows clients to explore their experiences, gain insight, and
develop a greater sense of self-awareness and personal growth.

16. Which of the following is NOT a component of Carl Rogers' therapeutic approach?
a) Unconditional positive regard
b) Empathy
c) Classical conditioning
d) Congruence

Answer: c) Classical conditioning

Explanation: Classical conditioning is not a component of Carl Rogers' therapeutic approach.
Rogers' approach, known as person-centered therapy, emphasizes the importance of
empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence in creating a safe and supportive
therapeutic relationship.
17. What is the term used to describe the process of striving to become the best version of
oneself and reaching one's fullest potential?
a) Self-concept
b) Self-esteem
c) Self-actualization
d) Self-image

Answer: c) Self-actualization
Explanation: Self-actualization refers to the process of striving to become the best version of
oneself and reaching one's fullest potential. It involves