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Opamp Important
Opamp Important
Homework Assignment 13
Question 1 Short Takes – 2 points each.
1. Classify the type of feedback uses in the circuit below (i.e., shunt-shunt, series-shunt, …)
Answer: Series-shunt.
2. True or false: an engineer uses series-shunt negative feedback to extend the bandwidth of a
voltage amplifier—this will also increase the input resistance.
Answer: True
3. What type of negative feedback (series-shunt, series-series,…) is used in the following
amplifier?
Answer: Shunt-shunt
4. True or false: voltage regulators use negative feedback to stabilize/regulate their output
voltages: a side effect is that their output resistances are high.
Answer: False
5. An amplifier has gain of 800. After adding negative feedback, the gain is measured as 25.
Find the loop gain.
Answer. 𝐴𝑓 = 𝐴𝑂𝐿 ⁄(1 + 𝛽𝐴𝑂𝐿 ) so that 25 = 800⁄(1 + 800𝛽). Solving for 𝑇 = 800𝛽
yields the loop gain 𝑇 = 31.
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55:041 Electronic Circuits. The University of Iowa. Fall 2013.
6. An amplifier has gain of 800. After adding negative feedback, the gain is measured as 25.
Find the feedback factor.
Answer 𝐴𝑓 = 𝐴𝑂𝐿 ⁄(1 + 𝛽𝐴𝑂𝐿 ) so that 25 = 800⁄(1 + 800𝛽). Solving for 𝛽 yields
𝛽 = 0.0388
7. An amplifier with gain of 200 has a 10% variation in gain over a certain frequency range.
Using negative feedback, what value of 𝛽 should one use to reduce the gain variation to
1%?
8. An amplifier has gain of 100,000, and a 20% variation in gain over a certain temperature
range. Negative feedback is used to reduce the gain to 10. What is the variation in gain
with temperature of the feedback amplifier?
Answer. Negative feedback increases the resistance by (5 × 109 )⁄(50 × 106 ) = 100 (or
40 dB) and reduces the gain by the same factor, so the feedback amplifier’s gain is 80 dB.
10. A single-pole op-amp has an open-loop low-frequency gain of 𝐴 = 105 and an open
loop, 3-dB frequency of 4 Hz. If an inverting amplifier with closed-loop low-frequency
gain of �𝐴𝑓 � = 50 uses this op-amp, determine the closed-loop bandwidth.
Answer. The gain-bandwidth product is 4 × 105 Hz. The bandwidth of the closed-loop
amplifier is then is 4 × 105 /50 = 8 kHz.
11. A single-pole op-amp has an open-loop gain of 100 dB and a unity-gain bandwidth
frequency 5 MHz. What is the open-loop bandwidth of the amplifier? The amplifier is
used as a voltage follower. What is the bandwidth of the follower?
Answer: A gain of 100 dB corresponds to 105 and the gain-bandwidth product is 5 MHz.
Thus, the open-loop bandwidth is (5 MHz)⁄105 = 50 Hz. A unity follower will have a
bandwidth of 5 MHz.
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55:041 Electronic Circuits. The University of Iowa. Fall 2013.
Question 2 A certain audio power amplifier with a signal gain of 10 V/V is found to produce a
2-V peak-to-peak 60-Hz hum. We wish to reduce the output hum to less than 1 mV peak-to-
peak without changing the signal gain. To this end, we precede the power stage with a
preamplifier stage with gain 𝑎1 and then apply negative feedback around the composite
amplifier. What are the required values of 𝑎1 and 𝛽? Provide 𝛽 to four significant digits.
(6 points)
Original amplifier with 60-Hz hum Preamplifier and negative feedback to fix hum
problem. problem.
Solution
We need to reduce the hum by a factor (2 V)⁄(1 mV) = 2,000. Thus, the “improvement factor”
is
1 + 𝛽𝐴 = 2,000 ⋯ (1)
where 𝐴 is the open-loop gain of the composite amplifier—the original × 10 amplifier and the
preamplifier, namely 𝐴 = 10𝑎1 . The closed-loop gain of the composite amplifier must be 10, so
𝐴 𝐴
𝐴𝑓 = ⇒ 10 = ⋯ (2)
1 + 𝛽𝐴𝑜𝑙 1 + 𝛽𝐴
We have two unknowns 𝛽 and 𝐴, and two equations. Solving yields 𝛽 = 0.09995, and 𝐴 =
20,000. Thus, 𝑎1 = 𝐴⁄10 = 2,000.
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55:041 Electronic Circuits. The University of Iowa. Fall 2013.
Question 3 The amplifier below has an open-loop gain 𝐴𝑂𝐿 = 80 dB. What is 𝛽, the loop gain
𝑇, and the closed-loop gain 𝐴𝑓 ? (6 points)
𝑅1 = 1K
𝑅2 = 47K
𝑅𝐿 = 4.7K
Solution
𝑅1 , 𝑅2 form a voltage divider and feeds back a fraction 𝛽 = 1⁄(1 + 47) = 0.02083 of the
output voltage. The loop gain is 𝑇 = 𝛽𝐴𝑂𝐿 = (0.02083)(104 ) = 208.3. The closed-loop gain
is 𝐴𝑂𝐿 ⁄(1 + 𝛽𝐴𝑂𝐿 ) = 104 ⁄(1 + 208.3) = 47.78.
Question 4 For the non-inverting op-amp circuit below, the parameters are 𝐴 = 105 , 𝐴𝑣𝑓 =
20, 𝑅𝑖 = 100K, and 𝑅𝑜 = 100 Ω. Determine 𝑅𝑖𝑓 and 𝑅𝑜𝑓 respectively (6 points)
Solution
𝐴𝑂𝐿 105
𝐴𝑓 = ⇒ 20 = ⇒ 1 + 𝛽𝐴𝑂𝐿 = 5,000
1 + 𝛽𝐴𝑂𝐿 1 + 𝛽𝐴𝑂𝐿
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55:041 Electronic Circuits. The University of Iowa. Fall 2013.
Question 5 The parameters of the ideal shunt-series amplifier below are 𝐼𝑖 = 20 𝜇A, 𝐼𝑓𝑏 =
19 𝜇A, 𝑅𝑖 = 500 Ω, 𝑅𝑜 = 20K, and 𝛽𝑖 = 0.0095 A/A.. The open-loop gain is 𝐴𝑖 = 2,000 A⁄A.
Determine the values and units for 𝐼𝜀 , 𝐼𝑜 , 𝐴𝑓 , 𝑅𝑖𝑓 , and 𝑅𝑜𝑓 . (8 points)
Solution
𝐼𝜖 = 20 𝜇A − 19 𝜇A = 1 𝜇A
𝐼𝑓𝑏 19 × 10−6
𝐼𝑓𝑏 = 𝛽𝑖 𝐼𝑜 ⇒ 𝐼𝑜 = = = 2 mA
𝛽𝑖 0.0095
For the overall (feedback) amplifier
𝐴𝑖 2,000
𝐴𝑓 = = = 100 A/A
1 + 𝛽𝑖 𝐴𝑖 1 + (0.0095)(2,000)
Alternatively, use the approximation 𝐴𝑓 ≅ 1⁄𝛽𝑖 = 1⁄0.0095 = 105.3 A/A. One could also
determine 𝐼𝑂 as follows
𝑅𝑖 500
𝑅𝑖𝑓 = = = 25 Ω
1 + 𝛽𝑖 𝐴𝑖 1 + (0.0095)(2,000)
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55:041 Electronic Circuits. The University of Iowa. Fall 2013.
𝐴𝑂𝐿 106
𝐴𝑓 = = 4 = 100
1 + 𝛽𝐴𝑂𝐿 10
Question 7 An op-amp having a single-pole at 100 Hz, and a low-frequency gain of 105 is
operated is a feedback loop with 𝛽 = 0.01.
(a) What is the factor which feedback shifts the pole? (2 points)
(b) To what frequency? (2 points)
(c) If 𝛽 is changed to a value that results in a closed loop gain of +1, to what frequency does
the pole shift? (2 points)
Solution
Part (a). Feedback shifts the pole by a factor (1 + 𝛽𝐴) = 1 + 0.01 × 105 =1001
Part (c)
𝐴𝑂𝐿 105
𝐴𝑓 = 1 = =
1 + 𝛽𝐴𝑂𝐿 1 + 𝛽105
Thus (1 + 𝛽𝐴𝑂𝐿 ) = 105 . Feedback scales the bandwidth/shifts the pole by this factor to 100 ×
106 = 10 MHz.
Alternate solution. The gain-bandwidth product is 100 × 105 MHz , so that when the gain is 1,
the bandwidth is 10 MHz.
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55:041 Electronic Circuits. The University of Iowa. Fall 2013.
Question 8 Part (a) of the figure below shows a non-feedback amplifier with gain A that
delivers 5 W into a 5 Ω speaker when the amplifier input is 50 mV rms. The nonlinear distortion
in the amplifier output is 1% of the total signal. In part (b) negative feedback is employed to
reduce the nonlinear distortion. A preamplifier is used to compensate for changes in gain the
feedback introduces
Solution
Part (a)
𝑣𝐿(rms) = �𝑃𝑅𝐿 = √5 × 5 = 5 V
Part (b) We need to reduce the nonlinear distortion by a factor 10. Thus
1 + 𝛽𝐴 = 10
𝛽 = 0.09
10
𝐴𝑓 = = 10
1 + 𝛽𝐴
To provide the same output voltage, the pre-amplifier must have a voltage gain of 10.
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55:041 Electronic Circuits. The University of Iowa. Fall 2013.
Question 9 Consider an op-amp having a single-pole open-loop response with 𝐴𝑜 = 105 and an
open-loop 3-dB bandwidth of 10 Hz. The amplifier is ideal otherwise. The amplifier is
connected in the non-inverting configuration with a nominal low-frequency closed-loop gain of
100. (a) Find the feedback factor 𝛽. (2 points) (b) Make neat Bode plots showing the open-loop
gain and the phase of the open-loop amplifier. (6 points) (c) Add a plot of the loop gain 𝑇 to
you figure and find the frequency at which 𝑇 = 1. (3 points) (e) Find the phase margin of the
closed loop amplifier. (3 points) (f) Is the amplifier stable? (1 point)
Solution
𝐴𝑜
𝐴𝑓 =
1 + 𝛽𝐴𝑜
105
100 =
1 + 𝛽105
𝛽 ≅ 0.01
A plot of |𝛽𝐴𝑜 | is identical to that of 𝐴𝑜 , except that the magnitude is scaled by 𝛽. The phase is
the same.
From the plot, 𝑇 = |𝛽𝐴𝑜 | = 1 at f = 104. The phase at f = 104 is −90°, leaving another is −90°
before the phase shift becomes is −180° and making the amplifier unstable. Thus, the phase
margin is 90°. The feedback amplifier is stable.
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55:041 Electronic Circuits. The University of Iowa. Fall 2013.
105
𝐴𝑣 =
𝑓 𝑓
�1 + 𝑗 � �1 + 𝑗 5 �
103 10
An engineer used the amplifier to design a feedback amplifier with closed-loop gain 𝐴𝑓𝑣 = 100.
Will the amplifier be stable? If so, what is the phase margin? (15 points)
Solution
𝐴𝑣
𝐴𝑣𝑓 =
1 + 𝛽𝐴𝑣
105
100 =
1 + 𝛽(105 )
𝛽 = 9.99 × 10−3
Find the frequency where the magnitude of the loop gain function is 1:
Program this value into a programmable calculator and try different values for 𝑓 to find 𝑓 ≅
3.08 × 105 Hz. The phase of the loop gain function 𝑇(𝑓) = 𝛽𝐴𝑣 at this frequency is
𝑓 𝑓
𝜙 = − tan−1 − tan −1
103 105
5
3.08 × 10 3.08 × 105
= tan−1 − tan −1
103 105
= −161.8o
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55:041 Electronic Circuits. The University of Iowa. Fall 2013.
𝛽(100)
𝑇(𝑠) = 3
𝑠
�1 + 3 �
5 × 10
Determine the stability with 𝛽 = 0.2 (12 points)
𝛽(100) 20 𝑓
𝑇(𝑓) = = ∠ −3 tan−1 � �
2𝜋𝑓 3 2𝜋𝑓 2
3/2 105
�1 + 𝑗 � �1 + � � �
5 × 103 5 × 103
𝑓180
−3 tan−1 � � = −180° ⇒ 𝑓180 = 173 kHz
105
20
|𝑇(𝑓)| = 3/2
= 2.5
2𝜋𝑓180 2
�1 + � � �
5 × 103
10