Welcome to Week 1

TCS 208

WIRELESS AND CELLULAR MOBILE

COMMUNICATION

Dr. Nasir Faruk

Department of Telecommunication Science
University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
 Lecture schedule
All communication on this course will be via TCS 208 forum

Lecture days Mondays Except for any necessity

10:00 – 11:00 Lecture

11:00 – 11:05 Short Break

11:05 – 12:00 Lecture

10:00-11:00 Tutorials (Wednesdays Only)

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 Course title, code and pre-requisite

 WIRELESS AND CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

 COURSE CODE: TCS 208 (3 Units) Compulsory course

 PRE-REQUISITES:
 TCS 101, 102 (Introduction to Telecommunication I & II)
 PHY 152 (Electricity and Magnetism)
 Secondary School Physics and Basic Mathematics

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 COURSE DURATION
 Theory and practical classes.
 The theory will be taught for 45 hours of 2 hours in a week for
15 lectures and 1 hour in a week for tutorials
 Practical session will be for 90 hours (6x 15) for 15 meetings.
 Real time and simulation experiment study.
 Practical classes in TCS Lab
 Groups will be announced later

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 COURSE TUTOR
Dr. Nasir Faruk
Room No 16: Ground Floor
Dept of Telecommunication Sci.
Faculty of CIS, University of Ilorin,
Ilorin, Nigeria.
Email: faruk.n@unilorin.edu.ng
Mobile: +2348054549807

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 Course content/Lecture Schedule
Lect. No. Date Topic
1 Week 1 General Overview of the Course, mobile technologies and service
2 Week 2 Spectrum management, Regulations and interference control
3 Week 3 GSM network infrastructure and Multiplexing
4 Week 4 Antennas and Radio Wave Propagation
5 Week 5 GSM link budget and coverage planning
6 Week 6 Logical Channels used in GSM networks
7 Week 7 TDMA, Frames Structure And Signaling With In GSM
8 Week 8 Mid Term Break and Test 1
9 Week 9 Teletraffic Engineering and Capacity planning in GSM networks
10 Week 10 Radio Resource Management (RRM) in GSM networks
11 Week 11 (Submission of Course Work 1) Mobility management (MM) in GSM
Networks
12 Week 12 Connection management (CM) in GSM Networks
13 Week 13 Backhauling systems, Transmission and Network Planning
14 Week 14 Test 2 and Drive Test Laboratory Defense
15 Week 15 General Course Revision

P.S Topic Date Duration

No. Assigned
1 Antennas and Radio Wave Propagation Week 4 1 week
2 GSM link budget and coverage planning Week 5 1 Week
3 Teletraffic Engineering and Capacity planning in GSM networks Week 9 1 week
64 Backhauling systems, Transmission and Network Planning Week 13 1 week
 COURSE DISCRIPTION
 This course is aim to provide the principle and techniques of digital communication systems
with particular emphasis on its applications in mobile cellular networks.
 Aspect of radio propagation would be introduced to facilitate student’s to understand the
fundamentals of radio frequency behavior and to describe the features and functions of each
components.
 It would also involve real time practical and simulation to study the performance of a
particular network designed.
 The mini projects work are major part of the course and will give students the opportunity
by acquiring in-depth knowledge of a key aspect of network planning, design and
optimization.
 It would also prepare students to essential skills needed for research method and project
management.
 The primary aim of the mini projects is for student to work with partners to design initial
pilot coverage and also analyze a drive test of GSM mobile phone networks.
 The analysis will be undertaken using a software tool called Genex probe installed in our
laboratory for network planning and analysis.
 Two mini projects would be undertaken in this module;

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 COURSE JUSTIFICATION
 Importance of wireless communication
 Growth of wireless data service
 Important technologies for contributing to social and
economic development around the world. Studies have
pointed to the significant
 Contribution to GDP growth as a key to sustainability.
 This course is aim to provide the principle and
techniques of digital communication with particular
emphasis on its applications in mobile networks.

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 COURSE OBJECTIVES AND REQUIREMENTS
 Students must attend a minimum of 75% of the total lecture hours in order to be eligible to
write the final exam. Students should notify the course staff of any intended absence from a
lecture or laboratory at least a day prior to such lecture or laboratory. In a situation where the
student is ill, an official documentation should be obtained from the university clinic.
 Homework will be given in the form of problem sets. A total of four problem sets will be
handed out, the last of which will be a class project.
 The continuous assessment tests will be conducted in the weeks eight and fourteen of the
semester; thereafter, lecture commence for the week..
 The final examination timetable will be as scheduled by the Faculty of Communication and
Information Sciences. Students are expected to liaise with the Sub-dean of the faculty to make
sure that there are no clashes on their examination schedule.
 Students are encouraged to meet with course staff to sort out any administrative and academic
issues they may have relating to the course.
 Students are encouraged to collaborate on assignments but every student must do the
assignment on their own. It is important for student to note that cheating or any kind of
academic dishonesty will not be tolerated and will be met with harsh punishment by the
university administration if discovered (Please refer to student handbook).

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 SOME POSSIBLE SOFTWARE’S THAT
WOULD BE USED IN THIS MODULE

 Genex Probe: For drive test analysis

 Genex Share: For drive test analysis
 Map Info Professional: For drive test analysis
 MATLAB. Solving complex equations/relations
 Project planner . For project planning and analysis
 Macrocal Origin 6.0/ SPSS for statistical analysis

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 TEACHING, LEARNING AND
ASSESSMENT
S/N Description Weight (%)
1 Mini project 1 (Initial Pilot Coverage 5
Design)
2 Mini project 2 (Network Optimization and 15
Drive Test Data Analysis)
3 Problem Sets 5
4 Continuous Assessment Tests (2) 10
5 Attendance 5
6 Examination 60
TOTAL 100

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 GENERAL READING LIST
1. T.S. Rappaport ,”Wireless communications principle and practice” 2nd edition, Prentice Hall , 2003
(Strongly recommended)
2. A. J. Mishra (2007), Advanced Cellular Networks Planning and Optimization 2G/2.5G/3G Evolution to
4G, John Wiley and Sons Ltd ISBN 13 978-0-470-01471-4 (Strongly recommended)
3. J. Schiller (2003) Mobile Communications, Pearson Education 2nd edition, ISBN 0321123816
4. W.C. Lee (2006), Wireless and Cellular Telecommunications, McGRAW-HILL, ISBN 0-07-150141-X, pp 1-
4, 15-20
5. K.V Prasad (2003) “Principle of digital communication systems and computer Networks”, Charles River Media,
ISBN: 1584503297 pp 37-38
6. G. Childs (2009) Digital Mobile Communication, Lecture Note, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
7. D. David. (2006) CWNA Certified Wireless Network Administrator Guide, Wiley Publishing, ISBN
9780471789529, pp 23-131
8. Andrew Knight (2000) Basic of MATLAB and beyond, Chapman & Hall, ISBN 849320299, pp 13-80
(Recommended)
9. Brain D. and D.T. Valentine (2007) Essential MATLAB for Engineers and Scientists, 3rd Edition, Elsevier pp
24-100
10. H. Gunnar. (1999) GSM network: Protocols, Terminology and Implementation, Artec House, ISBN
0890064717, pp 4, 13-37
11. W.C. Lee (2006), Wireless and Cellular Telecommunications, McGRAW-HILL, ISBN 0-07-150141-X, pp
111
12. Mehrota, A, ‘GSM System Engineering’, Artech House, 1997
13. J.Eberspacher, H-J Vogel, C. Bettstetter, C.Hartmann, ‘GSM architecture, protocols and services’, Wiley,
2009
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 Today’s lecture
 Benefit of mobile communication systems
 Technical history of cellular communication systems
 Evolution of Cellular Systems [1G, 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 4G and
Beyond 4G]
 2G Limitations
 3G Aims
 IMT-2000
 3G System provision
 Migration path
 Basic properties of 2G and 3G systems
 GSM Vs WCDMA

 Some Terms Associated with Mobile Communication

 Study Questions

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 BENEFIT OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

 Conventional system of communication

o Signal propagates through a guided medium such as coaxial cable or optical
fiber etc
o Immune to interference and or channel impairments such noise, fading, co-
channel and adjacent channel interference, etc.
o This makes the system to be more reliable
o Drawback to this kind of communication system :
 No Supports for user mobility.

 Wireless systems
 More prepared for its flexibility to supports users mobility, since users can
communicates anywhere and everywhere.
 It is still the most patronized form of communication today.
 Drawback to this kind of communication system :
 It suffers from channel impairments and this limits the system efficiency.

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 TECHNICAL HISTORY OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION

 The ability for people to communicate has evolved since

Guglielmo Marconi in 1897.
 Guglielmo Marconi was an Italian inventor and electrical
engineer known for his pioneering work on long-distance
radio transmission. See Marconi's law
 He shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl
Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to
the development of wireless telegraphy (radio Guglielmo Marconi
communication)". (25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937)
 Since then the new wireless applications and services has
been adopted by people across the world.
 The evolution of cellular technology has been going on
since the late 1950s-til date
 The developments in the cellular systems is classify into
generations as follows:
 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G and 6G
Post Office Engineers inspect Marconi's
Links: equipment on Flat Holm, May 1897
15 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy
 First Generation Cellular Systems (1G)
 The first HCMTS (high capacity mobile telephone systems) were developed in Bell Labs in the
period 1964-1974.
 Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company (NTT) in Japan deployed the first commercial
cellular system in 1979, which uses 25 kHz bandwidth in the 800 MHz band.
 Later, in 1981, Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) was created in Europe.
 NMT uses full duplex 25 kHz channel in the 450 MHz band.
 One of the advantage of the NMT specifications was cost effectiveness, as the standard was made available, freely
 Wider coverage areas were achievable as each cell size in the NMT network could cover from 2 km to 30 km.
 later, in 1986, NMT 900 was introduced to combat capacity issues since the 900 MHz carries more channels than the
starter 450 MHz.
 Drawback of NMT was security.

 The AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Systems) started in the USA in 1983, while TACS (total
access communication systems) in the UK.
 Early AMPS used FDMA in the 800 MHz band at a bandwidth of 30 kHz
 Allows multiple users in a cell and new cells were added to combat increased in users.
 The signaling rate was 10 kbps and there was no standard organization .
 The new name for the system, AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Systems) was in used since 1976.
 The AMPS concentrated on only speech services and were based on analog transmission.
 The TACS was similar to the AMPS but operated in the 900 MHz band.
 Still, the system had capacity and security related problems.
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 SOME PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE
1G SYSTEM:
 Compatibility issues: All the systems deployed are incompatible
 Standard: Each network has its own standard
 Roaming: Roaming was impossible and most countries had only
one operator
 Size & Charging: 1980s technology couldn’t make cell phone,
AMPS systems was used in car and they used car battery as power
supply
 Cost: Very expensive about $1000 the least you can get in the
market
 As the results of these problems, the penetration of 1G system
was very low

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 Second Generation Systems (2G)
 The digital transmission technology started in the 1990s called the ‘Second Generation Mobile
System’.
 So many technologies and standards were developed and these include:
 GSM (Global Systems for Mobile Communications)
 IS-54 (Interim Standard-54)
 IS-95 (Interim Standard-95)
 IS-136 (Interim Standard- 136)
 PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) and PHS (Personal Handy Phone System).

 IS-54 and IS-136 used TDMA as air interface protocol each 30 kHz channel and divided in to pair of
three time slots.
 Digitally compressing the voice data, which resulted to three times the call capacity in a single cell.
 Security was also enhanced.
 The IS-136 also added a number of features to the original IS-54 specification which include text messaging, circuit
switched data (CSD) and an improved compression protocol.
 These standards IS 54 and 136 are considered as Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System (D-AMPS).
 The D-AMPS also uses 800 MHz and 900 MHz frequency bands.

 European developed GSM in 1983, originally called Group of Special Mobile, later changed to GSM
 In 1991, the first GSM was deployed in Germany and it was the first digital mobile cellular system in the world.
 The GSM system operates at various frequency bands, the commonest is the 900 MHz/1800 MHz bands. However, 850
MHz/1900 MHz are been used in the US and Canada.
 The UL and DL frequencies within the 900 MHz band were 935–960 MHz and 890–915 MHz, utilizing 25 MHz
18 bandwidth which is also subdivided into 124 carriers and each carrier is further subdivided into 8 time slots. The carries
are also 200 kHz apart.
GSM in Nigeria
 In Nigeria, the penetration of
GSM comes into play in August
2001.
 GSM systems operates in
various frequencies
 GSM uses the time division
multiple access (TDMA)
technique to multiplex up to 8
calls per channel in the 900
MHz and/or 1800 MHz
spectrum and uses Gaussian
Minimum Shift Key (GMSK)
modulation techniques.
 Contributes to 8.86 % of GDP
in Q4 of 2017
Figure 1: Nigeria Subscriber teledensity (source: NCC, 2018)

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20
 Why is GSM so important that we need
to study it?

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 Some Services GSM offered include:

 Prepaid/postpaid calling
 Voice
 Mail
 SMS
 Call waiting
 Call bearing and
 etc.

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 2G Limitations
 Limitations:
 Voice oriented
 Limited data capabilities
 No world-wide roaming
 Incompatible systems in different countries

 In 2000, there was an enhancement in the 2G technology i.e. 2.5G such:

 GPRS (General Packets Radio Service) which provides a data rates from 14.4 kbps to 64
kbps
 EDGE (Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution) which give up to 500 kbps.
 CDMA (code division multiple access)
 EVDO (Enhanced version of voice and data only)
 IS-136, CDMAone (IS-95) etc.
 Despite the enhancement which provides the enhanced facilities and much
improved data rates, but there are still incompatibility issues and WW-roaming
problems.
 Therefore, there is a need for a system that could provide more advanced
services. This give birth to 3G and so on....
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 Third Generation Systems (3G)
 3G technologies are developed to overcome the problems associated with the previous generations. Some
new requirements of the 3G systems are;

 More advances services e.g Internet and VoIP

 Improved spectrum efficiency
 WW roaming
 Small Terminals
 High quality communication
 Flexibility for evolution to next generation
 Global standard
 Bit rates up to 2 Mbps
 Variable bit rate to offer bandwidth on demand
 Multiplexing of services with different Qos requirements on a single connection
 Co-existence with different systems and inter-system handovers for coverage enhancements and
loading balancing.
 Uplink and downlink asymmetry e.g. web browsing causes more loading to downlink than to
uplink.
 Co-existence of FDD (Frequency division duplex) and TDD (time division duplex) modes.
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 Beyond 3G
 UMTS data rate 2 Mbps
 HSDPA data rate :DL 14.4Mbps (Non MIMO)
 HSPA+ , Data Rate: DL 56Mbps and UL 22 Mbps depending on the spectrum
 3GPP LTE, DL 326 Mbps and UL 86 Mbps in 20MHz
 LTE-A, DL 3Gbps in 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 MHz
 5G (The Next Generation Networks (NGNs))
 Expected to meet future traffic demand by addressing the challenges from the points of view of users,
service providers, and network operators.
 Primarily, 5G networks are expected to efficiently support massive (10 to 100 times) ubiquitous
connections, provide extremely low (1 ms) latency, and deliver significantly high (1000 times) network
capacity, compared to fourth generation networks.
 In addition to the conventional voice and data services
 to support robust Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication services
which enable smart metering, in-car satellite navigation, e-health monitoring, and smart cities.
 This is an automated communication between Machine Type Devices (MTDs) with little or no human
intervention.
 Cloud computing, Wireless Network Function Virtualization and software defined networking are
considered as the main driver towards the next generation systems

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 MIGRATION PATHS FROM 1G TO 3G

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 Mobile standards and some Basic properties
Technology Data Rate Bandwidth Switching
2G Technology
GSM 9.6/14.4 kbps 200 kHz CS
IS-136 9.6/14.4 kbps 200 kHz CS
IS-95 9.6/14/4 kbps 1.25 MHz CS
2.5G Technology
HSCSD 28.8/56 kbps 200 kHz CS/PS
GPRS 128 kbps 200 kHz CS/PS
EDGE 384 kbps 200 kHz CS/PS
CDMA 2000 1X 144 kbps 1.25 MHz CS/PS
3G Technology
WCDMA 144 kbps vehicular PS
384 kbps outdoors 5 MHz
2 Mbps static indoors
CDMA 2000 3X 144 kbps vehicular PS
384 kbps outdoors 5 MHz
2 Mbps static indoors
3.5 G and 3.75 G Technologies
HSPA 14.4 Mbps 5 MHz PS
HSPA+ 168 Mbps 5 MHz PS
4G Technology
LTE 1 Gbps 1.25/1.6/2.5/ 5//10/15/ and 20 MHz PS
27 LTE-A 3 Gbps 1.25/1.6/2.5/ 5//10/15/ and 20 MHz PS
 SOME TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH
MOBILE COMMUNICATION
 Mobile station (MS): Is the radio transceiver that is
attached to the network and it is use to make and receive
calls e.g. Nokia N900
 Subscribers: These are the collective group of users or
mobiles in a network e.g. all MTN or Glo users
 Base Station (BS) or Base Transceivers Station (BTS): This Mobile Station
SIM
is fixed transceiver in a cellular systems that is located at the (Mobile Equipmen
center of the cell with transmitting power determining the
cell size
 Control Channels: These are channels use during
initiation of calls, request of call and etc.
 Traffic Channels: These are channels use during calls
 Forward Channel (Downlink): Is a radio channel use
for the transmission of signal from the BT to MS Base Station
 Reverse Channel (Uplink): Is a channel use for the Site
28 transmission of signal from the MS to BS
 Study questions
1. Highlight the significance of wireless and mobile communication
2. Briefly describe the technical history of 1G-4G
3. What are the strength and weakness of 2G systems?
4. What will be the size of the Nigeria wireless telecommunication services market in
2030?
5. What are the factors responsible for strengthening competition in the Nigerian
telecommunication services market?
6. How has the telecommunication market performed over the last ten years in
Nigeria?
7. Discuss the economic and environmental impacts of mobile cellular networks in
Nigeria
8. The 2G mobile communication networks provide a very efficient service, state FIVE
reasons why many companies see the need to provide a new 3G network
9. Discuss THREE system requirements needed to satisfy the aims of 3G networks.

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 FURTHER READING
 Adediran,Y. A., Usman. A.U. and B.N. Onyedibe (2015), “Nigeria’s Telecommunication Industry in
the New Millennium: Problems, Challenges and Progress” in 6th Annual Engineering Conference
Proceedings (FUT Minna), 2005.
 ITU (2016) “ICT facts and Figure ” http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/facts/default.aspx
 NCC (2016) Subscriber Statistics, [Accessed 30th September, 2016] Available on
http://www.ncc.gov.ng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=125&Itemid=73
 Rappaport T.S. (2013),”Wireless communications principle and practice” 2nd edition, Prentice Hall
pp 1-23, 2003
 Schiller. J. (2003) Mobile Communications, Pearson Education 2nd edition, ISBN 0321123816 pp 3-
15
 Mishra. A. J. (2007), Advanced Cellular Networks Planning and Optimization 2G/2.5G/3G
…Evolution to 4G, John Wiley and Sons Ltd ISBN 13 978-0-470-01471-4 , pp 1-12
 Nisha Panwar, Shantanu Sharma, Awadhesh Kumar Singh, “A survey on 5G: The next generation of
mobile communication”, Physical Communication 18 (2016), pp. 64–84
 Vinicius C. M. Borges, Kleber Vieira Cardoso, Eduardo Cerqueira, Michele Nogueira and Aldri
Santos, “Aspirations, Challenges, and Open Issues for Software-Based 5G Networks in Extremely
Dense and Heterogeneous Scenarios”, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and
Networking (2015) 2015:164 DOI 10.1186/s13638-015-0380-8
 The Next Generation of Communication Networks and Services, The 5G Infrastructure Public Private
Partnership (5GPPP), European Commission, 2015. Available at: http://5g-
ppp.eu/wpcontent/uploads/2015/02/5G-Vision-Brochure-v1.pdf.

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