01-CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS & PERIODIC TABLE

JEE MAINS - VOL - II CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS & PERIODIC TABLE
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
 But in some triad all the three elements pos
SYNOPSIS sessed nearly equal atomic masses, hence the
law was rejected ,
Fundamentals
 At present around 114 elements are known. Eg: Fe,Co,Ni ; Os,Ir,Pt etc
 Out of these, recently discovered elements are According to him the properties of elements
not natural but synthetic., have some relationship with their atomic masses.
 The basic object of classification is to arrange De - Chancourtois Classification
the facts regarding elements and their
(Tulluric Helix)
compounds in such away so that we may have
greater control over their characteristics with  In 1862 De-Chancourtois arranged the known
lesser possible efforts. The best classification elements in order of increasing atomic weights
would be the one which puts together those and made cylindrical table of elements to dis
elements which resemble in most respects and play the periodic
separates other. recurrence of properties.
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 Elements coming after 92 atomic number are Newland Octaves

known as “Trans Uranic Elements” or
 Newland in 1865 presented the law of
“SyntheticElements” and they are “Radioactive”.
Octaves “If the known elements are
Dobereiner Law of Tri Ads
 Doberenier between 1815-1829 gave his law arranged in the increasing order of their atomic
of triads .A triad is a certain group of 3 ele weights ,then the 8th element had properties
ments with similar properties. similar to those of first element” .
According to him in the triads the atomic weight Eg : Li Be B C N
of the middle element was approximately the O F
arithmetic mean of the other two. Na Mg AI Si P
Also the properties of the middle element were S Cl
in between those of other two members. K Ca
Ex -1 : Element Li Na K
Note: This law is true only for the elements up
Atomic wt. 7 23 39
to calcium.
7  39
Mean of atomic masses =  23 Lother Meyer
2
 Lother Mayer (Germany) and Mendeleef
Ex-2 : Element CI Br
(Russia) quite independently evovled identically
I
and showed the connection between the
Atomic wt. 35.5 80 127
periodicity of properties and atomic masses of
35.5  127 elements.
Mean of atomic masses =  81.25
2
Lother Meyer plotted the physical properties
Ex-3 : Element Ca Sr Ba
such as atomic volume,melting point and boiling
40 88 137
point against atomic weight and obtained a
40  137 periodically repeated pattern.
Mean of atomic masses =  88.5
2
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CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS & PERIODIC TABLE JEE MAINS - VOL - II
 Mendeleev observed that elements with similar
properties have
i) Almost have same atomic weight.
Eg : Fe(56), Co(59), Ni(59)
ii) Atomic weights increasing constantly
Eg : K(39), Rb(85), Cs(133)
 Vertical columns are called groups and there are
nine groups ( 0 to 8th) and horizontal rows are
called periods and there are seven periods.
 The first three periods are short periods and
remaining are long periods. Each long period has
2 rows of elements or 2 series of elements
 Leaving 0 and VIII ,each group is subdivided into
subgroups known as A and B group.
Lother Meyer calculated the atomic volumes of  Group VIII of the Mendeleev’s table consists of
known elements as the ratio of molecular weight three triads known as transition triads andt he y
and density. are i) Iron, Cobalt and Nickel
The findings of Meyer are : ii) Ruthenium, Rhodium and Palladium
a)Alkali metals having the largest atomic volumes iii) Osmium, Iridium and Platinium
occupy the maxima of the curve.  Zero group elements were not known at the time
b)The alkaline earth metals (Mg ,Ca ,Sr,Ba) of Mendeleev and later introduced byRamsay
occupy the mid point positions on the and Rayleigh.
descending portions of curve.  Mendeleev has a fore sight to leave some gaps
c) Halogens occupy position on ascending in the periodic table for 3 - elements and these
portions of the curve before inert gases. elements are discovered latter and included in
d) The transition elements occupy minima of the the table. Those three elements are
curve. 1) Eka boron presently known as Scandium
2) Eka silicon presently known as Germanium
Mendeleev’s Classification of 3) Eka aluminium presently known as Gallium
Elemnts  Mendeleev corrected the atomic weights of
Beryllium, Indium and Osmium by using
Periodic Law corrected valency of elements
 The physical and chemical properties of the Atomic Wt. = Equivalent Wt. x valency. .
elements are periodic functions of their atomic
 Merits: i)He gave an elaborate and
weights.
comprehensive system of classification ,based on
 Mendeleev’s periodic table is also known as short
broad range of physical and chemical properties.
form of periodic table.
ii) He broadly left some gaps in discovered
 While arranging the elements in the periodic table,
elements,It led to discovery of some new elements
he not only followed the increasing order of
Eg; Ge, Sc etc.
atomic weights but also considered their
properties. Demerits
 In original Mendeleev periodic table only 63 i) some elements with higher atomic weight were
elements were known. placed before low atomic weight elements in
 The elements which are most widely distributed order to maintain similar chemical nature of
in nature have small atomic weights and posses elements and are called inverted pairs or
sharply defined properties. anamolous pairs. Anamalous pairs of
Mendeleev’s periodic table are
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a) Ar-K b) Co-Ni c) Te-I and d) Th - Pa
Periods (Horizontal Rows)
ii) Position of hydrogen was not made clear.
 In periods, elements are arranged in the increasing
iii) Position of lanthanides are uncertain.
order of their atomic numbers.
iv) No place for noble or inert gases .
 The electron by which an element differs from its
v) Absence of similarity in sub-groups
previous element is called “differentiating
eg; alkali metals (IA) and coinage metals IB
electron”.
(Cu,Ag,Au)
 In each period, the differentiating electron enters
vi) Isotopes are not included
into the “s” orbital in the first element and “p”
vii) Cause of periodicity is not known
orbital in the last element.
Atomic Number  In periods, elements are arranged according to
i) Moseley discovered the atomic numbers from the “(n+l)” values order (Aufbau-Rule).
X-ray spectra of elements by bombarding the  Long form of the periodic table is a Graphical
elements with cathode rays and the elements Representation of the Aufbau-Rule.
emitted respective X-rays of characteristic  Generally every period starts with an Alkali Metal
frequency. and ends with Noble gas.
ii) Atomic number ‘Z’ can be related to frequency  Period number corresponds to the higest principal
of the X-rays emitt ed by using quantum number (n) of the elements in the period.
v  a ( Z  b ) where a, b are constants for an Ex : First period contains 2 elements, the
element. As atomic number increases the subsequent periods consists of 8, 8, 18, 18 &
frequency of characteristics x-rays increases. 32 elements.

iii) A plot of v against Z gives a straight line. Remember
 In first period, 1s orbital is filled (shortest period)
iv) Atomic number has provided a better basis
 In second period, 2s, 2p orbital are filled (I short
for the periodic arrangement of the elements.
period)
 In third period, 3s, 3p orbitals are filled (II short
period)
 In 4th period, 4s, 4p, 3d orbitals are filled (I long
period)
 Elements with 3d configuration from Sc to Zn
(Z= 21 to 30) are placed in 4th period. It is also
called first transistional series or 3d series.
 In 5th period, 5s, 5p, 4d orbitals are filled (II
Plot of  and atomic number (z)
long period)
Modern periodic law  Elements with 4d configuration [from Y(Z=39)
 Physical and chemical properties of the elements to Cd(Z=48)] placed in 5th period (2nd
are periodic functions of their atomic numbers Transition series).
and electronic configuration.  In 6th period, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p orbitals are filled
Long Form of Periodic Table (longest period)
1. Neil’s Bohr constructed the long form of  Elements with 5d configuration from La(Z=57)
periodic table. and Hf (Z=72) to Hg (Z=80) are placed in 6th
2. Modern periodic table or the long form of period. (3rd transition series).
periodic table is based on the electronic  Fourteen 4f series elements (Lanthanoids)
configurations of the elements. belongs to 6th period and III B group. Ce (Z=58)
3.There are 18 groups and 7 periods in the to Lu (Z=71).
periodic table.

 In 7th period, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p orbitals are filled

Digit Latin Word Abbreviation
(incomplete period)
0 nil n
 Fourteen 5f series elements (Actinoids) belongs
to 7th period & III B group. Th (Z=90) to Lr 1 un u
(Z=103). 2 bi b
 6d-series is incomplete series. 3 tri t
 If 7th period is also completed, then the final 5 quad q
element of this period would be with an atomic
6 hex h
number 118.
7 sept S
Groups (Vertical COlumns)
8 oct o
 Long form of the periodic table comprises of 18-
vertical columns which are divided into main 9 enn e
groups and subgroups as - IA to VIIA, O groups
and IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIIIB, IB and
Table. Name and Symbols in current Use(or
IIB groups.
proposed) for Trans-fermium Elements
 VIIIB groups includes three vertical columns of (Z=101-112)
Fe Co Ni
Ru Rh Pd
Os Ir Pt
 We adopt the 1-18 numbering scheme Atomic Systematic IUPAC
recommended by IUPAC in 1988. numbers 1977 1997
101 Unnilunium (Unu) Mendelevium(Md)
 Main group division is based on the number of
102 Unnilbium(Unb) Nobelium (No)
electrons present in outer most orbit like 103 Unniltrium(Unt) Lawrencium (Lr)
H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Fr have 1 electron in 104 Unnilquadium(Unq) Rutherfordium(Rf)
their outer most orbit, so they are placed in IA 105 Unnipentium(Unp) Dubnium (Db)
group. 106 Unnilhexium(Unh) Seaborgium(Sg)
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Ra have 2 electrons in 107 Unnilseptium(Uns) Bohrium (Bh)
their outer most orbit, so they are placed in IIA 108 Unniloctium(Uno) Hassium (Hs)
group. 109 Unnilennium(Une) Meitnerium (Mt)
110 Ununnilium(Uun) Darmstadtium(Ds)
IUPAC Nomenclature for Elements 111 Unununium(Uuu) Rontgenium(Rt)
with Z>100 112 Ununbium(Uub) --------------------
 Nomenclature of elements CNIC (commission 113 Ununtrium(Uub)
on nomenclature of inorganic chemistry) 114 Ununquadium(Uuq)
115 Ununpentium(Uup)
appointed by IUPAC in 1994, approved a
116 Ununhexium(Uuh)
nomenclature scheme as well as also gave official
117 Ununseptium(Uus)
names for elements after Z > 100 (upto atomic 118 Ununoctium(Uuo)
number 104 to 109 discovered by that time).
This nomenclature is to be followed for naming
the elements until their names are officially
recognised. The names are derived by using roots
for the three digits in the atomic number of the
element and adding “ium” at the end. The roots
for the numbers are.

(Uuh)
(Ds)

Example : The element with atomic number 120  The general outer shell configuration of p-block
has not been discovered. What would be the
IUPAC name and symbol of this element? Also elements. ns 2 np 1 6
predict the electronic configuration ,group  p-block elements are arranged in 6-groups they
number and period of this element. are from IIIA to VII A and O-group (or) 13 to
Solution :- The IUPAC name for the element 18 groups
with atomic number 120 would be unbinilium and a) B,Al,Ga,In and Tl are called IIIA group (boron
its symbol would be Ubn.The electronic family) these elements have 3-electrons in
configuration of this elementwould be outershell with “ ns 2 np1 ” general outer shell
(Uuo)8s 2 .The element would belong to group- configuration.
2 and period-8. b) C,Si,Ge,Sn and Pb are called IVA group
Classification of elements on the (Carbon Family)
basis of their Electronic these elements have 4-electrons in outer shell,with
configuration “ ns 2 np 2 ” general outer shell
 Elements are classified into four blocks basing configuration.
on the orbital into which the differentiating c) N,P,As,Sb and Bi are called VA
electron enters. group(Nitrogen Family) (Pnicogens).
a) s-Block Elements These elements have 5-electrons in outer shell,
b) p-Block Elements with “ ns 2 np 3 ” general outer shell configuration.

c) d-Block Elements d) O, S, Se, Te, and Po are called VIA group
d) f-Block Elements (Chalcogens) these elements have 6-electrons
s - Block Elements :
 Differentiating electrons enter into s- orbital of in outer shell, with “ ns 2 np 4 ” general outer shell
valency shell. configuration.
 s-sublevel can accomadate 2-electrons, hence e) F, Cl, Br, I and At are called VIIA
s-block elements are arranged in two groups, group(Halogens) these elements have 7-
IA, IIA (or) 1, 2 groups electrons in outer shell, with “ns2np5” general outer
 General electronic configuration is ns12 . shell configuration.
f) He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn - Inert gases (O–
 H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr elements (alkali metals)
group), Except He (1S 2 ), remaining inert gases
have 1 electron in their outer shell with “ ns1 ”
general outer shell configuration, they belongs to have 8-electrons in outer shell with “ ns 2 np 6 ”
IA. general outer shell configuration.
 Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Ra (Alkaline Earth g) p-block contains all non-metals and metalloids
elements) have 2-electrons in their outer shell, and some metals.
with “ ns 2 ” general outer shell configuration, they h) Most of the p-block element compounds are
belongs to IIA. covalent.
 Most of these are active metals and form ionic i) Most of these are oxidising agents
substances, except lithium and beryllium. j) All gaseous elements except H and He are p-
 These are powerful reducing agents. block elements.
 They have low M.P’s and B.P’s. Remember
 They impart characteristic colours in the flame  Keeping its chemical intertness, Helium is placed
p - Block Elements along with other inert gases in O-group.
 Differentiating electron enters into p- orbital of  Hence He is a p-block element with out
valency shell p-electrons.
 The first p-block element is Boron [(He) 2S2 2P1]
 The only group with all gaseous elements is “O- ( Ac  7 s 2 5 f o 6d 1 ). Therefore Ac also belongs
group”.
to d-block (IIIB, VII period).
d-Block Elements
f-block Elements:
 If the differentiating electron enters into the
 If differentiating electrons enter into f-
d-orbital of penultimate shell, the elements are
subshell of anti penultimate i.e., (n-2) shell, the
called “d-block elements”.
elements of this class are called f-block elements.
 The general electronic configuration of d-
 The general electronic configuration
block elements is  n  1 d 110 ns12
 n  2  f 114  n  1 d 0 or 1ns 2
(n = outer shell).
(n = outer shell).
 d-Block elements are placed between s-
 These f-block elements are placed at the bottom
block and p-block and they are also called
of the periodic table in two rows, they are 4f
transition elements.
series and 5f series. The properties of 4f-series
 d-Block elements are further classified into
elements are similar to Lanthanum they are known
following transition series on the basis of which
as Lanthanides (or) Lanthanons or rare earths.
(n-1)d subshell is being filled.
 4f-series - Lanthanide series - configuration
1) for 1st Transition series( 3d series) electronic
configuration is 3d1-10 4s1-2 [Sc (Z=21) to Zn 4 f 114 5d 0 1 6s 2 from Ce(58) to Lu (71) (first
(Z=30)] inner transitional series)
2) for 2nd Transition series ( 4d - series)  4f- series elements belongs to 6th period and
electronic configuration is 4d1-10 5s1-2 [Y(Z=39) IIIB Group.

to Cd (Z=48)].  5f - series elements - Actinide series -
3) for 3rd Transition series (5d - series) electronic configuration 5 f 114 6d 0 1 7 s 2 from Th (90) to
configuration is 5d1-10 6s1-2. [La (Z=57), Hf (Z=72)
Lr (103)(second inner transitional series).
to Hg (Z=80)]
 5f - series elements belongs to 7th period and
4) 4th Transition series( 6d - series) is an
III B group.
incomplete series.
 Most of these elements are radioactive.
5) Most of these are less active metals.
 They have properties similar to d-block elements
6) These elements form ionic and co-ordinate
covalent compounds.
7) They are all solids, except Hg which is a liquid at Classification based on chemical
room temperature. properties.
8) They form cations with high charge.  All the elements are divided into four types on
9) They form alloys and interstitial compounds. the basis of their chemical properties and
10) They mostly form coloured ions and also show electronic configuration.
paramagnetism. Type-1 Inert gases
Remember  He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn belongs to “0” group
 After completion of 6s, the differentiating electron in the periodic table are called Inert Gas
suppose to enter into 4f, but in the case of Elements
Lanthanum the differentiating electron is entering  Except He (1s2), all the other elements have
into 5d, instead of 4f ( La  6 s 2 4 f 0 5d 1 ). ns2np6 outer electronic configuration.
 All are chemically inert due to the presence of
Therefore “La” belongs to d-block (IIIB, VI
stable ns2np6 (octet) configuration in their outer
period).
most shell.
 Similarly in case of Actinium, the differentiating
He is inactive due to its completely filled ‘K’ shell.
electron is entering into 6d, instead of 5f
(1s2)

 It is known that heavier elements (Kr, Xe) form  The characteristic properties of transition
compounds under special controlled conditions elements are
with Oxygen and Fluorine, So they are now 1. They are hard and heavy metals
called Noble gases. 2. Variable Oxidation states
 All are monoatomic gases. 3. Formation of coloured ions in solution due to
 They are also known as Rare gases (or) d-d- transition
Aerogens. As they are present in 1% by volume 4. Formation of metal complexes
in atmosphere. 5. Paramagnetic
 Type-II Representative elements or normal 6. Catalytic activity.
elements 7. High M.P., B.P and densities.
 In these elements, the ultimate shell is 8. Good conductors of heat and electricity
incompletely filled. 9. Alloy formation.
 Excluding “0” group, remaining s and p block  These characteristic properties are due to
elements (IA, IIA, IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA) a. Small size
are called representative elements. b. High nuclear charge
 Most of these elements are abundant and active. c. Unparied electrons in d-orbitals.
 Their general outer electronic configurations Note : 1. Ni is used as a catalyst in
ns1-2 np1-5. Hydrogenation of oils.
 Metals, non-metals and metalloids are present 2. Fe used as a catalyst in Haber’s process
in representative elements. 3. Mo used as a promoter in Haber’s process.

 Atoms of these elements are enter in chemical Type-IV Inner Transition elements
combination by losing, gaining or sharing of  These elements have three outermost shells
electrons to attain stable nearest inert gas incomplete i.e., n, (n-1) and (n-2) (ultimate,
configuration. penultimate and antipenultimate shells).
 In case of representative elements electrons of  The f-block elements are called inner transition
outer ns and np will take part in bonding. elements.
Type - III Transition elements  General configuration
 In these elements , the ultimate shell and
penultimate shells are incompletely filled.
 n  2  f 114  n  1 d o or 1ns 2
 Elements which have incompletely filled or partly  Since the last two shells have similar configuration
filled d-orbitals either in elementary state or in these elements have similar physical and chemical
any possible oxidation state are called transition properties (eg - these elements shows common
elements. oxidation state of +3).
 Their properties are intermediate between s -  There are two series of inner transition elements.
and p - block elements. 4f-series - Lanthanide series -
 The general electronic configuration is 4 f 114 5d   6s 2
o or 1
 n  1 d 110ns 02 . 5f - series - Actinide series -

5 f 114 6d   7 s 2
0 or 1
 II B group elements Zn (3d10 4s2), Cd (4d10 5s2)
Hg (5d10 6s2) are not transition elements (due to In periodic table, lanthanides are present
the absence of partly filled d-orbitals both in between 57La & 72Hf and
atomic and in ionic states) (Zn, Cd, Hg - are Actinides are present between 89Ac & 104Rf.
referred as Non-typical Transition Elements) or  Lanthanides are rare earths and actinides are
volatile metals . mostly synthetic.
 In the case of Transition elements both  The elements from Z=93 onwards are called
(n-1)d and ns electrons participate in bonding. transuranic elements.
. c) Oxidation states
Periodicity - Periodic properties d) Co-ordination number of atom
 When elements are arranged in increasing order e) bond character etc.
of atomic number, elements with similar  Three types of atomic radii are considered based
properties reoccur (due to similar outer electronic on the nature of bonding they are
configuration) at regular intervals of atomic a) Crystal radius
numbers in the periodic table. This repetition of b) Vander waals radius
properties is called periodicity and such c) Covalent radius
properties are called periodic properties.  Atomic radii expressed in angstrom, nanometers,
 Some of the properties which mainly depend on picometer units.
the electronic configuration of elements such as 1A 0  101 nm;1A 0  10 2 pmpico.mt
valency, effective atomic number, screening effect,  Crystal Radius (Atomic Radius) - Half of
atomic radius, ionic radius, ionisation potential, the internuclear distance between the adjacent
electron affinity, electronegativity, metallic nature, atoms of a solid metallic crystal is called crystal
oxidation and reduction ability, acidic or basic radius or metallic radius.
nature of the oxides, etc., follow the general trend Ex : Distance between two sodium atoms is
of periodicity. They are called periodic 3.72A0, crystal radius of Na = 3.72 / 2 = 1.86A0.
properties. These properties are especially  Van der waals radius - Half of the internuclear
important in s- and p-block elements. distance between two atoms of different
 Properties like specific heat, refractive index, molecules which are very close to each other in
colour etc., are not called periodic properties. solid state due to vander waals forces is called
These properties are not related to the electronic Van der waals radius.
configuration of elements.  The distance between two adjacent chlorine
2. Elements coming at intervals of 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, atoms of different Cl2 molecules is 3.6A0, Vander
32 will have similar properties and thus grouped waals radius of Cl is 1.8A0.
in one particular group.  Vander waals radius is 40% greater than covalent
Ex-1 : Elements with atomic number 1, 3, 11, radius.
19, 37, 55 & 87.  It is used for molecular substances and inert gases
Ex-2 : Elements with atomic number 4, 12, 20, in the solid state only.
38, 56 & 88 will have similar properties.  Covalent Radius: this term is generally used in
Note : Two successive elements in a group reference to non-metals.
generally differ by atomic number 2, 8, 8, 18,  Covalent radius - Half of the inter nuclear distance
18, 32. of the two atoms held together by a covalent bond
Atomic Radius is called covalent radius.
 In atoms, the electron cloud around the nucleus  Note : Single bond covalent radii are additive in
extends to infinity. nature.
 The distance between the centre of the nucleus Ex : a) in Cl2 molecule Cl - Cl bond distance
and the electron cloud of outer most energy level (Internuclear distance) is 1.98A0.
is called atomic radius. Covalent Radius of Cl = 0.99 A0.
 Atomic radius cannot be determined directly, but b) in diamond C-C bond distance is 1.54A0.
measured from the inter nuclear distance of Covalent radius of C = 0.77A0.
combined atoms, using X-ray diffraction  In metals, the crystal radius (atomic radius) is
techniques. slightly more than the covalent radius.
 Atomic radius depends on  As the number of covalent bonds between two
a) Nature of bonding atoms increases the covalent radius decreases.
b) Number of bonds (multiplicity of bonding)

Ex: The covalent radius of carbon decreases with size in a period across a particular transition series
increase in the number of bonds between carbon is less than in case of representative elements,
atoms. this is due to screening effect of (n-1)d-electrons.
b) Hence, the atomic radius decreases slightly
CC CC CC
as we move from left to right in a transition series.
1.54 A  1.34 A  1.20 A 
0 0 0
c) From Cr to Cu the covalent radii is almost
Order of radii : same due to
Van der waal radius > crystal radius > covalent 1) shielding effect of core electrons
radius. 2) additional shielding effect of 3d electrons.
Compared to theoritical atomic radius, covalent d) Covalent radii of Zn is more than Cu due to
radius of an atom is about 20% shorter due to repulsions among 3d electrons.
overlapping of atomic orbitals. Variation of atomic radius and ionic
Variation of atomic radius in groups radius in lanthanides:
and periods a) The elements in Lanthanide series are La, Ce,
 In a period from left to right, atomic radius Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm,
decreases as the effective nuclear charge Yb & Lu
increases. b) In Lanthanides (Ce-Lu) the atomic and ionic
 Ex-1 : Variation of atomic radius in radii decreases steadily. This steady decrease in
second period atomic and ionic radii is known as “Lanthanide
Contraction”
Li  Be  B  C  N  O  F
c) The contraction is due to the fact that
Ex-2 : In third period
f-orbitals are not capable of providing effective
Na > Mg > Al > Si > P > S > Cl
shielding for the valence electrons from nuclear
 On moving from left to right across a particular
attraction due to diffused shape.
period, the atomic radius decreases upto
Halogens and increases to Inert gases. Consequences of Lanthanide
 In a given period, alkali metal is the largest and contraction
halogen is the smallest in size. a) Atomic sizes of 4d and 5d transition elements
 However, the radius of an inert gas is larger than become almost equal, due to which their
the halogen of the same period. properties are very close.
 Note : For atoms of Inert gases, only vander b) Zr and Hf : Nb and Ta : Mo and W resemble
waal radius is applicable because these are mono very closely.
atomic gases. c) The crystal structure and other properties of
 In groups from top to bottom, the atomic radius lanthanides are very similar.
increases gradually due to the increase in the d) Separation of lanthanides is not easy from their
number of orbits and it over weighs the effect of mixture. Chromotographic techniques can not
increased nuclear charge. separate lanthanides from their mixture.
 Atomic radius is least for hydrogen among all e) Super heavy metals of p- block exhibit inert
elements and is highest for Caesium among the pair effect.
available elements. Eg : Tl, Pb, Bi
 Variation of atomic radius in IA group is Variation of atomic radius and ionic
Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs radius in actinides :
In halogens F < Cl < Br < I < At a) The elements in actinide series are Ac, Th,
Variation of atomic radius in Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md,
transition elements: No and Lr
a) In case of transition elements, the decrease in b) The size of the trivalent ions of these elements

decreases regularly as we move from left to right. ISO Electronic Species
This is because of poor shielding effect of f-  The species (atoms or ions) having the same
electrons, more nuclear charge and diffused shape number of electrons are known as iso - electronic
of f-orbitals. This is called Actinide contraction. species.
Ionic Radius In iso electronic species, the size increases with
Definition : It is defined as the distance between increase of negative charge and decreases with
the nucleus and the electron in the outer most increase of positive charge.
shell of an ion. 1
 When a neutral atom loses one (or) more size 
effective nuclear charge
electrons a positive ion called cation is formed.
Decreasing order of size. C4- > N3- > O2- >
Na  Na   e 
F- > Ne > Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+ > Si4+
 The ionic radius of cation is less than that of
neutral atom. It is because the cation has higher
Ionization energy (Ionization
effective nuclear charge. potential)
Eg : Na  Na   Ionization potential: The minimum amount of
energy required to remove the most loosely
 Among the cations as the positive charge
bound electron (i.e, outer - most shell electron)
increases, the ionic radius decreases.
from an isolated neutral gaseous atom is called
Eg: Fe 2  Fe3 , ionization potential.
Sn 2  Sn 4 , Pb 2  Pb 4 1
M  g   IE1  M  g  + e-
 When a neutral atom gains one (or) more  It is an endothermic process
electrons a negative ion called anion is formed.  IE is measured in eV/atom or kJ/mole or K.cal/
Eg : Cl  e   Cl  mole.
 The radius of anion is more than that of its atom, 1 eV / atom = 23.06 K.Cal/mole = 96.45 KJ/
due to decrease in effective nuclear charge. mole = 1.602  10 19 J / atom
Eg : Cl   Cl  Energy required to remove an electron from
 Among the anions as the negative charge unipostive ion to convert it into dipositive ion is
increases the ionic radius increases.  2
IE2. M  g   IE2  M  g  + e-
Eg : O 2   O 
 Energy required to remove an electron from
 The decreasing order of the radii is
dipositive ion to convert it into tripositive ion is
Anion > Atom > Cation
2 3
Eg : I   I  I  ; H   H  H  IE3. M  g   IE3  M  g  + e-
 In a particular group, the ions (cations or anions)  Ionization energy is determined by spectral
increase in size on moving from top to bottom studies or discharge tube experiments.
due to increase in number of shells.  Ionization potential depends on :
 With increase in the atomic size “IP” decreases
Ex:- Li   Na   K   Rb   Cs 
due to decrease in attractive force of nucleus on
F   Cl   Br   I  outer most orbit electrons.
 H  & Cs  are the smallest and largest cations  With increase in the effective nuclear charge IP
respectively. increases.
  If the number of electrons in the inner shells are
H  & I  are the smallest and largest anions
more, shielding capacity of the inner electrons
respectively.Smallest atom is He & largest atom
on the nuclear charge will be more. Hence IP
is Fr.
decreases.

 Order of screening power of orbitals Ionization energy curve
s>p>d>f  In any period an Alkali metal atom has lowest IP
 As the positive charge on cation increases, IP and Inert gas element has highest IP.
increases.  In periods from left to right side IP increases,
 As the -ve charge on anion increases, IP due to decrease in atomic size and increase in
decreases. effective nuclear charge.
 If the valency electrons are more penetrated into  In groups from top to bottom, IP decreases due
inner shells, IP increases. to the increase in the atomic size and increase in
 Penetration power of different orbitals is in the the screening effect of inner electrons.
order of s > p > d > f  IE order among 2nd period elements.
 IP order of electrons of different orbitals of same IE1 Li < Be > B < C < N > O < F <
orbit. Ne
 IP of s-electrons > IP of p-electrons > IP of d- IE2 Li > Be C < N < O > F <
electrons > IP of f-electrons. Ne
 IP is more for atoms with exactly half filled and  IE order among 3rd period elements
completely filled orbitals. IE1 - Na < Mg > Al < Si S <
Eg : IE1 of N > IE1 of O IE1 of Be >IE1 of ‘B’ Cl < Ar
IE1 of P > IE1 of S IE1 of Mg >IE1 of ‘Al’ IE2 - Na > Mg < Al > Si 
 Atoms of inert gases have highest IP values due Cl < Ar
to the presence of completely filled orbitals.  Element with Lowest IP - Cs and element with
 In the graph showing relation between IP and highest IP is He.
atomic number, the inert gases appear at the  IE1 of Be greater than B due to
peaks and alkali metals appear at the bottom. a) Completely filled s -orbital in Be
b) More Penetration of s-orbitals.
 Knowledge of successive IE can be used to find
the number of valence electrons
 For alkali metals the IE2 shows sudden jump.
 For alkaline earth metals, the IE3 shows sudden
jump.
 Theoretically, the number of IE possible for an
atom of an element is equal to its atomic number.
 Variation of First I.P in second period elements
Ionisation potential curve upto element is Li Na > K > Rb > Cs
 The ionisation potential is the highest for helium
among all elements. The value is the least for
caesium among the available elements. When
ionisation potential values are plotted against
atomic numbers, the ionisation potential curve is
obtained as shown above.
 I.E of coinage metals is Cu > Ag < Au.
Effective Nuclear charge  Zeff  :
 Due to screening effect the valency electron
experiences less attraction towards nucleus. This
brings decrease in the nuclear charge (Z) actually All electrons in groups lying in the left of the nd
present on the nucleus. The reduced nuclear or nf group contribute 1.00 each to the  .
charge is termed effective nuclear charge and is Examples : (i) Let us consider the valence
represented by  Zeff  It is related to actual electron in the nitrogen  7 N atom = 1s 2 2s 2 2p3 .
nuclear charge (Z) by the following
Grouping of the orbitals gives 1s 2  2s 2 2p3 
formula: Zeff  Z   where  is screening
constant.    2  0.85   4  0.35  3.10
It is observed that magnitude of effective nuclear
Zeff  Z    7.0  3.1  3.9
charge increases in a period when we move from
left to right. (ii) We can also calculate the value of ‘S’ for
In a subgroup of normal elements the magnitude valence (4s) electron in the zinc atom  30 Zn 
of effective nuclear charge remains almost the
The grouped electron configuration is
same.
2 8 8 10 2
The effective nuclear charge  Zeff  can be 1s   2s2p   3s3p   3d   4s 

calculated by two methods :   10 1.00   18  0.85  1 0.35  25.65
Zeff  Z    30  25.65  4.35

E n2 
1) Z eff  Electron Affinity
1312KJ / mol
 It is an atomic property which gives us an idea of
Where, the tendency of the element to accept the electron
E = The energy neccessary to remove an electron to form an anion.
from an atom  The amount of energy released when an electron
n= The principal qunatum number of the electron is added to a neutral isolated gaseous atom of an
2) Zeff  Z  S  or  Z eff  Z   element is called EA.

Where, Z = Nuclear charge X  g   e   X  g   EA1 (or)
S = Shielding or Screening constant 
J.C. Slater has given following rules to calculate X g   e  X g  H   EA1 (Exothermic
the shielding or Screening constant for an np or process)
ns- orbital When an electron is added to uni-negative ion,
i) Write out the elctronic configuration of the energy is absorbed to overcome the repulsive
element in the following order and groupings : forces. This energy is called second electron
(1s) (2s, 2p) (3s, 3p) (3d) (4s, 4p) (4d) (4f) (5s, affinity.
4p), etc.
EA2 has positive sign. X g   e   X 2g
ii) Electrons in any group to the right of the (ns,
np) group contribute nothing to the shielding H   EA2 (Endothermic process).
constant  EA is measured in eV/atom, Kcal/mole, KJ/
iii) All of the other electrons in the (ns, np) group, mole
shield the valence electron to an extent of 0.35  EA can be calculated indirectly from Born -
each Haber Cycle.
iv) All electrons in the (n-1) shell shield to an  EA depends on size, effective nuclear charge,
extent of 0.85 each shielding effect and electronic configuration of an
v) All electrons (n - 2) or lower shell shield element.
completely, if their contribution is 1.00 each.  ‘O’ group elements have completely filled orbitals
When the electron being shielded in an nd or nf and hence the addition of any extra electron from
group, rules (ii) and (iii) are the same
out side to these atoms is not possible. Therefore
they have practically zero EA.
 Noble gases have most stable ns 2 np 6
configuration. Hence their EA values are
practically zero.
 For N, P - due to half filled orbitals, they have
some extra stability hence their EA values are
close to zero (very small values).
 First electron affinity  E1  is negative for all
Electro Negativity
elements except for Be, Mg and N atoms.  It is property of an atom in a molecule.
Be  66 KJ mol  1
,  The tendency of an atom to attract the shared
electron pair towards itself in a molecule is called
Mg  67 KJ mol  N   31KJ mol 
1 1
EN.
 In groups, EA decreases from top to bottom as  E.N. is a relative property and has no units.
the atomic size increases.  Pauling Scale : EN of elements are calculated
 EA1 of third period element is greater than from the values of bond energies.
corresponding second period element of each  Pauling calculated the EN of other elements by
group. using the formula
 In VII A group EA of Cl > EA of F X A  X B  0.208  .

VIA group EA of S > EA of O [  is in K.Cal./mole.]
VA group EA of P > EA of N In SI units, X A  X B  0.1017  ,
IV A group EA of Si > EA of C
 EA of F (-333 K.J mole-1) < EA of Cl (-348K.J [  is in KJ/mole.]
mole-1). This is due to where XA and XB are the EN’s of A & B.
a) Smaller size of F-atom  is a measure of the polarity of A-B bond.
b) Strong inter electronic repulsions  = Experimental BE - Theoritical BE
 In a period from left to right side EA increases   = Actual BE -1/2 [EA-A + EB-B] . BE = Bond
due to decrease in size of atoms and increase in Energy
the nuclear charge.  Hydrogen (whose EN is 2.1) is used to calculate
 Note : EA of a neutral atom = IE of its uninegative EN of other elements.
ion.  The reference element taken by pauling for the
 Note : IE of a neutral atom = EA of its unipositive determination of E.N. Values of other elements
ion. is fluorine.
 Among all the elements chlorine has the maximum  Highest E.N. value is for fluorine (4.0).
EA. Mulliken scale
 The metal which has higher EA is Gold.  According to Mulliken scale,
 Among halogens the order of EA values is EN is the average of IE and EA.
Cl > F > Br > I > At IE  EA
 Decreasing order of E.A of various chalcogens EN 
2
is S > Se > Te > O.
IE in eV  EA in eV
 EN 
5.6
 IE in kj / mole   EA in kj / mole
 EN 
540

 IE in kcals / mole    EA in kcals / mole   E.N. values are useful in predicting the nature of
 EN  the element (metal / non-metal).
129
 Mulliken EN values are approximately 2.8 times Valency
greater than Pauling EN values.  Valency of an element is the number of H-atoms
 Mulliken scale is applicable only to univalent (or) double the number of oxygen atoms that can
elements. combine with one atom of that element.
 Elements with same EN in pauling’s scale are  The valency of an element is not always constant.
N=Cl=3.0 C=S=I=2.5  Exhibition of more than one valency by one
H=P=2.1 Cs=Fr=0.7 element is known as variable valency.
 Allred - Rochow’s Scale :  The maximum valency of a representative element
This scale is considered to be the real scale as it is equal to the number of electrons present in the
is based upon covalent radius of an atom. outermost orbit of an atom.
According to this scale electronegativity is a force  Highest valency ever known is 8.
which is exerted by the nucleus on the electron In OsO4 , the valency of Os is 8.
present in outermost orbit.
In XeO4 , the valency of Xe is 8
0.359  Z effective
En   0.744
r2
Where r = radius of element in Ao constant
radius, Zeffective = Effective nuclear charge.

 As the oxidation number of an atom increases,
 The minimum valency exhibited by an element is
the attraction for the electrons increases and E.N
also increases zero.
 EN concept is not applicable for Inert gas  Periodic trends in valence of Elements as
elements. shown by the Formulas of their compound
 In groups from top to bottom EN decreases.
 Example: In I A group Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs
In halogens F > Cl > Br > I > At
 In periods from left to right EN increases.
 Example: In II period
Li < Be < B < C < N < O < F
 In a period, Halogen has high EN value.
Alkali metal has low EN value.
 Highest EN element is F(4.0)
 Next to F, oxygen has high EN (3.5) Oxidation State
 Least EN element is Cesium (0.7)  The possible charge with which an atom appears
 Noble gas elements have zero EN due to octet in a compound is called its oxidation state.
configuration.  s-block elements, oxidation state is equal to
 EN values are used to know the nature of group number. For alkali metals “ +1 ”.
chemical bond. For alkaline earth metals “ +2 ”
 If EN difference is less than 1.7, the bond is  Oxidation state may be positive or negative or
covalent in nature. zero or fraction.
equals to 1.7, the bond is 50% ionic in nature.  p-block elements show multi valency, their
more than 1.7, the bond is ionic in nature. oxidation state change by two numbers.
 E.N. values are useful in writing the formula of a  The stable oxidation state of Thallium is +1. It is
compound. due to inert pair effect.
 In IVA group +2 is more stable than +4 for Lead  The ions of strong electro positive metal do not
due to inert pair effect. undergo hydrolysis.
 In VA group, +3 is more stable than +5 for Metallic and Non-Metallic Nature
Bismuth due to inert pair effect.  If an element has low electro negativity and high
 Group IV elements show +4 and +2 oxidation EP, then it will have high metallic nature.
states.  The groups IA and IIA elements have strong
 Group V elements show +5 and +3 oxidation metallic nature.
states.  Group VIA and VIIA elements have strong non-
 The general oxidation state of group VI is -2. metallic nature.
 Generally oxygen shows -2 oxidation state in its  On moving from top to bottom
compounds but when it combines with fluorine it a) non metallic nature decreases
b) metallic nature increases
shows +2 (in OF2 ) and +1  in O2 F2  .
 On moving from left to right in a period
 The most electronegative element. Fluorine shows a) metallic nature decreases
-1 oxidation state only (in its compounds) b) non metallic nature increases
 The common oxidation state of d-block elements  Order of metallic nature
is +2. All transition elements show variable Alkali metals > Alkaline earth metals > d-block
valencies. > p-block.
 Ruthenium, Osmium and Xenon exhibit maximum
Metals are solids at room temperature except
oxidation state +8.
mercury (Hg).Ga,Cs also have very low melting

 In d-block elements , +1 oxidation state is shown
points 303K and 302K respectively. so
by Cr, Cu, Ag, Au, Hg.
they exists as liquids at room temperature.
 In N2O5 valency of N = 5
In [AlCl(H2O)5]2+ Non-metals are usually solids or gases at room
Valency of Al = 6 temperature with low melting and boiling point
 The common oxidation state of f-block elements (boron and carbon are exceptions).
is +3 due to their outer electron configuration  Some elements in periodic table shows both
ns2(n-1)d1. metallic and non-metallic nature. They are called
 Maximum oxidation state of an element never metalloids or semi metals
exceeds its group number. eg;Silicon.Germanium,Arsenic,Antimony,Tellurium
  Electro Positive Nature Acidic and Basic Nature of Oxides:
 The tendency of an element to lose an electron is  Based on the nature, oxides are clasified into 4
called electro positivity. types
 It is the converse of electro negativity. 1) Basic Oxides or Metal Oxides
 As electropositivity increases, metallic character 2) Acidic Oxides of Non-Metal Oxides
increases. 3) Amphoteric Oxides
 The smaller the ionisation energy or ionisation 4) Neutral Oxides
potential the greater is the electro positivity.  Metal oxides are basic. Eg: Na2O, BaO, MgO,
 As electropositive nature increases, capacity to CaO (Basic anhydrides)
form ionic bond increases.  IA, IIA group metal oxides are strong bases.
 Electropositive nature increases down the group,  Non metal oxides are acidic. Examples : SO2,
as the size of the atom increases. P2O5, CO2, P2O3, NO2 (Acidic anhydrides)
 Electro positivity decreases across a period.  Oxides of halogens are highly acidic.
 In any period the strong electropositive element  Oxides of metalloids are amphoteric.
is alkali metal. Eg: As2O3, Sb2 O3, TeO2, GeO2
 Most electro positive element is Cs in periodic  Some non-metallic oxides are neutral. They don’t
table. form acids or bases in water.
Eg: CO, N2O, NO etc., EX :- 1)lithium,beryllium forms covalent
 Some metallic Oxides are amphoteric. compounds rest of the group members forms
Eg : ZnO, Al2O3, SnO2 etc., ionic compunds.
 Acidic oxides dissolve in water to form acidic 2) In IIIA group the maximum covalency of
solutions. boron is 4 but remaining elements shows
Eg : SO3  H 2 O  H 2SO 4 maximum covalency of 6.
 Basic oxides dissolve in water to form basic 3) The first member of p-block elements displays
solutions, known as hydroxides. greater ability to form P  P multiple bonds
Eg : Na 2 O  H 2 O  2NaOH itself
 In groups from top to bottom (eg; C  C , C  C , N  N , N  N ) and to
a) acidic nature of oxides decreases other second period elements
b) basic nature of oxides increases (eg; C  O , C  N , C  N , N  O )
 In periods from left to right compared to subsequent members of the same
a) basic nature of oxides decreases group.
b) acidic nature of oxides increases The reasons for the above anomalous behaviour
Diagonal Relationship is due to their :
 In the periodic table the first element of a group (a) small size
has similar properties with the second element (b) large ( ch arg e / radius ) ratio
of the next group. This is called diagonal

(c) high electronegativity
relationship.
(d) absence of vacant orbitals.
I II III IV
2nd Period Li Be B C CONCEPTUAL
3rd Period Na Mg Al Si
 The diagonal relationship disappears after IVA FUNDAMENTALS
group.
 The diagonal relationship is due to similar sizes 1. Lother Meyer obtained the curve for the
of atoms or ions and same electronegativities of known elements by plotting their atomic
the participating elements and same polarising volumes against
power. 1) atomic numbers 2) atomic masses
Valency is different for diagonally related pair of 3) densities 4) ionization energies
elements. 2. In Lother Meyer plot,the peaks are
ionic ch arg e occupied by
Polarising power = 1) alkali metals 2) alkaline earth metals
ionic radius 2 3) halogens 4) noble gases
 The elements present under diagonal relationship 3. The law of triad is applicable to a group of
have very close properties. 1)Cl,Br,I 2)C,N,O
1) BeO amphoteric, Al2O3 amphoteric 3)Na,K,Rb 4)H,O,N
2) Be2C or Al4C3 produce methane on hydrolysis. 4. The most significant contribution towards the
Anomalous Properties of Second development of periodic table was made by
period elements 1)Mendeleev 2)Avagadro
The first element of each of group in ‘s’ and ‘p’ 3)Dalton 4)Cavendish
block except noble gases differ in many aspects 5. The physical and chemical properties of
from the other members of their respective elements are the periodic function of their
group. atomic numbers, this was stated by
1)Mendeleef 2) Lother Meyer
3) Moseley 4) Bohr
6. In Mendeleef table, the triad of VIII group 17 The number of periods in the long form of
is periodic table is (1999M)
1) Ru, Rh, Pd 2) Cu, Ag, Au 1) 6 2) 7 3) 8 4) 18
3) N, O, F 4) Tl, Pb, Bi 18. As per the modern periodic law the physical
7. Number of short periods in Mendeleef table and chemical properties of the elements are
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 1 periodic function of their(1998E)
8. The number of elements known when 1) atomic number
Mendeleev presented periodic table is 2) electronic configuration
1) 50 2) 90 3) 63 4) 102 3) atomic weight
9. Zero group was introduced by 4) atomic size
1) Lother Meyer 2) Mendeleef 19. The statement that is not true for the long
3) Ramsay 4) Lockyer form of the periodic table
10. Mendeleev corrected the atomic weight of: 1)It reflects the sequence of filling the electrons
1) Be 2) In in the order of subenergy levels s,p,d and f.
3) Os 4) All of these 2)It helps to predict the stable valence states of
11. Anomalous pair in Mendeleef’s table is the elements
1) Li, Na 2) Mg, Al 3)It reflects trends in physical and chemical
3) Co, Ni 4) Be, B properties of the elements
12. Eka silicon is now called as 4)It helps to predict the relative ionic nature of
1) Gallium 2) Scandium the bond between any two elements

3) Germanium 4) Indium 20. The element with atomic number 19 is
13. The atomic weights of “Be” and “In” were 1) halogen 2) chalcogen
corrected by Mendeleef using the formula 3) noble gas 4) an alkali metal
21. A pair of atomic numbers which belong to s -
nh
1) v  a ( Z  b ) 2) mvr  block are
2 1) 7, 15 2) 6, 12
3) Atomic weight=Equivalent weight x valency 3) 9, 17 4) 3, 12
4) Equivalent weight = Atomic weight x valency 22. The element with electron configuration 1s2
14. The plot of v vs Z is 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p63d10 4s2 4p5 belongs to
1) Straight line 2) exponential curve 1) 4th period, VA group
3) hyperbolic 4) curve with -ve slope 2) 5th period, IVA group
15. Modern periodic table is based on the atomic 3) 4th period, VIIA group
number of the elements. The experiment 4) 7th period, IVA group
which proved the significance of the atomic 23. The element with atomic number 12 belongs
number was to …. Group and …. Period (2001E)
1) Mullikan’s oil drop experiment 1) IA, third 2) IIIA, third
2) Moseley’s work on X-ray spectra 3) IIA, third 4) IIA, second
3) Bragg’s work on X-ray diffraction 24. The element with ns2 np4 as outer electron
4) Discovery of X-rays by Rontgen configuration is a
16. The basis for the classification of elements 1) alkalimetal 2) chalcogen
in the modern periodic table is 3) noble gas4) halogen
1) Electronic configuration 25. If the differentiating electron enters
2) Atomic weight (n-1)d-sublevel. The element is
3) Atomic volume 1) a representative element
4) Equivalent wieght 2) a noble gas
3) an alkali metal
4) a transition element
26. The atomicity of a noble gas is (BHU) 37. The atomic number of an element is always
1) 2 2) 1 3) 4 4) 6 equal to (AIMS)
27. Atoms with three of their outer most orbits 1. Number of neutrons in nucleus
incompletely filled with electrons are present 2. Half of the atomic weight
in 3. Electrical charge of the nucleus
1) Lanthanides 4. Weight of the nucleus
2) Representative elements 38. Lanthanum belongs to ...... block
3) s - block elements 1) s-block 2) p-block
4) transitional elements 3) d-block 4) f-block
28. The name of the element with atomic number 39. Elements with atomic numbers 9, 17, 35, 53
100 was adopted in honour of (1995E) are collectively known as
1) Alfred Nobel 2) Enric Fermi 1) chalcogens 2) halogens
3) Dimitri Mendeleef 4) Albert Einstein 3) lanthanides 4) rare gases
29.. Inner transition elements exhibit different 40. First transitional series is present in
coloured compounds on account of 1) Third period 2) Fifth period
unfilled………. Orbitals (1993E) 3) Fourth period 4) Sixth period
1) s 2) f 3) d 4) p 41. In iron atom (z=26), the differentiating
30 The total numbers of elements in the Group electron enters……..sublevel
11 is 1) 4d 2) 3d 3) 4p 4) 5p
1)3 2)5 3)7 4)9 42. The atomic numbers of Lanthanides are from
31. Atomic number of next inert gas to be 1) 58 to 71 2) 90 to 103
discovered will be 3) 21 to 30 4) 39 to 48
1) 87 2) 104 3) 118 4) 132 43. The first lanthanide is
32. Elements which generally exhibit variable 1) La 2) Ce 3) Th 4) Lu
oxidation states and form coloured ions are 44. The 4f level is successively filled up in
1) Metalloids 2) Transition elements (1993E)
3) Non-metals 4) Gases 1) Alkali metals 2) Rare gases
33. Which statement is incorrect for the 3) Lanthanides 4) Actinides
d-block elements 45. Lanthanides are group of elements in which
1)Have atomic radii larger than s and the differentiating electron enters into
p-block elements (1994M)
2)Have high melting points ,boiling points and 1) s-sub level 2) d-sub level
tensile strength 3) p-sub level 4) f-sub level
3)Have variable oxidation states 46. Most of the radio active elements are in
4)Exhibit catalytic property 1) Lanthanides 2) Actinides
34. Which of the following remains unchanged 3) Representative elements
in descending in a group in the periodic 4) Second transitional series
table? 47. Which of the following represents the
1)Valence electrons 2)Atomic size electronic configuration of d-block elements
3)Density 4)Metallic character 1) (n-1)s2nd1-10 2) (n-1)d1-10ns1-2
35. The inert gas present in the second long 3) (n-1)s2p6, ns1 4) ns2p2 d1
period is 48. In the long form of periodic table all non-
1) Kr 2) Xe 3) Ar 4) Rn metals are placed in (1998)
36. The atomic numbers of elements of second 1) s - block 2) p - block
inner transition elements lie in the range of 3) d - block 4) f - block
1) 88 to 101 2) 89to 102
3) 90 to 103 4) 91 to 104
49. The general electronic configuration 59. The atomic number of an element ‘X’ is 34.
(n-1) d3ns2 indicates that particular element Then it is present in ___________ period and
belongs to(1996M) __________ in group.
1) VB 2) IVB 3) VIB 4) IIIB 1) 4th period and IVA group
50. If the valency shell electronic structure for 2) 4th period and VIA group
an element is ns2np5, this element will belong 3) 4th period and VIIA group
to the group of 4) 5th period and VIA group
1) Alkali metals 2) Inert metals 60. Transition metals exhibit variable oxidation
3) Noble gases 4) Halogens states. It is because of
51. Which of the following is not the electronic 1) the smaller atomic radius
configuration of a representative element 2) the higher nuclearcharge
1) ns2 2) ns2np5 3) high screening effect
3) ns2np1 4) ns2np6 4) the energy difference between (n-1)d & ns-
52. The element californium belongs to a family subshell is very less
of 61. Which of the following is a typical transition
1) actinide series 2) alkali metal family element
3) alkaline earth family 4) lanthanide series 1) Cu 2) Ag 3) Au 4) All
53. Transition metals are often paramagnetic 62. Which of the following pairs of atoms have
owing to same number of electrons in the outermost
1) their high m.p. and b.p. orbit

2) the presence of vacant d-orbitals 1) N - O 2) Na - Cl
3) the presence of one or more unpaired d- 3) Ca - Cl 4) Cl - Br
electrons 63. The long form of periodic table is nothing
4) their being less electropositive than the but just a graphical representation of _____
elements of groups IA and IIA principle.
54. A member of Lanthanide (AFMC) 1) Aufbau 2) Hunds
1) Cesium 2) Lanthanum 3) Pauli’s Exclusion 4) Wave mechanical
3) Niobium 4) Luticium 64. In the sixth period, the orbitals being filled
55. The electron configuration of the starting are
and ending elements of fourth period are 1) 5s, 5p, 5d 2) 6s, 6p, 6d, 6f
1) 4s1 and 3d104s2 4p6 3) 6s, 5f, 6d, 6p 4) 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p
2) 4s1 and 4s2 3d10 65. At room temperature liquid metal and liquid
3) 4s2 3d1 and 4s2 4p6 non-metals are
4) 4s2 3d1 and 4s2 3d10 1) Hg & I2 2) Cs & Cl2
56. In which of the following period a maximum 3)Hg & Br2 4) Cd & S
number of 32 elements are present 66. Which of the following contains same
1) 4th 2) 6th 3) 3rd 4) 7th number of elements
57. The element having 18 electrons in its 1) 1st period&O group
outermost shell is: 2) 6th period & III B group
1) Ni 2) 46 Pd 3) 5th period & III B group
28
4) 3rd period & VII A group
3) 29 Cu 4) 30 Zn 67. In a given transition series the elements
58. The maximum number of valency electrons differ generally in the number of electrons
possible for atoms in the second period of 1) p 2) d
the periodic table is: 3) p, d & f 4) p and d
1)18 2)10 3)8 4)2

68. The number of completed transitional series 77. When a neutral atom is converted into
in the periodic table is / are cation, there is (1986)
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 1 1) a decrease in atomic number
69. Transition elements are placed in the 2) an increase in atomic number
periodic table between the group 3) a decrease in size
1) IA and IIA 2) IIA and IIB 4) an increase in size
3) IIIA and IVA 4) VII and zero 78. When a neutral atom is converted to the
70. An atom of element has 2K, 8L and 3M anion its
electrons. Then that element is placed in 1) atomic number increases
1) IA group 2) II A group 2) atomic number decreases
3) III A group 4) IV A group 3) size increases
71. The starting and ending elements of 4) mass number increases
actinides are respectively 79. The atomic radius decreases in a period due
1) Th and Lu 2) Th and Lr to (AFMC)
3) Ac and Lu 4) Ac and Lr 1) Increase in nuclear attraction
72. The term periodicity in the properties of 2) Decrease in nuclear attraction
elements when arranged in the increasing 3) Increase in number of electrons
order of their atomic numbers similar 4) Decrease in number of electrons
elements 80. The correct order of variation in the sizes of
1) reoccur after a fixed interval atoms is

2) reoccur after certain regular interval 1) Be>C>F>Ne 2) Be<C<F<Ne
3) form vertical groups 3) Be>C>F<Ne 4) F> Ne > Be >C
4) form horizontal rows 81. Atomic radii of fluorine atom and neon atom
73. The following is the reason for the periodicity in angstrom units are respectively given by
in the properties of elements 1) 0.762, 1.60 2) 1.60, 1.60
1) similarity in atomic mass 3) 0.72, 0.72 4) 1.60, 0.762
2) similarity in atomic numbers 82. Which one is the correct order of the size of
3) similarity in outer electronic configuration the iodine species?
4) similarity in atomic radius 1) I > I+ > I– 2) I > I– > I+
74. Which of these does not reflect the 3) I+ > I– > I 4) I– > I > l+
periodicity of the elements. 83. Vander waal’s radius is used for
1)bonding behaviour 1) Molecular substances in gaseous state only
2)electro negativity 2) Molecular substances in liquid state only
3)ionization potential 3) Molecular substances in solid state only
4)neutron/proton ratio 4) Molecular substances in any state
75. Which of the following is not a periodic 84. The ionic radius of Cr is minimum in which
property of the following compounds
1) Valency 2) Specific heat 1) CrF3 2) K2CrO4
3) Ionisation potential 4) Atomic size 3) Cr2O3 4) CrCl3
85. In a period, atom with smaller radius is
ATOMIC RADII 1) Chalcogen 2) Halogen
3) Aerogen 4) Pnicogen
86. Among elements with the following electronic
76. Atomic radius depends upon
configurations, the one with the largest
1) anionic nature 2) nature of bonding
radius is
3) cation nature 4) metalic nature
1) [Ne] 3s2 2) [Ne] 3s2 3p1
3) [Ne] 3s2 3p3 4) [Ne] 3s2 3p5
87. The order of decrease in atomic radii for Be, 95. TheLanthanide contraction is responsible for
Na & Mg is (1995E) the fact that (AFMS)
1) Na>Mg>Be 2) Mg>Na>Be 1) Zr and Hf have same radius
3) Be>Na>Mg 4) Be>Mg>Na 2) Zr and Zn have the same oxidation state
88. The correct order of size of various species 3) Zr and Y have same radius
of ions is 4) Zr and Nb have similar oxidation state
1) Fe  Fe 2  Fe 3 96. The size of Nb is very similar to
2) Fe  Fe  Fe
 2 1)La 2) Hf 3) Ta 4)W
- 2-
3) Fe  Fe 2  Fe 3 97. The radii of F, F , O and O are in the order
1998M)
4) Fe3  Fe2  Fe
1) O2->F–>O>F
89. The smallest species among the following is
1) sodium ion 2) Argon atom 2) O 2  F   F  O
3) Chloride ion 4) Aluminium ion 3) F–> O2–> F>O
90. Al has low ionic radius than Mg2+ because
3+
4) O 2  O  F   F
1) Al3+ has high nuclear charge than Mg2+ 98. Identify the correct order in which the ionic
2) Mg atom has less no. of neutrons than Al atom radius of the following ions increases (2005)
3) Mg and Al differ in electronegativity values (I) F- (II) Na+ (III) N3-
4) Al atom has low I1 value than Mg atom
1) III, I, II 2) I, II, III
91. The Lanthanide contraction relates to

3) II, III, I 4) II, I, III.
(AFMC)
99. Which one of the following has the largest
1) Oxidaion states 2) Magnetic state
radius.
3) Atomic radii 4) Valence electrons
92. Lanthanide contraction is caused due to 1) Na+ 2) Mg2+ 3) O2– 4) Al3+
(AIEEE-2006) 100. Which set represents isoelectronic
1) The imperfect shielding on outer electrons by species? (AIEEE-2004)
4 f -electrons from the nuclear charge 1) Na  , Mg 2  Al 3 , Cl 
2) The appreciable shielding on outer electrons 2) Na  , Ca 2  , Sc 3 , F 
by 4 f -electrons from the nuclear charge
3) The apperciable shielding on outer electrons 3) K  , Cl  , Mg 2  , Sc 3
by 5d-electrons from nuclear charge 4) K  , Cl  , Ca 2  , Sc 3
4) The same effective nuclear charge from Ce to 101. O2– and Si4+ are isoelectronic ions. If the ionic
Lu radius of O2– is 1A0 , the ionic radius of Si4+
93. A reduction in atomic size with increase in will be (1999E)
atomic number is a characteristic of elements
1) 1.4A 0
2) 0.41A0
of: (AIEEE-2003)
3) 2.8A0 4) 1.5A0
1) f -block 2) Radio active series
102. Which of the following is the smallest cation?
3) High atomic mass 4) d-block 1) Na+ 2) Mg2+ 3) Ca2+ 4) Sc3+
94. Separation of lanthanides from their mixture
103. Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, and Si4+ are isoelectronic
is not easy because of
ions. Their ionic size will follow the order
1) Shielding effect
1) Na+< Mg2+< Al3+< Si4+
2) Pentetrating effect
3) Consequences of lanthanide contraction 2) Na+> Mg2+< Al3+< Si4+
4) inert pair effect 3) Na+< Mg2+> Al3+> Si4+
4) Na+> Mg2+> Al3+> Si4+

1) I A group 2) IV A group
IONISATION ENTHALPY 3) VII A group 4) Zero group
114. Element with lowest and highest I.P. values
104. As atomic number of elements increases, the in each period respectively.
I.P. value of the elements of the same period 1) Alkali metals, Noble gases
generally 2) Alkali metals, Halogens
1) decreases 2) increases 3) Halogens, Alkalimetals
3) remains constant 4) Noble gases, Alkalimetals
4) first increases and then decreases 115. The first ionisation potential is maximum for
105. The ionization potential of elements in any (AIIMS)
group decreases from top to bottom. This 1) Lithium 2) Uranium
is due to 3) Iron 4) Hydrogen
1) Increase in size of atom only 116. Which of the following transitions involves
2) Increase in atomic number only maximum amount of energy?
3) Increase in screening effect 1) M– (g)  M(g) 2) M (g)  M+ (g)
4) both increase in size of atom and increase in 3) M (g)  M (g)
+ 2+
4) M2+ (g)  M3+ (g)
screening effect 117. The first ionization energy of lithium will be
106. The value of 1 eV/atom is 1) Greater than Be 2) Less than Be
1) 23.06 Kcal/mole 3) Equal to that of Na 4) Equal to that of F
2) 96.45 KJ/mole 118. Which has maximum first ionization

3) 1.602 x 10-19 Joules/atom potential?
4) all of these 1) C 2) N 3) B 4) O
107. Electrons which have the highest 119. The ionization energy of nitrogen is more
penetrating power through lower orbits are than that of oxygen because
1) p-electrons 2) s-electrons 1) of the extra stability of half-filled p orbitals in
3) d-electrons 4) f-electrons nitrogen
108. The screening effect of ‘d’ electrons is 2) of the smaller size of nitrogen
1) much less than s-electrons 3) the former contains less number of electrons
2) Much more than s-electrons 4) the former is less electronegative
3) Equal to s-electrons 120. The correct order of second I.P. values of
4) Equal to p-electrons carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine is
109. Screening effect is not common for the 1) C>N>O>F 2) O>N>F>C
elements of the period 3) O>F>N>C 4) F>O>N>C
1) 7 2) 3 3) 1 4) 4 121. The ionisation energy is lowest for
110. Which is less for an element 1) Nitrogen 2) Oxygen
1) I1 2) I2 3) I3 4) I4 3) Fluorine 4) Neon
111. For any atom, the order of ionization 122. The correct order of ionization potential
potential values is values of Be, B, Li, C atom is
1) I1< I2< I3 2) I1> I2> I3 1) Be<B<Li<C 2) Li<Be<B<C
3) I1< I2> I3 4) I 1> I2< I3 3) Li<Be>B<C 4) Li>Be>B<C
112. The element with highest ionization potential 123. Ionisation potential of Boron is less than
is that of Beryllium. This is because
1) Nitrogen 2) oxygen 1) B has 1s2 2s2 2p1 configuration
3) Helium 4) Neon 2) B has small atomic size
113. In the long form of periodic table elements 3) B has higher nuclear charge
with low ionisation potential are present in 4) B has more number of shells
124. The peaks in ionisatoin potential curves are 132. The high ionisation potential of magnesium
occupied by compared with aluminium, is due to
1) alkali metals 2) inert gases 1) filled orbitals in magnesium
3) transition metals 4) halogens 2) high nuclear charge in magnesium
125. The ionization potential values of an element 3) low radius of magnesium atom
are in the following order I1<I2<<<<I3<I4<I5. 4) low effective nuclear charge in magnesium
The element is 133. Which has the highest second ionization
1) alkali metal 2) chalcogen potential?
3) halogen 4) alkaline earth metals 1) Nitrogen 2) Carbon
126. The first, second, third, fourth and fifth 3) Oxygen 4) fluorine
ionization potential values of an element are 134. The first ionization energy values of an
6.11, 11.87, 51.21, 67.0, 84.39 eV element are 191, 578,872, and 5692 kcals.
respectively. The element is The number of valence electrons in the
1) Calcium 2) Potassium element are
3) Aluminium 4) Carbon 1) 5 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
127. The I1 values of Li, Be and C are 5.4 eV/ 135. An alkaline earth element has the I1, I2 and
atom, 9.32 eV/atom and 11.26 eV/atom. The I3 values 9.2 eV/atom, 18.5 eV/atom and x’
I1 value of Boron is eV/atom. Then ‘x’ is
1) 13.6 eV/atom 2) 8.29 eV/atom 1) 3eV/atom 2) 154 eV/atom
3) 14.5 eV/atom 4) 21.5 eV/atom 3) 20 eV/atom 4) 10 eV/atom

128. The ionisation potential of “X+” ion is equal 136. Which of the following species has the
to highest ionization potential (1998E)
1) the electron affinity of “X” atom 1) Li+ 2) Mg+ 3) Al+ 4) Ne
2) the electronegativity of “X” atom 137 When Lithium vapour is taken in a discharge
3) the ionisation energy of “X” atom tube and the potential difference between
4) the electron affinity of “ X2+ ” ion the electrodes is 5.4 ev, there is a sudden
129. The I1 of potassium is 4.339 eV/atom. The I1 increase in the flow of current. The ionisation
of sodium energy of
1) 4.339 2) 2.21 Lithium is
3) 5.138 4) 1.002 1) 54 ev 2) 520 kJ mol 1
130. The first ionization potential of four
consecutive elements, present in the second 3) 54 kJ atom 1 4) 5.4 ev atom 1
period of the periodic table are 8.3, 11.3, 14.5
and 13.6 eV respectively. Which one of the ELECTRON AFFINITY
following is the first ionization potential (in
eV) of nitrogen? (2004) 138. The energy released when a neutral gaseous
1) 13.6 2) 11.3 3) 8.3 4) 14.5 atom, takes up an electron and forms a
131. Elements X, Y and Z have atomic numbers uninegative ion is called its
19, 37 and 55 respectively. Which of the 1) effective nuclear charge
following statements are true about them? 2) polarising power
(CPMT) 3) electron affinity 4) ionization potential
1) Their ionization potential would increase with 139. Electron affinity values are obtained
increasing atomic number indirectly by
2) ‘Y’ would have an ionization potential 1) electric discharge method
between those of X and Z 2) Born-Haber cycle method
3) Z would have the highest ionization potential 3) electron microscopic method
4) Y would have the highest ionization potential 4) Mulliken oil drop method
140. The units of Electron Affinity are 150. The decreasing order of electron affinity of
1) k cal/mole 2) erg. sec halogen’s is
3) A0 4) no units 1) F > Cl > Br > I 2) F < Cl Br F > Br > I
is added to oxygen. This is because 151. The electron affinity values (KJmol-1) of
1) O- has stable configuration three halogens X,Y and Z are respectively -
2) O- has repulsion with electron to be added 349, -333 and -325. Then X,Y and Z
3) O- has lower nuclear charge than O respectively are (2003)
4) O2- has unstable configuration 1) F2, Cl2 and Br2 2) Cl2, F2 and Br2
142. The magnitude of electron affinity depends 3) Cl2, Br2 and F2 4) Br2, Cl2 and F2
upon 152. Among the following electronic
1) electron affinity 2) Polarising power configurations which one will have highest
3) ionization potential 4) the nuclear charge electron affinity value
143. The process requiring the absorption of 1) 1s2 2) 1s2 2s2
energy is 3) 1s2 2s2 2p4 4) 1s2 2s2 2p5
1) F  F  2) Cl  Cl  153. The electron affinity of sulphur is -200 kJ/
mole. Then the electron affinity of oxygen
3) O   O 2 4) H  H 
is
144. The low electron affinity value of nitrogen
1) -142 kJ/mole 2) -702 kJ/mole
is due to
3) -332 kJ/mole 4) -348 kJ/mole

1) small size
154. The electron affinities of N, O, S and Cl are
2) high nuclear charge
1) N < O < S < Cl 2) O < N < Cl < S
3) half-filled 2p sublevel
3) O = Cl < N = S 4) O < S < Cl < N
4) high metallic character
145. Which of the following will have almost
ELECTRO NEGATIVITY
positive EA1
1) Chlorine 2) Oxygen
155. Electronegativity is the property related to
3) Magnesium 4) Sulphur
1) Isolated atom in gaseous state
146. Which of the following has zero electron
affinity? 2) Isolated atom in solid state
1) Oxygen 2) Fluorine 3) Inert gas
3) Nitrogen 4) Neon 4) bonded atoms in a molecule
147. The energy released when an electron is 156. Electronegativity is a measure of the
added to a neutral gaseous atom would be capacity of an atom to
highest if the element belongs to 1) Attract electrons 2) Attract protons
1) VII A group 2) V A group 3) Repel electrons 4) Repel protons
3) VI A group 4) II A group 157. In a period from Alkali metal to Halogens,
148. The element having highest electron affinity the Electronegativity
is 1) gradually increases 2) gradually decreases
1) Fluorine 2) Nitrogen 3) gradually increases except inIIA and VI group
3) Chlorine 4) Oxygen elements
149. Among fluorine and chlorine, the electron 4) gradually decreases except in IIA and VI
affinity of the latter is high. This is due to group elements.
1) high electronegativity of fluorine 158. Which of the following elements have
2) low dissociation energy of fluorine relatively high electronegativities
3) fluorine repels with the added electron due to 1) alkali metals 2) Halogens
its small size 3) alkaline earth metals
4) small size of Chlorine atom 4) transition elements
159. The element with high electronegativity is 169. If the electronegativity difference between
1) Chlorine 2) Sulphur bonded atoms is exactly 1.7 the nature of
3) Oxygen 4) Nitrogen bond formed is
160. Which of the following set of atoms is 1) >50% Ionic
arranged in order of decreasing 2) <50% Ionic
electronegativity 3) 50% Ionic & 50% covalent
1) F > O > Cl > S 2) F < O < Cl < S 4) 100% Ionic
3) O > F > Cl > S 4) Cl > F > O > S 170. The electronegativity of Be is same as that
161. A correct variation in the electronegativity of
value of atoms is 1) Al 2) Mg 3) Na 4) Li
1) F>N>O>C 2) F>O>N>C
3) F<N<O>C 4) F>N>O<C ELECTROPOSITIVITY, VALENCY,
162. Which of the following would you expect to OXIDATION STATES, METALLIC &
have highest electronegativity? (1995E) NON METALLIC OXIDES &
1) Mg(Z=12) 2) S(Z=16) DIAGONAL RELATIONSHIP
3) B(Z=5) 4) Te(Z=52)
163. Pauling’s values of electronegativities are 171. Electropositivity is very high for
dependent upon 1) Al 2) Ge 3) Li 4) Ba
1) Ionisation potentials 172. The most electropositive element is
2) Bond energies 1) Cs 2) C 3) Cl 4) K
3) Electron affinities 173. Which of the following electron configuration
4) Atomic radii corresponds to the most electropositive
164. The reference element in Paulings scale of character?
Electronegativity is 1) [He]2s1 2) [He]2s2
1) H 2) O 3) N 4) Cl 3) [Xe]6s 1
4) [Xe]6s2
165. Pauling’s scale of electronegativity for 174. Most metallic element has the following
elements are useful in predicting electron arrangement in its atom is
1) polarity of molecules 1) 2, 8, 4 2) 2, 8, 8
2) coordination number 3) 2, 8, 8, 1 4) 2, 8, 8, 7
3) position in activity series 175. With increasing atomic number, the metallic
4) dipole moments nature in a period from left to right
166. Which of the following is a highly polar 1) increase 2) decrease
bond? 3) does not alter 4) Stable
1) O-H 2) N-H 3) H-Cl 4) H-F 176. In which group all the elements do not have
167. Let electronegativity, ionisation energy and same number of valence electrons?
electron affinity be represented as EN, IP 1) Zero 2) First
and EA respectively. Which one of the 3) Second 4) Seventh
following equation is correct according to 177. In the first few groups of periodic table, the
Mulliken? (2001E) group number represents the
1) EN=IP x EA 2) EN=IP/EA 1) Valency 2) Atomic weight
3) EN=(IP+EA) / 2 4) EN=IP–EA 3) Atomic number 4) Oxidising nature
168. For univalent elements, the average value 178. Which has most stable +2 oxidation state?
of first ionization potential and first electron 1) Cs 2) Cl 3) Pb 4) Tl
affinity is equal to its 179. Metal exhibiting higher oxidation state is in
1) Polarising power 2) Covalent radius which block?
3) electronegativity 4) dipole moment 1) p 2) s 3) d 4) f
180 Among the following outermost
configuration of metals, which shows the 36) 3 37) 3 38) 3 39) 2 40) 3
highest oxidation state(MPPMT) 41) 2 42) 1 43) 2 44) 3 45) 4
1) 3d 4s
3 2
2) 3d 4s
5 1
46) 2 47) 2 48) 2 49) 1 50) 4
3) 3d5 4s2 4) 3d6 4s2 51) 4 52) 1 53) 3 54) 4 55) 1
181. Among (a) Na2O, (b) MgO, (c) Al2O3, (d) P2O5 56) 2 57) 2 58) 3 59) 2 60) 4
(e) Cl2O7 the most basic, most acidic and 61) 4 62) 4 63) 1 64) 4 65) 3
amphoteric oxide can be 66) 2 67) 2 68) 2 69) 2 70) 3
1) a, b, c 2) b, e, c 71) 2 72) 2 73) 3 74) 4 75) 2
3) a, e, c 4) e, c, a 76) 2 77) 3 78) 3 79) 1 80) 3
182. Diagonal relationship is quite pronounced in 81) 1 82) 4 83) 3 84) 2 85) 2
the elements of 86) 1 87) 1 88) 4 89) 4 90) 1
1) 2nd and 3rd periods 2) 1st and 2nd periods 91) 3 92) 1 93) 1 94) 3 95) 1
3) II and III groups 4) 3 and 4 periods
rd th
96) 3 97) 1 98) 4 99) 3 100) 4
183. The pair of elements that have similar 101) 2 102) 2 103) 4 104) 2 105) 4
chemical properties are (1996E) 106) 4 107) 2 108) 1 109) 3 110) 1
1) Lithium and Magnesium 111) 1 112) 3 113) 1 114) 1 115) 4
2) Beryllium and Boron 116) 4 117) 2 118) 2 119) 1 120) 3
3) Aluminium and Magnesium 121) 2 122) 3 123) 1 124) 2 125) 4
4) Carbon and Nitrogen 126) 1 127) 2 128) 4 129) 3 130) 4
184. Diagonal relationship is shown by 131) 2 132) 1 133) 3 134) 3 135) 2

1) B - S 2) Li - Mg 136) 1 137) 4 138) 3 139) 2 140) 1
3) Mg - Ca 4) S - Se 141) 2 142) 4 143) 3 144) 3 145) 3
185. Among the following pairs of elements, the 146) 4 147) 1 148) 3 149) 3 150) 4
pair that is different from others is 151) 2 152) 4 153) 1 154) 1 155) 4
1) Lithium and Magnesium 156) 1 157) 1 158) 2 159) 3 160) 1
2) Nitrogen and Phosphorus 161) 2 162) 2 163) 2 164) 1 165) 1
3) Beryllium and Aluminium 166) 4 167) 3 168) 3 169) 3 170) 1
4) Boron and Silicon 171) 4 172)1 173) 3 174) 3 175) 2
186. Boron and Silicon resemble chemically. This 176) 1 177) 1 178) 3 179) 3 180) 3
is due to the equal value of their 181) 3 182) 1 183) 1 184) 2 185) 2
1) EA 186) 3
2) Atomic Volume
3) ions polarizing power HINTS
4) Nuclear charge
CONCEPTUAL
KEY
CONCEPTUAL 1. Conceptual
1) 2 2) 1 3) 1 4) 1 5) 3 2. Conceptual
6) 1 7) 2 8) 3 9) 3 10) 4 3. Conceptual
11) 3 12) 3 13) 3 14) 1 15) 2 4. Conceptual
16) 1 17) 2 18) 2 19) 2 20) 4 5. Conceptual
21) 4 22) 3 23) 3 24) 2 25) 4 6. Conceptual
26) 2 27) 1 28) 2 29) 2 30) 1 7. Conceptual
31) 3 32) 2 33) 1 34) 1 35) 2 8. Conceptual
9. Conceptual
10. Conceptual
11. Conceptual 44. Conceptual
17. Conceptual 50. ns 2 np 5  Halogens
18. Conceptual
51. General electronic configuration of representative
19. Conceptual
20. Conceptual elements is ns12 np15
22. Valency electrons indicates group number and 53. Conceptual
valency shell indicates period number. 54. Conceptual
23. 1s 2 2s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 , Valency electrons indicates 55. Conceptual
56.Conceptual
group number and valency shell indicates period
number. 4 s 2 4 p 6 4d 10 0
57. 46 Pd  5s
24 ns 2 np 4  VIA group Elements (chalcogens) 18electrons
58. Any period except 1st period atoms contains
maximum of 8 electrons in valence shell.
25 In T.E the differentiating electron enters in to

59. Valency electrons indicates group number and
( n  1)d sub level.
valency shell indicates period number.
26. Conceptual
60. Conceptual
27. n,  n  1 ,  n  2  Incomplete in inner transition 61. IB group elements are called typical transision
elements elements.
30. Cu,Ag,Au 64. six period energy levels 6s,4 f ,5d ,6 p
31. sixth Period last element (z) = 86 65. Conceptual
seventh period last element (z) = 86 + 32 = 118 66. Conceptual
33. d-block elements will have small atomic radii than 68. Complete transitional series are 3
s-block elements. ( 3d, 4d, 5d )
34. In a group members the number of valence 69. Conceptual
electrons will be same. 70. Conceptual
35. Conceptual 71. 90
Th  103Lr
36. Th90  Lr103 72. Conceptual
73. Conceptual
37. Atomic number always equal to no of protons
74. Conceptual
38. Lanthanum is a d-block element but lanthanides
75. Conceptual
are f-block elements.
76. Conceptual
39. 9, 7, 35, 53 - ns 2 np 5 Halogens 77. Conceptual
40. First transition series is 3d 78. Conceptual
42. Lanthanides Ce58  Lu 71 80. Conceptual
82. Conceptual
85. Conceptual 125. More difference between I 2 & I 3 due to sudden
86. Conceptual
jump from ‘n’ orbit to ‘n-1’ orbit
87. Conceptual
126. More difference between 2nd and 3rd value
88. Conceptual
indicates 3rd electron in Penultimate shell
89. Conceptual
127.Conceptual
90. Conceptual
91. Atomic radius 128. I.P of X   EA of x 2 
92. Due to poor screening effect of 4f orbitals X   X 2  e
93. Lanthanide contraction. 129. I.P of Na > I.P of K
94. Conceptual 130. B  C  N  O
95. Conceptual
131. Conceptual
96. Lanthanide contraction
132. Stable configuration.
97. Conceptual
133. Conceptual
98. Conceptual
134. Conceptual
99. Iso electronic species anion with more charge
135. Conceptual
will have large radii
136. Conceptual
100. K  , Cl  , Ca 2  , Sc 3 will have 18 electrons 137 More flow of current is due to ionisation of Li
each. atoms hence I.P of Li is 5.4 eV/atom.

101. Iso electronic species O and Si ionic radius
2  4  138. Conceptual
139. Conceptual
of  O 2   Si 4   140. Conceptual
104. Conceptual 143. E.A. of negative ions is always ve
105. Conceptual 144. Stable half filled configuration
107. Penetration power s  p  d  f 146. Conceptual
147. Halogens having high E A
108. Screening effect s  p  d  f
148. Halogens having high EA Cl  F  Br  I
109 Elements of 1st period possess only one shell.
149. EA of Cl  F
110. Conceptual
150. Conceptual
111. I 3  I 2  I1
151. Order of E.A of Halogens Cl  F  Br .
113. Conceptual 153. E.A. of sulphur is greater than Oxygen.
116. Conceptual 156. E N means to attract shared pairs of electron
118. Conceptual 158. High E N values for Halogens
119. Conceptual
120. Conceptual  F  Cl  Br  I 
122. Due to completely filled 2s2 configuration Be has 160. Conceptual
more I.P value 161. Conceptual
3. The second element in third transitional
162. Conceptual
series is
163. Conceptual
1) Ac 2) Ce 3) Hf 4) La
164. Conceptual
4. The reported element Ekamercury with
165. Conceptual
atomic number 112 belongs to the group
166. High polarity given by more electronegativity
1) IIB 2) IIIB 3) IVB 4) VIB
difference
5. Regarding transitional elements the wrong
IP  EA statement is
167. E. N 
2 1) they exhibit variable valencies
168. Conceptual 2) they possess low M.P.’s
169. Conceptual 3) they are good catalysts
170. Conceptual 4) they form coloured complexes.
171. Conceptual 6. From the elements of the following atomic
172. Conceptual numbers 9, 12, 16,20, 38, 47 and 56 select a
173. Conceptual set representing a group of elements are
174. Conceptual 1) 9, 16, 39 2) 12, 20, 47
175. Tendency to lose electrons decreases. 3) 20, 38, 47 4) 12, 20, 56
176. Conceptual 7. If the quantum numbers of the highest
177. Conceptual energy electron in an atom are n = 3 l = 1 m
178. Conceptual 1
179. Highest oxidation state in L P T ( Os, Ru ) - d - = +1 S   the element belongs to
2
Block
180. Conceptual 1) d- block 2) p - block
181. Conceptual 3) f - block 4) s - block
182. Conceptual 8. The period that contains only gaseous
183. Conceptual elements is
184. Conceptual 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
185 Other elements are diagonally related. 9. An element of 5f-series but has no electrons
186. Conceptual filled in 5f-sub shell
1) Ac 2) Ce 3) Th 4) U
LEVEL – I 10. The following are some statements about
noble gases
i) They are between halogens and IA group
FUNDAMENTALS AND ii) Except Rn all the remaining are present
CLASSIFICATION in the air.
iii) These elements belong to 17th group in
1. Which of the following pair has both
IUPAC system
members from the same period of the
1) only i & ii are correct
periodic table?
2) only i is correct
1) Na - Ca 2) Na - Cl
3) only ii & iii are correct
3) Ca - Cl 4) Cl - Br
4) all are correct
2. The electronic configuration of an element
11. An atom with atomic number 21 belongs to
is 1s22s22p63s23p3. The atomic number of the
the category of
element which is just below the above
1) s - block elements
element in the periodic table is
2) p - block elements
1) 49 2) 31 3) 34 4) 33
3) d - block elements
4) f - block elements
20. The ionic size decreases in the order
ATOMIC RADIUS 1) K   S 2   Sc 3  V 5  Mn7 
12. The covalent radius of hydrogen is 0.37A0. 2) S 2   K   Sc 3  V 5  Mn7 
The bond length in H2 molecule is 3) Mn7   V 5  Sc 3  K   S 2 
1) 0.185A0 2) 0.74A0 4) Mn7   V 5  Sc 3  S 2   K 
3) 1.48A0 4) 0.37 A0
13. Very slight decreases in atomic radius occurs 21. Ionic radii of (IIT)
 
in a transition series when compared with 1) Ti < Mn
4+ 7+
2) Cl  Cl
that in a representative series. This is due 3) K+ > Cl- 4) P3+ > P5+
to
1) shielding effect 2) penetrating effect IONIZATION POTENTIAL
3) inert pair effect 4) bonding nature
14. The size of Halnium is almost similar to that 22. The first ionization potential values of Na,
of zirconium this is due to Mg, Al and Si atoms will be in the order of
1) increase in size as expected 1) Na<Mg>Al<Si 2) Na>Mg<Al>Si
2) decrease in size as expected 3) Na<Mg>Al>Si 4) Na>Mg>Al<Si
3) lanthanide contraction 23. The first I.P. values in electron volts of
4) similar chemical properties nitrogen and oxygen atoms are respectively
15. Atom becomes ion by given by
1) oxidation 2) reduction 1) 14.6 13.6 2) 13.6, 14.6

3) either oxidation or reduction 3) 13.6, 13.6 4) 14.6, 14.6
4) neither oxidation nor reduction 24. The electronic configuration of elements A,
16. In which of the following pairs, the first atom B and C are [He] 2s1, [Ne]3s1 and [Ar] 4s1
or ion is not large than the second ? respectively. Which one of the following
1) Fe2+, Fe3+ 2) O, S
order is correct for the first ionization
3) N, O 4) Cl  , Cl potentials (in KJ.mol–1) of A, B and C?
17. Which of the following is an example of a (2001E)
positive ion and negative ion that is 1) A>B>C 2) C>B>A
isoelectronic with Argon 3) B>C>A 4) B>A>C
1) K+ and Cl– or Ca2+ and S2– 25. The correct order of ionization energies is
2) Na+ and F– or Mg2+ and O2– 1) Zn  Cd  Hg 2) Hg  Cd  Zn
3) K+ and I– or Mg2+ and S2–
3) Ar  Ne  He 4) Cs  Rb  Na
4) K+ and I– or Ca2+ and O2–
18. In the isoelectronic species the ionic radii 26. One mole of Mg in the vapour state absorbed
1300KJ of energy. If the first and second
of N3–, O2–, F– are respectively in A0
IE’s of Mg are 750 & 1450 KJ per mole
1) 1.36, 1.40, 1.71
respectively, the final composition of the
2) 1.36, 1.71, 1.40
mixture is
3) 1.71, 1.40, 1.36
4) 1.71, 1.36, 1.40 1) 59% Mg  & 41% Mg 2
19. The correct order of atomic radii is: 2) 41%Mg  & 59% Mg 2
(AIEEE-2002)
1) Ce  Sm  Yb  Lu 3) 38% Mg  & 62%Mg 2
2) Sm  Ce  Lu  Yb 4) 62% Mg  & 38%Mg 2
3) Lu  Yb  Sm  Ce
4) Sm  Yb  Ce  Lu

27. Second ionisation potential of oxygen is 35. The formation of the oxide ion O 2 ( g )
1) Equal to that of fluorine requries first an exothermic and then an
2) Less than that of fluorine endothermic step as shown below: (AIE-04)
3) Greater than that of fluorine
4) Half of that of fluorine O g   e   O  g  ; H  142kjmol 1
28. IE1 and IE2 of magnesium are 178 and 348
O  g   e   O 2  g  ; H  844kjmol 1
kcal/ mole. The energy for the reaction
Mg(g)  Mg2+(g)+2e is This is because :
1) +170 kcal 2) +526 kcal 1) O  ion has comparatively larger size than
3) - 170 kcal 4) - 526 kcal oxygen atom
29. Which one of the following relations is 2) oxygen atom largen than O  ion
correct with respect to first (I) and second
(II) ionization potentials of sodium and 3) due to repulsion between electron and O 
Magnesium? (1995M) ion
1) INa>IMg 2) IMg>IINa 4) all are correct
3) IIMg>IINa 4) IINa>IIMg 36. EA1 values of the following element has
30. Second ionization potential value is very low positive value
for I) Be II) Br III) Mg IV) Cl
1) Sodium 2) Magnesium The correct answer is
1) I and III 2) II and IV
3) Fluorine 4) Oxygen
31. The atomic number of vanadium (V), 3) I , II and III 4) I, II and IV
chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn) and iron 37. The amount of energy released when
(Fe) are respectively 23,24,25,26 .Which out 106 atoms of iodine in vapour state are
these may be expected to have the jump in 
converted to I ions is 4.9  10 13 J . What
second ionisation enthalpy: (AIEEE-2003)
is the E A of iodine in eV per atom
1) Mn 2)Fe 3) V 4)Cr
1) 3.06 2) 2.5 3) 2.75 4) 2.0
32. The removal of an electron is very difficult
38. Electron affinity of chlorine is -348 kJ/mol.
from
Then the electron affinity of Fluorine is ......
1) Argon atom
in kJ/mol
2) Chloride ion
1) -333 2) -348
3) Calcium ion
3) -384 4) -428
4) Sodium ion
33. The I1, I2, I3, I4 values of an element “M”
are 120 kJ/mole, 600 kJ/mole, 1000 kJ/mole ELECTRONEGATIVITY
and 8000 kJ/mole. Then the formula of its
sulphate is 39. Which of the following does not be
1) MSO4 2) M2(SO4)3 considered as a fixed quantity
3) M2SO4 4) M3(SO4)2 1) electronegativity
2) first ionisation potential
ELECTRON AFFINITY 3) electron affinity
4) second ionisation potential
34. Energy is released during the formation of 40. Which of the following elements possess
1) hydride ion zero electron affinity and zero
2) oxide ion electronegativity values?
3) ferrous ion 1) halogens 2) alkali metals
4) ferric ion 3) chalcogens 4) rare gases

41. The correct order of electronegativities of
the elements is ELECTROPOSITIVITY,
1) P > Si > Al > Mg > Na VALENCY, OXIDATION
2) Na > Mg > Al > Si > P
STATES, METALLIC &
3) Al > Si > P > Mg > Na
4) Mg > Al > Si > Na > P NON-METALLIC
42. With respect to chlorine, hydrogen will be NATURE &
1) Electropositive 2) Electronegative DIAGONAL RELATIONSHIP
3) Neutral 4) Highly reactive
43. The electronegativity of K = 0.8 and 48. The correct order of electropositive nature
Cl = 3.0. The type of bond formed between of Li, Na and K is
“K” and “Cl’ is 1) Li > Na >K 2) Li > K >Na
1) pure covalent bond 3) Na > K > Li 4) K > Na > Li
2) hydrogen bond 49. The order in which the following oxides are
3) metallic bond arranged according to decreasing basic
4) electrovalent bond nature is
44. The experimental bond energy of HY differs 1) CuO, Na2 O, MgO, Al2O3
from its calculated value by 1.96 k. cals/
mole. The electronegativity of ‘y’ is equal 2) Al2O3 , MgO, CuO, Na2O
to 3) MgO, Al2O3 , CuO, Na2O

1) 1.81 2) 1.78
3) 1.72 4) 1.90 4) Na2 O, MgO, Al2 O3 , CuO
45. An element “X” has IP = 1681 kJ/mole and 50. An element with electronic arrangement as
EA = -333 kJ/mole then its electronegativity 2, 8, 18, 1 will exhibit the following stable
is oxidation states
1) 1681 + 333 / 540 1) +2 and +4 2) +1 and +2
2) 1681 - 333 / 540 3) +2 to +7 4) +1 only
3) 1681 + 333 / 2 51. Two elements A and B have the following
electronic configurations. The formula of
0.208 1681  333
4) the compound formed between them can be
540
46. When the polarity of bond A-B is “  ” A  1s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p1 B  1s 2 2s 2 2 p 4
expressed in SI units, the relationship 1) AB 2) AB2 3) A2 B3 4) A3 B2
between their Electronegativity difference 52. The best oxidizing agent among the following
is is
1) X A  X B  0.1017  1) Oxygen 2) Fluorine
3) Sodium 4) Copper
2) X A  X B  0.208 
53. A metal forms a chloride with the formula
3) X A  X B  0.1017  MCl2 .Formula of Phosphoric acid is
4) X A  X B  0.1017  H 3 PO4 . Formula of the Phosphate of the
47. Elements of the following group form anions metal is
most easily
1) M 3 PO4 2) MPO4
1) Oxygen family
2) Nitrogen group 3) M 3  PO4 2 4) M 2 PO4
3) Halogens
4) Alkali metals
54. Beryllium shows diagonal relationship with 36) 1 37) 1 38) 1 39) 1 40) 4
aluminium. Which of the following similarity 41) 1 42) 1 43) 4 44) 1 45) 1
is incorrect? (1995E) 46) 4 47) 3 48) 4 49) 4 50) 2
1) Be2C like Al4C3 yields methane on hydrolysis 51) 3 52) 2 53) 3 54) 3 55) 1
2) Be, like Al is renderd passive by HNO3 56) 1 57) 2 58) 4
3) Be (OH)2 like Al(OH)3 is basic
4) Be forms beryllates and Al forms aluminates
55. Which of the following statements are wrong HINTS
I) Bi3+ is more stable than Bi5+
II) Mn shows + 8 oxidation state. LEVEL - I
III) The oxidation state of an element is
always less than or equal to its group number 1. Na  3s1 , Cl  3 p 5 both n = 3
IV) s-block elements show variable oxidation 2. 15  18  33
states 3. Elements in third transition series (5d) are La and
The answer is
1) II and IV 2) II and III Hf  Hg .
3) I, II and III 4) II, III and IV 4. Conceptual
56. Chloride of an element A gives neutral 5. Conceptual
solution in water. In the periodic table, the 6. Z=12,20,56 belong to IIA group
7. Conceptual
element A belongs to
8. Hydrogen and Helium are gases at room
1) First group 2) Third group
temperature
3) Fifth group 4) First transition series 9. Conceptual
57. The increasing order of acidic nature of the 10. Conceptual
following oxides is 11. Conceptual
1. SiO2 < P2O5 < Cl2O7 < SO3 12. Bond length = 2 x covalent radius
2. SiO2 < P2O5 < SO3 < Cl2O7 13. Conceptual
3. Cl2O7 < SO3 < P2O5 < SiO2 14. Conceptual
4. SO3 < Cl2O7 < SiO2 < P2O5 15. By loss (or) gain of electrons
58. As the alkaline earth metals (except Be) 16. O<S
tend to lose their valence electrons readily 17. Conceptual
they act as 18. N 3  O 2   F 
1) weak oxidising agent 19. Conceptual
2) weak reducing agent 20. S 2   K   Sc 3  V 5  Mn7 
3) strong oxidising agent 21. Conceptual
4) strong reducing agent 22. Conceptual
23. Conceptual
KEY 24. Conceptual
LEVEL - I 25. In a group the IP values decreases top to
bottom.
1) 2 2) 4 3) 3 4) 1 5) 2 750
26. Mg  Mg  1450
 Mg 2 One mole of
6) 4 7) 2 8) 1 9) 3 10) 1
11) 3 12) 2 13) 1 14) 3 15) 3 Mg to One mole of Mg   750 KJ
16) 2 17) 1 18) 3 19) 1 20) 2 remaining energy= 1300-750=550KJ per one
21) 4 22) 1 23) 1 24) 1 25) 4 mole of Mg   Mg 2  1450 KJ for 550KJ
26) 4 27) 3 28) 2 29) 4 30) 2
31) 4 32) 4 33) 2 34) 1 35) 3 the number of moles of Mg 2 are 0.38 or 38%
the number of moles of Mg  are 0.62 or 62%
27. After the removal of one electron oxygen gets 57. Conceptual
half -filled configuration. 58. Conceptual
28. Conceptual
29. Conceptual LEVEL – II
30. Conceptual
31. Conceptual
32. Conceptual INTRODUCTION
33. M having 3 valency electrons
34. Conceptual 1. The following are some statements about
35. Conceptual Mendeleeff’s periodic table
i) It is based on increasing order of atomic
36. Due to ns 2 ( Stable ) configuration
numbers.
37. 106 atoms releases 4.9  10 13 J ii) Mendeleef corrected the atomic weight
4.9 1013 of some elements like Be, In etc
1atom  iii) (Ar ; H2 ), (Co; Cl2), (Te; F2) are three
106 inverted pairs
 4.9  1019 J / atom iv) It is based on increasing order of atomic
4.9 1019 weights
 eV / atom 1) only (I) correct 2) (II) &(IV) correct
1.6 1019 3) only (III) correct 4) only (IV) is correct
 3.06e.v / atom 2. The effective nuclear charge an electron of

38. Conceptual
Be 2 ion is
39. Conceptual
1) 3.5 2) 1.95 3) 3.7 4) 2.4
40. Conceptual
3. The elements which exhibit both vertical and
41. Conceptual
42. Conceptual horizontal similiarities are:
43. Electrovalent bond is formed when the E.N. 1)inert gas elements
difference between two atoms is greater than 1.7. 2) Representative elements
3) Transition elements
44. X A  X B  0.208  4) Rare earth elements
  is in K .Cal / mol 
IONIZATION ENERGY
2.1  X B  0.208 1.96
I .E  E . A 4. The ionisation energies of Lithium and
45. E .N   KJ / mol  Sodium are 520kJ Mol 1 and
540
46. X A  X B  0.1017    is in KJ / mole  495kJ Mol 1 respectively. The energy
47. Conceptual required to convert all the atoms present in
48. (Electro positivity  size of atom) K  Na  Li 7mg of Li vapour and 23 mg of sodium
49. Conceptual vapour to their respective gaseous cations
50. a ( or ) 8  a respectively are
51. Conceptual 1) 52 J ; 49.5 J 2) 520 J ; 495 J
52. Conceptual 3) 49.5 J ;52 J 4) 495 J ;520 J
53. Valency of the metal is 2 5. The first IE of lithium is 5.4eV and first
54. Conceptual electron affinity of Cl is 3.6eV. The value of
55. Conceptual
56. IA group elements form strong salts with chlorine  H for thereaction Li(g) + Cl(g)  Li+ (g) +
Cl- (g) is…. eV
and their salt solutions are neutral
1) +1.8 2) + 2.8 3) - 2.8 4) + 9
1) only (i) correct 2) only (ii) correct
SHIELDING EFFECT 3) only (iii) correct 4) only (iv) is correct
11. In a compound XY, the electronegativity
6. The statement which is incorrect about difference between X and Y is greater than
effective nuclear charge will be 1.7, then compound XY is soluble in
1) Zeff  Z   eff (  is slater’s screening 1) Benzene 2) CCl 4
constant) 3) H 2O 4) CS2
2) Zeff increase as we move across the period
3) Zeff decrease from top to bottom in a group ELECTROPOSITIVITY,
VALENCY, OXIDATION STATES,
4) Zeff is constant (or) almost constant for f-
METALLIC & NON-METALLIC
block elements
OXIDES & DIAGONAL
7. Calculate Zeff value for the highest energy RELATIONSHIP
electrons in potassium (E = 418.8 kj/mol)
1) 1.13 2) 2.46 3) 2.26 4) 2.5 12. The formula of the compound formed by the
pair of elements Al & S is :
ELECTRON AFFINITY 1) Al2 S3 2) Al3 S 2
8. How much energy is released when 1 gram 3) Al4 S3 4) AlS3

Cl atom is converted to Cl  g  ion ? Electron 13. The oxidation state and valency of Al in
2
affinity of Cl  g  is 349 KJ/mole  AlCl  H 2 O 5 
1) 8.95 KJ 2) 9.83 KJ 1) +6 & 3 2) +3 & 6
3) 7.80 KJ 4) 6.56 KJ 3) +6, 6 4) +3 & 3
9. Which of the following is not the reason for
the higher EA1 of halogens KEY
I) high nuclear charge
II) larger atomic size
LEVEL - II
III) easy to get octet configuation, ns2 np6 1) 2 2) 3 3) 3 4) 2 5) 1
IV) half filled p-orbitals 6) 4 7) 3 8) 2 9) 3 10) 1
The correct answer is 11) 3 12) 1 13) 2
1) I and IV 2) I, II and III
3) II and IV 4) II and III HINTS
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
LEVEL - II
10. Regarding electronegativity
i) The element with maximum 1. Conceptual
electronegativity: Fluorine 2. Be 2  1s 2
ii) In Pauling scale, the reference element For He like species screening constant value for
is : Silicon an electron is 0.30
iii) Elements with stable configuration have Z eff  4  0.3  3.7
high electronegativity
3. Conceptual
iv) the element with maximum electro
4. 7 g of Li needs 520 KJ of energy
positivity: Hydrogen
 7 mg of Li needs 520 J of energy 1) 4.8Kcal 2) 2.4Kcal
similarly 3) 10.2Kcal 4) 14.2Kcal
23g of sodium or 1 mole of sodium requires 4. The energy needed for
495 KJ of energy.
 23 mg of sodium requires 495J. Li  g   Li 3  g   3e  is
5. Conceptual 1
1.96  104 KJ mole If the first ionisation
6. Zeff is not constant in f block
energy of Li is 520 KJ mole 1 calculate
7. 2) Zeff  Z  S  or  Z eff  Z   second ionisation energy for Li. Given
8. 35.5 gcl      349 KJ IE1 for H  2.18 1018 KJ atom 1
1g gCl     ? 1) 5270KJmole 1 2) 3210KJmole 1
9. Conceptual 3) 7270KJmole1 4) 9290KJmole 1
10. Conceptual
11. Conceptual
12. Conceptual KEY
13. Conceptual LEVEL-III
LEVEL-III 1) 2 2) 1 3) 1 4) 3
HINTS
IP, EA & EN VALUES
1. Using the data given below, predict the heat

LEVEL-III
changes for the reaction.
1. IE1  IE2  2  EA1
Mg  g   2 F  g   Mg 2  g   2 F   g 
2. 3.76  105 J  6.023  1023
IE1 and IE2 of Mg  g  are 737.7 and 1451 KJ 1 J _______?
1
mole 1 . EA1 for F  g  is  328 KJ mole 6.023  1023
no. of Cs atoms = 5
 1.6 1018
1) 1232.4KJmole 1 3.76  10
2) 1532.7KJmole 1 3. Cl  e   Cl   3.7eV
35.5 g  3.7  23.06 K .Cal
3) 1232.4KJmole1
2g  ?
4) 1532.7KJmole 1
2. How many Cs atoms can be convered to Li  g   Li 3  g   3e  ,
4.
Cs  ions by 1 joule energy if IE1 for Cs is H  1.96 10 4 KJmole 1
376 KJ mole 1 Li  g   Li   g   e  , IE1  520 KJmole 1
1) 1.6  1018 2) 1.6  1010
Li   g   Li 2  g   e  , I .E2  aKJmole 1
3) 5.8  10 14 4) 5.8  10 25
3. The electron affinity of chlorine is 3.7 eV Li 2  g   Li 3  g   e, IE3  bKJmole 1

how much energy in K cals is relased when
H  I1 E1  I1 E2  IE3
2gm of chlorine is completely convered to
Cl  ion in a gaseous state
1e.v  23.06kal mole  1

6. (A) : The second ionisation energy of ‘O’ is
LEVEL-IV greater than that of ‘N’
(R) : The half filled p-orbitals cause greater
MORE THAN ONE ANSER TYPE stability.
The correct answer is
1. The correct statements for the graph 7. (A) : Shielding effect increases as we go
drawn between atomic number of elements down the group
and 1st IP of that elements (R) : With an increase is the number of
1)Noble gases are occupies the peak of the electrons in the penultimate shell, more is
curve. the shielding effect.
2)Alkali metals are at the bottom of the The correct answer is
curve. 8. (A) : Electron affinity of Flourine is less than
3)Alkali metals are at the peak of the curve. that of chlorine
4)Noble gases are at the bottom of the (R) : Chlorine can accommodate an electron
curve. by utilising vacant 3d-orbitals
2. Stability of ions of Ge,Sn and Pb will be in 9. (A) : The second electron affinity of oxygen
the order : is endothermic.
1) Ge 2  Sn2   Pb 2  (R) : Oxygen is the second highest
electronegative element
2) Ge 4   Sn 4   Pb 4 The correct answer is
3) Sn 4   Sn 2 4) Pb 2   Pb 4 10. (A) : Be and Al have similar properties.

3. Which of the follolwing statements is/are (R) : Cations of Be and Al have same
correct? polarising power
1) Tl 3 salts are oxidising agents The correct answer is
11. Assertion (A) : Each d-block series contains
2) Ga  salts are reducing agents ten elements
3) Pb 4  salts are better oxidising agents Reason(R) : The max capacity of d-orbitals
4) As 5 salts are oxidising agents is of ten electrons as in each series d-orbitals
are gradually filled up.
4. Which of the following oxides are amphot
12. Assertion(A):The first ionisation energy of
eric?
B is less than that of Be
1)BeO 2)SnO 3)ZnO 4) Al2 O3 Reason (R) : The penetration ability of s-
electrons is higher than that of p-electrons
ASSERTION & REASONING the correct answer is
13. Assertion (A) The second ionisation energy
1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct of ‘O’ is greater than that of ‘N’
explanation of (A) Reason (R) : The half filled p-orbitals cause
2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the greater stability for an atom.
correct explanation of (A) 14. Assertion (A): The second electron affinity
3) (A) is true but (R) is false of oxygen is exothermic.
4) (A) is false but (R) is true Reason (R) :Oxygen is the second highest
5. (A) : The negative ion is always larger than electronegative element
its atom 15. Assertion (A): Al2 O3 dissolves in both
(R) : As the number of electrons increases,
NaOH and HCl
the nuclear charge per electron is reduced Reason(R): Metallic oxides generally
the correct answer is dissolve in both strong acids and strong
alkalies.
16. Assertion (A): Cu 2 paramagnatic Reason (R): Electron repulsion increases
Reason (R): All the orbitals present in because of addition of electron which
results in decrease effective nuclear charge
Cu 2 ion are doubly occupied 27. Assertion (A): Ionisation potential of K is
17. Assertion (A): Zn is not a transition numerically the same as electron affinity of
element.
Reason (R): Elements with incompletely K
filled d-orbital are called transition elements Reason (R): Ionisation potential and
18. Assertion (A): The transition metal ions are electron affinity both depends on screening
generally paramagnetic in nature effect
Reason(R): Metal ions with incompletely 28. EXERCISE ON PASSAGE:1
filled d-orbitals are paramagnetic in nature. In periodic table there are nearly 110
19. Assertion(A): Electron affinity of chlorine elements. Majority of elements a r e
is greater than Flourine present in solid state. There is no separate
Reason (R):Flourine is more placement for isotopes of elements in
electronegative element periodic table. The atomic weight of an
20. Assertion(A) : Ionisation potential of ‘N’ is element is the average atomic weight of
greater than ‘O’ isotopes.
Reason (R):Nitrogen has 5 unpaired 1. In periodic table the liquid elements at
electrons room temperature are
21. Assertion: The atomic radius of inert gases 1) Cd , Cl2 2) H 2O, Hg

is high 3) Hg , Br2 4) O2 , N 2
Reason (R): Van der waall’s radius is less
than covalent radius 2. The element which exhibits highest
22. Assertion(A) : In ionisation potential Vs number of stable isotopes
atomic number curve peaks are occupied 1) Sn 2) Pb 3) Ge 4) Pt
by inert gases 3. Among IIA,IIIA,VA,VIA,VIIA groups
gaseous elements are present in
Reason (R): ns 2 np 6 configuration is stable
1) IA,IIA,VA only
23. Assertion (A): According to mendaleef, 2) IIIA,VA,VIIA only
periodic properties of elements is a function 3) VA, VIA,VIIA only
of their atomic masses. 4) IIIA,VA,VIA only
Reason (R):Atomic number is equal to
number of protons
24. Assertion (A): The size decreases as KEY
LEVEL - IV
Pb  Pb 2  Pb 4
1) 1,2 2) 1,2,3,4
Z
Reason (R): increases i.e force of 3) 1,2,3 4) 1,2,3,4
e
5) 1 6) 1 7) 1 8) 2 9) 2
attraction towards nucleous increases.
25. Assertion (A): Ionisation potential across a
10) 1 11) 1 12) 1 13) 1 14) 4
15) 3 16) 3 17) 1 18) 1 19) 2
period is Li  B  Be  C
20) 3 21) 3 22) 1 23) 2 24) 1
Reason (R): Ionisation potential decreases
25) 3 26) 1 27) 2
with decrease in atomic size
28)- 1) 3 2) 1 3) 3
26. Assertion (A): F 1 ion is larger in size
compared of F

01-CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS &amp; PERIODIC TABLE

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JEE MAINS - VOL - II CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS & PERIODIC TABLE

 Elements coming after 92 atomic number are Newland Octaves

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frequency of characteristics x-rays increases. 32 elements.

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 In 7th period, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p orbitals are filled

4 NISHITH Multimedia India (Pvt.) Ltd.,

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b) p-Block Elements with “ ns 2 np 3 ” general outer shell configuration.

electronic configuration is 4d1-10 5s1-2 [Y(Z=39) IIIB Group.

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in representative elements. 3. Mo used as a promoter in Haber’s process.

 n  1 d 110ns 02 . 5f - series - Actinide series -

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10 NISHITH Multimedia India (Pvt.) Ltd.,

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The effective nuclear charge  Zeff  can be 1s   2s2p   3s3p   3d   4s 

Zeff  Z    30  25.65  4.35

 In VII A group EA of Cl > EA of F X A  X B  0.208  .

14 NISHITH Multimedia India (Pvt.) Ltd.,

radius, Zeffective = Effective nuclear charge.

mercury (Hg).Ga,Cs also have very low melting

of the next group. This is called diagonal

1) Gallium 2) Scandium the bond between any two elements

1) their high m.p. and b.p. orbit

20 NISHITH Multimedia India (Pvt.) Ltd.,

1) reoccur after a fixed interval atoms is

91. The Lanthanide contraction relates to

22 NISHITH Multimedia India (Pvt.) Ltd.,

2) 96.45 KJ/mole 118. Which has maximum first ionization

3) 14.5 eV/atom 4) 21.5 eV/atom 3) 20 eV/atom 4) 10 eV/atom

3) -332 kJ/mole 4) -348 kJ/mole

184. Diagonal relationship is shown by 131) 2 132) 1 133) 3 134) 3 135) 2

25 In T.E the differentiating electron enters in to

each. atoms hence I.P of Li is 5.4 eV/atom.

1) oxidation 2) reduction 1) 14.6 13.6 2) 13.6, 14.6

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32 NISHITH Multimedia India (Pvt.) Ltd.,

to 3) MgO, Al2O3 , CuO, Na2O

 3.06e.v / atom 2. The effective nuclear charge an electron of

8. How much energy is released when 1 gram 3) Al4 S3 4) AlS3

1. Using the data given below, predict the heat

3. The electron affinity of chlorine is 3.7 eV Li 2  g   Li 3  g   e, IE3  bKJmole 1

1e.v  23.06kal mole  1

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3) Sn 4   Sn 2 4) Pb 2   Pb 4 10. (A) : Be and Al have similar properties.

21. Assertion: The atomic radius of inert gases 1) Cd , Cl2 2) H 2O, Hg

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