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1. Why was the French and Indian War of 1754 significant for Great Britain?
A) Great Britain was unaffected by it.
B) Great Britain lost land in the struggle.
C) Great Britain gained land in the struggle.
D) Great Britain was defeated by the French.

2. Which European nation aspired to form an alliance with the powerful Iroquois
Confederacy in 1754 to protect its territory from other Indians and rival Europeans?
A) Great Britain
B) France
C) Spain
D) The Netherlands

3. What was the name of the 1754 gathering of colonial leaders to discuss matters of
frontier defense, trade, and territorial expansion?
A) The Philadelphia Union
B) The Continental Congress
C) The Albany Congress
D) The Constitutional Convention

4. How did the British crown react to news of the union forming among colonial leaders in
the 1750s?
A) They were glad the colonies were finally working together.
B) They were threatened by this newfound unity.
C) They hoped it would relieve them of burdensome decision making.
D) They supplied the union with weapons to further validate it.

5. Which European power established extensive trade networks with Indians throughout
the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that subsequently gave them Indian military
support during times of war?
A) The Netherlands
B) Spain
C) Great Britain
D) France

6. In the 1750s, struggles to further European imperial claims were inspired by signs of
A) French weakness in North America.
B) British weakness in North America.
C) Native American weakness in North America.
D) Native American strength in North America.

Page 1
 7. Whose military leadership inspired a transformation of the political and military
landscape in the British war with the French in 1757?
A) William Pitt
B) George Washington
C) Edward Braddock
D) Benjamin Franklin

8. What key step was necessary to finalize the Peace of Paris in 1763, drawing the French
and Indian War to an end?
A) The destruction of weapons
B) Land cession
C) Recognition of Indian sovereignty
D) Dissolution of the British Empire

9. What impact did the French and Indian War have on the relationship between the British
crown and its North American colonies?
A) It left the colonists feeling neglected by the crown.
B) It finally resolved colonial issues with Native Americans.
C) It tightened the bond between the crown and the colonies.
D) There was a dramatic loss of land and connection.

10. What inspired the Cherokee nation to dissolve its long-term trade agreement with South
Carolina in late 1759?
A) The French were more desirable partners.
B) The Cherokee ran out of fur to trade.
C) The British failed to pay their debts.
D) Colonists kept encroaching into Cherokee hunting grounds.

11. What were the political consequences of repeated Cherokee attacks on British
borderland settlements?
A) The British increased expenditures on military supplies and defense, driving them
into debt.
B) Backcountry settlers resented political leaders from more settled regions who failed
to provide sufficient soldiers or funds for defense.
C) Indian laws and community values were adopted by the British settlers, resulting in
a more powerful Indian nation.
D) Backcountry settlers were unable to vote, leading them to disengage from colonial
politics.

Page 2
12. What was General Jeffrey Amherst's general philosophy toward Indians?
A) All Indians threatened Europeans and should be exterminated.
B) Indians were peaceful people unjustly caught up in European wars.
C) Some Indians were evil and deserved to be killed.
D) Europeans must learn to coexist with Indians for everyone's survival.

13. A group of men from Paxton Creek, Pennsylvania, known as the “Paxton Boys,”
marched to Philadelphia to
A) present local Indians to Philadelphia for trial.
B) demonstrate the need for a railroad.
C) demand the right to vote in local and statewide elections.
D) elicit protection from Indians on the frontier.

14. What inspired the conflict among the colonists and Britain in New York's Hudson
Valley and New Jersey, even before the French and Indian War?
A) The French walked all over the colonists' land rights.
B) Landlords and speculators exploited working people.
C) Settlers were unable to secure the land from local Indian tribes.
D) Britain levied an extremely high usage tax on settlers.

15. On what basis was much land granted by European governments to North American
settlers in the seventeenth century?
A) Sale to the highest bidders
B) Defeat of local Indian tribes
C) Successful development proposals
D) Personal connections

Page 3
16. What key grievance led frontier settlers in North Carolina, like Hermon Husband, to
instigate armed resistance against the proprietary government?

[I]t has been the Opinion of all the several Legislative Bodies, both of Great-Britain and
her Colonies, that peaceable Possession, especially of back waste vacant Lands, is a
Kind of Right, always looked upon quite sufficient to entitle them to the Preference or
Refusal of a farther [legal] Title. . . . Now the Earl of Granville's Office, shut in such a
manner, that no one in the Province knew but it would open again every year. . . . [B]ut
four or five years being now elapsed, there is so much of the Lands seated under these
Circumstances [cleared and cultivated], that Individuals in Power, and who has Money,
are Marking them out for a Prey . . . because an Opinion seems to be propagated, that it
is Criminal to cut a Tree down off the vacant Lands. Who can justify the Conduct of any
Government who have countenanced and encouraged so many Thousands of poor
Families to bestow their All, and the Labour of many Years, to improve a Piece of waste
Land, with full Expectation of a Title, to deny them Protection from being rob[b]ed of it
all by a few roguish Individuals, who never bestowed a Farthing thereon?
A) The proprietors were cutting down trees on the vacant land that the settlers wanted
for building houses.
B) The proprietors were preventing colonists from settling the wasted land on the
frontier.
C) Colonial offices were closed, so settlers couldn't get their land claims legalized.
D) The colonial government failed to protect the frontier settlers from attacks by
neighboring Indians.

17. What movement unified men and women, blacks and whites, and people of all classes in
the mid-eighteenth century?
A) War resistance
B) Tax evasion
C) Abolition of slavery
D) Resistance to impressment

18. What event during the early eighteenth century both served as a vital mode of
communication and advanced efforts among colonists to forge alliances over issues of
British abuse?
A) The Great Awakening
B) Naval Impressment
C) The Peace of Paris
D) The Albany Congress

Page 4
19. What religious denomination grew out of the Great Awakening and proclaimed a
message of absolute spiritual equality?
A) Episcopal
B) Catholic
C) Separate Baptist
D) Unitarian

20. Why did London merchants petition Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act?

[I]n consequence of the trade between the colonies and the mother country, as
established and permitted for many years, and of the experience which the petitioners
have had of the readiness of the Americans to make their just remittances to the utmost
of their real ability, they have been induced to make and venture such large exportations
of British manufactures, as to leave the colonies indebted to the merchants of Great
Britain in the sum of several millions sterling. . . . [T]hat at this time the colonists . . .
declare it is not in their power, at present, to make good their engagements, alleging,
that the taxes and restrictions laid upon them . . . have so far interrupted the usual and
former most fruitful branches of their commerce, restrained the sale of their produce,
thrown the state of the several provinces into confusion, and brought on so great a
number of actual bankruptcies, that the former opportunities and means of remittances
and payments are utterly lost and taken from them; and that the petitioners are, by these
unhappy events, reduced to the necessity of applying to the House, in order to secure
themselves and their families from impending ruin; to prevent a multitude of
manufacturers from becoming a burthen to the community, or else seeking their bread in
other countries, to the irretrievable loss of this kingdom; and to preserve the strength of
this nation entire.
A) Stamp taxes would anger the Americans and cause them to declare independence.
B) Stamp taxes left the colonists unable to pay the money they owed to the merchants.
C) Stamp taxes were used to pay for programs that would burden the community.
D) The merchants were afraid that they would be taxed next.

21. Why did the king and Parliament allow local governments in the British North
American colonies to exercise some control over decisions?
A) The king believed in local sovereignty.
B) They believed that allowing local governments some sense of autonomy made it
easier to rule.
C) That was the agreement they had made with local governments.
D) They thought that they couldn't stop local governments even if they wanted to.

Page 5
22. What inspired George Grenville, prime minister and chancellor of the Exchequer, to
reassert British economic and political authority in the colonies?
A) The colonies had become too willful and independent.
B) Britain was deeply in debt.
C) Economic growth gave Britain new resources for colonial rule.
D) Colonial governors asked for more British involvement.

23. What was the popular name for the American Duties Act of 1764?
A) King George's Act
B) Navigation Act
C) Stamp Act
D) Sugar Act

24. What mid-eighteenth-century act restricted the supply of money in the North American
colonies?
A) Currency Act
B) Dollar Bill Act
C) Stamp Act
D) Treasury Act

25. What was the effect of the Continental Congress on former colonies like Massachusetts?
A) It recognized the important leadership of Samuel Adams and the Sons of Liberty.
B) It drew power away from colonial entities like Massachusetts.
C) It appointed Samuel Adams of Massachusetts the leader of its organizing efforts.
D) It emphasized the power of northern states over southern states.

26. What was the intent of the first Continental Congress when it assembled in Virginia in
1774?
A) To draft the Constitution of the United States
B) To draft the Peace Treaty of 1774
C) To form a union of colonies against Britain
D) To discuss the impact of British policies

27. What situation led many colonists to arm themselves against what they saw as an
encroachment on their rights and institutions?
A) The East Indian Company Tea monopoly
B) The Boston Massacre
C) The imposition of the Intolerable Acts
D) The imposition of the Stamp Act

Page 6
28. How did the British government immediately respond to the Boston Tea Party?
A) They successfully charged, convicted, and executed the protestors.
B) They sent in troops and opened fire on the crowd.
C) They closed the port of Boston and demanded compensation.
D) They revoked the monopoly granted to the East Indian Company on tea sales.

29. When the Sons of Liberty organized their “tea party” and rallied against the British by
boarding British ships and dumping forty-five tons of tea into the sea, they dressed like
A) the artisans they were.
B) Indians.
C) pilgrims.
D) the king of England.

30. Why did Parliament offer the East India Company a monopoly on the tea trade in the
colonies?
A) The crown wanted to punish the Boston Tea Company.
B) Colonists proved unable to efficiently distribute tea on their own.
C) The East India Company offered the most unique teas at the best prices.
D) The East India Company was on the verge of economic collapse.

31. South Carolina Regulators seized control of the western regions of the colony, took up
arms, and established their own system of justice, which led to
A) representation in the colonial assembly.
B) a brutal attack by the governor.
C) permission to set up their own community as long as it was isolated from colonial
policies.
D) colonial integration into Indian communities and adoption of Indian culture.

32. The governor of what colony sent troops to the frontier to quell what he viewed as an
open rebellion by Regulators following the Stamp Act crisis?
A) Virginia
B) North Carolina
C) Massachusetts
D) South Carolina

Page 7
33. Why did John Dickinson, writing as “A Farmer,” argue that even though the Townsend
Duties did not cost much, they were still unjust?

For who are a free people? Not those over whom government is reasonably and
equitably exercised but those who live under a government, so constitutionally checked
and controuled, that proper provision is made against its being otherwise exercised. The
late act is founded on the destruction of this constitutional security.

If the parliament have a right to lay a duty of four shillings and eight pence on a hundred
weight of glass, or a ream of paper, they have a right to lay a duty of any other sum on
either. They may raise the duty, as the author before quoted says has been done in some
countries, till it “exceeds seventeen or eighteen times the value of the commodity.” In
short, if they have a right to levy a tax of one penny upon us, they have a right to levy a
million upon us: For where does their right stop? At any given number of pence,
shillings, or pounds? To attempt to limit their right, after granting it to exist at all, is as
contrary to reason, as granting it to exist at all is contrary to justice. If they have any
right to tax us, then, whether our own money shall continue in our own pockets, or not,
depends no longer on us, but on them.
A) The taxes undermined the system of checks and balances.
B) Colonists accepted general regulations on trade, but not internal taxes.
C) Americans already paid for their defense through other means.
D) Accepting even a small tax set a precedent that would justify any tax.

34. The 1765 Stamp Act taxed what transactions?

A) All mail and packages
B) Newspaper delivery only
C) All transactions involving paper items
D) The printing of magazines and broadsides

35. How were the funds collected under the Stamp Act to be spent?
A) For personal use by the king
B) Toward improvements to roads and waterways
C) For defense and protection of the colonies
D) For replanting forests used to make paper

36. Before passage of the Stamp Act, how did the tax burden of the average Englishman
compare to that of the average Bostonian?
A) It was 100 times greater.
B) It was 25 times greater.
C) It was 10 times greater.
D) It was twice as much.

Page 8
37. Why did British soldiers compete for jobs with colonists?
A) To gain control of the economy
B) To make sure they had work during peacetime
C) To supplement their wages
D) To anger the British crown

38. Which of the acts imposed by Parliament upset ordinary North American colonists the
most?
A) The Stamp Act
B) The Sugar Act
C) The Navigation Act
D) The Currency Act

39. Which colonial government first stood against the Stamp Act?
A) Massachusetts
B) Rhode Island
C) Virginia
D) Pennsylvania

40. Who led the Sons of Liberty in Boston in protesting the Stamp Act?
A) Andrew Oliver
B) Thomas Hutchinson
C) John Henry
D) Samuel Adams

41. Who assumed the leadership role in the Stamp Act protests?
A) Judges, sheriffs, and colonial officials
B) Artisans and small farmers
C) Merchants, lawyers, and local leaders
D) Servants, slaves, and the working poor

Page 9
42. Why did Captain Thomas Preston gather his troops near the Boston Customs House on
the evening of March 5, 1770?

About Nine some of the Guard came to and informed me, the Town-Inhabitants were
assembling to attack the Troops, and that the Bells were ringing as the Signal for that
Purpose, and not for Fire, and the Beacon intended to be fired to bring in the distant
People of the Country. This, as I was Captain of the Day, occasioned my repairing
immediately to the Main-Guard. In my Way there I saw the People in great Commotion,
and heard them use the most cruel and horrid Threats against the Troops. In a few
Minutes after I reached the Guard, about an hundred People passed it, and went towards
the Custom-House, where the King's Money is lodged. . . . I was soon informed by a
Townsman, their Intention was to carry off the Soldier from his Post, and probably
murder him. . . . This I feared might be a Prelude to their plundering the King's Chest. I
immediately sent a non-commissioned Officer and twelve Men to protect both the
Sentinel and the King's-Money, and very soon followed myself, to prevent (if possible)
all Disorder; fearing lest the Officer and Soldiery by the Insults and Provocations of the
Rioters, should be thrown off their Guard and commit some rash Act.
A) To fire on the mob
B) To protect the customs house from robbery
C) To show that the crowd there was an unlawful assembly
D) To protect the governor

43. In the aftermath of the Stamp Act Congress and calls of resistance to British laws that
were unjust, the delegates proclaimed their loyalty to
A) Parliament.
B) the king of England.
C) God alone.
D) the king of France.

44. How long after the Stamp Act Congress of October 1765 did Parliament repeal the
Stamp Act?
A) One month
B) Six months
C) One year
D) Two years

45. Why were most elite colonists concerned about the energies stirred up by the Stamp Act
crisis?
A) They feared further rebellion against them by poorer people.
B) They worried that Britain would abandon them economically and militarily.
C) They feared that elites from other nations would not want to trade with them.
D) They worried that slaves would side with Britain against the colonies.

Page 10
46. In the aftermath of the successful Stamp Tax protests, how did Parliament reassert its
supremacy?
A) It increased the tax on sugar and other imported goods to raise the missing revenue.
B) It declared war on the colonies and sought to destroy them.
C) It declared its authority to pass any law on the colonies whenever it wanted.
D) It sent over more representatives from the crown to run state and local
governments.

47. What broke the year-long peace between Britain and its North American colonies
following the resolution of the Stamp Act crisis?
A) Colonial elites decided to reject the Navigation Act.
B) Britain decided to reintroduce the Stamp Act.
C) Britain created a new tax on many imported items.
D) Samuel Adams led a rebellion against British rule.

48. When the colonies declared a boycott on British goods, who formed the backbone of the
movement?
A) Artisans
B) Small farmers
C) Sea captains
D) Women

49. Ordinary people showed their support for the boycott of British goods by refusing to
A) buy goods manufactured in England.
B) buy stamps or any other paper products.
C) pay any taxes to the crown.
D) house British soldiers.

Page 11
50. What was the basis of the defense John Adams presented at the trial of the soldiers
accused in the Boston Massacre?

When the multitude was shouting and huzzaing, and threatening life, the bells ringing,
the mob whistling, screaming, and rending like an Indian yell, the people from all
quarters throwing every species of rubbish they could pick up in the street, and some
who were quite on the other side of the street throwing clubs at the whole party,
Montgomery in particular smote with a club and knocked down, and as soon as he could
rise and take up his firelock, another club from afar struck his breast or shoulder, what
could he do? Do you expect he should behave like a stoic philosopher lost in apathy? . .
. It is impossible you should find him guilty of murder. You must suppose him divested
of all human passions, if you don't think him at the least provoked, thrown off his guard,
and into the furor brevis [brief madness], by such treatment as this. . . .
. . . Facts are stubborn things; and whatever may be our wishes, our inclinations, or the
dictates of our passions, they cannot alter the state of facts and evidence: nor is the law
less stable than the fact; if an assault was made to endanger their lives, the law is clear,
they had a right to kill in their own defence; if it was not so severe as to endanger their
lives, yet if they were assaulted at all, struck and abused by blows of any sort, . . . this
was a provocation, for which the law reduces the offence of killing, down to
manslaughter, in consideration of those passions in our nature, which cannot be
eradicated. To your candor and justice I submit the prisoners and their cause.
A) The soldiers were only following their captain's orders.
B) The crowd provoked the soldiers into firing.
C) The soldiers were acting to protect innocent lives.
D) The soldiers fired their weapons accidentally.

Page 12
Answer Key
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. D
6. B
7. A
8. B
9. C
10. D
11. B
12. A
13. D
14. B
15. D
16. C
17. D
18. A
19. C
20. B
21. B
22. B
23. D
24. A
25. B
26. D
27. C
28. C
29. B
30. D
31. A
32. B
33. D
34. C
35. C
36. B
37. C
38. A
39. C
40. D
41. C
42. B
43. B
44. B

Page 13
45. A
46. C
47. C
48. D
49. A
50. B

Page 14
Another random document with
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[25] Zum letzteren vergleiche auch Max B ü c h l e r , Joh. Heinr. v.
Thünen und seine nationalökonomischen Hauptlehren, Bern
1907, S. 16 ff.
 Literaturnachweise.

(Die für das Studium unentbehrlichen Hauptwerke sind durch ein Sternchen hinter
dem Verfassernamen kenntlich gemacht.)

I. Gesamtdarstellungen.

a) Z u r Geschichte der Logik:

Carl P r a n t l *, Geschichte der Logik im Abendlande, 4 Bde., 1855-1870 (bis zum

Ausgang des Mittelalters reichend).
Friedrich U e b e r w e g , System der Logik und Geschichte der logischen Lehren, 5.
Aufl. von J. B. Meyer, Bonn 1882.
Friedrich H a r m s , Die Philosophie in ihrer Geschichte, Teil II: Geschichte der
Logik, Berlin 1878 (mit Vorsicht zu benutzen).

b) Z u m System der Logik:

Benno E r d m a n n *, Logik, Bd. I: Logische Elementarlehre, 2. Aufl, Halle 1907.

Christoph S i g w a r t *, Logik, 2 Bde., 4. Aufl. herausg. von Heinrich Maier,
Tübingen 1911.
Wilhelm W u n d t *, Logik, 3 Bde., 3. Aufl., Stuttgart 1906-1908.
Hermann L o t z e , System der Philosophie, Teil I: Logik, 2. Aufl. Leipzig 1880 (neu
herausgegeben in der Philosophischen Bibliothek [Bd. 141] von Georg Misch,
Leipzig 1912).
Wertvoll zu Studienzwecken sind von Werken geringeren Umfanges, zum Teil
solchen älteren Ursprungs, auch:
Moritz Wilhelm D r o b i s c h , Neue Darstellung der Logik, 4. Aufl., Leipzig 1875.
Alois H ö f l e r , Grundlehren der Logik und Psychologie, 2. Aufl., 1906.
William Stanley J e v o n s , Leitfaden der Logik, deutsch von Hans Kleinpeter,
Leipzig 1906.
August S t a d l e r , Logik, Leipzig 1912.
Ferner das oben genannte System der Logik von Friedrich U e b e r w e g .
Vom katholischen Standpunkt aus haben u. a. die Logik behandelt:
Georg H a g e m a n n , Logik und Noetik, 9. und 10. Aufl., bearb. v. Ad. Dyroff,
Freiburg i. Br. 1915.
Joseph G e y s e r , Grundlagen der Logik und Erkenntnistheorie, Münster 1909.
B. W. S w i t a l s k i , Vom Denken und Erkennen, Kempten 1914.
Spezielle Richtungen vertreten:
Theodor L i p p s , Grundzüge der Logik, Hamburg 1893.
Wilhelm S c h u p p e , Erkenntnistheoretische Logik, Bonn 1878.
— Grundriß der Erkenntnistheorie und Logik, 2. Aufl., Berlin 1910.
Hermann C o h e n , Logik der reinen Erkenntnis, Berlin 1902.
Ferner: Paul N a t o r p in mehreren Schriften.
Das deutsche Hauptwerk der mathematischen Logik ist:
Ernst S c h r ö d e r , Vorlesungen über die Algebra der Logik, 3 Bde., Leipzig 1890-
1895.
Kurze orientierende Darstellungen dieser Richtung bei:
Ernst S c h r ö d e r , Abriß der Algebra der Logik, Teil I, herausg. v. Eugen Müller,
Leipzig 1909.
Joseph H o n t h e i m , Der logische Algorithmus, Berlin 1895.

II. Schriften über einzelne Gegenstände.

a) Z u r G e s c h i c h t e d e r L o g i k :

Heinrich M a i e r *, Die Syllogistik des Aristoteles, 2 Teile in 3 Bänden. Tübingen

1896-1900.
Adolf T r e n d e l e n b u r g , Geschichte der Kategorienlehre, in: Hist. Beitr. z. Philos.
Bd. I, Berlin 1846.
Richard H e r b e r t z , Studien zum Methodenproblem und seiner Geschichte, Köln
1910.
Ferner: A. R i e h l , Die englische Logik der Gegenwart; in: Viert. f. wiss. Philos.,
Bd. I, 1877.
L. L i a r d , Die neuere englische Logik, deutsch von J. Imelmann, 2. Aufl., Leipzig
1883.

b) Z u Begriff, Aufgabe und Methode der Logik:

Edmund H u s s e r l *, Logische Untersuchungen, 2 Bde., 2. Aufl., Halle 1913.

Alois R i e h l , Logik und Erkenntnistheorie, in: Die Kultur der Gegenwart, herausg.
v. P. Hinneberg, Teil I, Abteilung 6, Berlin und Leipzig 1908.
Heinrich M a i e r , Logik und Erkenntnistheorie, in: Philos. Abhandlungen, Chr.
Sigwart gewidmet, Tübingen 1900.
— Logik und Psychologie, in: Festschrift für Al. Riehl z. s. 70. Geb., Halle 1914.
Wilhelm W i n d e l b a n d , Logik, in: Die Philosophie im Beginn des 20. Jahrh.
Festschrift f. Kuno Fischer, 2. Aufl., Heidelberg 1907.
Ferner: Beiträge in der „Encyklopädie der philos. Wissensch.“ (herausg. v. Arnold
R u g e , Bd. I, Tübingen 1912) von Wilh. Windelband, Josiah Royce, Louis
Couturat, Benedetto Croce u. a.
Lehrreich auch noch:
Adolf T r e n d e l e n b u r g , Logische Untersuchungen, 3. Aufl., 2 Bde., Leipzig 1870
(verteidigt die metaphysische Logik gegen die formale).

c) Z u r logischen Elementarlehre:

B. E r d m a n n , Logische Studien, in: Viert. s. wiss. Philos., Bd. VI, 1882, Bd. VII,
1883.
— Zur Theorie des Syllogismus und der Induktion, in: Philos. Aufs., Ed. Zeller
gew., Leipzig 1887.
Chr. S i g w a r t , Beiträge zur Lehre vom hypothetischen Urteile, Tübingen 1871.
— Die Impersonalien, eine logische Untersuchung, Freiburg 1888.
Alois R i e h l , Beiträge zur Logik, 2. Aufl., Leipzig 1912.
Wilhelm W i n d e l b a n d , Beiträge zur Lehre vom negativen Urteil, in: Straßburger
Abhandl. zur Philos., Ed. Zeller gew., Leipzig 1884.
— Vom System der Kategorien, in: Philos. Abhandlungen, Chr. Sigwart gew.,
Tübingen 1900.
Hans C o r n e l i u s , Versuch einer Theorie der Existentialurteile, München 1894.
Adolf D y r o f f , Über den Existentialbegriff, Freiburg 1902.
Fritz M e d i c u s , Bemerkungen zum Problem der Existenz mathematischer
Gegenstände, in: Festschrift der Kantstudien zum 70. Geb. Al. Riehls, Berlin
1914.
Joh. Ed. Th. W i l d s c h r e y , Die Grundlagen einer vollständigen Syllogistik, Halle
1907.
Ferner: Friedrich Albert L a n g e , Logische Studien, Iserlohn 1877.
A. M a r t y , Über subjektlose Sätze, in: Viert. f. wiss. Philos. Bd. 8, 1884; Bd. 18,
1894.

d) Z u r logischen Methodenlehre:

John Stuart M i l l *, System der deduktiven und induktiven Logik, 3 Bde., deutsch
in: Ges. Werke, herausg. v. Theod. Gompertz, Bd. 2-4, Leipzig 1872-1873.
Richard H ö n i g s w a l d , Beiträge zur Erkenntnistheorie und Methodenlehre,
Leipzig 1906.
Bruno B a u c h , Studien zur Philosophie der exakten Wissenschaften, Heidelberg
1911.
Johannes von K r i e s , Logik, Tübingen 1916.
Ferner: B. E r d m a n n , Theorie der Typen-Einteilungen, in: Philos. Monatshefte,
Bd. 30, Berlin 1884.
— Methodologische Konsequenzen aus der Theorie der Abstraktion (Abh. d. Kgl.
Pr. Akad. d. Wiss.), Berlin 1916.
Heinrich R i c k e r t , Zur Lehre von der Definition, 2. Aufl., Tübingen 1915.
Zur Einführung in die zahlreichen methodologischen Probleme des
m a t h e m a t i s c h e n D e n k e n s vergleiche man: B. E r d m a n n , Die Axiome
der Geometrie, Leipzig 1877; O. H ö l d e r , Anschauung und Denken in der
 Geometrie, Leipzig 1900; Jonas C o h n , Voraussetzungen und Ziele des
Erkennens, Leipzig 1908, Teil II; Richard H ö n i g s w a l d , Zum Streit über die
Grundlagen der Mathematik, Heidelberg 1912; A. Vo ß , Über das Wesen der
Mathematik, Leipzig 1913; sowie die dort angeführte Literatur.
Zur neueren Logik der G e s c h i c h t s w i s s e n s c h a f t : Wilh. W i n d e l b a n d ,
Naturwissenschaft und Geschichte, 2. Aufl., Straßburg 1900 (auch in: Präludien
Bd. II, Tübingen 1915); Ed. M e y e r , Zur Theorie und Methodik der Geschichte,
Halle 1902; Heinrich R i c k e r t , Die Grenzen der naturwissenschaftlichen
Begriffsbildung, Tübingen 1902; Über die Aufgaben einer Logik der Geschichte,
Archiv f. syst. Phil., Bd. 8, 1902; Kulturwissenschaft und Naturwissenschaft, 2.
Aufl., Tübingen 1910; Geschichtsphilosophie, in: Die Philosophie im Beginn des
20. Jahrh., Festschr. f. Kuno Fischer, 2. Aufl., Heidelberg 1907; ferner: Eduard
S p r a n g e r , Die Grundlagen der Geschichtswissenschaft, Berlin 1905; Kurt
S t e r n b e r g , Zur Logik der Geschichtswissenschaft, Philos. Vortr. Nr. 7, Berlin
1914; Heinrich M a i e r , Das geschichtliche Erkennen, Göttingen 1914; sowie
einzelne Schriften von Ernst B e r n h e i m .
Zur Frage nach der systematischen G l i e d e r u n g der Wissenschaften: Wilh.
W u n d t , Über die Einteilung der Wissenschaften, in Philos. Studien, Bd. 5,
Leipzig 1888; B. E r d m a n n , Die Gliederung der Wissenschaften, in: Viert. f.
wiss. Philos., Bd. 2, Leipzig 1878; Alfred H e t t n e r , Das System der
Wissenschaften, in: Preuß. Jahrbücher, Bd. 122, Berlin 1905; Carl S t u m p f , Zur
Einteilung der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1906; Richard H ö n i g s w a l d , Vom
allgemeinen System der Wissenschaften, in: Philos. Wochenschr., Bd. 4, Leipzig
1906; Zur Wissenschaftstheorie und -systematik, in Kant-Studien, Bd. 17, Berlin
1912.
 Sachregister.

(Aufgenommen sind lediglich die wichtigsten logischen Begriffe nach

ihren Hauptstellen. Die Zahlen bezeichnen die Seiten.)

Abstrakte Allgemeinvorstellung 18 f.
Abstraktheit von Begriffen 21.
Abstraktion 27, 28.
Allgemeines (universales) Urteil 33, 46 f., 58 f.
Analogieschluß 78, 98 ff., 129, 131.
Analyse 109 ff.
Analytisches Urteil 33 Anm.
Apodiktisches Urteil 33, 35, 60 f., 73.
Approximatives Urteil 62.
Artbegriff, artbildender Unterschied 29 f.
Assertorisches Urteil 33, 35, 60 f.
Ausgeschlossenes Dritte (Grundsatz) 9, 14, 43 f., 77.
Axiom 44, 93, 124.

Begriff 8, 16 ff., 21 ff., 27 ff., 33, 40 f., 105 ff.

Begriffsbestimmung 8, 22, 25, 50 f., 107 f.
Begriffsbildung 21, 105 ff., 115.
Bejahendes Urteil 33, 35, 56 f.
Besonderes (partikuläres) Urteil 33, 35, 41, 46 f., 58 f.
Beurteilung 35, 46, 47, 56 ff., 62.
Beweis 8, 9, 103, 123 ff., 126 ff.

Deduktive Logik 98.

Deduktiver Schluß 11, 77 ff., 86 ff., 91 ff., 100 f., 113, 128.
Definition: s. Begriffsbestimmung
Denken 3, 6 f., 16 ff., 24, 25, 32, 102 ff.
Determination 27, 28, 40.
Dictum de omni et nullo 76.
Ding 31 f., 46.
Disjunktiver Schluß 10, 78 f., 88 f.
Disjunktives Urteil 33, 35, 64 ff.
Divisives Urteil 35, 63 f., 120.
Doppelte Verneinung (Grundsatz) 58.

Eigenschaft 31 f., 46.

Einfaches Urteil 33 ff., 62 f.
Einordnungstheorie 40 f., 92.
Einteilung 120 ff.
Einzelurteil 34, 46.
Erkennen und Erkenntnistheorie 3 f., 6 f., 14.
Erkenntnistheoretische Logik 15.
Existentialurteil 34, 54 ff.
Experiment 111 f.

Falschheit von Urteilen 33, 42, 76 f.

Falsch- und Fehlschlüsse 129 ff.
Fiktion 132 ff.
Folgerung 72 ff.
Formale Gültigkeit 42 f., 64, 65, 73.
Formale Logik 5, 9, 13 f., 15.
Formalurteil 34, 44, 67, 105.
Formalwissenschaft 104.
Formen des Denkens 4 f., 7, 8, 17, 42.
Formuliertes Denken 17.
Frage 24, 32, 68 ff., 123 f.

Galenische Schlußweise 84.

Gattungsbegriff 18 f., 21, 29 f., 46, 50, 64, 114.
Gattungsurteil 34, 46.
Gegenstand 6, 23, 32, 36, 52, 54 f., 106 f.
Gegenstand des Denkens 20 ff.
Gegenstand überhaupt 32.
Geisteswissenschaft 103 f., 111.
Gesamtbegriff 29, 46, 114.
Gesetz 113 ff.
Gesetze des Denkens 5.
Grammatik 7 f., 36, 57.
Grammatisierende Logik 36.
Gültigkeitsfrage 70, 71 f.

Hypothese 113, 117 ff.

Hypothetischer Schluß 10, 78 f., 86 ff., 91.
Hypothetisches Urteil 33, 35, 66 ff., 91, 115.

Idealurteil 33 f.
Identität (Grundsatz) 14, 24.
Immanenz, logische 40, 46.
Impersonalien: s. Subjekt-unbestimmte Urteile.
Individualbegriff 21, 29 f., 46.
Induktive Logik 15, 98.
Induktiver Schluß 9, 11, 12, 78, 93 ff., 114 f., 128 f., 131.
Inhalt von Begriffen 23 ff.
Inhaltslogik 37.
Inhaltstheorien des Urteils (des Schlußverfahrens) 37 ff., 92.
Inhärenzsyllogismus 84.
Inhärenzurteil 34, 49 ff., 92, 110.
Intuition und intuitives Denken 11, 17, 20.

Kategorie 9, 14, 31 f.
Kategorisches Urteil (bzw. Schluß) 33, 78 f., 89, 91.
Kausalgesetz, Kausalität 12, 31, 53, 97, 100, 116, 124.
Kausalurteil 34, 49, 53 f.
Kette 79, 89 f., 113.
Klassifikation 107, 120 ff.
Klassifikatorisches Urteil 34, 50 f.
Kollektivbegriff 21, 29.
Konjunktives Urteil 35, 63, 94 f., 96, 108.
Konstituierendes Merkmal 24 ff., 42 f.
Kontradictio in adjecto 28.
Kontradiktorisch-entgegengesetzte Begriffe (Urteile) 28, 43 f., 76 f.
Kontraposition 75.
Konträr-entgegengesetzte Begriffe (Urteile) 28, 76 f.
Konversion 73 f., 84, 86.
Kopulatives Urteil 35, 63, 94 f., 96.

Materiale Frage 70 f.
Materiale Gültigkeit 42 ff., 73.
Materie des Denkens 4 f., 42.
Mathematische Logik 15, 38.
Merkmal 23 f., 33, 39.
Metaphysische Logik 9, 14, 15.
Mittelbare Bejahung 58, 73.
Mittelbares Urteil 92.
Mittelbare Verneinung 57 f., 73.
Mittelbegriff 80, 84 f., 131.
Modal-bestimmte Urteile 35, 56, 60 ff.
Modalität 31, 35, 56, 60 ff.

Naturwissenschaft 103 f., 111.

Negation: s. Verneinung.
Normative Logik 5 f., 13.
Normatives Urteil 34, 51.

Opposition 76.
Ordnungsreihe des Denkens 30 f., 50.

Paralogismus 80.
Partikuläres Urteil: s. besonderes Urteil.
Prädikat 4, 34, 36 f., 38 f., 42 f., 46, 49 ff.
Prädikation (log. Grundsatz) 42 f.
Prädikativer Inhalt 25.
Problematisches Urteil 33, 35, 61 f., 65.
Problemfrage 72, 123 f.
Psychologie des Denkens 7, 16 f.
Psychologisierende Logik 12, 15, 36.

Qualität des Urteils 31, 33 f., 56.

Qualitätsurteil 34, 50, 52 f., 110.
Quantifikation des Prädikats 38.
Quantität des Urteils 31, 33 f., 46 f., 52, 56, 58 ff.
Quaternio terminorum 131.

Realitätsproblem 55.
Realurteil 33 f., 67, 105.
Realwissenschaft 104.
Relation 31 f., 33, 46, 92.
Relationsmerkmal 25.
Relationssyllogismus 84, 92, 100 f.
Relationsurteil 4, 34, 49, 52 ff., 84 f., 90, 110.
Relativer Inhalt 25.
Reziprokables Urteil 74.

Satz 16 f., 36.

Schluß 8, 14, 24, 32, 72 ff.
Singuläres Urteil 59.
Sorites, Goclenischer, Aristotelischer 89 f.
Spezialbegriff 29, 46, 114.
Spezifikation 107 f.
Sprechen 7, 11, 16 ff., 21.
Statistik 111.
Subalternation 75 f.
Subjekt 4, 15, 32, 34, 36 f., 38 f., 42 f., 46 ff., 49.
Subjekt-unbestimmtes Urteil 34, 37, 46, 48 f., 54.
Subkonträr-entgegengesetzte Urteile 76 f.
Syllogismus 9, 79 ff., 91 ff., 100 f., 113, 131.
Synthese 113 ff.
Synthetisches Urteil 33 Anm.

Theorie 113, 117 ff.

Transzendentale Logik 13 f.
Trugschluß 8 f., 129 ff.

Umfang von Begriffen 26 ff., 41, 64.

Umfangslogik 37 f., 92.
Umfangstheorien des Urteils (des Schlußverfahrens) 38 f., 92.
Universales Urteil: s. allgemeines Urteil.
Unmittelbare Gewißheit, log. Grundsatz 44.
Untersuchungsverfahren der Wissenschaft 8, 102 ff.
Urteil 8, 11, 14, 15, 24, 32 ff., 69 f.
Urteilsgefüge 35, 62 ff., 85.
Urteilsverbindungen 35, 62 ff., 85.
Urteilstheorien 35 ff., 91 f.
Utopie 132, 134 f.
Verneinung 56, 68 ff., 74, 86.
Verträgliche Begriffe 25, 28.
Voraussetzungen des Denkens, formale, materiale 3 f., 6.
Vorstellung 18 f., 33.

Wahrheit 8, 11, 14, 33, 42, 44, 76 f.

Wahrscheinlichkeit 12, 62, 96, 99, 100, 115.
Werturteil (Wertrelationsurteil) 50, 53.
Widerspruch, log. Grundsatz 9, 12, 14, 43, 45, 59, 77.
Wissenschaft 8, 22, 102 ff., 123 ff., 127 ff., 132 f.
Wort, Wortvorstellung 16 ff., 18, 24, 36.

Zirkelbeweis (circulus vitiosus) 130.

Zureichende Begründung, log. Grundsatz 12, 14, 45, 55, 59, 72,
125.
Zusammengesetzte Urteile 33 ff., 62 ff., 85.
 Die Sammlung
„Aus Natur und Geisteswelt“
nunmehr schon über 600 Bändchen umfassend, sucht seit ihrem
Entstehen dem Gedanken zu dienen, der heute in das Wort:
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Errungenschaften von Wissenschaft, Kunst und Technik e i n e m
j e d e n z u g ä n g l i c h machen, ihn dabei zugleich unmittelbar im
B e r u f f ö r d e r n , den G e s i c h t s k r e i s e r w e i t e r n d , die E i n s i c h t in
die Bedingungen der Berufsarbeit v e r t i e f e n d .
Sie bietet wirkliche „E i n f ü h r u n g e n “ in die
Hauptwissensgebiete für den U n t e r r i c h t o d e r S e l b s t u n t e r r i c h t
d e s L a i e n , wie sie den heutigen methodischen Anforderungen
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Bedürfnis des F o r s c h e r s zu dienen, sich auf d e n
N a c h b a r g e b i e t e n auf dem laufenden zu erhalten.

In den Dienst dieser Aufgabe haben sich darum auch in

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Alles in allem sind die schmucken, gehaltvollen Bände
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