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 Chapter 7
Section 7.1 Practice Exercises 2 x 2 − 5 x − 12 ( x − 4)(2 x + 3)
8. =
x −3 4−3 1 1 16 − x 2 (4 − x)(4 + x)
1. a. = = = ( x − 4)(2 x + 3)
5 x + 1 5(4) + 1 20 + 1 21 =
(−1)( x − 4)(4 + x)
2x + 3
x−3 (−3) − 3 −6 −6 3 =
b. = = = = (−1)( x + 4)
5 x + 1 5(−3) + 1 −15 + 1 −14 7
2x + 3 −2 x − 3
=− or
2. a. x +8 = 0 x+4 x+4
x = −8
3x + 7 −(3x + 7) −3x − 7
x 9. − = = or
When x = −8, the expression is x−6 x−6 x−6
x+8
3x + 7 3x + 7
undefined. =
−( x − 6) − x + 6
b. x2 + 5x + 4 = 0
( x + 4)( x + 1) = 0 Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 7.1
x+4=0 or x + 1 = 0 1. A rational expression is an expression that can
x = −4 x = −1
P
When x = −4 or x = −1, the expression be written in the form , where P and Q are
Q
x −3
is undefined. polynomials and Q ≠ 0.
2
x + 5x + 4
x+3
x2 − 3x + 2 2. The expression simplifies to 1.
c. The denominator of is never 0, 3+ x
5
so there are no values of x for which this x−3
expression is undefined. 3. The expression simplifies to −1.
3− x
x 4 + x3 x3 ( x + 1) x3 4. A rational expression is undefined for values that
3. = =
5x + 5 5( x + 1) 5 make the denominator 0.

x 2 + 11x + 18 ( x + 9)( x + 2) x + 9 7x
4. = = 5. The expression is undefined for x = 2.
( x − 1)( x + 2) x − 1 x−2
x2 + x − 2
6. The process of writing a rational expression in
x 2 + 10 x + 25 ( x + 5)( x + 5) x + 5 lowest terms is called simplifying.
5. = =
x2 + 5x x( x + 5) x
a −a a
7. For a rational expression, − = = .
x+5 x+5 1 b b −b
6. = =
2
x − 25 ( x + 5)( x − 5) x − 5
x
8. cannot be simplified.
x+4 x+4 x+7
7. a. = =1
4+ x x+4
3+ x
9. Since 3 + x = x + 3, can be simplified.
x−4 x−4 1 x+3
b. = = = −1
4 − x (−1)( x − 4) −1
5− x
10. Since 5 − x = −1(x − 5), can be simplified.
x−5

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ISM: Algebra A Combined Approach Chapter 7: Rational Expressions

x+2 c. decrease; answers may vary

11. cannot be simplified.
x +8
10. 5 x = 0
12. replacement values of variables; by evaluating x=0
the expression for different replacement 3
is undefined for x = 0.
values⎯variables are replaced with these values 5x
and the expression is simplified
12. x − 9 = 0
13. Rational expressions are fractions and are x=9
therefore undefined if the denominator is zero; if 5x + 1
a denominator contains variables, set it equal to is undefined for x = 9.
zero and solve. x−9

14. Although x is a factor in the numerator, it is not a 14. 5 x − 2 = 0

factor in the denominator⎯factor means to write 5x = 2
as a product, and the denominator is a difference, 2
x=
not a product. 5
x +1 2
15. We would need to write parentheses around the is undefined for x = .
numerator or denominator if it had more than 5x − 2 5
one term because the negative sign needs to
apply to the entire numerator or denominator. 16. x2 − x = 0
x( x − 1) = 0
Exercise Set 7.1
x = 0 or x − 1 = 0
x + 8 2 + 8 10 x =1
2. = = 19 x3 + 2
x +1 2 +1 3 is undefined for x = 0 and x = 1.
x2 − x
z −5 −5 −5 1
4. = = = =− 18. Since 9 ≠ 0, there are no values of x for which
2
z −5 2
(−5) − 5 25 − 5 20 4
9 y5 + y3
is undefined.
x+5 2+5 7 7 9
6. = = =
2
x + 4x − 8 2
2 + 4(2) − 8 4+8−8 4
20. x 2 − 5 x − 14 = 0
250(100) + 10, 000 ( x − 7)( x + 2) = 0
8. a. C= x − 7 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
100
25, 000 + 10, 000 x=7 x = −2
=
100 11x 2 + 1
is undefined for x = 7 and x = −2.
35, 000 x 2 − 5 x − 14
=
100
= 350 22. 2 x 2 + 15 x + 27 = 0
The cost per fax machine when producing
(2 x + 9)( x + 3) = 0
100 fax machines is $350.
2x + 9 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
250(1000) + 10, 000 2 x = −9 x = −3
b. C= 9
1000 x=−
250,000 + 10,000 2
=
1000 x 9
260,000 is undefined for x = − and
2
= 2 x + 15 x + 27 2
1000 x = −3.
= 260
The cost per fax machine when producing
1000 fax machines is $260.
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 289
Chapter 7: Rational Expressions ISM: Algebra A Combined Approach

y+9 y+9 49 − y 2 −( y 2 − 49)

24. = =1 52. =
9+ y y+9 y−7 y−7
−( y + 7)( y − 7)
=
y − 9 −1(− y + 9) −1(9 − y ) y−7
26. = = = −1
9− y 9− y 9− y = −( y + 7)

3
=
3
=
1 x 2 − 16 ( x − 4)( x + 4) x + 4
28. 54. = =
9 x + 6 3(3x + 2) 3x + 2 2
x − 8 x + 16 ( x − 4)( x − 4) x − 4

x+5 x+5 1 ab + ac + b 2 + bc a(b + c) + b(b + c)

30. = = 56. =
2
x − 25 ( x − 5)( x + 5) x − 5 b+c b+c
(a + b)(b + c)
=
3 x − 9 3( x − 3) b+c
32. = can’t be simplified.
4 x − 16 4( x − 4) = a+b

−4 x − 4 y −4( x + y ) xy − 6 x + 2 y − 12 x( y − 6) + 2( y − 6)
34. = = −4 58. =
x+ y x+ y
2
y − 6y y ( y − 6)
( x + 2)( y − 6)
=
9 x + 99 9( x + 11) 9 y ( y − 6)
36. = = x+2
2
x + 11x x( x + 11) x =
y
x−3 x −3 1
38. = = 2 xy + 2 x − 3 y − 3 2 x( y + 1) − 3( y + 1)
2
x − 6x + 9 ( x − 3)( x − 3) x − 3 60. =
2 xy + 4 x − 3 y − 6 2 x( y + 2) − 3( y + 2)
( y + 1)(2 x − 3)
12 x 2 + 4 x − 1 (6 x − 1)(2 x + 1) =
40. = = 6x −1 ( y + 2)(2 x − 3)
2x + 1 2x + 1
y +1
=
x 4 − 10 x3 x3 ( x − 10) x3 y+2
42. = =
x 2 − 17 x + 70 ( x − 7)( x − 10) x − 7
x + 11 −( x + 11)
62. − =
x−4 x−4
4 x 2 + 24 x 4 x( x + 6) − x − 11
44. = = 4x =
x+6 x+6 x−4
x + 11
=
2 x2 + 7 x − 4 (2 x − 1)( x + 4) 2 x − 1 −( x − 4)
46. = =
2
x + 3x − 4 ( x − 1)( x + 4) x −1 x + 11
=
−x + 4
4 x2 − 4 x + 1 (2 x − 1)(2 x − 1) 2 x − 1
48. = = 8 y − 1 −(8 y − 1)
2
2x + 9x − 5 (2 x − 1)( x + 5) x+5 64. − =
y − 15 y − 15
−8 y + 1
5 x 2 − 500 5( x 2 − 100) =
50. = y − 15
35 x + 350 35( x + 10)
8 y −1
5( x − 10)( x + 10) =
= −( y − 15)
5 ⋅ 7( x + 10)
8y −1
x − 10 =
= − y + 15
7

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ISM: Algebra A Combined Approach Chapter 7: Rational Expressions

100 − x 2 100 − x 2 100C + 330T − 200 I + 8.4Y

66. = 88. Use with A = 384,
x − 10 −(10 − x) A
(10 − x)(10 + x) C = 257, Y = 4057, T = 40, and I = 10.
= 100C + 330T − 200 I + 8.4Y
−(10 − x)
10 + x A
= 100(257) + 330(40) − 200(10) + 8.4(4057)
−1 =
= −10 − x 384
70, 978.8
The given answer is correct. =
384
2 − 15 x − 8 x 2
(2 + x)(1 − 8 x) ≈ 184.8
68. = Winston’s quarterback rating for the 2013 season
2
64 x − 1 (8 x + 1)(8 x − 1) was 184.8.
( x + 2)(1 − 8 x)
=
−(8 x + 1)(1 − 8 x) Section 7.2 Practice Exercises
x+2
= 16 y 1 16 y ⋅1 16 y
−8 x − 1 1. a. ⋅ = =
The given answer is correct. 3 x 2 3 ⋅ x 2 3x2

5 2 5⋅ 2 2 −5a3 2b 2 −5a3 ⋅ 2b2

70. ⋅ = = b. ⋅ =
27 5 27 ⋅ 5 27 3b3 15a 3b3 ⋅15a
−5 ⋅ a3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ b2
7 1 7 2 7⋅2 7 =
72. ÷ = ⋅ = = 3 ⋅ b3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ a
8 2 8 1 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 4
2a 2
=−
8 5 8 8 8 ⋅ 8 64 9b
74. ÷ = ⋅ = =
15 8 15 5 15 ⋅ 5 75
3x + 6 7 x2 3( x + 2) ⋅ 7 x 2 3
2. ⋅ = =
7m − 9 7 m 9 9 3
14 x + 2 x 2 2
2 ⋅ 7 ⋅ x ( x + 2) 2
76. = − = m−
7 7 7 7
The given answer is incorrect. 4x + 8 3x 2 − 5 x − 2
3. ⋅
46 2 ⋅ 23 23 6 7 x 2 − 14 x 9 x2 − 1
78. = = ≠ 4( x + 2) (3x + 1)( x − 2)
54 2 ⋅ 27 27 5 = ⋅
7 x ( x − 2) (3x + 1)(3 x − 1)
The given answer is incorrect.
4( x + 2)(3 x + 1)( x − 2)
=
80. answers may vary 7 x ( x − 2)(3x + 1)(3x − 1)
4( x + 2)
82. no; answers may vary =
7 x (3x − 1)
705w
84. Use B = with w = 148 and h = 66. 7 x 2 x 7 x 2 2 y 7 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ 2 ⋅ y 7 xy
h2 4. ÷ = ⋅ = =
6 2y 6 x 2⋅3⋅ x 3
705w 705 ⋅148
104,340
B= = = ≈ 23.95
2 24356
h 66
( x − 4)2 3x − 12 ( x − 4) 2 2
The body-mass index falls between 19 and 25. 5. ÷ = ⋅
The person does not need to lose weight. 6 2 6 3x − 12
( x − 4)( x − 4) ⋅ 2
=
R −C 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ ( x − 4)
86. Use P = with R = 134.25 and C = 115.1. x−4
R =
R − C 134.25 − 115.1 19.15 9
P= = = ≈ 0.143
R 134.25 134.25
Ford’s gross profit margin in 2012 was 14.3%.
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 291
Chapter 7: Rational Expressions ISM: Algebra A Combined Approach

10 x + 4 5 x3 + 2 x 2 10 x + 4 x+2 Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 7.2

6. ÷ = ⋅
2
x −4 x+2 x − 4 5x + 2 x2
2 3
x 2y
2(5 x + 2)( x + 2) 1. The expressions and are called
= 2y x
( x − 2)( x + 2) ⋅ x 2 (5 x + 2)
reciprocals.
2
=
2
x ( x − 2) a c a⋅c
2. ⋅ =
b d b⋅d
3 x 2 − 10 x + 8 9 x − 12
7. ÷
7 x − 14 21 a c a⋅d
3. ÷ =
2
3x − 10 x + 8 21 b d b⋅c
= ⋅
7 x − 14 9 x − 12
(3x − 4)( x − 2) ⋅ 3 ⋅ 7 x x x2
= 4. ⋅ =
7( x − 2) ⋅ 3(3x − 4) 7 6 42
=1
x x 6
x+3 7 ( x + 3) ⋅ 7 7 5. ÷ =
8. a. ⋅ = = 7 6 7
x x + 3 x ⋅ ( x + 3) x
6. Yes, multiplying and simplifying rational
x+3 7 x + 3 x + 3 ( x + 3)2 expressions often require polynomial factoring.
b. ÷ = ⋅ = Example 2 alone involves factoring out a GCF,
x x+3 x 7 7x
factoring a trinomial with a ≠ 1, and factoring a
3− x 2 x + 10 difference of squares.
c. ⋅
2 2
x + 6 x + 5 x − 7 x + 12 7. Dividing rational expressions is exactly like
(3 − x) ⋅ 2( x + 5) dividing fractions. Therefore, to divide by a
=
( x + 5)( x + 1) ⋅ ( x − 4)( x − 3) rational expression, multiply by its reciprocal.
−1( x − 3) ⋅ 2
= 8. Multiplication and division of rational
( x + 1)( x − 4)( x − 3)
expressions are performed similarly⎯both
2
=− involve multiplication⎯but there are important
( x + 1)( x − 4) differences. Note the operation first to see
whether you multiply by the reciprocal or not.
288 sq in. 1 sq ft
9. 288 sq in. = ⋅ = 2 sq ft 9. We’re converting to cubic feet, so we want cubic
1 144 sq in.
feet in the numerator. We want cubic yards to
divide out so cubic yards is in the denominator.
3.5 sq ft 144 sq in.
10. 3.5 sq ft = ⋅ = 504 sq in.
1 1 sq ft Exercise Set 7.2

9 sq ft 9 x 2 4 y 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ y 12
11. 61, 000 sq yd = 61, 000 sq yd ⋅ 2. ⋅ = =
1 sq yd y 3x3 3⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ y x
= 549, 000 sq ft
6 x2 5x 6⋅5⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x 1
12. 102.7 feet/second 4. ⋅ = =
10 x 3 12 5⋅ 2⋅6⋅2⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x 4
102.7 feet 3600 seconds 1 mile
= ⋅ ⋅
1 second 1 hour 5280 feet
102.7 ⋅ 3600
= miles/hour
5280
≈ 70.0 miles/hour

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ISM: Algebra A Combined Approach Chapter 7: Rational Expressions

9 x3 y 2 9 x3 y 2 y 3 ( x + 3)2 5 x + 15 ( x + 3)2 25
6. − ⋅ y3 = − ⋅ 22. ÷ = ⋅
18 xy 5 18 xy5 1 5 25 5 5 x + 15
−9 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ( x + 3)( x + 3) 5 ⋅ 5
= = ⋅
9⋅2⋅ x⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y⋅ y 5 5( x + 3)
x⋅x x+3
=− =
2 1
= x+3
x2
=−
2 9 x5 27 x 2 9 x5 3b − 3a
24. ÷ = ⋅
4 x − 24 5 4( x − 6) 5 1 a 2 − b2 3b − 3a a 2 − b2 27 x 2
8. ⋅ = ⋅ = 9 x 2 ⋅ x3 −3(a − b)
20 x x − 6 4 ⋅ 5x x − 6 x = ⋅
(a − b)(a + b) 3 ⋅ 9 x 2
x 2 + x 16 x( x + 1) 8 ⋅ 2 x ⋅ 2 x3
10. ⋅ = ⋅ = = 2x =−
8 x +1 8 x +1 1 a+b

( m − n) 2 m (m − n)(m − n) m (m − n)2 m 2 − mn (m − n)2 m

12. ⋅ = ⋅ 26. ÷ = ⋅
m + n m − mn
2 m+n m (m − n) m+n m m + n m 2 − mn
m−n (m − n)(m − n) m
= = ⋅
m+n m+n m (m − n)
m−n
=
a 2 − 4a + 4 a + 3 (a − 2)(a − 2) a + 3 a + 3 m+n
14. ⋅ = ⋅ =
a2 − 4 a − 2 (a − 2)(a + 2) a − 2 a + 2
x − 3 x 2 + 3x − 18 x − 3 x 2 + 2 x − 8
28. ÷ = ⋅
x 2 + 9 x + 20 x 2 − 11x + 28 2 − x x 2 + 2 x − 8 2 − x x 2 + 3x − 18
16. ⋅ x − 3 ( x + 4)( x − 2)
x 2 − 15 x + 44 x 2 + 12 x + 35 = ⋅
( x + 4)( x + 5) ( x − 7)( x − 4) 2 − x ( x + 6)( x − 3)
= ⋅ x − 3 ( x + 4)( x − 2)
( x − 4)( x − 11) ( x + 7)( x + 5) = ⋅
( x + 4)( x − 7) −( x − 2) ( x + 6)( x − 3)
= x+4
( x − 11)( x + 7) =−
x+6
9 y4 y2 9 y4 3
18. ÷ = ⋅ x +1 20 x + 100
6y 3 6 y y2 30. ÷
2
2 x + 5x + 3 2x + 3
3⋅3⋅3⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y x +1 2x + 3
= = ⋅
3⋅ 2⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ y ( x + 1)(2 x + 3) 20 x + 100
3⋅3⋅ y x +1 2x + 3
= = ⋅
2 ( x + 1)(2 x + 3) 20( x + 5)
9y
= 1
2 =
20( x + 5)
7 a 2b 21a 2 b2 7a 2 b 14ab
20. ÷ = ⋅
3ab 2 14ab 3ab2 21a 2 b2
2⋅7 ⋅7⋅ a ⋅ a ⋅a ⋅b ⋅b
=
3⋅3⋅ 7 ⋅ a ⋅ a ⋅ a ⋅b ⋅b ⋅b ⋅b
2⋅7
=
3⋅3⋅b ⋅b
14
=
9b2

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 293

Chapter 7: Rational Expressions ISM: Algebra A Combined Approach

6 x + 6 9 x + 9 6 x + 6 10
32. ÷ = ⋅
5 10 5 9x + 9
6( x + 1) 5 ⋅ 2
= ⋅
5 9( x + 1)
3⋅ 2 ⋅ 2
=
3⋅3
4
=
3

3 x 2 + 12 x 9 3x ( x + 4) 3⋅ 3
34. ⋅ = ⋅
6 2x + 8 3⋅ 2 2( x + 4)
3⋅3⋅ x
=
2⋅2
9x
=
4

3 x + 6 4 x + 8 3x + 6 8
36. ÷ = ⋅
20 8 20 4 x + 8
3( x + 2) 4 ⋅ 2
= ⋅
2 ⋅10 4( x + 2)
3
=
10

x2 − y 2 3x 2 + 6 x
( x − y )( x + y ) 3x( x + 2)
38. ⋅ = ⋅
2 2
3 x + 3 xy 3 x − 2 xy − y 3x( x + y ) (3x + y )( x − y )
2

x+2
=
3x + y

x+3 5 x + 15 x + 3 ( x − 3)2
40. ÷ = ⋅
x2 − 9 ( x − 3)2 x 2 − 9 5 x + 15
x+3 ( x − 3)( x − 3)
= ⋅
( x + 3)( x − 3) 5( x + 3)
x−3
=
5( x + 3)

3y 12 xy 3 y x2 − 9
42. ÷ = ⋅
3 − x x 2 − 9 3 − x 12 xy
3 y ( x − 3)( x + 3)
= ⋅
3− x 12 xy
3y ( x − 3)( x + 3)
= ⋅
−( x − 3) 3 ⋅ 4 xy
x+3
=
−4 x
x+3
=−
4x

294 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

ISM: Algebra A Combined Approach Chapter 7: Rational Expressions

b 2 + 2b − 3 b2 − 4
(b + 3)(b − 1) (b − 2)(b + 2)
44. ⋅ = ⋅
b + b − 2 b + 6b + 8 (b + 2)(b − 1) (b + 2)(b + 4)
2 2
(b + 3)(b − 2)
=
(b + 2)(b + 4)

9 x + 18 4 x 2 − 11x + 6 9( x + 2) (4 x − 3)( x − 2)
46. ⋅ = ⋅
4 x2 − 3x x2 − 4 x(4 x − 3) ( x − 2)( x + 2)
9
=
x

36n2 − 64 3n 2 − 5n − 12 36n2 − 64 n2 − 9n + 14
48. ÷ = ⋅
3n2 − 10n + 8 n2 − 9n + 14 3n2 − 10n + 8 3n2 − 5n − 12
4(9n 2 − 16) (n − 7)(n − 2)
= ⋅
(3n − 4)(n − 2) (3n + 4)(n − 3)
4(3n − 4)(3n + 4) (n − 7)(n − 2)
= ⋅
(3n − 4)(n − 2) (3n + 4)(n − 3)
4(n − 7)
=
n−3

1008 square inches 1 square foot

50. 1008 square inches = ⋅
1 144 square inches
= 7 square feet

2 square yards 9 square feet 144 square inches

52. 2 square yards = ⋅ ⋅
1 1 square yard 1 square feet
= 2592 square inches

2 cubic yards 27 cubic feet 1728 cubic inches

54. 2 cubic yards = ⋅ ⋅
1 1 cubic yard 1 cubic foot
= 93,312 cubic inches

10 feet 10 feet 1 mile 3600 seconds

56. = ⋅ ⋅
1 second 1 second 5280 feet 1 hour
≈ 6.8 miles per hour

3.6 square yards 9 square feet

58. 3.6 square yards = ⋅
1 1 square yard
= 32.4 square feet

3, 705, 793 square feet 1 square yard

60. 3,705, 793 square feet = ⋅
1 9 square feet
≈ 411, 755 square yards

200 miles 5280 feet 1 hour

62. 200 miles per hour = ⋅ ⋅
1 hour 1 mile 3600 seconds
= 293.3 feet per second

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 295

Chapter 7: Rational Expressions ISM: Algebra A Combined Approach

3 6 3 + 6 9 3⋅3 3 82. 30 gallons per minute

64. + = = = =
15 15 15 15 3 ⋅ 5 5 =
30 gallons 1 minute 1 cubic foot
⋅ ⋅
1 minute 60 seconds 7.48 gallons
4 8 4 − 8 −4 4 = 0.067 cubic foot per second
66. − = = =−
3 3 3 3 3 The flow rate is not in violation of the
regulations.
3 ⎛1 3⎞ 3 ⎛ 2⎞ 5
68. − + ⎜ − ⎟ = − + ⎜ − ⎟ = − Section 7.3 Practice Exercises
2 ⎝2 2⎠ 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2
8 x x 8 x + x 9 x 3x
2 2 4 1 2 1. + = = =
70. ⋅ = = ≠ 3y 3y 3y 3y y
3 4 12 3 7
The statement is false.
3x 7 3x − 7 1
2. − = = or 1
7 3 21 21 3 x − 7 3x − 7 3 x − 7 1
72. ⋅ = ≠
a a a2 a
The statement is false. 2 x 2 + 5 x 4 x + 6 2 x 2 + 5 x − (4 x + 6)
3. − =
x+2 x+2 x+2
2x 2x 4x2 2 x2 + 5x − 4 x − 6
74. ⋅ = =
5 x + 3 5 x + 3 (5 x + 3) 2 x+2
2 x2 + x − 6
4x2 =
The area is square meters. x+2
(5 x + 3)2 (2 x − 3)( x + 2)
=
x+2
⎛ x2 − 9 x2 + 2 x + 1 ⎞ 2 x + 3 = 2x − 3
76. ⎜ ⋅ ⎟÷
⎜ x2 − 1 2 x2 + 9 x + 9 ⎟ 1 − x
⎝ ⎠ 2 7
x2 − 9 x2 + 2 x + 1 1 − x 4. a. ,
= ⋅ ⋅ 9 15
x 2 − 1 2 x2 + 9 x + 9 2 x + 3 9 = 32 and 15 = 3 ⋅ 5
( x − 3)( x + 3) ( x + 1)( x + 1) −( x − 1)
= ⋅ ⋅ LCD = 32 ⋅ 5 = 9 ⋅ 5 = 45
( x − 1)( x + 1) (2 x + 3)( x + 3) 2 x + 3
( x − 3)( x + 1)
=− 5 11
(2 x + 3)2 b. ,
3
6x 8 x5
⎛ x 2 y 2 − xy 3 y − 3 x ⎞ y − x 6 x3 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x3 and 8 x5 = 23 ⋅ x5
78. ⎜ ÷ ⎟⋅ LCD = 3 ⋅ 23 ⋅ x5 = 3 ⋅ 8 ⋅ x5 = 24 x5
⎜ 4x − 4 y 8x − 8 y ⎟ 8
⎝ ⎠
x 2 y 2 − xy 8 x − 8 y y − x 3a 7a
= ⋅ ⋅ 5. ,
4 x − 4 y 3 y − 3x 8 a +5 a −5
xy ( xy − 1) 8( x − y ) y − x LCD = (a + 5)(a − 5)
= ⋅ ⋅
4( x − y ) 3( y − x ) 8
xy ( xy − 1) 7 x2 5x
= 6. ,
12 ( x − 4) 2 3x − 12

80. answers may vary ( x − 4)2 = ( x − 4)( x − 4) and 3x − 12 = 3(x − 4)

LCD = 3( x − 4)( x − 4) = 3( x − 4)2

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ISM: Algebra A Combined Approach Chapter 7: Rational Expressions

y+5 y+4 8. To write an equivalent rational expression, we

7. , multiply the numerator of the rational expression
y2 + 2 y − 3 y2 − 3y + 2
by the same expression as the denominator. This
y 2 + 2 y − 3 = ( y + 3)( y − 1) means we’re multiplying the original rational
expression by a factor of one and therefore not
y 2 − 3 y + 2 = ( y − 2)( y − 1) changing the value of the original expression.
LCD = (y + 3)(y − 1)(y − 2)
Exercise Set 7.3
6 9
8. , x +1 6 x +1+ 6 x + 7
x−4 4− x 2. + = =
(4 − x) = −(x − 4) 7 7 7 7
LCD = (x − 4) or (4 − x)
3 p 11 p 3 p + 11 p 14 p 7 p
4. + = = =
2x 2x 2 x 4 x2 y 8 x3 y 2q 2q 2q 2q q
9. = ⋅1 = ⋅ =
5y 5y 5 y 4 x 2 y 20 x 2 y 2
8y 16 8 y − 16 8( y − 2)
6. − = = =8
3 3 y−2 y−2 y−2 y−2
10. =
x 2 − 25 ( x − 5)( x + 5)
3 x −3 9 y −5 9+ y −5 y + 4
= ⋅ 8. + = =
( x − 5)( x + 5) x − 3 y+9 y+9 y+9 y+9
3( x − 3)
=
( x − 5)( x + 5)( x − 3) x 2 + 9 x 4 x + 14 x 2 + 9 x − (4 x + 14)
10. − =
3x − 9 x+7 x+7 x+7
=
( x − 5)( x + 5)( x − 3) x 2 + 9 x − 4 x − 14
=
x+7
Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 7.3
x 2 + 5 x − 14
=
7 2 9 x+7
1. + = ( x + 7)( x − 2)
11 11 11 =
x+7
= x−2
7 2 5
2. − =
11 11 11 3y 6 3y − 6
12. − =
2 2 2
a c a+c y + 3 y − 10 y + 3 y − 10 y + 3 y − 10
3. + = 3( y − 2)
b b b =
( y + 5)( y − 2)
a c a−c 3
4. − = =
b b b y+5

5 6 + x 5 − (6 + x) 3x − 1 2x − 7 3x − 1 − (2 x − 7)
5. − = 14. − =
2 2
x x x x + 5x − 6 x + 5x − 6 x2 + 5x − 6
3x − 1 − 2 x + 7
=
6. In order to carry out the subtraction x2 + 5x − 6
properly⎯parentheses make sure each term in x+6
=
the numerator is affected by the subtraction, not ( x + 6)( x − 1)
just the first term. 1
=
7. We completely factor denominators⎯including x −1
coefficients⎯so we can determine the greatest
4 p − 3 3p + 8 4p −3+ 3p +8 7 p + 5
number of times each unique factor occurs in 16. + = =
any one denominator for the LCD. 2p +7 2p +7 2p +7 2p+7

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Chapter 7: Rational Expressions ISM: Algebra A Combined Approach

6 x2 25 + 2 x 2 6 x 2 − (25 + 2 x 2 ) 36. x 2 + 4 x + 3 = ( x + 3)( x + 1)

18. − =
2x − 5 2x − 5 2x − 5 x 2 + 10 x + 21 = ( x + 3)( x + 7)
6 x 2 − 25 − 2 x 2 LCD = (x + 3)(x + 1)(x + 7)
=
2x − 5
4 x 2 − 25 38. 4 x 2 + 5 x + 1 = (4 x + 1)( x + 1)
=
2x − 5 3x 2 − 2 x − 1 = (3 x + 1)( x − 1)
(2 x + 5)(2 x − 5) LCD = (4x + 1)(x + 1)(3x + 1)(x − 1)
=
2x − 5
= 2x + 5 40. x 2 − 25 = ( x − 5)( x + 5)
7 x + 1 2 x + 21 7 x + 1 − (2 x + 21) 3x3 − 15 x 2 = 3 x 2 ( x − 5)
20. − =
x−4 x−4 x−4 LCD = 3x 2 ( x − 5)( x + 5)
7 x + 1 − 2 x − 21
=
x−4 3 3 ⋅ 8 y4 24 y 4
5 x − 20 42. = =
= 9 y5 9 y5 ⋅ 8 y 4 72 y9
x−4
5( x − 4)
= 5 5 ⋅ 8 yx 40 yx
x−4 44. = =
2 2
=5 4y x 4 y x ⋅ 8 yx 32 y 3 x 2

22. 4 y 5 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ y 5 4x + 1 4x + 1 (4 x + 1) y 4 xy + y
46. = = =
8y = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ y 3 x + 6 3( x + 2) 3( x + 2) y 3 y ( x + 2)
LCD = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ y 5 = 8 y5
5+ y 5+ y (5 + y ) ⋅ 2 10 + 2 y
48. = = =
2 2 2
24. 6y = 6 ⋅ y = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ y 2 x + 10 2( x + 5) 2( x + 5) ⋅ 2 4( x 2 + 5)
4y + 12 = 4(y + 3) = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ (y + 3)
LCD = 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ y ⋅ (y + 3) = 12y(y + 3) 5x 5x
50. =
3 2 2
x + 2 x − 3x x( x + 2 x − 3)
26. x − 1 = x − 1
5x
x+5=x+5 =
LCD = (x − 1)(x + 5) x( x + 3)( x − 1)
5 x( x − 5)
=
28. x + 5 = x + 5 x( x + 3)( x − 1)( x − 5)
4x + 20 = 4(x + 5)
5 x 2 − 25 x
LCD = 4(x + 5) =
x( x + 3)( x − 1)( x − 5)
30. 7x − 14 = 7(x − 2)
( x − 2)2 = ( x − 2)( x − 2) 6m − 5 (6m − 5)4 24m − 20
52. = =
2 2
LCD = 7( x − 2)( x − 2) = 7( x − 2)2 3x − 9 (3 x − 9)4 12 x 2 − 36

32. 4x − 12 = 4(x − 3) 5 x 9 x 5 x ⋅ 9 x 45 x 2
54. ⋅ = =
2 x 2 − 12 x + 18 = 2( x 2 − 6 x + 9) = 2( x − 3)2 7 7 7⋅7 49

LCD = 4( x − 3)2 x + 3 2 x − 1 x + 3 − (2 x − 1)
56. − =
4 4 4
34. 7 − 3x = −(3x − 7) x + 3 − 2x + 1
LCD = 3x − 7 or 7 − 3x =
4
−x + 4
=
4

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ISM: Algebra A Combined Approach Chapter 7: Rational Expressions

−2 x 3x −2 x + 3x 78. 8 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2
58. + =
x3 − 8 x x3 − 8 x x3 − 8 x 12 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3
x LCD = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 = 24
= 24 = 8 ⋅ 3
x( x 2 − 8)
24 = 12 ⋅ 2
1
= You should buy 3 packages of hot dogs and 2
x2 − 8 packages of buns.

−2 x 3x −2 x x3 − 8 x 2 80. answers may vary

60. ÷ = ⋅ =−
x3 − 8 x x3 − 8 x 3
x − 8x 3 x 3 82. answers may vary

12 x − 6 4 x 2 + 13 x + 3 Section 7.4 Practice Exercises

62. ⋅
x2 + 3x 4 x2 − 1 y 3y y ⋅ 3 3y 3y − 3y 0
6(2 x − 1) (4 x + 1)( x + 3) 1. a. − = − = = =0
= ⋅ 5 15 5 ⋅ 3 15 15 15
x( x + 3) (2 x − 1)(2 x + 1)
6(4 x + 1)
= 5 11 5 ⋅ 5x 11 ⋅ 4
x(2 x + 1) b. + = +
8 x 10 x 2 8 x ⋅ 5 x 10 x 2 ⋅ 4
25 x 44
9 3 9 3⋅ 2 9 6 3 = +
64. − = − = − = 40 x 2
40 x 2
10 5 10 5 ⋅ 2 10 10 10 25 x + 44
=
11 5 11⋅ 3 5 ⋅ 5 33 25 58 40 x 2
66. + = + = + =
15 9 15 ⋅ 3 9 ⋅ 5 45 45 45
10 x 5 10 x 5( x − 3)
2. − = −
7 3 7 ⋅ 3 3 ⋅ 5 21 15 36 2
2
x −9 x + 3 ( x − 3)( x + 3) ( x + 3)( x − 3)
68. + = + = + = = 10 x − 5( x − 3)
30 18 30 ⋅ 3 18 ⋅ 5 90 90 90 5 =
( x + 3)( x − 3)
70. 14 x 2 = 2 ⋅ 7 ⋅ x 2 10 x − 5 x + 15
=
( x + 3)( x − 3)
6 x3 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x3
5 x + 15
LCD = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ x3 = 42 x3 ; c =
( x + 3)( x − 3)
5( x + 3)
72. answers may vary =
( x + 3)( x − 3)
74. The perimeter of a trapezoid is the sum of the 5
=
lengths of its sides. x −3
x+4 5 x +1 5
+ + +
x+3 x+3 x+3 x+3 5 2 5( x + 1) 2(7 x)
3. + = +
x + 4 + 5 + x +1+ 5 7 x x + 1 7 x( x + 1) ( x + 1)(7 x)
=
x+3 5( x + 1) + 2(7 x)
2 x + 15 =
= 7 x( x + 1)
x+3 5 x + 5 + 14 x
=
2 x + 15 7 x( x + 1)
The perimeter is inches.
x+3 19 x + 5
=
7 x( x + 1)
76. answers may vary

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Chapter 7: Rational Expressions ISM: Algebra A Combined Approach

10 15 10 15 3. The exercise is adding two rational expressions

4. − = − with denominators that are opposites of each
x − 6 6 − x x − 6 −( x − 6)
other. Recognizing this special case can save us
10 −15
= − time and effort. If we recognize that one
x−6 x−6 denominator is −1 times the other denominator,
10 − (−15)
= we may save many steps.
x−6
25 Exercise Set 7.4
=
x−6
15 8 15 ⋅ 6 8 ⋅ 7
2. + = +
x 2 x 7 a 6a 7 a ⋅ 6 6a ⋅ 7
5. 2 + = +
x+5 1 x+5 90 56
= +
2( x + 5) x 42a 42a
= +
1( x + 5) x + 5 146
=
2 x + 10 + x 42a
= 73
x+5 =
3x + 10 21a
=
x+5
4c 8d 4c ⋅ 5 8d ⋅ d
4. − = −
4
3x 4 3x d 5 d ⋅5 5⋅ d
6. −
= −
3 x + 2 x 12 x + 8 x(3x + 2) 4(3x + 2)
2 20c 8d 2
= −
4(4) 3x( x) 5d 5d
= −
x(3x + 2)(4) 4(3 x + 2)( x) 20c − 8d 2
=
16 − 3x 2 5d
=
4 x(3x + 2)
14 6 14 6 ⋅ 3x 14 18 x 14 + 18 x
6. + = + = + =
6x x 3x 2 x 3x 2 x ⋅ 3x 3 x2 3 x2 3x 2
7. +
2 2
x + 4x + 4 x − 4
8 3 8 3
6x x 8. − = −
= + x + 4 3x + 12 x + 4 3( x + 4)
( x + 2)( x + 2) ( x + 2)( x − 2)
8 1
6 x( x − 2) x( x + 2) = −
= + x+4 x+4
( x + 2)( x + 2)( x − 2) ( x + 2)( x − 2)( x + 2)
7
6 x( x − 2) + x( x + 2) =
= x+4
( x + 2)2 ( x − 2)
6 x 2 − 12 x + x 2 + 2 x 5 4x 5 4x
= 10. + = +
2
( x + 2) ( x − 2) x − 4 x 2 − 16 x − 4 ( x − 4)( x + 4)
5( x + 4) 4x
7 x 2 − 10 x = +
= ( x − 4)( x + 4) ( x − 4)( x + 4)
( x + 2)2 ( x − 2)
5 x + 20 + 4 x
x(7 x − 10) =
= ( x − 4)( x + 4)
( x + 2)2 ( x − 2) 9 x + 20
=
( x − 4)( x + 4)
Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 7.4

3 5 3 5 ⋅ x 3 + 5x
1. + = + = ; b
7x 7 7x 7 ⋅ x 7x

1 2 1⋅ x 2 x+2
2. + = + = ; a
x x2 x ⋅ x x2 x2

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ISM: Algebra A Combined Approach Chapter 7: Rational Expressions

5 y 5(2 y + 1) y( y 2 ) 7
−3 =
7
−
3
12. − = − 24.
y 2 2 y + 1 y 2 (2 y + 1) (2 y + 1)( y 2 ) 2x − 3 2x − 3 1
7 3(2 x − 3)
10 y + 5 − y 3 = −
= 2 x − 3 1(2 x − 3)
y 2 (2 y + 1) 7 6x − 9
= −
5 + 10 y − y3 2x − 3 2x − 3
= 7 − (6 x − 9)
y 2 (2 y + 1) =
2x − 3
7 − 6x + 9
15 20 15 20 =
14. + = + 2x − 3
y − 4 4 − y y − 4 −( y − 4) 16 − 6 x
15 −20 =
= + 2x − 3
y−4 y−4 2(8 − 3x)
−5 =
= 2x − 3
y−4
5 − y + 1 2 y − 5 (− y + 1)3 2 y − 5
=− 26. − = −
y−4 y 3y y ⋅3 3y
−3 y + 3 2 y − 5
= −
5 5 5 5 3y 3y
16. + = +
a − 7 7 − a a − 7 −(a − 7) −3 y + 3 − (2 y − 5)
5 −5 =
= + 3y
a−7 a−7 −3 y + 3 − 2 y + 5
0 =
= 3y
a−7 −5 y + 8 5y − 8
=0 = or −
3y 3y
−9 7 −9 7
18. + = + 7 x 4 x + 9 7 x − (4 x + 9)
2 2
25 x − 1 1 − 25 x 25 x − 1 −(25 x 2 − 1)
2 28. − =
x−3 x−3 x −3
−9 −7
= + 7x − 4x − 9
25 x − 1 25 x 2 − 1
2 =
x−3
−16 3x − 9
= =
25 x 2 − 1 x −3
=−
16 3( x − 3)
=
25 x 2 − 1 x−3
=3
7 7 5 x 7 5 x ⋅ x 2 7 − 5 x3
20. − 5x = − = − = 5 x 11x 2 5 x 11x 2 ⋅ 3
x2 x2 1 x 2 1⋅ x 2 x2 30. + = +
6 2 6 2⋅3
6y 6y 1 5 x 33x 2
22. +1 = + = +
y+5 y+5 1 6 6
6 y 1( y + 5) 5 x + 33x 2
= + =
y + 5 1( y + 5) 6
6y + y + 5
=
y+5
7y +5
=
y+5

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Chapter 7: Rational Expressions ISM: Algebra A Combined Approach

5x 3 5x 3( x − 2) 5 2
32. − = − 42. −
( x − 2) 2 x − 2 ( x − 2)( x − 2) ( x − 2)( x − 2) ( x + 1)( x + 5) ( x + 5)2
5 x − 3( x − 2) 5( x + 5) 2( x + 1)
= = −
( x − 2) 2 ( x + 1)( x + 5)( x + 5) ( x + 5)2 ( x + 1)
5 x − 3x + 6 5 x + 25 − 2 x − 2
= =
( x − 2)2 ( x + 5)2 ( x + 1)
5 x − 3x + 6 3 x + 23
= =
( x − 2)2 ( x + 5)2 ( x + 1)
2x + 6
=
( x − 2)2 x 5
44. −
2 2
2( x + 3) x −4 x − 4x + 4
= x( x − 2) 5( x + 2)
( x − 2)2 = −
( x − 2)( x + 2)( x − 2) ( x − 2)2 ( x + 2)
1 2 1 ⋅ (3 y ) 2( y + 5) x 2 − 2 x − 5 x − 10
34. + = + =
y + 5 3 y ( y + 5)(3 y ) 3 y ( y + 5) ( x − 2)2 ( x + 2)
3y 2 y + 10
= + x 2 − 7 x − 10
3 y ( y + 5) 3 y ( y + 5) =
( x − 2)2 ( x + 2)
3 y + 2 y + 10
=
3 y ( y + 5)
1 y 1 ( y)(2)
5 y + 10 46. − = −
= 2 x + 2 y x + y 2( x + y) ( x + y)(2)
3 y ( y + 5)
1− 2y
5( y + 2) =
= 2( x + y)
3 y ( y + 5)
x−6 6 ( x − 6)(5 x + 1) 6
6 6 x 6− x 48. + = +
36. −1 = − = 5 x + 1 (5 x + 1) 2
(5 x + 1) 2
(5 x + 1)2
x x x x
5 x 2 + x − 30 x − 6 + 6
=
9x x 9 x( x − 3) x( x − 10) (5 x + 1)2
38. − = −
x − 10 x − 3 ( x − 10)( x − 3) ( x − 3)( x − 10) 5 x 2 − 29 x
2 2 =
9 x − 27 x − ( x − 10 x) (5 x + 1)2
=
( x − 10)( x − 3) x(5 x − 29)
=
9 x 2 − 27 x − x 2 + 10 x (5 x + 1)2
=
( x − 10)( x − 3)
8 x 2 − 17 x −1 4 −1 4
= 50. + = +
( x − 10)( x − 3) a − 2 4 − 2a −(2 − a) 2(2 − a)
x(8 x − 17) −(−1) 2
= = +
( x − 10)( x − 3) 2−a 2−a
1+ 2
=
10 5 10 5 2−a
40. − = − 3
3n − 4 4 − 3n 3n − 4 −(3n − 4) =
2−a
10 −5
= −
3n − 4 3n − 4
10 + 5
=
3n − 4
15
=
3n − 4

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ISM: Algebra A Combined Approach Chapter 7: Rational Expressions

2 1 2 1( x + 2) 6 2
52. + = + 60. −
2
x + 4x + 4 x + 2 ( x + 2) 2 ( x + 2)( x + 2) 2
5 y − 25 y + 30 4 y − 8 y 2

2+ x+2 6⋅4y 2( y − 3) ⋅ 5
= = −
( x + 2)2 5( y − 3)( y − 2)4 y 4 y ( y − 2)( y − 3)5
x+4 24 y − 10 y + 30
= =
( x + 2) 2 20 y ( y − 3)( y − 2)
14 y + 30
=
−7 2 20 y ( y − 3)( y − 2)
54. − 2(7 y + 15)
2
y − 3y + 2 y −1 =
−7 2( y − 2) 20 y ( y − 3)( y − 2)
= − 7 y + 15
( y − 1)( y − 2) ( y − 1)( y − 2) =
−7 − 2 y + 4 10 y ( y − 3)( y − 2)
=
( y − 1)( y − 2)
9z + 5 5z 9z + 5 5z
−3 − 2 y 62. ⋅ = ⋅
= 2
15 81z − 25 3 ⋅ 5 (9 z + 5)(9 z − 5)
( y − 1)( y − 2)
z
=
27 3 3(9 z − 5)
56. +
y − 81 2( y + 9)
2
2z2 z − 2z2 2z2 − (z − 2z2 )
27 ⋅ 2 3( y − 9) 64. − =
= + 4z −1 4z −1 4z − 1
( y − 9)( y + 9)2 2( y + 9)( y − 9)
54 + 3 y − 27 2z2 − z + 2z2
= =
2( y + 9)( y − 9) 4z −1
3 y + 27 4z2 − z
= =
2( y + 9)( y − 9) 4z −1
z (4 z − 1)
3( y + 9) =
= 4z −1
2( y + 9)( y − 9) =z
3
=
2( y − 9) 9 12 9 3x + 3
66. ÷ = ⋅
2
x −1 3 x + 3 2
x − 1 12
x+4 x +1 9 3( x + 1)
58. + = ⋅
2 2
x + 12 x + 20 x + 8 x − 20 ( x − 1)( x + 1) 3 ⋅ 4
( x + 4)( x − 2) ( x + 1)( x + 2) 9
= + =
( x + 10)( x + 2)( x − 2) ( x + 10)( x − 2)( x + 2) 4( x − 1)
x2 − 2x + 4 x − 8 + x2 + 2 x + x + 2
=
( x + 10)( x + 2)( x − 2) 68.
4
+
2
2
2x + 5x − 6
2
2x + 5x − 3 x+3
= 4 2(2 x − 1)
( x + 10)( x + 2)( x − 2) = +
(2 x − 1)( x + 3) (2 x − 1)( x + 3)
4 + 4x − 2
=
(2 x − 1)( x + 3)
4x + 2
=
(2 x − 1)( x + 3)

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Chapter 7: Rational Expressions ISM: Algebra A Combined Approach

70. 5 x − 1 = 8
5x = 9
9
x=
5

72. 4 x2 − 9 = 0
(2 x − 3)(2 x + 3) = 0
2 x − 3 = 0 or 2 x + 3 = 0
2x = 3 2 x = −3
3 3
x= x=−
2 2

74. 2(3 x + 1) + 15 = −7
6 x + 2 + 15 = −7
6 x + 17 = −7
6 x = −24
x = −4

5 7x 11 5 7x 11
76. + − = + −
x − 2 x − 4 x x − 2 ( x − 2)( x + 2) x
2
5 x( x + 2) 7x ⋅ x 11( x − 2)( x + 2)
= + −
( x − 2) x( x + 2) ( x − 2)( x + 2) ⋅ x x( x − 2)( x + 2)
5 x 2 + 10 x + 7 x 2 − 11x 2 + 44
=
x( x − 2)( x + 2)
x 2 + 10 x + 44
=
x ( x − 2)( x + 2)

8 3x 2 8 3x 2
78. − + = − +
2
x + 6x + 5 2
x + 4x − 5 x − 1 ( x + 5)( x + 1) ( x + 5)( x − 1) ( x − 1)( x + 1)
2
8( x − 1) 3x( x + 1) 2( x + 5)
= − +
( x + 5)( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 5)( x − 1)( x + 1) ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x + 5)
8 x − 8 − 3x 2 − 3x + 2 x + 10
=
( x + 5)( x + 1)( x − 1)
−3 x 2 + 7 x + 2
=
( x + 5)( x + 1)( x − 1)

x + 10 8 9 x + 10 8 9
80. − − = − −
2
x − 3x − 4 2
x + 6x + 5 x + x − 20 ( x − 4)( x + 1) ( x + 1)( x + 5) ( x − 4)( x + 5)
2
( x + 10)( x + 5) 8( x − 4) 9( x + 1)
= − −
( x − 4)( x + 1)( x + 5) ( x + 1)( x + 5)( x − 4) ( x − 4)( x + 5)( x + 1)
x 2 + 5 x + 10 x + 50 − 8 x + 32 − 9 x − 9
=
( x − 4)( x + 1)( x + 5)
x 2 − 2 x + 73
=
( x − 4)( x + 1)( x + 5)

304 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

ISM: Algebra A Combined Approach Chapter 7: Rational Expressions

⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛2⎞ Section 7.5 Practice Exercises

82. Perimeter = 2 ⎜ ⎟ + 2⎜ ⎟
⎝ y −5⎠ ⎝ y ⎠ 1. The LCD is 20.
6 4
= + x 4 1
+ =
y −5 y 4 5 20
6y 4( y − 5) ⎛ x 4⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
= + 20 ⎜ + ⎟ = 20 ⎜ ⎟
( y − 5) y y ( y − 5) ⎝4 5⎠ ⎝ 20 ⎠
6 y + 4 y − 20 ⎛x⎞ ⎛4⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
= 20 ⎜ ⎟ + 20 ⎜ ⎟ = 20 ⎜ ⎟
y ( y − 5)
⎝4⎠ ⎝5⎠ ⎝ 20 ⎠
10 y − 20 5 x + 16 = 1
=
y ( y − 5) 5 x = −15
10( y − 2) x = −3
=
y ( y − 5) The solution is −3.
3 2 6 6
Area = ⋅ = = 2. The LCD is 15.
y − 5 y y ( y − 5) y 2 − 5 y
x + 2 x −1 1
− =
10( y − 2) 3 5 15
The perimeter is feet and the area is
y ( y − 5) ⎛ x + 2 x −1 ⎞ ⎛1⎞
15 ⎜ − ⎟ = 15 ⎜ ⎟
6 ⎝ 3 5 ⎠ ⎝ 15 ⎠
square feet.
2
y − 5y ⎛ x+2⎞ ⎛ x −1 ⎞ ⎛1⎞
15 ⎜ ⎟ − 15 ⎜ ⎟ = 15 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 15 ⎠
DA D( A + 1) 5( x + 2) − 3( x − 1) = 1
84. − 5 x + 10 − 3 x + 3 = 1
A + 12 24
DA ⋅ 24 D( A + 1)( A + 12) 2 x + 13 = 1
= − 2 x = −12
( A + 12)24 24( A + 12)
x = −6
24 DA − D( A2 + 12 A + A + 12)
= The solution is −6.
24( A + 12)
24 DA − DA2 − 12 DA − DA − 12 D 3. The LCD is x.
= 6
24( A + 12) 2+ = x+7
x
11DA − DA2 − 12 D
= ⎛ 6⎞
24( A + 12) x⎜2 + ⎟ = x( x + 7)
⎝ x⎠
⎛6⎞
86. answers may vary x(2) + x ⎜ ⎟ = x⋅ x + x ⋅7
⎝ x⎠
x + 2 180 x + 2 2x + 6 = x2 + 7 x
88. 100 − = −
x 1 x 0 = x2 + 5 x − 6
180 x x + 2 0 = ( x + 6)( x − 1)
= −
x x x+6 = 0 or x − 1 = 0
180 x − x − 2
= x = −6 x =1
x Neither −6 nor 1 makes the denominator 0 in the
179 x − 2
= original equation. Both −6 and 1 are solutions.
x
°
⎛ 179 x − 2 ⎞
The supplement measures ⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ x ⎠

90. answers may vary

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 305

Chapter 7: Rational Expressions ISM: Algebra A Combined Approach

4. The LCD is (x + 3)(x − 3).

2 3 −2
+ =
x + 3 x − 3 x2 − 9
⎛ 2 3 ⎞ ⎛ −2 ⎞
( x + 3)( x − 3) ⎜ + ⎟ = ( x + 3)( x − 3) ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ x +3 x−3⎠ ⎝ x −9⎠
2 3 ⎛ −2 ⎞
( x + 3)( x − 3) ⋅ + ( x + 3)( x − 3) ⋅ = ( x + 3)( x − 3) ⎜ ⎟
x+3 x−3 ⎝ x2 − 9 ⎠
2( x − 3) + 3( x + 3) = −2
2 x − 6 + 3 x + 9 = −2
5 x + 3 = −2
5 x = −5
x = −1
The solution is −1.

5. The LCD is x − 1.
5x 5
= +3
x −1 x −1
⎛ 5x ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞
( x − 1) ⎜ ⎟ = ( x − 1) ⎜ + 3⎟
⎝ x −1 ⎠ ⎝ x −1 ⎠
5x 5
( x − 1) ⋅ = ( x − 1) ⋅ + ( x − 1) ⋅ 3
x −1 x −1
5 x = 5 + 3( x − 1)
5x = 5 + 3x − 3
2x = 2
x =1
1 makes the denominator 0 in the original equation. Therefore 1 is not a solution and this equation has no
solution.

6. The LCD is x + 3.
6 2x
x− = +2
x+3 x+3
⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛ 2x ⎞
( x + 3) ⎜ x − ⎟ = ( x + 3) ⎜ + 2⎟
⎝ x +3⎠ ⎝ x+3 ⎠
⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛ 2x ⎞
( x + 3)( x) − ( x + 3) ⎜ ⎟ = ( x + 3) ⎜ ⎟ + ( x + 3)(2)
⎝ x +3⎠ ⎝ x +3⎠
( x + 3)( x) − 6 = 2 x + 2( x + 3)
x 2 + 3x − 6 = 2 x + 2 x + 6
x 2 − x − 12 = 0
( x − 4)( x + 3) = 0
x − 4 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
x=4 x=3
x = 3 can’t be a solution of the original equation. The only solution is 4.

306 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

ISM: Algebra A Combined Approach Chapter 7: Rational Expressions

7. The LCD is abx. 7. These equations are solved in very different

1 1 1 ways, so we need to determine the next correct
+ = step to make. For a linear equation, we first
a b x
“move” variable terms to one side and numbers
⎛1 1⎞ ⎛1⎞
abx ⎜ + ⎟ = abx ⎜ ⎟ to the other; for a quadratic equation, we first set
⎝ a b ⎠ ⎝ x⎠ the equation equal to 0.
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
abx ⎜ ⎟ + abx ⎜ ⎟ = abx ⎜ ⎟
⎝a⎠ ⎝b⎠ ⎝ x⎠ 8. If there are variables in any denominators, we
bx + ax = ab should first check to see if the proposed
bx = ab − ax solutions make these denominators zero in the
original equation, giving us an undefined
bx = a(b − x)
rational expression. If so, that solution is an
bx a (b − x )
= extraneous solution and is not a solution to the
b− x b− x equation.
bx
=a
b− x 9. the steps for solving an equation containing
rational expressions; as if it’s the only variable in
Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 7.5 the equation

⎛ 3x ⎞ ⎛1⎞ Exercise Set 7.5

1. 4 ⎜ + 5⎟ = 4 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝4⎠ 2. The LCD is 5.
⎛ 3x ⎞ ⎛1⎞ x
4⎜ ⎟ + 4⋅5 = 4⎜ ⎟ −2 =9
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝4⎠ 5
6 x + 20 = 1 ⎛x ⎞
The correct choice is c. 5 ⎜ − 2 ⎟ = 5(9)
⎝5 ⎠
x − 10 = 45
⎛1 3 ⎞
2. 5 x ⎜ − ⎟ = 5 x(2) x = 55
⎝ x 5x ⎠ x
⎛ ⎞
1 ⎛ 3 ⎞ Check: −2 =9
5 x ⎜ ⎟ − 5 x ⎜ ⎟ = 5 x(2) 5
⎝ x⎠ ⎝ 5x ⎠ 55
5 − 3 = 10 x −2ⱨ9
5
The correct choice is b. 11 − 2 ⱨ 9
9 = 9 True
9 3 1 1
3. The LCD of , , and = is 12x; b. The solution is 55.
x 4 12 3 ⋅ 4
4. The LCD is 18.
8 1 7 7 x 4x x
4. The LCD of , , and = is 9x; d. + =
3x x 9 3⋅3 6 3 18
⎛ x 4x ⎞ ⎛ x⎞
9 7 18 ⎜ + ⎟ = 18 ⎜ ⎟
5. The LCD of and is ( x − 1)2 ; a. ⎝ 6 3 ⎠ ⎝ 18 ⎠
x −1 ( x − 1) 2 3x + 24 x = x
27 x = x
1 3 3 26 x = 0
6. The LCD of , = , and
x − 2 x 2 − 4 ( x + 2)( x − 2) x=0
x 4x x
8=
8
is ( x 2 − 4); c. Check: + =
1 6 3 18
0 4(0) 0
+ ⱨ
6 3 18
0+0ⱨ0
0 = 0 True
The solution is 0.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 307

Another random document with
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“Lois,” he finally said, “haven’t I got another song to write?”
“It’ll keep.”
“No. That torch song. Taliaferro wants it Friday.”
“That’s four days away.”
“Now I’m here, I might as well get the song,” Foster said, with
alcoholic insistence, and stood up.
“Kiss me,” Lois murmured, leaning toward him.
He obeyed, though he had a feeling that there was more important
business to be attended to. Then he stared around, located the juke-
box, and went toward it.
“Hello, there,” he said, patting the sleek, glowing sides. “I’m back.
Drunk, too. But that’s all right. Let’s have that song.”
The juke-box was silent. Foster felt Lois touch his arm.
“Come on back. We don’t want music.”
“Wait a minute, hon.”
Foster stared at the juke-box. Then he laughed.
“I know,” he said, and pulled out a handful of change. He slid a nickel
into the coin-lever and pushed the lever hard.
Nothing happened.
“Wonder what’s wrong with it?” Foster muttered. “I’ll need that song
by Friday.”
He decided that there were a lot of things he didn’t know about, and
ought to. The muteness of the juke-box puzzled him.
All of a sudden he remembered something that had happened
weeks ago, the blond man who had attacked the juke-box with a
hatchet and had only got shocked for his pains. The blond man he
vaguely recalled, used to spend hours en tête-à-tête with the juke-
box.
“What a dope!” Foster said thickly.
Lois asked a question.
“I should have checked up before,” he answered her. “Maybe I can
find out—oh, nothing, Lois. Nothing at all.”
Then he went after Austin. Austin gave him the blond man’s name
and, an hour later, Foster found himself sitting by a white hospital
bed, looking down at a man’s ravaged face under faded blond hair.
Brashness, judicious tipping, and a statement that he was a relative
had got him this far. Now he sat there and watched and felt
questions die as they formed on his lips.
When he finally mentioned the juke-box, it was easier. He simply sat
and listened.
“They carried me out of the bar on a stretcher,” the blond man said.
“Then a car skidded and came right at me. I didn’t feel any pain. I still
don’t feel anything. The driver—she said she’d heard somebody
shouting her name. Chloe. That startled her so much she lost
control, and hit me. You know who yelled ‘Chloe,’ don’t you?”
Foster thought back. There was a memory somewhere.
The juke-box had begun to play “Chloe,” and the amplification had
gone haywire, so the song had bellowed out thunderously for a short
time.
“I’m paralyzed,” the blond man said. “I’m dying, too. I might as well. I
think I’ll be safer. She’s vindictive and plenty smart.”
“She?”
“A spy. Maybe there’s all sorts of gadgets masquerading as—as
things we take for granted. I don’t know. They substituted that juke-
box for the original one. It’s alive. No, not it! She! It’s a she, all right!”
And—“Who put her there?” The blond man said, in answer to
Foster’s question. “Who are—they? People from another world or
another time? Martians? They want information about us, I’ll bet, but
they don’t dare appear personally. They plant gadgets that we’ll take
for granted, like that juke-box, to act as spies. Only this one got out
of control a little. She’s smarter than the others.”
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beside him.
“Even that!” he whispered. “Is that an ordinary, regular radio? Or is it
one of their masquerading gadgets, spying on us?”
He fell back.
“I began to understand quite a while ago,” the man continued weakly.
“She put the ideas in my head. More than once she pulled me out of
a jam. Not now, though. She won’t forgive me. Oh, she’s feminine, all
right. When I got on her bad side, I was sunk. She’s smart, for a
juke-box. A mechanical brain? Or—I don’t know.
“I’ll never know, now. I’ll be dead pretty soon. And that’ll be all right
with me.”
The nurse came in then....

Jerry Foster was coldly frightened. And he was drunk. Main Street
was bright and roaring as he walked back, but by the time he had
made up his mind, it was after closing hour and a chill silence went
hand in hand with the darkness. The street lights didn’t help much.
“If I were sober I wouldn’t believe this,” he mused, listening to his
hollow footfalls on the pavement. “But I do believe it. I’ve got to fix
things up with that—juke-box!”
Part of his mind guided him into an alley. Part of his mind told him to
break a window, muffling the clash with his coat, and the same
urgent, sober part of his mind guided him through a dark kitchen and
a swinging door.
Then he was in the bar. The booths were vacant. A faint, filtered light
crept through the Venetian blinds shielding the street windows.
Against a wall stood the black, silent bulk of the juke-box.
Silent and unresponsive. Even when Foster inserted a nickel,
nothing happened. The electric cord was plugged in the socket, and
he threw the activating switch, but that made no difference.
“Look,” he said. “I was drunk. Oh, this is crazy. It can’t be happening.
You’re not alive—Are you alive? Did you put the finger on that guy I
just saw in the hospital? Listen!”
It was dark and cold. Bottles glimmered against the mirror behind the
bar. Foster went over and opened one. He poured the whisky down
his throat.
After a while, it didn’t seem so fantastic for him to be standing there
arguing with a juke-box.
“So you’re feminine,” he said. “I’ll bring you flowers tomorrow. I’m
really beginning to believe! Of course I believe! I can’t write songs.
Not by myself. You’ve got to help me. I’ll never look at a—another
girl.”
He tilted the bottle again.
“You’re just in the sulks,” he said. “You’ll come out of it. You love me.
You know you do. This is crazy!”
The bottle had mysteriously vanished. He went behind the bar to find
another. Then, with a conviction that made him freeze motionless, he
knew that there was someone else in the room.
He was hidden in the shadows where he stood. Only his eyes moved
as he looked toward the newcomers. There were two of them, and
they were not human.
They—moved—toward the juke-box, in a rather indescribable
fashion. One of them pulled out a small, shining cylinder from the
juke-box’s interior.
Foster, sweat drying on his cheeks, could hear them thinking.
“Current report for the last twenty-four hours, Earth time. Put in a
fresh recording cylinder. Change the records, too.”
Foster watched them change the records. Austin had said that the
disks were replaced daily. And the blond man, dying in the hospital,
had said other things. It couldn’t be real. The creatures he stared at
could not exist. They blurred before his eyes.
“A human is here,” one of them thought. “He has seen us. We had
better eliminate him.”
The blurry, inhuman figures came toward him. Foster, trying to
scream, dodged around the end of the bar and ran toward the juke-
box. He threw his arms around its unresponsive sides and gasped:
“Stop them! Don’t let them kill me!”
He couldn’t see the creatures now but he knew that they were
immediately behind him. The clarity of panic sharpened his vision.
One title on the juke-box’s list of records stood out vividly. He thrust
his forefinger against the black button beside the title “Love Me
Forever.”
Something touched his shoulder and tightened, drawing him back.
Lights flickered within the juke-box. A record swung out. The needle
lowered into its black groove.
The juke-box started to play “I’ll Be Glad When You’re Dead, You
Rascal You.”
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JUKE-BOX ***

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