Short EQs Random (Teacher) 2014

Name: _________________________
Leaving Cert. Biology Revision Questions
The following questions are taken from past Leaving Certificate Examination Papers (2004 – 2013).
Questions on the same topic have been separated to provide random revision. If questions are
repeated it only highlights their greater significance or importance as they have been asked more often
over the years.
N.B. These questions do not cover the entire syllabus. Knowing the answers to these questions only is
not a guarantee of an excellent result.
E.& O.E.
No. Question Answer
Control entry into and exit from cell of

1 State a function of the cell membrane substances
Secretes enzymes / digests / onto

2 Explain how Rhizopus gets its food. bread / absorbs products
3 State one feature that would allow you to identify an eukaryotic cell Has a membrane bound nucleus
4 Name a human cell that is haploid Sperm, ovum
What term is used to describe a cellular reaction in which large molecules are
5 Catabolic
broken down to smaller ones?
6 By which type of cell division does the zygote divide? Mitosis
What process results from the contraction of the muscles of the small
7 Peristalsis
intestine?
8 Give two examples of harmful members of the kingdom Fungi. Any two correct
9 In carbohydrates, which two elements are in the ratio 2:1? Hydrogen:Oxygen
10 What term is used to describe an individual’s genetic makeup? Genotype
What form of heterotrophic nutrition does Rhizopus have? Saprophytic. It breaks down dead
11 organisms or recycling of nutrients or
Outline the importance of this type of nutrition in nature. reusing
Further divisions result in the formation of a morula. What is the next

12 Blastocyst
developmental stage after the morula?
13 Name a scientist responsible for the Theory of Natural Selection Darwin
Which of the following most accurately represents the pH of the contents of

14 Alkaline
the small intestine: Acidic. Neutral. Alkaline.
Name two tissues that are present in the walls of arteries and veins and give a Muscle – contractile tissue
15 Elastin – return to orig. shape
function of each of these tissues.
Name another form of nutrition employed by some fungi, other than
16 Parasitic
heterotrophic.
17 What is an hypothesis? Educated guess
These answers are the work of a practising teacher, not the SEC, and may have to be adjusted depending on the precise wording of an exam question.
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Name: _________________________
The placenta forms from tissues of the mother and the foetus. Give two roles Makes progesterone / barrier or one
18 (barrier) example / material transfer
of the placenta. (or one example)
What is the source of the heat that keeps the body at a fairly constant
19 Respiration of carbohydrates
temperature?
20 Cellulose is a polysaccharide. Explain the term polysaccharide. Composed of many sugar units
21 Name two glands that pass their secretions into the small intestine. Pancreas, Liver
22 To what kingdom does Rhizopus belong? Fungi
23 To which group of molecules do enzymes belong? Proteins
In humans, widening of the female hips is one example of physical changes

24 that distinguish the sexes but are not essential for reproduction. To what term Secondary sexual characteristics
does the definition in italics refer?

Saprophytic nutrition is a form of heterotrophic nutrition. What does the term Obtains food from other organisms or
25 does not make its own food
heterotrophic mean?
26 To which kingdom do yeasts belong? Fungi
27 State a location in a flowering plant where a growth regulator is secreted Meristem
1. What are symbiotic bacteria? 1. Bacteria living on or in another organism involving

benefit
28 2. Give two functions of symbiotic bacteria in the human alimentary 2. Vitamin production / compete with pathogens /
canal. reference to digestion / inhibits cancer cells
Efficiency not affected. Easily
29 Give one advantage of bioprocessing using an immobilised enzyme. recovered from the product. Reusable
this cuts costs
What term is used for the time in a young person’s life when such changes
30 Puberty
take place?
31 Give an example of the use of a synthetic growth regulator. Weed-killers
Rhizopus or mildew or rusts or smuts or blight

32 Name one economically harmful fungus. or Dry rot (fungus) or athlete’s foot (fungus)
or any other correct
The nutrition of Rhizopus is described as being saprophytic.

1. Feeding on dead matter
1. What does the term saprophytic mean? 2. Breakdown of dead matter or
33 breakdown of organic matter or
2. Explain the importance of saprophytic nutrition in the overall scheme of recycling
nature.
Support in plants. Roughage in human
34 State a role for cellulose in living organisms. diet
35 Where in the human alimentary canal is most water absorbed? Colon or large intestine
Name the hormone that maintains such changes throughout the life of a
36 Testosterone
male.
37 Name a polysaccharide other than cellulose. Starch
38 Describe a test for a named polysaccharide. Starch + Iodine  Blue/black colour
Separation of a pair of allelic genes

39 What is meant by the term segregation as used in genetics? during the process of meiosis and
gamete formation
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Name: _________________________
the making of RNA from a single

40 In relation to protein synthesis what is transcription. strand of DNA
Digestion or secretion or absorption

41 State a function of the rhizoids of Rhizopus. or anchorage
Where in the human female reproductive system does 1. Meiosis, 2. Zygote

42 1. Ovary; 2. Fallopian tube; 3. Uterus
formation, 3. Implantations occur?
Smaller / more of them / biconcave / disc
State two ways, other than colour, in which red blood cells differ from (shape) / no nucleus (when mature) / no
43 mitochondria / transport oxygen / contain
white blood cells. haemoglobin / transport CO2
Mushrooms belong to the Fungi kingdom. A restaurant owner decides to
44 collect and cook wild mushrooms from a local forest. Some could be poisonous
Suggest one reason why this may not be a good idea.

light energy
45 Write a balanced equation to summarise the process of photosynthesis. 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
chlorophyll
46 In which of the stages of photosynthesis does ATP form? Light stage
47 Where precisely in a plant cell would you expect to find cellulose? Cell wall
Veins contain valves whereas arteries do not. What is the function of the
48 Prevent back flow of blood
valves?
49 Name a group of white blood cells, other than lymphocytes. Phagocytic (white cells) or monocytes
Name the two scientists mainly associated with the cohesion-tension model
50 Dixon & Joly
of transport.
Describe the role of oestrogen and progesterone in the control of the Oestrogen: Endometrium repair / stimulates LH /
51 inhibits FSH; Progesterone: Endometrium
events of the menstrual cycle. maintenance / inhibits LH / inhibits FSH
Breathing = the physical inhalation and exhalation
52 Distinguish between breathing and respiration. Respiration = the controlled release of energy from
food, within cells
53 What structures attach a muscle to a bone? Tendons
An enzyme (highly specific organic protein

54 What is a ‘denatured’ enzyme? catalysts) that has been destroyed by excessive
heat, pH, etc. It will not 'work' again.
Where: Trachea
55 Where do cilia occur in the breathing system? What is their function? Function: propulsion of mucus
1. To inactivate antigens
Lymphocytes may be divided into B cells and T cells. B cells 2. Helper / killer / suppressor / memory
produce antibodies 3. Helper: recognise antigens or secrete interferon or
stimulate B-cell (or antibody production) or activate
56 1. What is the role of antibodies in the body? killer cell; Killer: attack infected cells or secrete
2. Name any three types of T cell. perforin; Suppressor: stop immune responses;
Memory: long term protection or remember antigens
3. State a role of each of the T cell types that you named in part 2. (to which they have been exposed) or explained
57 Name the reagents used to test for a reducing sugar. Fehling’s 1 & 2 or Benedict’s
Give one change experienced by the mother that indicates to her that the Mucus show or contractions or waters
58 break
birth process is starting.
Plants have evolved certain adaptations that protect them from adverse Waxy layer or opening and closing of
59 stomata or Thorns or Stings
conditions. List two such adaptations.
Describe the principal features of the cohesion-tension Water molecules stick together / due to H-bonding / continuous chain
60 of water molecules / water tends to adhere to xylem walls /
model. transpiration or water loss ‘pulls’ the column of water up
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Name: _________________________
Name a test or give the chemicals used to demonstrate the presence of a

61 Fehling’s 1 & 2 or Benedict’s
reducing sugar.
Asthma: of pollen, house mites, dog and cat dander or vigorous exercise
62 State one possible cause of asthma or bronchitis. Bronchitis: bacteria, viruses and long-term exposure to irritants such as
cigarette smoke and air pollutants
63 Which upper arm muscle contracts to raise the lower arm? Biceps
Maintenance of a constant internal

64 Explain the term homeostasis. environment
65 From what does a seed develop? Ovule
Contractions or amniotic sac breaks or

66 Give a short account of the birth process. cervix dilates / Baby delivered /
Afterbirth delivered
Ethene – fruit ripening

67 Give two examples of the use of plant growth regulators. Gibberellin – speeds up germination
Amylase + starch
68 Name an enzyme and matching substrate Maltase + maltose
The cohesion-tension model of transport attempts to explain water

69 Gravity
movement in plants against a particular force. Name this force.
Where does fertilisation normally occur in the reproductive system of the Half way along the Fallopian Tube
70 (Oviduct)
human female?
A carbohydrate composed of two
71 What is a disaccharide? monosaccharide units
Diffusion: movement of substances with (along) a concentration

Homeostasis often requires an organism to exchange gradient or explained
materials between different tissues or between itself and Osmosis: movement of water through a selectively permeable
72 membrane from a high water concentration to a low
the external environment by diffusion, osmosis, and active concentration
Active transport: movement of molecules against a concentration
transport. Explain each of the underlined terms. gradient or movement of molecules using energy
When using Fehling’s or Benedict’s solution which of the following is correct?
73 2. Heat but do not boil
1. No heat needed, 2. Heat but do not boil, 3. Boil.
(Two) muscles that work in opposition
74 What is meant by the term antagonistic pair in reference to muscles? to each other
Chemicals that control growth (in

75 What are growth regulators in plants? plants)
What term is used for the type of asexual reproduction that produces a
76 Vegetative propagation
daughter plant by runners?
77 Where precisely does water enter a plant? Through root hairs
78 Name the tissue in plant stems through which water rises to the leaves. Xylem
Asthma: steroid tablets or inhalers

79 Give an example of a treatment for asthma or bronchitis. Bronchitis: bronchodilators
State one way in which each of the following contributes to

1. Absorption of glucose or release of glucose or heat
homeostasis. generation
80 1. Liver. 2. Excretion of water or excretion of CO2 or release of heat
3. Excretion of water or reabsorption of water or excretion
2. Lungs. of salts (or ions) or reabsorbtion of salts (or ions)
3. Nephrons of kidneys.
81 What might a hypothesis develop into? A Theory
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Name: _________________________
82 What do the letters ATP stand for? Adenosine triphosphate
Loss of water(vapour) through leaves

83 Explain the term transpiration. of plant
Would you expect a daughter plant produced by a runner to be haploid or Diploid. Product of mitosis or
84 genetically identical (to parent) or
diploid? Explain your answer. clone
85 State one way in which carbohydrates differ from fats. C, H and O in different proportions
86 Name the type of joint at the elbow. Hinge or synovial or moveable
Narrow or lignified (or rigid) or

87 Give one way in which xylem is adapted for the transport of water. continuous lumen or wettable
Too hot: Sweat / dilation of blood vessels / hair flat

88 Describe the role of the skin in controlling body temperature. Too cold: Constriction of of blood vessels / hair stands up
Insulation by (subcutaneous) fat
89 From which structure in the seed does the root develop? The radicle of the embryo
Give one method, other than runners, and not involving seeds, that is used by Cuttings or layering or grafting or
90 micro-propagation or tissue culture
horticulturists to produce new plants.
91 What process is responsible for the uptake of minerals in a plant? Active transport
92 By what process does water enter a plant? Osmosis
93 State one way in which yeast is beneficial to humans. Baking and Brewing industries
State the products of segregation when an organism is heterozygous in

94 A and a
respect of the dominant allele A.
The ability of the body to resist
95 What is meant by the term immunity? infection
Give a brief account of the role of each of the following in

1. Attracts insects (or other pollinators)
flowering plant reproduction. 2. (Site of) pollen manufacture or (site of) pollen
96 1. Petal. release
3. Pollen lands on it or pollen sticks to it or pollen
2. Anther. germination
3. Stigma.
97 Give a precise location of xylem in the stem. In vascular bundles or next to phloem
Protection or body support or shape

98 Apart from movement, give one other function of the skeleton. or blood cell production or muscle
attachment
When investigating digestive activity during seed germination: 1. How did you
1. Milk agar or starch agar; 2. Boiled
99 supply a substrate suitable for the digestive enzymes? 2. How did you ensure seeds
that no digestive enzymes were available on the control plate?
100 Through which microscopic structures does water enter a plant from the soil? Root hairs
Glucose – energy
101 Name a monosaccharide and state a role for it in living organisms. Ribose - RNA
Maximise the amount of light trapped

102 Suggest a benefit to the plant of the phototrophic growth response. for photosynthesis
103 When may it be considered that the process of fertilisation is complete? When the gamete nuclei fuse.
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Name: _________________________
Name one structure through which the pollen tube grows in order to reach
104 Stigma or style or ovary or micropyle
the embryo sac.
Gaseous exchange. O2 from alveolus
105 State precisely the events that take place at the alveoli. to blood and CO2 from blood to
alveolus
106 State another function of xylem tissue other than water transport. Support or other transport function
A virus has been described as a piece of genetic material that has escaped Composed of nucleic acid (or DNA or
107 RNA)
from a cell. Give one piece of evidence that supports this description.
108 Suggest a treatment for a named disorder of the breathing system. Asthma: Avoid triggers /dust
Have a large surface area

109 How are the alveoli adapted for their function? Walls of alveoli are elastic and only
one cell thick
110 Suggest one reason why the bones of birds are almost hollow. To be light or to allow flight
111 Name the reagents used to test for a protein. Copper sulphate & Sodium hydroxide
Within the pollen tube the generative nucleus divides to form two male
1. mitosis
gametes. 2. egg [allow ovum or female gamete]
112 1. What type of division takes place? polar nuclei
3. Zygote
2. With what does each male gamete fuse in the embryo sac? endosperm (nucleus)
3. Name the product of each fusion.
Breathing rate in humans is controlled by the concentration of a gas dissolved
113 Carbon dioxide
in blood. Which gas is this?
114 Name the nutrient medium on which you grew yeast. Glucose solution
Can only replicate (or reproduce)

115 Viruses are examples of obligate parasites. Explain why this is the case. inside a cell (or host)
116 Suggest a possible cause of a named disorder of the breathing system. Asthma: Dog dander / Dust
117 What is the function of the semi=circular canals in the ear? Posture or balance
118 Give an example of a regulator in plants that inhibits growth. abscisic acid and ethene
119 Cellulose is a polysaccharide. What is it formed from? C, H and O
As the seed forms following fertilisation, a food store develops in one of two Endosperm or cotyledon (or seed leaf
120 or embryonic leaf)
structures. Name any one of these structures.
121 Through which microscopic structures does water enter a plant from the soil? Root hairs
Energised electrons play a central role in ATP formation during Electrons containing additional energy
122 which was picked up from the sun
photosynthesis. What is an energised electron?
In relation to protein synthesis what is a triplet and state the role of a Triplet = a sequence of three nitrogenous
123 bases of mRNA
triplet. Role = it codes for a specific amino acid
Genetic engineering or vaccine
124 Give an example of how a virus might be beneficial to mankind. (production) or cancer treatment or
pest control or disease control
125 Name one disorder of the human breathing system. Asthma
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Name: _________________________
126 What is the function of the Eustachian tube in the ear? Pressure equalisation
Name the organelle (component) of the cell in which photosynthesis takes

127 Chloroplast
place.
1. Name the three germ layers in the early human embryo. 1. Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
2. ectoderm: e.g nervous system
128 2. For each germ layer name a structure in the adult body that develops from mesoderm: e.g skeletal system
it. endoderm: e.g. digestive system
129 Why is a control important in an experiment? For comparison purposes
Producing seedless fruit

130 Give two uses of plant growth regulators in horticulture. Promote ripening
Selective Weed killer
131 By what process does water enter a plant? Osmosis
132 What term is used for glands that secrete hormones? Endocrine
Intercostal muscles contract / to move Ribcage up and

133 Describe in detail how we inhale air. out / Diaphragm contracts or moves downward / Lung
(Volume) increases / Pressure decreases / Air moves in
Suggest one way in which a person might adapt his/her lifestyle to minimise Avoid smokey atmospheres
134 Avoid their symptom ‘trigger’
the effects of asthma or bronchitis.
135 Name the part of the ear in which nerve impulses is generated. Cochlea or semi-circular canals
Embryonic and Uterine or

136 From which tissues does the placenta develop? endometrium
During gamete formation each member of a

137 State the Law of Independent Assortment. pair of genes may combine randomly with
either of another pair
In relation to flowering plants explain what is meant by vegetative A type of reproduction in plants that
138 does not involve the production of
propagation. seed
Distinguish between endospermic and non- Endospermic: a seed whose main food store is in the endosperm (nutritive
139 tissue found within the embryo sac of a seed plant)
endospermic seeds. Non-endospermic: main food store for developing embryo is in cotyledons
140 How do these glands differ from those that do not secrete hormones? Ductless
Explain what is meant by germ layers and name the germ layers Layer of cells / in the blastula (embryo) / (potential to)
141 give rise to (specific) tissues (or organs)
that appear in early human development. Three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm
One large muscle and one set of muscles are involved in inhalation. Name
142 Diaphragm / Intercostal (rib) muscles
both.
Xylem or Dermal or Ground or
143 Name the tissue that water travels through in a plant. Vascular or Phloem
1. A membrane (or sac) that surrounds

1. What is the amnion? the embryo (or foetus)
144 2. It contains (or secretes) (amniotic)
2. Explain the importance of the amnion for the foetus. fluid or protects embryo
145 In what part of the eye are nerve impulses generated? Retina or named part of retina
The act of killing and eating another

146 Define predation. animal (or organism) for food.
147 Give an example of the use of a synthetic growth regulator. Selective weed killer
148 Name the process responsible for the entry of water into a plant. Osmosis
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Name: _________________________
149 In which tissue does water ascend through the plant? Xylem
When we breathe we inhale air. What gas in the air is essential for
150 Oxygen
respiration?
Hormone (or insulin) secretion & non-hormone
151 Explain why the pancreas may be described as a dual-function gland. (enzyme) secretions or has endocrine and
exocrine function (or described)
Sexual reproduction in Rhizopus is normally triggered by an adverse

152 Dehydration or other named
environmental stimulus. Suggest one such stimulus.
Are lipids with one of its fatty acids
153 How do phospholipids differ from other lipids? replaced with a phosphate group
Skull (or bone) or wax or wear ear

154 Suggest one way by which the ear may be protected. protection or avoid noisy
environments
Root pressure or cohesion or adhesion

155 Name one process that causes water to move upwards in a plant. or capillarity or transpiration
156 To which group of blood cells do lymphocytes belong? White blood cells
The functional role of an organism (in

157 Explain the term niche. an ecosystem)
Can survive drought (or named

158 Give two advantages to Rhizopus of zygospore formation. adverse condition) / dispersal
Light through Cornea / Pupil / Lens /

159 Explain in detail how the eye works. Accommodation / Focus / onto Retina /
Rods / cones / nerve impulse / Optic Nerve
160 What is the chemical nature of many hormones? Protein
It traps and transfers energised

161 Explain the part played by NADP- in photosynthesis. electrons and hydrogen ions.
non-cellular / one nucleic acid / can reproduce in

162 Comment on the difficulty of describing a virus as a living organism. host cell only or obligate parasite / do not possess
organelles or named organelle
Explain how a corrective measure for a named defect of hearing or vision Named defect
163 Corrective measure or how this works
works. to correct named defect
Active = When the body produces its own antibodies – long term protection
164 Distinguish between active and passive immunity. Passive = The body receives ready-made antibodies to combat infection – short
term protection
Consider that night has fallen and the plant is in darkness. (The amount of water moving through
the plant) decreases (Because)
165 Suggest what will happen to the amount of water moving through the plant photosynthesis stops or stomata close
and give a reason for your answer. in darkness or night-time is cooler
In the case of each of two named hormones secreted in the human body e.g.1 thyroxine, 1. Thyroid gland in neck; 2.
Controls rate of metabolism; e.g.2 Insulin,
166 state: 1. The precise location of the gland that secretes it. 2. A function of 1. islets of Langerhans I pancreas; 2.
the hormone. Controls sugar levels of blood
Give shape to eye or support lens or

167 The eye is filled with fluid. What is the function of this fluid? transmits light
168 What term is used to describe the process of asexual reproduction in yeast? Budding
169 The hammer (malleus) is a very small bone located in the … Middle ear
170 Name an anabolic process carried out by plants. Photosynthesis
Carries specific amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes

171 In relation to protein synthesis describe the role of tRNA. where they are joined together, in an order determined by the
sequence of bases on the mRNA attached to the ribosomes.
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Name: _________________________
172 State the precise location of the cell membrane in plant cells. Immediately inside the cell wall
173 Bile is secreted by the … Liver
In the case of one non sex hormone 1. Give a deficiency symptom. 2. Give a e.g. 1. Deficiency of growth hormone
causes pituitary dwarfism; 2. Rate of
174 symptom of excess secretion. 3. Give a corrective measure for either its growth reduced; 3. Deficiency corrected
deficiency or its excess, clearly stating which you have chosen. by injections of growth hormone
What happens to the new cells of Rhizopus formed during the process of Forms a colony or break away (from
175 the mother cell)
asexual reproduction?
Name: Iris Function - control
176 Name and give a function of the coloured part of the eye. amount of light entering eye
177 Tiny holes called … allow gases to enter and leave the leaf. Stomata
Thorns / stings / bad taste / poison /

178 State two ways by which plants have adapted to protect themselves. mimicry / cuticle / heat shock proteins
179 Bones are joined to other bones by … Ligaments
180 An animal that eats both plants and animals is called an … Omnivore
181 With what type of cell do you associate membrane-bound organelles? Eukaryotic
182 How does asexual reproduction in Rhizopus differ from that in yeast? (Rhizopus) produces spores
A structure attached to the inner surface of the womb

183 What is a placenta? From what tissues does a placenta form? (uterus) of pregnant mammals, which helps to nourish
the foetus, and discharges its waste.
Barrier (or named, e.g. condom) / contraceptive pill /

184 List two methods of contraception. vasectomy / abstain
Hormones travel in blood or are

185 Explain why hormonal responses are slower than nervous responses. chemical, electrical transmission in
nerves
Predator = fox,
186 Give an example of predation by naming a predator and its prey. Prey = rabbit
187 Suggest one reason why enzymes are not found in body soap or shampoo. May digest skin
Fusion of gametes or formation of

188 What is meant by fertilisation? zygote
Attaches to host. Inserts nucleic acid into cell – takes over

189 Describe how virus reproduction takes place in a host cell. cell’s DNA. Makes numerous copies of it – new viruses
assembled and cell bursts to release them.
Distinguish between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous CNS: brain and spinal cord
190 PNS: nerves leading to and from CNS
system. Include a clear reference to each in your answer. or nerves not in CNS
What term is used to describe bacterial cells, i.e. no membrane-bound

191 Prokaryotic
organelles?
Antibodies – proteins / produced by body / in response to
Distinguish clearly between antibodies and antibiotics by antigen (or to infection);
192 Antibiotics – produced by micro-organisms / kill (or destroy or
writing a note about each. stop growth of) other micro-organisms / do not affect viruses
193 What is meant by the term contraception? Prevention of pregnancy
Name a polysaccharide that has a different role to cellulose. What is the role Starch
194 Role: storage carbohydrate
of the polysaccharide that you have named?
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Name: _________________________
Give two examples of natural vegetative propagation that involve different Rhizomes (Stem), Bulbs (Leaves),
195 Tubers (Root & Stem)
parts of a plant.
196 What term is used for the form of asexual reproduction in bacteria? Binary fission
Describe two ways in which the skin helps to defend the body against Continuous unbroken layer
197 Sweat contains bactericidal agents
pathogenic micro-organisms.
198 Give one way in which a nervous response differs from a hormonal response. Faster or shorter-lived or electrical
Name the part of the flower in each case

1. Embryo sac or ovule or ovary or carpel
199 1. Where fertilisation occurs 2. Carpel or ovary or receptacle
2. That becomes the fruit.
The cell membrane is described as being selectively permeable. What does Only some substances are allowed
200 through
this mean?
201 Where in the human male reproductive system does meiosis occur? Testes
Factors relating to the soil [which

202 Explain the term edaphic. affects the distribution of organisms in
a (terrestrial) ecosystem]
Active - antibodies produced in body;

203 In relation to antibodies, distinguish between active and passive immunity. Passive – antibodies given
Chromosomes in pairs (two sets of

204 What is meant by the diploid number of a cell? chromosomes).
In which stage of photosynthesis does carbon dioxide provide carbon for

205 Dark Stage
carbohydrate formation?
Dendrites: which receives impulses and transmits them towards the cell body
Give one function each of any two parts found only Axon: conducts impulses away from the cell body
206 Myelin sheath: Speeds up impulse transmission
in neurons. Schwann cells: secretes the myelin sheath
Monocotyledon: Parallel venation, scattered
State one difference between the seeds of monocotyledons and vascular bundles, petals in multiples of 3
207 Dicotyledon: Network venation, vascular bundles
dicotyledons other than the number of seed leaves. in a ring, petals in multiples of 4 or 5
Protein coat and

208 Name the two main chemical components of a virus. DNA or RNA
209 Why is diffusion alternatively known as passive transport? No (or little) energy (or ATP) required
Suggest a reason why the structure containing the testis must be kept below
210 Sperm production better if cooler
body temperature.
State two ways in which growth regulators in plants are similar to Made at one site & function at another /
211 Transport slow / in vascular tissue or in blood
hormones in animals. and phloem (or xylem) / chemical (nature)
Each seed is made up of an embryo, a food store and a seed coat (testa). One (Embryo): (part of seed that) becomes
212 function of fruit is to aid dispersal. the new plant
(Dispersal): Spreading of seeds.
Explain each of the underlined terms.
213 What does the term pathogenic mean in relation to bacteria? Disease causing organism
Sensory neuron carry impulses to CNS (or to

Name and state the role of any two types of neuron, other than the named part of CNS)
214 Interneuron carry impulses within CNS or
motor neuron. carry impulses from sensory to motor neuron
Available (soil) water, mineral

215 Give an example of an edaphic factor content, pH, humus
Name a plant growth regulator that promotes growth and give a precise e.g. IAA (auxin), Just behind shoot (or
216 root) tip or meristem or zone of
location for a site of its action. elongation
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Name: _________________________
Highly specific organic protein

217 What is an enzyme? catalysts
Release liquid or nourish or support

218 What is the function of the prostate gland? sperm
Is the beginning of the growth after a

219 What is meant by the germination of a seed? period of dormancy
Movement of water or (osmosis)

220 Osmosis may be described as “a special case of diffusion”. Explain why. requires a membrane
Varieties maintained
221 Suggest a benefit of artificial propagation. Pollination, Dispersal & Germination
eliminated
Vascular bundles or vascular tissue or

222 Through which part of a stem are growth promoters transported? phloem or xylem
State one function for each of the following parts of the human brain. 1. language or reason or consciousness or senses
or memory or intelligence or emotions or
1. Cerebrum; other
2. homeostasis or example of homeostasis or
223 2. Hypothalamus; endocrine function or other
3. Cerebellum; 3. movement or balance or coordination or
example
4. Medulla oblongata. 4. involuntary muscle control or example
By which method are the seeds of the fruits of blackberries and sycamore (Blackberries): Animals
224 (Sycamore fruit): Wind
fruit dispersed?
State one factor that decreases heart rate and one factor that Decrease = low body temperature / fitness / sedatives
225 Increase = high body temperature / dehydration / exercise
increases it. / fear / pain / caffeine / stress
Name a fat-soluble vitamin, a good source of it and a deficiency disease Fat-soluble: Vitamin D
226 Source: Liver, Eggs, Sunlight
caused by it. Deficiency: Rickets & Osteomalacia
227 Name one male sex hormone. Testosterone or FSH or LH
228 Where are the discs in the human backbone? Between the vertebrae
Name the structure by which Amoeba gets rid of excess water that has
229 Contractile vacuole
entered by osmosis.
Encourage rooting in cuttings / promote
230 Outline two uses of growth promoters in horticulture. ripening / weed killer / seedless fruit /
micro-propagation or tissue culture
Grey: few axons or little myelin or
In relation to the nervous system, distinguish between grey matter and white mostly cell bodies
231 White: many axons or much myelin or
matter. Include a clear reference to each in your answer. few cell bodies
232 Name the artery that supplies the heart muscle with blood. Coronary artery
Producing a picture of pieces of DNA when an organism’s DNA

233 What is meant by the term DNA profiling? is broken up using specific enzymes and then sorted by size on
a gel. The result is a bit like a bar code.
234 What term is given to the growth of an embryo into a plant? Germination
Some people receive vaccinations to protect them from disease. What is Receiving a non disease causing dose
235 of a pathogen
meant by the term vaccination?
T-cells: do not produce antibodies but are either
236 Name two types of lymphocyte and state a role of each. helper, killer, suppressor or memory cells
B-cells: produce antibodies
237 To where does the pulmonary artery carry blood? To the lungs
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Name: _________________________
In the case of either paralysis or Parkinson’s disease state: Parkinson’s Paralysis

238 1. a possible cause, other than accident; Cause: Cause:
Treatment: Treatment:
2. a method of treatment.
All the chemical reactions in living
239 What is meant by the term metabolism? cells
IAA / auxin / ethene (ethylene) /

240 Give an example of a growth regulator that inhibits growth. abscisic acid
The way organisms change genetically

241 What is meant by the term evolution? from pre-existing forms to produce
new species over long periods of time.
Prevent vertebrae rubbing off each
242 What is the function of the discs in the human backbone? other. To allow a little movement. To
act as shock absorbers
243 What is a tissue? Group of similar cells.
Viruses cause disease in plants, humans, and other animals. Name any two
244 AIDS / Common cold / Flu
diseases caused by viruses.
In order for germination to be successful, certain environmental conditions
245 Suitable temperature / moisture / O2
must be present. Name any two of these conditions.
From the following list, Write any term that describes the nutrition of a typical
246 Autotrophic
plant: parasitic; heterotrophic; saprophytic; autotrophic.
Clones are genetically identical individuals. Are the products of vegetative Yes. They only have one parent and
247 their genotype is that of their parent.
propagation clones? Explain your answer.
“Enzymes are essential for metabolism”. Enzymes are catalysts
248 Enzymes control rate of metabolic
Explain why this statement is true. reactions
What do bacteria form when environmental conditions become

249 Endospores
unfavourable?
In relation to body temperature, what term is used to describe animals such
250 Endothermic
as the dog?
Absorb water and minerals
251 State three functions of a root. Support the plant
Sometime to store food
252 What is a cotyledon? A seed leaf, a food store.
253 Which type of immunity is the longest-lasting? Active immunity
Suggest how a commercial grower might try to increase crop yield in his Use violet (or blue or orange or red)
254 light
glasshouses or tunnels.
Give a role for each of the following in the human body: (i) Yellow bone Yellow: Contains fat-storage tissue
255 Red: Produces blood cells
marrow, (ii) Red bone marrow.
Oxytocin increases / Progesterone decreases / Uterus
256 Describe the process of birth. contracts / waters break / cervix dilates / baby out /
usually head first / cord cut / placenta out
257 Is the following process anabolic or catabolic? Protein synthesis. Anabolic
Prevents blood flowing from the left

258 What is the function of the bicuspid valve? ventricle to the left atrium when the
ventricle contracts
259 What is the average resting rate of the human heart in beats per minute? 72
Respiration or metabolism or
260 What is the main source of a dog’s body heat? carbohydrate (or named
carbohydrate) or fat (or named fat)
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Name: _________________________
Distinguish between active immunity and passive immunity by defining Active - (body) produces antibodies;
261 Passive - antibodies given or administered
each. (produced by another organism
What is the main source of carbon dioxide used by plants in the dark stage of
262 Air (or atmosphere) or respiration
photosynthesis?
Iron – haemoglobin formation
263 Name two minerals required by the human body and give their functions Calcium – bone & teeth growth
264 State three environmental factors that are necessary for germination. Water, Oxygen, Suitable temperature
To introduce antigens causing the body to

265 What is the purpose of vaccination? produce corresponding antibodies to gain
immunity to that infection
266 Is the following process anabolic or catabolic? Conversion of ADP to ATP. Anabolic
Suggest a value to dogs of the relationship between their body temperature (Temperature always suitable) for good
267 enzyme activity or metabolism or
and environmental temperature. activity independent of environment
Ideal nutrient or antibodies or
268 Give any one biological benefit of breastfeeding. mother-baby bond or reduced
infection
State one role of NADP and one role of ATP in the dark stage of NADP: to transport electrons / to
269 transport energy / H-carrier
photosynthesis. ATP: Energy source or energy store
The general defence system tries to prevent disease-causing organisms Skin or Cilia or Stomach acid or Tears
270 or WBC or Blood Clotting
entering the body. List two parts of the general defence system in the body.
271 What is the function of mitosis in single-celled organisms? Reproduction
Describe two techniques of artificial vegetative propagation that are used for
272 Cuttings, Layering, Grafting,
flowering plants.
Complete the following equation, which is a summary of aerobic respiration.
273 Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2 
Paternity disputes, Forensic Science,
274 State two uses of DNA profiling. Genetic Screening, Genetic
Archaeology
Is the following process anabolic or catabolic? Reactions in which product

275 Anabolic
molecules are larger than substrate molecules.
First stage of respiration / in cytoplasm (or in
276 Write a brief note on in Glycolysis relation to respiration. cytosol) / anaerobic / starts with glucose (or
indicated) / produces pyruvate / low energy release
In relation to body temperature, what term is used to describe animals such

277 Ectothermic
as the lizard?
278 What term is used to describe organisms that cause disease? Pathogen
Give an example of an herbivore and of a carnivore found in an ecosystem you Herbivore: rabbit
279 Carnivore: fox
have studied (not domesticated or farm animals).
Condom / pill / IUD / cap / diaphragm / Spermicide / mucus
280 List two methods of contraception. monitoring / sympto-thermal / vasectomy / tubectomy / Surgical /
chemical / mechanical / natural / rhythm / implants
281 Give one function of mitosis in multicellular organisms. Growth of organism
Farmers add nitrates as fertilizers to the soil. They are advised not to spread To prevent nitrates from entering
282 fertilizers if heavy rain is forecast. Why do you think they are given this streams and rivers. To prevent
eutrophication.
warning?
283 What is the source of energy for the earth’s ecosystems? Sun
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Name: _________________________
Aerobic / formed from pyruvate / 2-

284 Write a brief note on in Acetyl Co-enzyme A relation to respiration. carbon (group) / joins Krebs cycle / in
mitochondrion
High temperature or high (or low) pH
285 State one way by which an enzyme may be denatured. or agitation (or described) or high
salinity or alcohol
Environment or the sun or

286 What is the main source of a lizard’s body heat? metabolism
Name: Arthritis / osteoporosis; Cause: Arthritis – injury / hormonal imbalance /

Suggest one cause and one treatment for a genetic / immune response; Osteoporosis- hormonal imbalance / lack of exercise /
287 named disorder of the human musculoskeletal genetic / dietary /menopause; Treatment: Arthritis – anti-inflammatory drugs /
analgesics / rest / exercise / replacement of joint / steroids or named / immuno-
system. suppressants; Osteoporosis: HRT / exercise / diet / dietary supplements or named
The harmful addition to the
288 Explain what is meant by pollution. environment (by humans) that leaves
it less able to sustain life
289 To what structure does the ureter link the kidney? Bladder
To allow nutrients / O2 / antibodies to pass to child / to allow CO2 out /

290 Give two functions of the placenta. waste to pass to mother / to synthesise progesterone / prevent mixing of
blood / protect foetus from mother’s blood pressure
Name an organ in the human body, other than the kidney, in which excretion
291 Lungs, Skin
takes place.
Write a brief note on in Adenosine triphosphate relation to High energy bonds (or high energy molecule) /
292 energy store / releases energy / forming ADP (or
respiration. formed from ADP) / large ATP production in stage 2
293 Give one location where mitosis occurs in flowering plants. Meristematic zones
294 Name the kingdom to which bacteria belong. Monera
295 Name one disorder of the human musculoskeletal system. Arthritis / Osteoporosis
Changed structure
296 Give two features of a denatured enzyme. Loss of function
297 Give two industrial uses of the anaerobic respiration of yeast. Baking & brewing industries
298 To which kingdom does Rhizopus belong? Fungi
299 State a function of the sepal. Protects the flower when it is a bud
Write a brief note on in Electron transport chain relation to Aerobic / in mitochondrion / carries high-energy electrons
300 / from NADH or from Krebs cycle / to protons / formation
respiration. of water / ATP produced or high energy release
301 From what tissues is the placenta formed? Mother’s and child’s
302 To which kingdom does the organism used in industrial fermentation belong? Fungi
303 Where does filtration occur in the kidney? In the glomerulus.
What general name is given to places in the body where two or more bones
304 Joints
meet?
Apart from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, there is one other element always
305 Nitrogen
present in the building blocks of enzymes. Name that element.
306 Name the liquid part of blood. Plasma
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Name: _________________________
307 What is genetic engineering? Manipulation or alteration of genes
Chain: One species at each trophic (or feeding) level or

Distinguish between a food chain and a food web. Include a described or diagram
308 Web: Interconnected food chains or described or diagram or
clear reference to each in your answer. more than one species at each trophic (or feeding) level
Give an example of pollution and describe how this form of pollution can be
309 Example & Control measure
controlled.
1. Harsh conditions or example;
1. Under what circumstances does a bacterial cell form an endospore? 2. DNA replicates / thick wall (or described) /
310 encloses / shrinkage (or water loss) / of
2. Describe briefly how an endospore forms. cytoplasm
Name the process that takes place in plants in which this energy is converted
311 Photosynthesis
to a usable form.
312 Describe the roles of the biceps and triceps in raising the forearm. Biceps contracts / Triceps relaxes
The way nature selects organisms with advantageous

313 Describe the process of natural selection. genes which allow them to adapt to the environment, and
pass them on to successive generations
In a classroom investigation into the factors affecting the rate of Counted bubbles (or measured
volume) / per unit time OR
314 photosynthesis the variable investigated was either light intensity or CO2 datalogging / named sensor (or
concentration. How was the rate of photosynthesis measured? mention of time)
315 From what part of the embryo plant within the seed does the root develop? Radicle
Diagram that shows the number of

316 What do ecologists mean by a pyramid of numbers? organisms at each trophic level
317 Name two vascular tissues found in flowering plants. Xylem and Phloem
318 Name two types of heterotrophic nutrition used by bacteria. Saprophytic and Parasitic
Isolation, Cutting, Ligation, Insertion,

319 Name three processes involved in genetic engineering. Transformation, Expression
320 Name an important group of biomolecules that plants make from nitrates. Proteins
321 Name the structures that attach muscles to bones. Tendons
Deep voice / enlarged testes / enlarged penis / facial hair / chest hair
322 Name two male secondary sexual characteristics. / underarm hair / pubic hair / extra sebum / distinctive musculature /
Sexual aggression / Increase sex drive
In a classroom investigation into the factors affecting the rate of

photosynthesis the variable investigated was either light intensity or CO2 Light (if CO2 addressed) or CO2 (if light
323 addressed) or temperature
concentration. Name a factor that must be kept constant during this
investigation.
Organisms that are introduced into new environments outside their natural
ranges are referred to as exotic species. In some cases these introductions
have been deliberate and in other cases accidental e.g. when a species kept in
captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population. Food source or biological control or
324 aesthetic or sporting or other
Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have
been unsuccessful.
Suggest a reason for attempting to establish an exotic species in a new
country.
Aerobic respiration is a two-stage process. The first stage takes place in the
325 Mitochondria
cytoplasm. Where does the second stage take place?
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Name: _________________________
Using your knowledge of antibiotics and bacteria, suggest why a person is Antibiotic resistance strains / more
326 pathogens / more people (or poor
more likely to pick up an infection in hospital than at home. hygiene) / patients weaker
327 Name an autotrophic organism Grass
328 Give an example of a catabolic reaction Respiration
329 If two muscles form an antagonistic pair. What does this mean? The two Work Opposite to each other
330 The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates by bacteria is called … Nitrogen fixation
M/O: Production of human insulin

Give an example of an application of genetic engineering in each of Animal: Sheep producing blood clotting factors
331 Plant: Production of Golden Rice – possible solution
the following cases: 1. A micro-organism, 2. An animal, 3. A plant. to Vitamin A deficiency
captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population. Failure to adapt / example of failure to
332 adapt / preyed upon / insufficient
Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have numbers / dispersal / competition
been unsuccessful.
Suggest two reasons why the great majority of attempted introductions have
been unsuccessful.
Give a source of evidence for evolution. Briefly outline the evidence from the Fossils or embryology or anatomy or
333 adaptation of plant or animal or
source referred to. genetics
Inheritable change within a population (or
334 What is meant by the term evolution? species) / in response to change in the
environment / by natural selection / over time
335 Name the principal male sex hormone. Testosterone
336 What is the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in a carbohydrate? H:O::2:1
337 A relationship between two organisms in which both benefit is called ... Symbiotic
Suggest what might happen to lactic acid in the muscles after anaerobic Broken down or Diffuses away or
338 Turns to fat (Respired aerobically)
respiration.
339 In which part of the flower is pollen produced? Anther of the stamen
captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population.
340 Seed dispersal or fruit
Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have
been unsuccessful.
Use your knowledge of the life cycle of flowering plants to suggest how an
exotic plant may escape from captivity.
Joins nucleotides together (to give
341 Give the role of the enzyme RNA polymerase. mRNA product) or to make RNA
342 An example of a protein that has a structural role is ... Keratin, myosin
343 Name either of the scientists responsible for the Theory of Natural Selection. Darwin or Wallace
Page 16 of 99
Name: _________________________
What term is used by biologists to describe differences within a population

344 Variation
with respect to features such as height?
345 What is the function of the sperm duct (vas deferens)? To carry sperm or semen
What is the name of the acid produced in the muscles as a result of anaerobic
346 Lactic acid
respiration?
347 Why is a dicotyledonous (dicot) plant so called? Because it contains two seed leaves
have been deliberate and in other cases accidental e.g. when a species kept in 1. Increased competition or
(increased) predation or example
captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population. of increased competition or
348 Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have example of increased predation
been unsuccessful. 2. Control of nuisance species or food

Use the knowledge that you have gained in your studies of ecology to suggest or shelter or other
how the introduction of an exotic species may: 1. impact negatively on an

existing community. 2. impact positively on an existing community.
What is meant in genetics by the term sex linkage? Name two common sex- Gene(s) on sex or on X or on Y
349 chromosome. Haemophilia / colour
linked traits. blindness
350 What is a mutation? Change in the genetic make up
351 What is the function of the stomata? To allow gaseous exchange
Gene: a section of DNA that codes for

Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs of terms, by one polypeptide (or protein or trait)
352 or unit of heredity
writing a sentence about each member of each pair: Gene and allele. Allele: an alternative form of a gene
Glucose, minerals, vitamins,

353 Name two substances that are dissolved in the liquid part of blood. hormones, etc.
354 Name a plant in which the leaves are modified for food storage Tulip, daffodil, etc.
355 In anaerobic respiration, is a little or a lot of energy produced? Little
captivity in a new country escapes and gives rise to a wild population. 1. Role of organism (in an ecosystem)
Worldwide, the great majority of deliberate attempted introductions have or explained e.g. ‘how it fits’
2. + 3. Yes, because it is adapted (or is
356 been unsuccessful. suited) or explained OR No, because it
It has been stated that an exotic species has a good chance of becoming is not adapted (or is not suited) or
explained
established in a new environment if there is a vacant niche.
1. Explain the term niche in this context.
2. Do you agree with the above statement?
3. Explain your answer.
Human males and females differ in one of their twenty three pairs of
357 Heterosomes or sex chromosomes
chromosomes. What name is given to this pair of chromosomes?
From what part of the digestive system does the digested food enter the Small intestine or duodenum or ileum
358 or jejunum
blood?
Give an example of a human activity that results in the pollution of air or Air: Burning fossil fuel
359 Water: excessive use of fertiliser -
water eutrophication
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Name: _________________________
360 Name a dicotyledonous plant. Broad bean, chestnut, peanut, etc.
Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs of terms, by Homozygous: identical alleles
361 writing a sentence about each member of each pair: Homozygous and Heterozygous: different alleles (of a
gene)
heterozygous.
Method of moving substances (e.g. food) through
362 What is peristalsis? tubes (e.g. intestines) by waves of rhythmic
contractions and relaxations of muscles
1. Plants
363 Explain the terms 1. Flora, 2. Fauna. 2. Animals
364 Which type of respiration results in the production of acid in our muscles? Anaerobic
In DNA, nitrogenous bases occur in complementary pairs. Explain the term Each base has a (different)
365 corresponding (or matching) (base)
complementary as used here.
Yeast cells produce ethanol (alcohol) in a process called fermentation.
366 Yes
Is this process affected by temperature?
At the tip – immediately behind the
367 Where would you find a meristem in a root? root cap.
State 1. (Pancreas) -Makes enzymes or makes neutralising

368 1. One role of the pancreas in digestion. secretion or makes NaHCO3
2. (Gall bladder) - Stores bile or releases bile
2. One role of the gall bladder in digestion.
369 Explain the purpose of a control in a scientific experiment. For comparison
Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs Genotype: genetic makeup or genes (alleles) present
370 of terms, by writing a sentence about each member of each pair: Phenotype: the expression of the genotype (and
environment) or physical makeup (or appearance)
Genotype and phenotype.
Name one animal from your named ecosystem and describe how you carried Named animal
371 Details of method
out a quantitative study of that animal.
372 Name the two types of respiration. Aerobic / Anaerobic
1. Uracil or U;
373 Name the complementary base in RNA for: 1. Adenine, 2. Cytosine. 2. Guanine or G
The wise management of the

374 Explain what is meant by conservation. environment or organisms
It is the beginning of the growth of

375 What is meant by germination? seeds, spores or pollen grains after a
period of dormancy.
376 Name a part of a flower that may develop into a fruit. Ovary
Cardiac muscle may be described as a contractile tissue. Explain the meaning

377 Capable of shortening or contracting
of the underlined term.
378 Name the blood vessel that carries the digested food to the liver. (Hepatic) portal vein
More conspicuous (to predators) or

379 Suggest one way in which marking an animal might endanger it. social outcast or toxic marker
380 What is meant by the term respiration? Release of energy / from food
381 Name a carbohydrate that is a component of nucleotides. Ribose or deoxyribose
Page 18 of 99
Name: _________________________
Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs of Linkage: genes on the same chromosome
382 terms, by writing a sentence about each member of each pair: Linkage Sex-linkage: (located) on sex-chromosome or on
X- chromosome or on Y-chromosome
and sex linkage.
Explain the following terms that are used in ecology: Biosphere: the part of the planet where life occurs
383 Habitat: The place where an organism lives.
biosphere, habitat and niche. Niche: The functional role of an organism (in an ecosystem)
384 ATP is an abbreviation. What does it stand for? Adenosine triphosphate
385 Name an enzyme that is involved in the digestion of fat Lipase
Petri dish containing a jelly (or solid

386 What is an agar plate? medium)
Ecosystems are subject to changes, both natural and artificial. Mention one of Natural: relevant matching example
387 Artificial: relevant matching example
each type of change as it applies to your named ecosystem.
Name a component of a nucleotide that is neither a carbohydrate nor a
388 Phosphate (group) or P
nitrogenous base.
From your knowledge of photosynthesis, suggest two ways of improving the More light (intensity or hours) / more
389 carbon dioxide / more heat
rate of photosynthesis of plants in a greenhouse.
Suggest a treatment that may be used for a person whose kidneys are not
390 Dialysis
carrying out their normal functions.
391 What is meant by the term excretion? Eliminating waste / made in the body
State two functions of the liver – other than the Heat generation / vitamin storage / iron storage / makes cholesterol /
392 bile manufacture / deamination of amino acids / detoxification of poisons
processing of digested food. / plasma protein synthesis / Blood Cell breakdown
393 State one cause of mutation. Chemicals, Radiation
Maintaining a constant internal

394 What is homeostasis? environment
Nucleic acids are composed of subunits called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is

Purines
395 formed from a sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. Name the Pyrimidines
two types of nitrogenous base found in DNA.
396 What does the ‘m’ stand for in mRNA? Messenger
In photosynthesis, water is split into three products. Name these three Proton (hydrogen ion) / electron /
397 oxygen
products.
What is the source of the heat that allows the body to maintain a constant
398 Respiration
internal temperature?
What is the difference between a nucleus of an egg cell and that of a somatic Egg cell – haploid
399 Somatic cell – diploid
(body) cell of an animal?
Diffusion or leaf fall or transpiration or
400 Mention one method of excretion in flowering plants. through lenticels (or through stomata)
To make (food) soluble or to make

401 Why is digestion necessary in a germinating seed? (food) transportable
The colon contains many symbiotic bacteria – mostly ‘good’ They synthesise vitamins / they out-compete pathogens
402 or complement immune system / break down fibre /
bacteria. State two benefits we get from these bacteria. more vitamins / more minerals
403 Give both of the specific base pairs in DNA structure. A + T and G + C
Give one difference between RNA and DNA, other than the nitrogenous RNA has ribose or RNA is single stranded or
404 DNA has deoxyribose or DNA is double stranded
bases.
Page 19 of 99
Name: _________________________
Give a brief account of a conservation practice with Preserving lands as wild life parks ensures that: existing environments are
405 maintained, endangered species are preserved for reproduction, the balance of
which you are familiar. nature is maintained and pollution and its effects are reduced
406 Name the gas in the air needed for photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide / Water vapour
Both fertilised by male gamete

407 What happens to the two polar nuclei in the carpel? nucleus to form the triploid
endosperm nucleus
Layer of cells / in the blastula
408 What is a germ layer? (embryo) / (potential to) give rise to
(specific) tissues (or organs)
409 Name the blood vessel that supplies blood to a kidney. Renal artery
A chemical that is a plant growth regulator or a plant growth hormone (e.g.

410 What is an auxin? IAA), produced in the meristematic tissue of shoots, roots, young leaves and
developing seeds. It stimulates cell elongation and cell division in plants.
Segregation: Traits are governed by pairs of factors (or alleles or genes) /
State the Law of Segregation and the Law of that separate at gamete formation (each gamete receiving one factor)
411 Assortment: Either member of a pair of alleles (or factors or genes or
Independent Assortment. chromosomes) can combine (or transmit) with either member of another
pair (in gamete formation)
What name is applied to the period of the cell cycle in which division is not
412 Interphase
taking place?
413 State one function of the liquid part of blood. Transport dissolved substances
Name the openings in the lower surface of the leaf that are used for gas
414 Stoma(ta)
exchange.
415 Explain the word digestion. The breaking down of food
416 To which group of biomolecules do enzymes belong? Proteins
Phototropism, Thigmotropism,
417 List three types of tropism. Chemotropism, Geotropism, Hydrotropism
418 From which blood vessel does the renal artery arise? Aorta
Manipulation of genes or alteration of

419 What is meant by the term genetic engineering? genes or alteration of genotypes
Give a cellular process that occurs during the period in the cell cycle in which Replication or growth or protein
420 synthesis or respiration or
the nucleus is not dividing. photosynthesis
State one feature that indicates that Rhizopus belongs to the kingdom No chlorophyll, no stamens, no flowers. Has
421 stolon, rhizoids, mycelium, hyphae,
Fungi. sporangium, spores
422 The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the alimentary canal to the … Liver
Name the cell structures, present in large numbers in the upper part of the
423 Chloroplast
leaf, that are needed for photosynthesis.
424 A tendon joins … to bone. Muscle
Give one role for each of the following types of teeth:

1. Cutting (food)
425 1. Incisors 2. Chewing/grinding (food)
2. Molars.
426 Hormones are secreted by … glands. Endocrine
Page 20 of 99
Name: _________________________
Locating or identifying or removal of a

427 Briefly explain the term Isolation in the context of genetic engineering. gene (or a piece of DNA or a plasmid)
What term is used for the group of disorders in which control has been lost
428 Cancer
over the rate of mitosis?
429 In which cavity of the body are the kidneys located? Abdominal (cavity) or Abdomen
States that characters (traits) are controlled by pairs of genes

430 State Mendel’s Law of Segregation. (e.g. Tt) that separate (segregate) at gamete formation. Each
gamete carries only one gene for the trait.
Give an account of the evidence for Comparative embryology: comparing the developing embryos of vertebrates shows a similarity
431 between certain structures, e.g. the position of the brain, eyes, gill slits and tail of the fish, tortoise,
evolution from a named source. rabbit, bird, chick and human. This suggests that organisms descended from common ancestors.
432 Name the green pigment present in leaves that is essential for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll
433 In which part of a flower does a seed form? Ovule
434 Gas exchange between a leaf and the atmosphere takes place through the … Stomata
Briefly explain the term Cutting (restriction) in the context of genetic Cutting the DNA (or plasmid) with an
435 (restriction) enzyme
engineering.
In relation to structures such as the cell membrane, explain the term selective Only certain substances (or named)
436 allowed through
permeability.
Peristalsis begins when food enters the oesophagus. (muscular) contractions /in the walls
437 of the alimentary canal/to move food
What is meant by peristalsis?
438 Name one substance, other than water, excreted in the urine. Urea or salt or uric acid
439 True or false. Mitosis is the division of a nucleus into two identical nuclei True
440 What is the main source of energy for photosynthesis? Light or Sunlight
441 Name a substance that yeast can use to make ethanol. Glucose, Sucrose, Starch
Temperature, pH, substrate and

442 Name a factor that influences the activity of an enzyme. product concentration
Briefly explain the term Transformation (ligation) in the context of Transformation: uptake of DNA (or plasmid or gene)
443 Ligation: the joining of DNA (or plasmid or gene)
genetic engineering.
Suggest an advantage to the cell of having a selectively permeable Substances can be kept in (or out) or substances can
444 be let in (or out)
membrane.
The fusion (union) of a male gamete
445 What is fertilisation? and female gamete [or two haploid
gametes] to form a diploid zygote
Filtration ensures that cells and valuable substances are not lost from the Glucose, Amino acids, Red and White
446 blood cells
body when urine is being formed. Name two of these substances or cells.
Has ducts or does not produce
447 Give a feature of the kidney which indicates that it is an exocrine gland. hormones
Describe the following changes that happen to food in the stomach: 1. Churned
2. pH changes or broken down by acid
448 1. Mechanical changes or broken down by enzymes or
2. Chemical changes. proteins → peptides
State whether the following is an example of catabolism or anabolism:

449 Catabolism
Respiration.
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Name: _________________________
450 Name the type of joint at your elbow. Hinge
Briefly explain the term Introduction of base sequence changes in the the order of bases in the host DNA is
451 now different
context of genetic engineering.
Oxygen / glucose / water / amino
452 Name two substances that enter a human muscle cell by diffusion. acids / phosphate (or P) / iron
453 Fats are composed of fatty acids and … Glycerol
Ensures that existing environments are maintained, endangered

454 Explain conservation in relation to wild plants and animals. species are preserved for reproduction, the balance of nature is
maintained and pollution and its effects are reduced
455 Name two cell organelles, other than the nucleus, that contain DNA. Chloroplast, Mitochondria
Name the hormone associated with changing the permeability of the Anti-diuretic hormone or ADH or
456 vasopressin
collecting duct.
State whether the following is an example of catabolism or anabolism:
457 Anabolism
Photosynthesis.
To help maintain a constant internal
458 State the role of the kidneys in homeostasis. environment by controlling the
concentration of water and salt
the activation of the inserted gene (in
459 Briefly explain the term Expression in the context of genetic engineering. its new position) or production of
product
Pressure / of cell contents (or

460 Explain the term turgor. described) / on cell wall
461 What is the pH of the stomach contents? 0-3
Subcutaneous fat = a layer of thermal

462 State two ways in which the body is insulated against loss of heat. insulation
Hair = Traps air
CO2 and light
463 Name a factor that influences the diameter of the stomata. Low CO2 conc and light causes them to
open
464 Which chamber of the heart has the greatest amount of muscle in its wall? Left ventricle
A sample of urine was found to contain protein. 1. No

465 1. Would you consider this to be normal? 2. Protein molecules too big (to
pass into the filtrate)
466 How are hormones carried around the body? In the Blood on in the Lymph
Give one application of genetic engineering in any two of the following.

1. An animal. 1. Animal example
467 2. Plant example
2. A plant. 3. Micro-organism example
3. A micro-organism.
468 Give a feature of a plant cell that allows it to remain turgid for long periods. Vacuole or cell wall or cell sap
Some flowers have nectaries. How are these flowers pollinated? Explain your By insects. They are drawn to the
469 flower for the sugary nectar.
answer.
Allele: An alternative form of a gene
470 Explain the terms alleles and dominant. Dominant: One allele masks the
expression of the other
471 Where does the partially digested food go when it leaves the stomach? Duodenum or small intestine
Page 22 of 99
Name: _________________________
About half way along the Fallopian

472 Where precisely does fertilisation normally occur in the human female? tube or oviduct
Ectoderm: skin, hair, nails

List the three germ layers. Relate each of the germ layers that you have listed Mesoderm: muscles, skeleton
473 Endoderm: linings of the alimentary
to an organ or system in the adult body. canal, trachea
Abdomen or under the stomach or

474 Where in the human body is the pancreas located? near duodenum
Answer the following in relation to enzymes.

(i) Protein
475 (i) What is their chemical nature? (ii) Folded
(ii) Comment upon their molecular shape.
476 Suggest a way in which turgor is of value to plants. Support (or described)
A sample of urine was found to contain glucose. 1. No

477 1. Would you consider this to be normal? 2. Glucose (in the filtrate should
have been) reabsorbed
The growth response of part of a plant
478 Define tropism to an external unidirectional stimulus
479 True or false. A sperm contains the haploid number of chromosomes True
Red: Carry oxygen

480 Blood contains red cells and white cells. State one function for each of these. White: Protect against disease
(One which contains) all the food

481 What is meant by a ‘balanced’ diet? types / in correct or suitable or
optimum proportions
Name of enzyme & Matching

482 Name an enzyme and its substrate. substrate, e.g. amylase & starch
483 What is meant by the term endocrine? Ductless or Not having tube(s)
When demonstrating osmosis: 1. For what purpose did you use Visking tubing, 1. As a selectively permeable
membrane;
484 potato tissue or some similar material? 2. At the end of the demonstration, 2. Change (increase or decrease) in
how did you conclude that osmosis had occurred? mass (volume) or described
485 What term is used to describe alleles that lie on the same chromosome? Linked
Surroundings that are harmful to

486 What do you understand by the term adverse external environment? organism(s)
To facilitate the action of pepsin and

487 State one reason why a low pH is important in the stomach rennin
488 Name a type of modified stem that functions in food storage. Stem tuber: potato
489 What name is given to fats that are liquid at room temperature? Lipids
490 Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Eukaryotic
491 Suggest a means of treating a named disorder of the human nervous system. Parkinson's: Treatment - drugs
Occurs in second stage of respiration / in mitochondria / when O2

492 Write notes (a minimum of three points) on: Krebs Cycle. present (or aerobic) / starts with Acetyl Co-enzyme A / ATP produced /
hydrogen (pairs) produced or energised electrons / CO2 produced
In ecological studies it is found that the distribution of organisms is influenced Abiotic = non-living
493 Biotic = living features
by abiotic and biotic factors. Distinguish between the underlined terms.
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Name: _________________________
Autotrophic nutrition: Food synthesised from simple molecules or

Distinguish between autotrophic nutrition and produces own food
494 Heterotrophic nutrition: already synthesised food consumed from
heterotrophic nutrition. other organisms or food from other sources
Thick cuticle / changed transpiration
Give two ways in which plants protect themselves from adverse external (rate) / leaf fall / toxic parts / thorns /
495 stings / dormancy / perennating
environments. organs / heat shock proteins
496 An example of a fat-soluble vitamin is … A source is … A lack causes … D, Dairy products, Rickets
Organisms capable of interbreeding

497 Explain the term species. and producing fertile offspring.
498 Name one structure in plant cells not found in fungi. Chloroplast
499 Explain the term fermentation. Anaerobic respiration
500 Give one cause of a named disorder of the human nervous system. Parkinson's: Cause - lack of dopamine
501 What are the products of fat digestion? Glycerol and fatty acids
If the magnification of a microscope eyepiece is X 10 and the magnification of

502 the objective lens is X 40, what magnification results when a slide is viewed 400
using both of these lenses?

Tip of shoot or buds or meristem /
503 State a site of auxin secretion. developing leaves or seeds or
other correct location
Name the group of substances in plants which control responses to external Plant growth regulators or auxins (or
504 other named group)
stimuli.
What is the relationship between the rate of photosynthesis and either the As either light intensity or CO2 conc.
505 increases, the rate of photosynthesis
light intensity or the carbon dioxide concentration. increases.
What is the purpose of using agar when growing fungi or bacteria in the Source of nutrients or substrate for
506 growth or medium or visibility
laboratory?
507 Name an organism that is used in industrial fermentation. Yeast
508 Name one disorder of the human nervous system. Parkinson's
509 Name the chemical elements present in carbohydrates. Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
The physical characteristics that distinguish male

510 What are secondary sexual characteristics? from female apart from the sex organs
themselves [that develop during puberty].
Difference between members of

511 What is meant by variation? State two causes of variation. species or population
endangered species are preserved for

512 Suggest two reasons for conserving wild species. reproduction, the balance of nature is
maintained
What name is given to the regions in plants in which growth regulators are
513 Meristems
produced?
More leaves or more suitable
514 Suggest one reason why leaf yeasts are more plentiful in July than in March temperature or more reproduction
Name a compound which is used as a carbon source in industrial

515 Any named carbohydrate
fermentation.
516 True or false. Chromosomes are made of DNA and lipid False
Page 24 of 99
Name: _________________________
517 What substances carry nerve impulses across the synapses? Neurotransmitter(s)
Most Irish tomatoes are grown in greenhouses. State two ways a commercial Extra CO2 / increase temperature /
518 growth promoters / increase light /
producer could increase her/his crop yield of tomatoes. add fertilizer
519 Where are sperm produced? Seminiferous tubules in the testes
They prevent the backflow (reflux) of

520 What is the function of a semilunar valve? blood into the heart
521 From what structures does the placenta develop? uterine tissue and embryonic tissue
522 How did you recognise the leaf yeasts when they appeared on the agar? Pink (colonies)
When investigating the effect of either carbon dioxide concentration or light CO2 – vary NaHCO3 conc. OR Light –
523 vary lamp (or plant) distance or vary
intensity on the rate of photosynthesis: How did you vary your chosen factor? lamp wattage;
Root tip / shoot (or stem) tip / bud / embryo (or
524 Give locations for two meristematic regions (meristems) in plants. named part) / fruit / seed / between xylem and
phloem (or vascular bundle)
Tiny gaps are found where one neuron ends and the next one begins. What
525 Synaptic cleft / Synapse
are these gaps called?
Produces new genotypes or allows
526 What is the significance of inherited variation in the evolution of species? natural selection
527 Phototropism is the growth response of a plant to … Light
The process of respiration occurs in two stages, Stage 1 and Stage 2, that take
Stage 1. Cytoplasm
place in different parts of the cell. Say where in the cell Stage 1 occurs and Stage 2. Mitochondria
528
where in the cell Stage 2 occurs. Large
Does the whole process release a large amount or a small amount of energy?
In Female: hormonal, blockage or
State one cause of infertility in the female and one cause of infertility in the failure to ovulate
529 In Male: low sperm count (or reason
male. for) or hormonal
530 How did you safely dispose of the agar plates at the end of an investigation? Immerse in disinfectant or autoclave
531 Give the name of the first stage of photosynthesis. Light (dependent stage)
532 Name the apertures in stems that are equivalent to the stomata. Lenticels
533 Most plant shoots are positively phototropic. Explain the underlined term. Growth towards light
Nerve impulses are carried around the body by neurons. Name any two types
534 Sensory or Motor or Inter/Relay
of neuron.
True or false. Organisms of the same species can usually produce fertile
535 True
offspring.
Describe the ways in which the body responds when its internal temperature Vasodilation (or explained) /
536 (secretion of) sweat /
rises above the normal level. hairs lie flat or less air trapped
Fossils or embryos or anatomy or

537 State two types of evidence used to support the theory of evolution. genetics
In relation to the scientific method, explain each of the following: (i) Observations or results or other
538 (i) Data. (ii) Repeats (or copies) of
experiment
(ii) Replicates
Page 25 of 99
Name: _________________________
1. Electrons picked up by acceptor / passed through

In the first stage of photosynthesis, pathways I and II relate to the carriers / back to chlorophyll / electrons lose energy;
539 passage of energised electrons. 1. Explain what happens to these 2. H O split / protons to pool / NADP formed / NADPH
2
-
formed / (electrons) picked up by acceptor / passed

electrons in pathway I. 2. Describe the events of pathway II. through carriers / O released / ATP produced 2
Write a word equation to show what happens when yeast breaks down (Glucose →) Ethanol (allow alcohol) +
540 CO + energy
glucose in the absence of oxygen. 2
541 What substance, other than ethanol, is produced during fermentation? Carbon dioxide
Growth towards / away from stimulus,

542 Give one example of a plant response to a stimulus. e.g. Phototropism
543 How does the plant benefit from a positive phototrophic response? Increased photosynthesis
Give an example of a condition, found in the human population that results Down’s syndrome, cancer or stripe in
544 eye colour
from a mutation.
Production of (seminal) fluid or
545 What is the function of the prostate gland? nutrition (of sperm)
How did you expose the semi-lunar valves when dissecting the sheep’s or ox’s Cut (open) the aorta or cut (open) the
546 pulmonary artery
heart?
Dark (stage) (or light-independent
547 Give the name of the second stage of photosynthesis. stage)
How may the action of an auxin be considered similar to the action of a Made in one place / transported to
548 other part / causes response /
hormone in the human body? slow acting /long lasting
Source of energy and thermal

549 State two functions of fats in the human body insulation
Give one industrial application of yeast breaking down glucose in the absence e.g. Brewing or bread making
550
of oxygen.
Plants and animals respond to some outside stimuli. Name two stimuli to Light or Water or Gravity or Touch or
551 Chemicals or Temperature
which plants respond.
Explain the mechanism of response by a plant to a named external Named stimulus / diffusion of growth regulator /
552 unequal distribution (of growth regulator) / one side
stimulus. grows faster / results in bending

553 What does an ecologist mean by the term conservation? environment or organisms
How did you show that alcohol was present when investigating the production
554 Named chemicals or named test
of alcohol by yeast?
555 Explain why the second stage of photosynthesis is given its name. Light not needed
A, B, O
556 Name two common blood-grouping systems Rhesus
dominance – one allele masking the expression of its partner

Explain the following terms that are used in genetics; genotype – all the genes of an individual or genetic makeup or genome
557 phenotype – the expression of a genotype (the appearance or the
dominance, genotype, phenotype. characteristic(s) of an organism)
558 Name the gas used in photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide
Describe how you carried out a quantitative survey on a species of plant in its Quadrat / random or how achieved /
559 count / number of times
habitat.
Name a carbohydrate that you would expect to find in the modified leaves of
560 Starch
a bulb.
Give one reason why the second stage of photosynthesis cannot happen Product (or named product) (of 1st
561 stage) required.
without the first stage.
Page 26 of 99
Name: _________________________
A chemical messenger or product of

562 What is a hormone? endocrine (or ductless) gland
What type of agar plates did you use when investigating the digestive activity Milk or starch
of seeds?
563 Does not give a positive result where
How did you demonstrate that digestive activity had taken place in this digestive activity occurred or
described
investigation?
When muscles break down glucose in the absence of oxygen, one main
564 Lactic acid
product is produced. Name this product.
State a function of each of the following parts of a Petal - Attracts insects to effect pollination
565 Sepal – Protects the flower when it is a bud
flower: petal; sepal; anther. Anther – (part of the stamen) produces and stores pollen until it is ripe
Give an outline of one conservation practice used in agriculture Fisheries: Net size.
566 Conservation benefit: Smaller fish allowed to mature and
or fisheries or forestry. breed ensuring continuation of species and stock
567 What is the role of bile in fat digestion? Emulsifies fats
A quantitative survey was carried out to show the effect of poor waste
568 management on the plants in an ecosystem. What is meant by the term Counting / Numbers / How many
quantitative?
The transfer of pollen from the anther
569 Explain what is meant by pollination. of the stamen of one flower, to the
stigma of the carpel of another flower
Sugar formed from CO2 / ATP provides
570 Outline the major events of the second stage of photosynthesis. energy or NADPH provides hydrogen
(or H)
How did you demonstrate the requirement for oxygen when investigating the Anaerobic jar (or described) or boiled
571 water + oil or one with O2 and one
factors necessary for seed germination? without O2 (and compare)
Produced in one location / acts in

572 State two ways in which hormones are similar to plant growth regulators. different location / prolonged effect
From an ecosystem that you have investigated give an example of an abiotic Abiotic factor: Light intensity
573 Plant: Moss
factor that influences the distribution of a named plant in the ecosystem.
Which biological process is represented by the following word equation:
574 Aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy?
575 What is meant by DNA profiling? is broken up using specific enzymes and then sorted by size on
576 Mention two ways of minimising the amount of waste produced. Reduce or Reuse or Recycle
Name a substance produced during aerobic respiration that is not produced

577 Water
during fermentation.
What did you use as the selectively permeable membrane in your
578 Visking tubing or named plant tissue
investigation of osmosis?
Adenosine Di-phosphate / a low
579 Write notes (a minimum of three points) on: ADP. energy (molecule) / + phosphate (P) /
+ energy / ATP formed
An animal that eats both animals and

580 What is meant by the term omnivore? plants.
When the level of a hormone (in the

581 What is meant by feedback in relation to hormone action? blood) controls (the production) of
another (or itself)
582 Name a part of a flower from which a fruit develops. Ovary
True or false. Aerobic respiration is the release of energy in the absence of

583 False
oxygen
Page 27 of 99
Name: _________________________
(The sum of all) the chemical reactions

584 What is meant by metabolism? (in an organism) or catabolism +
anabolism
Smell, Unsightly, Vermin, Disease,

585 Give two problems associated with waste disposal. Pollution, illegal dumping
586 What growth regulator did you use when investigating plant growth? IAA
Enzyme – a catalyst (or explained);

587 Distinguish between Enzymes and Hormones Hormone – a (chemical) messenger
(or explained)

588 What is meant by germination? period of dormancy
Give an example of a carbohydrate that has a structural role. Where would Cellulose
589 Cell wall
you expect to find this carbohydrate in a living organism?
Named hormone
590 Give a brief account of the feedback mechanism for a named hormone. inhibits (or causes production of) a
named hormone
It is motile or has a tail or correct comment on shape or
591 State one way in which a sperm differs from an ovum (egg). size or very little cytoplasm or may contain ‘Y’
chromosome or has more mitochondria
In relation to ecological surveys, explain the meaning of the terms: 1. The types of organisms present
592 2. Numbers of individuals or number
1. Qualitative, 2. Quantitative. of species
Kills / prey or Kill / to eat or Kills/ for

593 Explain the term predator. food
A microscope has an eyepiece lens marked ×10 and an objective lens marked
594 200
×20. What is the total magnification of the image?
What term is used for the substance(s) that result(s) from the action of an
595 Product(s)
enzyme on its substrate?
State one conservation practice from agriculture or fisheries or Fisheries: Net size
596 Conservation benefit: Smaller fish allowed to mature and
forestry breed ensuring continuation of species and stock
e.g. For movement / for heat / for
597 Give two reasons why living things need energy. making products / for internal
transport
All the chemical reactions taking place

598 What is metabolism? in living organisms
One deficiency symptom of a named

599 Describe one deficiency symptom of a named hormone. hormone
600 What stain did you use for viewing plant cells on the slide? Iodine
601 In relation to ecology, explain the term Habitat. Where an organism lives
Differences within a population or

602 In genetics, what is meant by the term variation? within a species or between
individuals
603 In relation to an enzyme, explain the term optimum activity. Working at maximum rate
604 Where in your dissection did you find the origin of the coronary artery? aorta or near semi lunar valve
receptor (or detection) / receptor in skin / receptor in medulla or brain /

Describe briefly the hormonal and nervous responses shiver / generates heat / hairs stand up or goose bumps / air trapped /
605 vasoconstriction (or explained) / increased metabolic rate or increased
that occur when internal body temperature drops. respiration / any relevant comment on named hormone e.g. thyroxine
increases metabolic rate or increases respiration
Capturing or transferring electrons or

606 Suggest a role for NAD / NADP+ in cell activities. protons or hydrogen (ions)
Page 28 of 99
Name: _________________________
Protein synthesis involves both transcription and translation.

607 Nucleus
Where in a cell does transcription occur?
Distinguish between contest competition and scramble Contest: (Results in) winner takes all (of a limited resource)
608 Scramble:(Results in) each gets some (of a limited resource)
competition by writing a sentence about each.
609 In relation to ecology, explain the term Edaphic. Relating to Soil
Sexual reproduction or meiosis or

610 Variation can result from mutation. Name one other cause of variation. independent assortment or
environmental
(i) Named enzyme and matching substrate
Answer the following in relation to an activity that you carried out to (ii) Temperature ≥ 60 ⁰C for ≥ 5 min or
investigate the effect of heat denaturation on the activity of an enzyme. (i) boil / water bath or described / untreated
enzyme / as control / no activity in
611 Name the enzyme and the substrate that you used. (ii) Describe how you denatured enzyme / (matching method of)
carried out the investigation. In your description outline how you observe activity / control result / named
factor (kept constant) / how kept constant.
measured the activity of the enzyme. Quantity of foam or other.
Male: broadening of the shoulders, growth and enlargement of
Give an example of a human secondary sexual penis, deepening of the voice, body and facial hair, etc.
612 Female: enlargement and growth of the breasts, growth of body
characteristic. hair under arms and pubic regions
produces hormones (or named) / allows passage of
613 State three functions of the placenta. food (or named) / and oxygen / antibodies / waste (or
named) / acts as a barrier
614 What is meant by pollution? environment (by humans) that leaves
Fusion of the male and female gamete
What is meant by in vitro fertilisation? outside the body.
615 Implanted in a womb or stored for
What is done with the products of in vitro fertilisation? future use or destroyed
In each of the following cases give one example of a plant that uses the stated Wind: dandelion, sycamore
616 Animal: blackberry, burdock
method of seed dispersal: 1. Wind, 2. Animal.
617 Name two types of mutation. Gene, chromosome
618 In relation to ecology, explain the term Abiotic. Non-living factors
Bioprocessing - using micro-organisms (or enzymes) / to form product(s);

619 Explain the terms bioprocessing and immobilised. Immobilised - fixed to inert material (or named material) or fixed to each
other or trapped in gel (or named material)
disease or parasitism or predation or
620 Name a factor, other than competition, that controls wild populations. hunting or reference to other named
environmental condition
621 What type of RNA is involved in transcription? Messenger /m (RNA)
622 What name is given to the first stage of respiration? Glycolysis
Self: the transfer of pollen from the anther of the stamen of one flower to the stigma
What is the difference between self-pollination of the carpel of the same flower or another flower on the same plant.
623 Cross: the transfer of pollen from the anther of the stamen of one flower to the
and cross-pollination? stigma of the carpel of another flower on a different plant of the same species.
624 True or false. RNA is not found in ribosomes True
625 Name two agents responsible for increased rates of mutation. Example 1, Example 2
626 What is meant by genetic screening? Checking or testing (DNA) / for a gene
Can be re-used (or recovered) or pure

627 Give an advantage of using immobilised cells in industrial fermentation. product (or described)
Page 29 of 99
Name: _________________________
628 List three factors that are essential for germination. Suitable temperature, Oxygen, Water
What deduction can be made from the following observation? In a particular

629 area the population of a predator did not decline following a big reduction in Different prey
the population of its main prey.

630 What is connected to the ear by the Eustachian tube? Throat
631 In what organelle does translation occur? Ribosome
In the case of a named ecosystem give an example of a biotic factor that Ecosystem: Woodland / Hedgerow
632 Biotic factor: Predator (fox)
influences the distribution of a named animal. Named Animal: Rabbit
Briefly explain the significance of mutation in relation to natural New phenotypes or new types or new features / Better
633 adapted or survival of the fittest (or advantageous) or
selection. less well adapted (or disadvantageous)
Name the compound from which the immobilising beads are formed in the
634 Alginate
laboratory.
635 Which genetic structure changes when a mutation occurs? Gene or chromosome or DNA
The first stage ends with the formation of pyruvate (pyruvic acid). In
1. Lactic acid
636 anaerobic conditions, what is produced from this pyruvate: 1. In muscle cells, 2. Ethanol + CO2
2. In yeast cells?
Chemical produced by an endocrine gland which
637 What is a hormone? travels in the bloodstream to target organ(s) to
exert a specific response(s)
(Host) immunity develops or comment
What deduction can be made from the following observation? Mortality levels on natural selection (or described) or
638 most virulent strains die off or
resulting from infection by a particular virus tend to decline over the years. vaccination
Production of vitamins or inhibition of

639 State a role of beneficial bacteria in the alimentary canal. pathogens or (aids) digestion
What is meant by infertility? The inability [to produce (sufficient) gametes and] to
640 conceive or produce offspring.
State one cause of infertility in the human male. Low sperm count or low sperm motility or hormonal
641 What is meant by the term monocotyledonous? One seed leaf or one embryonic leaf
642 Give the general name for the vessel used for such reactions. Bioreactor
643 Name a single-celled organism. Amoeba
644 Name the small biomolecules that are joined together to make a protein. Amino acids
The numbers of organisms at each

645 What is meant by a pyramid of numbers? trophic level
646 Name the gas produced during photosynthesis. Oxygen
What deduction can be made from the following observation? Where some
members of a species remain in the same general area throughout life and Hazards encountered on migration (or
647 particular example of a hazard)
some members are migratory, mortality levels tend to be higher in the
migratory part of the population.
If conditions are aerobic, pyruvate next passes to an organelle in which the
648 Mitochondrion
second stage of respiration takes place. Name this organelle.
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Name: _________________________
649 Give an example of a monocotyledonous plant. e. g. Grass, barley
In the microscopic examination of a plant cell: 1. Name the stain that you used 1. e.g. Iodine → yellow (or orange or
650 and the colour it imparted to the cell wall. 2. How did you apply the stain to brown); 2. Dropper or use of filter
paper
the cells on the slide?
Release of energy
651 State a role of carbohydrates other than a structural one. Energy store (starch, glycogen)
652 What is the purpose of mitosis in single-celled organisms? Reproduction
653 Which is present in the middle ear, gas or liquid? Gas
654 What must happen to the newly formed protein before it can begin to work? It must fold (into its functional shape)
655 State two good sources of protein in the human diet. Lean meat, fish, eggs
What deduction can be made from the following observation? There is a

greater variety of herbaceous (non woody) plants in areas where grazing (Grazing results in) reduced
656 competition (or described)
species, such as rabbits, are more plentiful than in areas where grazing species
are less plentiful.
657 How are the veins arranged in the leaves of monocots? Parallel
658 How were you able to identify the animals that you found in the ecosystem? Key or (guide) book or illustrations
mechanical – prevents contact between sperm and egg

Name three methods of contraception and, in each surgical – prevents contact between sperm and egg
659 chemical – prevents ovulation or hormone levels changed
case, explain how the method prevents conception. natural - (safe period) – intercourse takes place avoiding ovulation
660 Mitosis is one type of cell division. Name the other type of cell division. Meiosis

661 Give two uses of DNA profiling. Genetic Screening, Genetic
Archaeology
Pyruvate is broken down to CO2 and a two-carbon compound. Name this two-
662 Acetyl Co-Enzyme A
carbon compound.
663 Name a hormone associated with the maintenance of the placenta. Progesterone
e.g. enzymes or muscle component or skin

664 Give one function of proteins in living organisms. component or hair component or structural or
metabolic (allow ‘energy’), growth, repair
How does the vein arrangement in the leaves of dicot plants differ from that Reticulate or net or branched or
665 described
in monocots?
When conducting a quantitative survey of plants, how did you ensure that Method described must demonstrate
666 randomness
your sample was random
What deduction can be made from the following observation? In some Accept any biological knowledge-
based statement that would provide a
667 species of migratory ducks in the northern hemisphere it is found that the plausible rationale for a differential
wintering grounds of the males lie further south than those of the females. migratory pattern
To avoid overcrowding, minimise
668 Why is it important for plants to disperse their seeds? competition and encourage
colonisation
669 How many cells are formed when a cell divides by mitosis? Two
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Name: _________________________
670 Name the energy source for photosynthesis. The sun
Hormone: Thyroxine Gland: Thyroid

In the case of one hormone state: 1. The gland that produces it, 2. A function Function: controls rate of respiration
671 Deficiency: myxoedema (adult)
of this hormone, 3. A deficiency symptom of this hormone. cretinism (child)
State two features visible under a light microscope that indicate that cells are
672 Cell wall & vacuole
typical plant cells.
Management of environment or
673 What does an ecologist mean by the term conservation? management of species
As part of your study of your selected ecosystem you constructed a pyramid

Named (species) of carnivore or of
674 of numbers. Name the species that occupied the top of your pyramid. What is omnivore or of parasite
the main prey of the species referred to?
The human circulatory system has two circuits. Give the name of each of
675 Pulmonary & Systemic
these circuits.
In relation to a study of an ecosystem distinguish clearly between qualitative Qualitative: What is present
676 Quantitative: How many present
and quantitative surveys by writing a sentence about each.
677 On which structures are the genes located? Chromosome
When a pure-breeding black cat was mated with a pure-breeding white cat, all
678 the kittens were black. Which fur colour, black or white, is recessive in these White
cats?
Refers to a group of cells with a similar function
679 What is meant by a vascular tissue? involved in the transport of substances, i.e. xylem and
phloem in plants, and blood in animals.
680 True or false. Immobilised enzymes can act as catalysts True
To allow species to develop or

681 Suggest a reason why nature reserves are important for conservation. maintaining biodiversity or prevent
extinction or protection
Distinguish between contest competition and scramble competition by writing Contest: one gets all (of the resource);
682 Scramble: all get some (of the
a sentence about each. resource)
Name a chemical element found in proteins that is not found in

683 Nitrogen
carbohydrates.
1. Given off to the atmosphere
684 Suggest two possible fates for oxygen, following its production in a plant. 2. Used in respiration
How were you able to identify the different plants in the ecosystem that you
685 Key(s) or illustrations
investigated?
In cats, black coat colour (B) is dominant to white coat colour (b). If a white
Bb and bb
686 cat is crossed with a cat heterozygous for coat colour, state: The genotypes Black and White
and the matching phenotypes of the kittens produced by the cross.
687 State a function of sieve tubes. Conduct food throughout the plant
Different forms of the same gene or

688 What are alleles? B,b
689 Explain the term pollution. Harmful addition to the environment
690 Suggest a role for parasites in the overall scheme of nature. Population control
1. Contraction of (wall of) artery or expansion of

Write a short note on each of the following: 1. Pulse, 2. Blood artery or due to pumping of heart (or of left
691 ventricle) or rate at which heart beats
pressure. 2. Force exerted by blood (or by heart)
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Name: _________________________
692 State the function of the cochlea. To convert sound to nerve impulses
693 Cellulose is an example of a structural … Carbohydrate
694 cat is crossed with a cat heterozygous for coat colour, state: The genotype(s) b and B , b
of the gametes produced by each parent.

Describe how you carried out a quantitative survey of the Quadrat / random / how random / count (or estimate) / many
695 times / calculate (or record) OR Transect / stations / intervals /
major plant species. count (or estimate) / how (counted) / result described
696 Vitamins are either water-soluble or …-soluble Fat
Pollution may result from domestic, agricultural or industrial sources. Select

Pollutant: Any relevant pollutant
697 one of these areas and state an effect that may be produced by a named Effect: Must match pollutant
pollutant. How may the pollution referred to be controlled?
1. Name two predators. 2. Give one adaptive technique in the case of each e.g. Name - Fox, Adaptive technique -
698 Speed and sharp canine teeth
predator.
699 What term is used to describe the nutrition of plants? Autotrophic (photosynthesis)
700 Give one example of an inherited human characteristic. e.g. eye colour
701 Fats are composed of oxygen, hydrogen and … Carbon
The human circulatory system has two circuits. Which of these circuits
702 Systemic
involves the pumping of blood by the left ventricle?
703 cat is crossed with a cat heterozygous for coat colour, state: The genotype of bb and Bb
each parent cat.

Give two possible sources of error that may have arisen in the course Misidentification / non-random (quadrat
704 distribution) / not enough times / unsuitable
of your ecological survey. quadrat size / miscount (or miscalculation)
In relation to the incineration of domestic waste, suggest: (i) Amount of waste greatly reduced or
useable heat or reduced landfill
705 (i) an advantage of the process.
(ii) a disadvantage of the process. (ii) Harmful products
To be able to detect change(s) or to
706 Suggest why continual monitoring of the environment is valuable. remedy effect of change or to detect
levels of pollutants (or example)
When an iodine solution is added to a food sample and remains red-brown in

707 Starch
colour … is absent.
A period of rest, inactivity or non-
708 What is meant by the dormancy of seeds? vegetative state before growth or
germination.
What term is used by ecologists to describe the organisms that form the base
709 Primary producers
of a pyramid of numbers?
710 Give one example of a non-inherited human characteristic. e.g. ability to roller skate
Two sets of chromosomes or

711 Explain the following term as used in genetics: Diploid. chromosomes in pairs
712 When two monosaccharides unite they form a … Disaccharide
Prevents bone damage or friction free

713 State one role of cartilage. movement or shock absorption
Page 33 of 99
Name: _________________________
Organism living on host (or

714 Explain the term ectoparasite. explained) / causing damage
715 How are the two strands of a DNA molecule joined together? Hydrogen bonds
716 Removal from the body of the waste products of metabolism is called … Excretion
Comment on the effect of each of the following on the circulatory system: 1. Diet: Low fat – cholesterol
717 Exercise: Strengthen heart muscle –
Diet, 2. Exercise. improve circulation
Hypothesis: Educated guess based on observation
Explain each of the following terms in relation to the Control: Standard for comparison
Data: Measurements or observations or information gathered
718 scientific method: hypothesis, control, data, replicate, from an experiment
theory. Replicate: Make a duplicate(s) of an experiment or procedure
Theory: A proven hypothesis
Proteins are digested to simpler substances. What are these simpler
719 Amino acids
substances called?
720 Explain the following term as used in genetics: Sex chromosome. Controls sex of organism
A group of cells with the same

721 What is a tissue? function
Outline two biological similarities between the nitrogen cycle and the Fixation (or explained) / bacteria (or micro-
722 organisms) involved / death and decay
carbon cycle. /nutrition (or described) / excretion
Which structures in sperm and egg nuclei are responsible for biological
723 Chromosomes or genes or DNA
inheritance?
724 What is ‘junk’ DNA? Non-coding (or described)
Plants obtain carbon dioxide from the air. Name two processes that release Respiration, Combustion,
725 Decomposition,
this gas into the air.
726 True or false. Urea is formed in the kidneys. False
727 Where in a cell does photosynthesis take place? Chloroplast
728 Explain the following term as used in genetics: Heterozygous. Alleles are different
1. Give an example of an animal tissue. 1. Animal tissue e.g. muscle, connective,

2. State a role of the animal tissue referred to. epithelial, nervous
729 2. Matching structural or physiological role
3. Give one way in which the tissue referred to is adapted to carry out 3. Matching structural or physiological
adaptation
its function(s).
Distinguish between habitat and ecosystem by writing a sentence Habitat - Where an organism (or plant and
730 animal) lives; Ecosystem - Organisms
about each. (interacting) with their environment
Give two ways, other than colour, in which a red blood cell differs in structure Contain haemoglobin / no nucleus (or
731 other named organelle) / biconcave
or composition from a typical body cell such as one in the cheek lining. shape
732 State a function of mitosis in a single-celled organism. Reproduction
Referring to the procedures that you used to isolate DNA from a plant tissue. 1. Chop
2. To disrupt structure (or
733 1. What was the first procedure that you followed? described) or to increase
2. What was the reason for that procedure? surface area
Named pollutant
734 State the effect of any one named pollutant. Effect must match named pollutant
Page 34 of 99
Name: _________________________
Detects movement of the head and

735 State the function of the semi-circular canals. controls the balance of the body
Explain the term tissue culture. Cells grown on (or in) medium or cells
736 grown outside organism
Give two examples of the use of tissue culture.
Name the valves found at the base of both the aorta and the pulmonary
737 Semi-lunar valves
artery.
Edaphic: to do with soil;
738 Distinguish between edaphic and aquatic by writing a sentence about each. Aquatic: to do with water
739 Name two ways in which cross-pollination happens. Wind, Insect
Large surface area / rich blood

740 State two ways in which villi are adapted for the absorption of soluble foods. supply / microvilli / thin-walled /
lacteal
Slower response, more widespread,

741 State one way in which hormone action differs from nerve action. usually slower response
Give a reason for the use of washing-up liquid when used to isolate DNA from
742 To disrupt membranes
a plant tissue.
SA: controls the heartbeat. Sends out wave of impulses to
What is the role of the SA (sinoatrial) and AV (atrioventricular) muscles of both atria causing atria to contract
743 AV: picks up the wave of impulses that cause the atria to
nodes in the heart? contract and transmits them to the ventricles, causing them
to contract in turn
Name a monosaccharide.
Example
Give the formula of the monosaccharide referred to. Glucose
744 C6H12O6
Name a polysaccharide that can be formed from the monosaccharide referred Starch
to
745 Describe how you carried out the heart dissection. Cut / left side / right side
Climate: Long-term (prevailing)

746 Distinguish between climate and weather by writing a sentence about each. conditions; Weather: Short-term
(atmospheric) conditions
Outline one conservation measure carried out by one of the following

747 Outline of one conservation measure
industries: agriculture or forestry or fisheries.
A container in which a living thing is
748 What is a bioreactor? used in the production of something
useful
Cells which have a nucleus and other

749 Yeasts are eukaryotic organisms. What does this mean? membrane bound organelles
750 What is meant by genetic engineering? Manipulation or alteration of genes
Give a reason for the use of salt (sodium chloride) when used to isolate DNA To clump the DNA (or described) or to
751 protect DNA from other positive ions
from a plant tissue.
Give one way in which an amino acid differs from a monosaccharide, in terms Contains N or contains –NH2 or
752 contains –COOH (group)
of chemical composition.
753 Where in a food chain are primary producers found? First (level)
What was the main instrument that you used for the actual dissection of a
754 Scalpel
heart?
755 Suggest an advantage of dormancy of seeds to a plant. Ensures springtime germination
756 Where in a leaf would you expect to find cells with most chlorophyll? near upper surface or palisade layer
Page 35 of 99
Name: _________________________
One problem associated with waste

757 Name one problem associated with waste disposal. disposal
SA: (in the wall of) Right Atrium

758 Give the precise locations of both the SA and the AV nodes in the heart. AV: In (or near) septum or near tricuspid
valve or between atrium and ventricle
Define the following terms as used in genetics; Linkage: Genes located on the same chromosome[ are said to be linked]
759 Sex linkage: Gene located on X- chromosome or on Y-chromosome
linkage, sex linkage.
What do carbohydrates and fats have in common, in terms of chemical
760 Mostly composed of C, H and O
composition?
761 What term is used to describe organisms that feed on primary producers? Primary consumer(s) or herbivore(s)
How did you distinguish between the left side and the right side of the heart
762 Left side firmer or thicker
when doing the dissection?
763 What is a protease? An enzyme that digests protein
Aerobic: The release of energy from carbohydrate using oxygen

764 Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic: The release of energy from carbohydrate without using
oxygen
Controls the activities of the phloem

765 State a function of companion cells. sieve tube
Cytosol (= cytoplasm minus

766 Where in the cell does the first stage of respiration occur? organelles)
767 State one role of microorganisms in waste management To consume waste
Different fatty acids or some are

768 How may one fat differ from another, in terms of chemical composition? phosphorylated (or have phosphate)
(Large) energy loss (from one level to

769 Why are most food chains short (i.e. only consist of a few trophic levels)? next) or small energy transfer
structural (growth, repair, muscle, hair, nails)

770 State one function of protein in the human body. metabolic (enzymes) or immunity (antibodies)
771 What structure separates the right side of the heart from the left side? Septum
Because DNA is combined with

772 Why is a protease enzyme necessary when isolating DNA? protein
Name: Chronic Bronchitis

Name a disorder of the breathing system and say how it may be: 1. Caused, 2. Caused: irritants such as cigarette
773 smoke and air pollutants
Prevented, 3. Treated. Prevented: Don’t smoke
Treated: Bronchodilator
True or false. Motor neurons conduct impulses towards the central nervous
774 False
system.
Respiration, Combustion,
775 Give two sources of the carbon dioxide that is found in the atmosphere. Decomposition
The skin is one of the excretory organs in humans. Name one substance
776 e.g. Sweat
excreted by the skin.
What deduction may be made if the organisms at the start of the chain are Producers are large or primary
777 consumers are parasites
less numerous than those that feed upon them?
Amnion: sac or membrane
778 Describe the amnion and state its role. Role: holds or produces fluid or
protects embryo (or foetus)
Pollution: Harmful addition to an ecosystem

779 Explain the terms pollution and conservation. Conservation: Management of ecosystems
Page 36 of 99
Name: _________________________
780 What is the purpose of the valves in the heart? Prevent backflow (of blood)
The final stage of the isolation of DNA involves the use of freezer-cold ethanol. 1. Added down the side of the test
tube or added slowly
781 1. Describe how it is used. 2. To bring the DNA out of
2. For what purpose is it used? solution
Give an account of a chemical test to demonstrate that alcohol (Potassium) dichromate / add acid or warm / orange /
to green OR
782 (ethanol) has been produced. Include the initial colour and final Iodoform test or potassium iodide / add sodium
colour of the test. hypochlorite or warm / colourless / to yellow
When two or more organisms fight for

783 What does an ecologist mean by competition? a resource that is in short supply
Sweating, Protection , Melanin

784 List two functions of the skin. production
No. (Parasites) are not producers or

785 Can a parasite be the first member of a food chain? Explain your answer. (parasites) are consumers (or
explained)
786 Which gas, dissolved in the blood, can trigger deeper or faster breathing? Carbon dioxide
787 Where is testosterone secreted in the body of the human male? Testes
In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds the The agar turned blue-black or purple
788 seeds were divided into two batches. Give the results of your investigation for OR Treated (boiled) seeds left agar
unchanged (blue-black / purple)
the treated seeds.
Alleles: An alternative form of a gene
789 Explain each of the terms: alleles, recessive. Recessive: Allele whose expression is
masked by dominant allele
790 State a use for Buffer solution in the biology laboratory. To keep pH constant
If all the secondary consumers were removed from an ecosystem (e.g. by

791 (Their number would) increase
disease) suggest what would happen to the primary consumers?
Name an organ of excretion other than the skin and state one substance it
792 e.g. Kidney; Urine
excretes.
Energy enters food chains in the form of light. In which form do you think
793 Heat
most energy is lost from food chains?
794 Where does the second stage of respiration take place? Mitochondria
Name a process by which soluble foods are absorbed into the blood from the
795 Diffusion (passive transport)
small intestine.
796 To which kingdom do yeasts belong? Fungus
In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds the The plate turns blue-black or purple
797 seeds were divided into two batches. Give the results of your investigation for except where the seeds were lying or
It was clear under the seeds
the untreated seeds.
On a diagram of the female reproductive system indicate where the 1. Meiosis: In the ovary
798 2. Fertilisation: ½ way along the Fallopian tube
following occur: 1. Meiosis, 2. Fertilisation, 3. Implantation. 3. Implantation: In the endometrium
799 State a use for the Biuret test in the biology laboratory. To detect presence of protein
Maintaining constant internal

800 What is meant by the term homeostasis? conditions
Starch – polysaccharide (or explained) or polymer

801 Distinguish between Starch and Glucose or correct test; Glucose – monosaccharide (or
explained) or monomer or correct test
Page 37 of 99
Name: _________________________
802 State a function of mitosis in a multicellular organism. Growth
803 What is meant by a trophic level? feeding (level)
Cross pollination increases variation or

804 Suggest why cross-pollination is preferable to self-pollination. reduces chance of genetic problems
In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds

Sterilised (seeds) / face down on agar
805 describe how you carried out the investigation and indicate clearly how you Add iodine or biuret solution to plate
showed whether or not digestion had occurred.
Suggest one way in which the rate of photosynthesis of plants in a greenhouse Increased (artificial) lighting/
806 increased carbon dioxide / heating
could be increased.
807 True or false. Endocrine glands secrete hormones True
Produces heat (internally) or warm

808 The human being is an endotherm. What does this mean? blooded
Amino Acid – building block of protein or monomer

809 Distinguish between Amino acids and Proteins or unit of protein; Protein – polymer (of amino
acids) or chain of (or many) amino acids
In the course of your practical studies you used a solution of iodine in Starch detection (or use of)
810 Examining cells (or described)
different investigations. State two different uses of the iodine solution.
1. The process of duplication of the
Explain each of the following terms in relation to DNA: 1. replication, 2. DNA during mitosis and meiosis.
811 2. The process of producing mRNA
transcription. using DNA as a template.
Give an account of the role of either oestrogen or Oestrogen: repairs endometrium / inhibits FSH / stimulates LH
812 Progesterone: thickening (or maintenance of) endometrium /
progesterone in the menstrual cycle. inhibits FSH / inhibits LH production
Name an ecosystem you have studied and construct a simple food Name of ecosystem
813 Food chain: Must have at least three members and
chain from that ecosystem. must match named ecosystem.
In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds the

To Kill the seeds or destroy Enzymes
814 seeds were divided into two batches. Each batch was treated differently. Why or act as Control
was such treatment necessary?
815 State one advantage of using an immobilised enzyme in a bioreactor. (Enzyme) - can be recovered
816 What name is given to a plant’s response to light? Phototropism
Biuret – (test for) protein;

817 Distinguish between Biuret test and Benedict's (Fehling's) test Benedict’s / Fehling’s – (test for)
reducing sugar (or glucose or maltose)
Vasectomy:
Give an example of a surgical method of male Advantage: Permanently effective, No need for other contraception,
Does not interfere with desire, spontaneity or enjoyment, Simple
818 contraception. Suggest an advantage and a operation, Avoids side effects of hormonal contraception
disadvantage of the method that you have named. Disadvantage: cannot be undone, Does not give protection against STDs
or HIV, Medical complications
Keep temperature constant (or example) / to
819 State two different uses of a water bath in biological investigations. vary temperature (or example) / denaturing
enzyme / heating
820 Explain how water enters the plant at the root hair. Osmosis
Tubular or continuous lumen / reinforced (lignified)

821 How is xylem adapted for its role in water transport? walls / end to end / pits / lateral movement of water /
wetable lining / narrow (bore)
In the experiment to investigate digestive activity in germinating seeds the

822 seeds were divided into two batches. One batch was used untreated. How did Boiled
you treat the other batch of seeds before using them in the investigation?
Page 38 of 99
Name: _________________________
823 What is an auxin? a (growth) regulator in plants
824 Name one growth regulator produced in plants. e.g. Auxin
Fats – (lipids) solid at room temp;

825 Distinguish between Fats and Oils Oils – (lipids) liquid at room temp
Organisms / interacting / in their

826 Explain what is meant by an ecosystem. environment
Fibroids Cause: associated with the levels of oestrogen

Name a human female menstrual disorder. In the case of this Treatment: Surgery
827 Endometriosis Cause: hormone imbalance or a weakness in
disorder give: 1. A possible cause, 2. A method of treatment. the immune system
Treatment: Contraceptive pill, Surgery
In the course of your practical studies you found that heart rate and breathing More energy (required) / more oxygen
828 (required) / more CO (produced)
rate increase with exercise. Explain why this is the case. 2
The pancreas is both an exocrine gland and an endocrine Exocrine: A gland which has a duct [to deliver its secretions]
829 Endocrine: A ductless gland [which relies on the bloodstream to
gland. Explain the underlined terms. deliver its secretions]
830 Write a balanced equation to summarise aerobic respiration. C6H12O6 + 6O2  E + 6CO2 + 6H2O
What type of agar did you use in the investigation of the digestive activity in
831 Starch (agar) or Milk (agar)
germinating seeds?
832 Where in a plant are growth regulators produced? Growing tip or apical meristem
All reactions in cell (or organism) / controlled by

833 Write notes (a minimum of three points) on: Metabolism. enzymes / catabolism explained or catabolism +
example / anabolism explained or anabolism + example
Excess alcohol kills yeast.

834 Why does fermentation eventually cease? Yeast run out of food
State two applications of genetic engineering, one involving a micro- M/O: Production of human insulin
835 Plant: Production of Golden Rice – possible
organism and one involving a plant. solution to Vitamin A deficiency
836 Explain what is meant by a habitat. The place where an organism lives
In the course of your practical work you prepared a transverse section Cutting: Cut thin (section) or (cut) away (from self)
or with scalpel (or blade or microtome)
837 (T.S.) of a dicot stem for microscopic examination. How did you Mounting: placed onto slide with water or how
prepare the T.S.? cover slip applied
Comment briefly on the difficulty in classifying viruses as living Non-cellular / one nucleic acid / can reproduce in
838 host cell only or obligate parasite / do not possess
organisms. organelles or named organelle
839 Name a carbohydrate you would expect to find stored in a seed. Starch
840 Give one way by which plants can protect themselves from attack. e.g. Sting
Cellulose – carbohydrate or polysaccharide or (found

841 Distinguish between Cellulose and Keratin in plant) cell wall; Keratin – protein or (found in
human) hair (or nails or skin)
Give an account of the importance of the placenta during human Transport in (or out) / example of
842 barrier / produces progesterone
development in the womb.
What is the final product of the first stage of respiration under aerobic
843 Pyruvic acid (pyruvate)
conditions?
844 What type of food is mainly absorbed into the lacteal? Fatty acids and glycerol
Page 39 of 99
Name: _________________________
Development of secondary sexual characteristics or

845 Give a brief account of the role of testosterone. example named / development of sex organs
/sperm production
In relation to the scientific method, explain each of the following: 1. Test of hypothesis or test of
prediction
846 1. Experiment, 2. Hypothesis (or explained)
2. Theory supported (by experiment)
847 Name the two main parts of the central nervous system in humans. Brain & Spinal Cord
848 What is meant by the term digestion? Breakdown of Food
Hypothesis can develop into a theory

849 How does a hypothesis differ from a theory? or explained
The (functional) role (of an organism)

850 Explain what is meant by a niche. or ‘occupation’ (of an organism)
Other than being prokaryotic, state two ways in which a typical bacterial cell Cell wall, size, capsule, flagellum,
851 plasmid
differs from a typical human cell (e.g. cell from cheek lining).
No reduction in chromosomes/ no
852 State one way in which mitosis differs from meiosis. homologous pairing during process/
resulting nuclei identical/ two cells
853 From what tissues is the placenta formed? Uterine and embryonic
854 True or false. Tendons join muscles to bones. True
Messages are carried around the body by neurons (nerve cells). Name any Motor Neuron, Sensory Neuron,
855 Interneuron
two types of neuron.
Describe how you examined your transverse section (T.S.) of stem with the Turn on Light or mirror / Low power
856 lens or coarse focus
microscope.
857 Explain the importance of double-blind testing in scientific experimentation. Avoidance of bias
Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat.

858 To minimise (genetic) variation
Suggest a reason why the seeds used were all taken from one parent plant.
Substances produced by micro-
859 What are antibiotics? organisms / inhibit (growth or
reproduction) of bacteria or fungi
Name a powerful type of microscope that is used to show what cells are made
860 Electron microscope
of in much greater detail (cell ultrastructure).
Thorns/ modified leaves e.g. pine needles /stinging (cells)/deep roots /
Describe three methods used by plants to protect heat shock proteins/ phytoalexins e.g. production of antimicrobial
861 chemicals / use of seeds / leaf fall / perennating organs or examples
themselves from adverse external environments. /dormancy / succulent tissues / toxins / other
Saprophytic and parasitic fungi are widespread in nature. Explain each saprophytic – live on dead organisms (matter)
862 parasitic – living in or on another organism causing
of the underlined terms. harm.
863 What name is given to the area where one neuron ends and another begins? Synapse
Features that develop at or after

864 Explain the term secondary sexual characteristics. puberty (but are not directly involved
in reproduction)
Outline how you made the section of the stem and prepared it for Cut a thin slice / place, in water or
865 stain, on slide
examination under the microscope.
Biosphere: The part of the planet where life occurs
Explain the following terms that are used in ecology: Habitat: The place where an organism lives
866 Consumer: An organism which feeds on another organism
Biosphere; Habitat; Consumer; Producer; Niche. Producer: An organism which makes its own food
Niche: The functional role of an organism (in an ecosystem)
Page 40 of 99
Name: _________________________
Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. 1. Heat (or method of heating) or
named chemical or irradiation
The compost in which the wheat plants were grown was sterilised at the start (or named)
867 of the investigation. 2. To kill organisms or to prevent
contamination or to eliminate
1. Suggest a way in which the scientists may have sterilised the compost. competition or to eliminate
State one reason why it was important to sterilise the compost. disease or described
Change in hormone levels (or correctly
868 Outline how birth occurs. described) / contractions / waters break / cervix
dilates / delivery / cord cut / afterbirth
Transfer of pollen from one flower to
869 What is meant by cross-pollination? another flower on a different plant of
the same species
870 In biology, what is meant by the term organ? A group of tissues (working together)
871 Name the type of chemical that carries messages between two neurons. Neurotransmitter
Facial hair/ broader shoulders / larger larynx or

872 Give two examples of secondary sexual characteristics in males. deeper voice / greater bone density / greater bone
strength / pubic hair / enlargement of genitals
Why did you use a herbaceous (non-woody) stem rather than a woody one
873 when examining a transverse section (T.S.) of a dicotyledonous stem under a Easier to cut
microscope?
Strong forces of attraction exist between water molecules. Give an (called) cohesion / water evaporates in leaf or
transpiration / is replaced / upward pull or
874 account of the importance of these forces in raising water to great tension /continuous stream / ensures
height in trees. movement / water column hard to break
875 Where are sperm produced? Testis

876 As control (or described)
Why did they divide the young wheat plants into two equal groups?
877 By what process do minerals enter a plant? Active transport
Testing (people) for the presence of a

878 What is meant by genetic screening? (specific) gene
What happens to the neurotransmitter chemical once the messages have

879 Destroyed or reused
been transmitted between two neurons?
Makes progesterone / conducts food to embryo (foetus) / conducts O2 to embryo
(foetus) / conducts antibodies to embryo (foetus) / removes CO2 from embryo (foetus) /
880 Give two functions of the placenta. removes urea from embryo (foetus) / keeps the mother's and embryo's (foetus') blood
apart.
881 What is meant by in-vitro fertilisation? Sperm and egg fuse outside the body
Name the plant that you used when examined with a microscope a transverse
882 Celery
section (T.S.) of a dicotyledonous stem.
(A measure of) how acidic or alkaline a
883 Explain what is meant by the term pH. solution is
B-cells/ T-cells or two named T cells e.g. helper / killer / suppressor / memory
B-cells – produce antibodies/agglutination or lysis / memory
Name two types of lymphocyte and state a role of T-cells – recognise / destroy infected or damaged cells / memory / activation /
suppress immune system
884 each when viruses or other microorganisms enter Helper T – stimulate B cells or stimulate killer T cells/ recognise antigens /
the blood. Killer T – Destroy infected or damaged cells /
Suppressor T – Switch off immune system or explained /
Memory T – memorise antigen
To have only one variable (or
885 During the investigation they kept the two groups of plants under identical explained)
conditions. Why was this?
Page 41 of 99
Name: _________________________
List three methods of contraception other than surgical. In your answer you Condon (male & female), Pill,
886 Spermicide, Diaphragm, IUD, Implants,
may refer to either or both sexes. Rhythm, Coitus interuptus
887 Explain the term digestion? Molecules or food broken down
1. Contraction of uterus or waters break or dilation of cervix [accept labour];

888 Give the three stages of childbirth 2. Baby delivered;
3. Afterbirth delivered
889 How many cells are formed when a cell divides by mitosis? Two
Transport or Transport example or

890 Give one function of vascular tissue in plants. Support
When exercise is complete the consumption of

When lactic acid builds up in the blood, a person is said to be in oxygen oxygen remains above normal until the debt has
891 been repaid. This is why one continues to pant
debt. This debt must eventually be paid. Suggest how the debt is paid. after exercise.
892 To which kingdom does Amoeba belong? Protista / Protoctista
893 What is an enzyme? A (biological) catalyst

Temperature / Light / pH / CO2 /
894 Name two conditions you think the scientists would have kept constant during humidity / other minerals / H2O
the investigation.
895 Name one human tooth type and give its function. e.g. Incisor; to cut
Benefit for baby: mother-baby bonding / antibodies in milk / laxative

Many babies are breast fed after birth. Give two biological in milk / mother’s milk encourages growth of mutualistic bacteria in
896 large intestine / milk sterile / milk at body temperature;
benefits of breastfeeding. Benefit for mother: bonding / uterus recovers faster / natural
contraceptive / reduces risk of breast cancer
After implantation, the embryo first develops into a morula and then into a Morula: (Solid) ball of cells
897 Blastocyst: Fluid-filled (or hollow) ball
blastocyst. Explain the terms in italics. of cells
Describe how some bacteria respond in order to survive when environmental

898 Produce (endo)spores
conditions become unfavourable.
Two cotyledons or two seed leaves (in
899 Why is a dicotyledonous (dicot) plant so called? each seed)
When the normal control of mitosis in a cell is lost, cancer may result. Suggest Carcinogen /mutation / mutagen /
900 example 1 / example 2 / radiation or
two possible causes of cancer. named / virus
Rooting powder / tissue culturing /
901 Give two examples of uses of synthetic (man-made) auxins. weed killer / ripening of fruit /
seedless fruits / other
True or false. The sino-atrial node (pacemaker) is located on the right side of
902 True
the heart.
The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid onto the ingested food. Give one
903 Kills bacteria
function of this acid.
904 What is meant by the term infertility? Inability to produce offspring

905 Why did they repeat the investigation several times before publishing their To ensure (statistical) reliability
results in a scientific journal?

Analysing/examining a person’s DNA
906 What is meant by DNA profiling? (to compare patterns with others) or
getting or providing patterns or bands
The following food chain is from a grassland ecosystem: Grass  Rabbit 

907 Number would increase
Fox. If all the foxes were killed, what would happen to the number of rabbits?
Page 42 of 99
Name: _________________________
Cold / ‘flu / polio / rabies / mumps /

908 Name two diseases of humans caused by viruses. rubella / measles / AIDS (HIV)
The movement of water molecules from a region of high (water) concentration to

910 What is osmosis? a region of low (water) concentration across a S.P.M or The movement of water
molecules along a concentration gradient across a S.P.M.
911 Give one digestive function of the liver. Bile
In vitro fertilisation is a method used to treat infertility. What is meant by in Fusion of gametes [fertilisation]
912 outside the body (e.g. in a Petri dish)
vitro fertilisation?
913 What is an enzyme? Biological catalyst
Cellular respiration may occur in one stage or two stages. Give two Stage 1 does not require O2 or is
914 anaerobic / produces a small amount
differences, other than location, between Stage 1 and Stage 2. of energy (or ATP)
Size comment / shape or structural comment / motile (only if
915 State two ways in which sperm differ from ova (eggs). ‘tail or ‘flagellum’’ not given)/ chromosomal difference / does
not (usually) contribute mitochondrial DNA to zygote

916 Rabbit
Fox. Name a herbivore from this food chain.
Nucleus or chloroplasts or
917 Where in plant cells is DNA found? mitochondria

918 What is meant by the germination of a seed? period of dormancy
Produces enzymes or named enzyme;

919 Give one digestive function and one non-digestive function of the pancreas. Produces Insulin
920 What happens in the womb during menstruation (days 1 – 5)? Loss of blood / loss of endometrium
Parents who are suspected of being carriers of disease-causing alleles may be

921 advised to consider a genetic test. Suggest a role for such a test after in-vitro Selection of embryo or any valid role
fertilisation.
922 Which term describes the mode of nutrition of Rhizopus? Saprophytic
923 Where in a cell does Stage 1 of respiration occur? Cytoplasm or cytosol

924 Grass
Fox. Name a producer from this food chain.
A community of living organisms
925 What is an ecosystem? interacting with one another and their
environment
926 Where in the cells of a leaf is chlorophyll found? In the chloroplasts
Breakdown of food or production of

927 What is meant by aerobic respiration? energy in presence of O2
928 Explain the term ovulation. Release of egg from ovary
The cells in the palisade layer contain many organelles that carry out
929 photosynthesis. Suggest why the cells here contain more of these organelles Usually closer to the light
than the cells in the spongy mesophyll.

Describe a human activity that may result in pollution. Suggest a way in which Activity: Littering
930 Prevention: Reuse, Recycle
this pollution could be prevented.
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Name: _________________________
931 True or false. A nucleus is absent from human red blood cells. True
932 What term is used to describe respiration in which only Stage 1 occurs? Anaerobic or fermentation

933 Fox
Fox. Name a secondary consumer from this food chain.
Name a product of the endocrine portion of the pancreas and state one of its Insulin or glucagon
934 Regulates blood sugar (level)
functions.
Aerobic respiration takes place in two stages.
1. Cytoplasm
935 1. Where in a cell does stage 1 occur? 2. Mitochondria
2. Where in a cell does stage 2 occur?
Time when fertilisation is possible /
936 What is meant by the fertile period? when egg is in oviduct
Give two characteristic features of eukaryotic cells. Nucleus, Membrane-bound organelles

937 or other named organelle
What corresponding term is used to describe bacterial cells? Prokaryotic
Beneficial – yeast for brewing or baking / named
Give one example of a beneficial fungus and one example of a harmful edible fungus/ other
938 Harmful – ringworm / athlete’s foot / potato
fungus. blight / thrush / dry rot / death cap / other
In the spongy mesophyll, gases can diffuse throughout the leaf. Name one Air or water (vapour) or O or CO or
939 N or chemicals in or out
2 2
such gas. 2
Suggest a possible effect on a human population that may result from Decrease (no increase) in population /
940 demographic imbalance/ improved social
an increased availability of contraception. conditions /comment on STIs / health issues
Study of relationship between

941 What do we mean by the word ecology? organisms and their environment
942 Name a chemical end product of anaerobic respiration or fermentation. Ethanol or lactic acid or CO2
943 Which type of respiration, aerobic or anaerobic, produces more energy? Aerobic
944 Where does fertilisation occur in the female body? Oviducts
Light energy trapped by chlorophyll is used to split water. List three products Hydrogen (proton) /oxygen/ electron
945 or energy or ATP
that result when water is split.
946 What is meant when a bacterium is described as being pathogenic? Disease-causing
To provide energy or named

947 Suggest one reason why living organisms need to respire. metabolic activity
Production of new plant from root or

948 What is meant by vegetative propagation? from stem or from leaf or plant
asexual reproduction (or described)
To allow gas exchange or

949 State one function of the stoma. Transpiration or Temperature control
Yoghurt or cheese or antibiotic

950 Give one beneficial effect of bacteria. production
1. Name a substance other than alcohol that is produced during the

fermentation process. 1. CO2
951 2. Bubbles
2. How would you detect this other substance? 3. Bubbling stops
3. How would you know when fermentation had finished?
Embedding of embryo in
952 Explain the term implantation. endometrium
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Name: _________________________
In Stage 2 of respiration electrons pass along an electron transport chain,

releasing energy. 1. ATP
953 1. In what molecule is this energy stored in the cell? 2. Oxygen or H+ (or protons)
2. To what are these electrons transferred at the end of the electron
transport chain?
954 The bronchioles end in small sacs. What is the name of these sacs? Alveoli
955 Name the muscles that are used in breathing. Intercostal muscles (between the ribs)
Cowper’s gland / seminal vesicle /

956 Name a gland that secretes seminal fluid. prostate gland
957 Name the four bases that are found in DNA. Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine
Diseases or Food decay or named

958 Give one harmful effect of bacteria. disease
959 In leaf cells, which chemical traps light energy for photosynthesis? Chlorophyll
960 Name two female hormones that have a role in the menstrual cycle. Oestrogen / progesterone / FSH / LH

961 What is evolution? from pre-existing forms to produce
new species over long periods of time
962 What is meant by the term digestion? The breakdown of food
963 Name the cells which are responsible for controlling the size of the stomata. Guard cells
Horticulturists use a number of methods to artificially propagate plants. Fast or preserves desirable features or
964 cheap or more reliable
Suggest one advantage of artificial propagation.
965 Name two methods of cross-pollination. Wind, Insect
Water for photosynthesis enters the roots of plants by osmosis. What is Movement of H2O through semi-
966 permeable membrane from low to
meant by osmosis? high conc (or high to low water conc)
967 Some bacteria have flagella. What are flagella used for? Movement
What happens to the menstrual cycle when a woman reaches the

968 It stops
menopause?
969 What is meant by a triplet code? three bases code for one amino acid
State a function for each of the following structures Rhizoid – anchors / digestion / absorption
Sporangium – produces spores / stores spores / asexual reproduction
970 that are found in fungi; rhizoid, sporangium, Gametangium – produces gametes / sexual reproduction
gametangium, zygospore. Zygospore – survival / dispersal
For solubility or for absorption or for

971 Why is digestion necessary? transport
Allows some molecules through /

972 What is a selectively permeable (semi-permeable) membrane? Visking tubing / cell membrane
To equalise pressure (on the eardrum)

973 What is the function of the Eustachian tube? or air in or air out or Protection
Page 45 of 99
Name: _________________________
During photosynthesis water is split into three products.

1. O2 / H+ / e-
974 1. Name each of these three products. 2. Light Stage
2. Name the stage of photosynthesis during which water molecules are split.
975 Bacteria reproduce by a method known as … Binary Fission
Transfer of pollen / from anther to

976 What is meant by the term pollination? stigma
977 To which kingdom do bacteria belong? Monera (Prokaryotae)
Cuttings (or described) / layering (or

978 Describe two methods used by horticulturists to artificially propagate plants. described) / grafting (or described) /
micro propagation (or described)
979 For what purpose do single-celled organisms use mitosis? Reproduction
Mechanical: physical or grinding or cutting or

Distinguish between mechanical and chemical digestion by writing a churning or chewing or emulsifying
980 Chemical: (action of) enzyme or named enzyme
sentence about each. or (action of) acid or named acid
Some of the carbohydrates produced in photosynthesis are used in The controlled release of energy from
981 food (carbohydrate) / oxidation of
respiration. What is respiration? food
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is needed for photosynthesis. Where does CO2 enter the
982 Stoma
leaf?
983 Give two methods of pollination in plants. Wind / insect / self
984 Name three bacterial shapes. Rod / Cocci / Spiral
1.Name Arthritis / osteoporosis

Cause
Name a disorder other than cancer Arthritis – injury / hormonal imbalance / genetic /immune
2. Name
Paralysis/Parkinson’s disease/
for each of the following and response
Cause
Osteoporosis- hormonal imbalance / lack of exercise / genetic /
indicate a possible cause and a dietary /menopause
Injury / genetic / disease / lack of
985 Treatment
dopamine
means of treatment: arthritis – anti-inflammatory drugs/ analgesics/ rest / exercise/
Treatment
Physiotherapy / dopamine or drugs to
1. Musculoskeletal system, replacement of joint / steroids or named/ immuno-
promote neurotransmitter
suppressants
2. Nervous system. osteoporosis: HRT / exercise / diet / dietary supplements or
production / stem cell / implant
named
986 What is connected to the middle ear by the Eustachian tube? Throat or Pharynx

Allows sperm to swim / provides

988 State a function of seminal fluid. nutrients / lubricant / protects sperm
989 From which part of the alimentary canal does food arrive into the duodenum? Stomach
A market gardener wants to increase the vegetable yield in his greenhouses.

990 Extra CO2, more light
Suggest two ways he may achieve this.
991 What is the next step after pollination in the lifecycle of the plant? Fertilisation
Which term from the following list matches the description: A plant tissue.
992 Dermal
List: Skin graft; Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth.
Give two differences between vegetative propagation and propagation No gametes (or one parent) / identical
993 plants or example / rapid production /
involving seeds. no outside agent
Page 46 of 99
Name: _________________________

994 What do you understand by the term conservation? environment or organisms
995 True or false. Light is essential for the germination of seeds. False
996 What is the function of the cochlea? Hearing
997 Carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis. Where does it enter the leaf? stoma / guard cells
Group of cells with a common

998 What is a tissue? function
Suggest a substance that flowers produce that may cause hay fever in some
999 Pollen
people.
(Produces) enzymes or named enzyme
1000 State one digestive function of the pancreas. or neutralises (chyme)
Which term from the following list matches the description: A use of tissue
1001 Skin Graft
culture. List: Skin graft; Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth.
1002 What is the function of the larynx? Produce sounds
chemical (enzyme) reactions / dissolve stored

1003 State one reason why water is needed for germination. food / swell testa / a condition of germination /
hydrate cells / activate enzymes
Seeds and fruits need to be dispersed. Give:1. Two methods of 1. Wind / animal / self (or mechanical) / water
1004 2. Colonisation / reduces competition / elaboration
dispersal, 2. Two advantages of dispersal to the plant. of competition
information (code) is copied to RNA

1005 The triplet code is transcribed into mRNA. What does this statement mean? molecule
1006 Name a gas that would be needed for the growth of tissue in the laboratory. Oxygen
1007 What is meant by the term vegetative propagation? Asexual reproduction
1008 The genetic makeup of an individual is called its ... Genotype
Which term from the following list matches the description: The heart. List:
1009 Organ
Skin graft; Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth.
(An animal that) produces its (or own or body) heat
1010 What is an endotherm? or (body) temperature independent of (temperature
of) environment
Charles Darwin
1011 Name one of the scientists who developed the Theory of Natural Selection. Alfred Russell Wallace
1012 To what structure does the ureter connect the kidney? Bladder
The release of energy from

1013 What is aerobic respiration? carbohydrate without using oxygen
1014 Why are sterile conditions needed to grow a tissue in a laboratory? To avoid contamination
Give one example of vegetative propagation in plants and state whether it One example / whether stem-root-
1015 leaf-bud
involve a stem, a root, a leaf or a bud.
1016 Name an excretory substance present in urine. urea /water /salt
Page 47 of 99
Name: _________________________
Lens: To focus (light) onto the retina

1017 Give the functions of the lens and the vitreous humour of the eye. Vitreous humour: Gives shape (to
eye)
Which term from the following list matches the description: Cells growing in a
1018 In vitro growth
test tube. List: Skin graft; Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth.
1019 What word is used to describe animals which are not endotherms? Ectotherms
1020 A sex cell is also known as a ... Gamete
1021 Valves are present in veins. What is their function? Prevent backflow of blood
1022 What type of cell division, mitosis or meiosis, is involved in tissue culture? Mitosis
Spread / limited spread / offspring all

1023 State two ways that vegetative propagation differs from reproduction by seed. susceptible to same diseases
Name two vascular tissues in plants and give one way xylem/phloem
1024 Xylem - lignified/ transports water/ vessels/ tracheids / dead
in which they differ. Phloem – transports food/ sieve tubes/ companion cells / living
Breathing causes pressure changes in the thoracic diaphragm contracts (lowers) / intercostal muscles contract /ribs move up and
out / increased volume of thoracic cavity / pressure decreases / intercostals
1025 cavity. Describe briefly how these pressure changes relax / air rushes in / diaphragm relaxes / volume decreases / pressure increases
are brought about. / air pushed out / inhale / exhale
Which term from the following list matches the description: A plant organ.
1026 Leaf
List: Skin graft; Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro growth.
food storage / storage of waste /
1027 State a function of ground tissue. photosynthesis / strength / support
(Temperature always suitable) for good enzyme activity

1028 Suggest an advantage of being an endotherm. or maintains constant body temperature or activity
independent of environmental temperature
The wall of capillaries is only one cell thick. How is this related to their substances can diffuse easily / in and
1029 out of blood / tissues / less fat content
function?
What medical term is used to describe the disease caused by uncontrolled
1030 Cancer
mitosis in human cells?
Artificial propagation is widely used in horticulture. Give two example of e.g. Cuttings / layering / budding /
1031 grafting
artificial propagation carried out by gardeners or horticulturists.
1032 A change in the structure of DNA is called a ... Mutation
1. Suspensory ligaments, 2. Cones, 3. Optic nerve and 1. Holds lens in place or (involved in) changing shape of lens
2. (Detects) colour
1033 4. Brain. Outline the roles in vision of the above 3. Brings impulses from retina or brings impulse to brain
structures. 4. Interprets information (received from retina)
Prevention of fertilisation
1034 What is meant by contraception? (conception) or implantation or
pregnancy
Which term from the following list matches the description: A group of cells
1035 with the same function. List: Skin graft; Dermal; Organ; Leaf; Tissue; In vitro Tissue
growth.
From your knowledge of photosynthesis suggest a way to increase the yield of increase day length / artificial light/
1036 increase carbon dioxide level /
plants such as lettuces in a greenhouse. increase in temperature level
Children typically have higher body temperatures than adults. Suggest a High metabolism or growing (or more
1037 cell division) or more active or more
reason for this. infections or teething
1038 Give two causes of uncontrolled cell division. e.g. Radiation, smoking
Page 48 of 99
Name: _________________________
food source / balance of nature / biodiversity /

1039 Suggest three reasons for conserving wild animals and plants. prevention of extinction / health of planet /
aesthetic / recreational / O2 / CO2
1040 True or false. Lenticels serve the same function as stomata. True
Give one advantage and one disadvantage of artificial Advantage: e.g. can control production of desirable features;
1041 Disadvantage: e.g. offspring all susceptible to same diseases
propagation.
1042 A part of DNA with information to make one protein is called a ... Gene
In cases of infertility, eggs may be fertilised outside the body. Following this Womb or Uterus or Endometrium /
1043 procedure, into which part of the reproductive system is the developing lining of Womb or Uterus or
Endometrium
embryo then placed?
Monthly cycle in female / menstruation or lining of uterus / (endometrium) shed / blood
1044 What is the menstrual cycle? discharged / F.S.H./ Graffian follicles with eggs / secrete oestrogen / endometrium thickens / L.H. /
ovulation / corpus luteum / progesterone / (if no fertilisation then) lining breaks down
(muscular) contraction in response to
1045 Explain how the iris works. light intensity or pupil size changes or
allows more (or less) light in
Reduction (halving) of Chromosome

1046 What is the function of meiosis? numbers or to produce gametes
A situation in which one organism lives on or in a second species, feeding on it

1047 Parasitism
and causing it harm is known as …
Asexual reproduction (in plants) /
1048 What is vegetative propagation? cloning
Strength / support / shape / mobility /

1049 Give two functions of the human skeleton. protection / muscle attachment /
blood cell production
1050 The trachea contains rings of cartilage. Suggest a function of this cartilage. Keeps the trachea (air way) open
Blockage of fallopian tubes or

1051 Give one cause of infertility in women. hormonal or failure to ovulate,
excessive exercise
Name an excretory organ in the human body other than the kidney. Name a Skin / lungs / liver
1052 Water / carbon dioxide / urea / salt /
substance excreted by this organ. bile / sweat
1053 The allele expressed in the heterozygous condition are ... Dominant
1054 Suggest one advantage of classifying organisms. e.g. Identification
It supports the fungus and is involved

1055 State a function of the rhizoids of Rhizopus. in absorption
1056 Organisms capable of making their own food are known as … Producers
Vertebrae in the neck are called the cervical vertebrae. Name and give the Thoracic - back of chest; Lumbar -
1057 small of back; Sacral - back of pelvis;
exact location of two other types of vertebrae. Caudal or coccyx - tail end
One parent / less variation in offspring
1058 How does vegetative propagation differ from reproduction by seed? / no pollination / no sexual
reproduction
Increased visual field or to judge

1059 Suggest a reason why two eyes are better than one. distance (depth) or 3D vision
Produce Eggs or Hormones

1060 State one function of the human ovary. (Oestrogen, Progesterone)
capillaries at both ends / joins two

1061 How does a portal vein differ from other veins? organs – liver and intestines
Page 49 of 99
Name: _________________________
1062 Name the kingdom to which bacteria belong. Monera
1063 To which structures in the cell does mRNA carry the code? Ribosome
1064 The study of biological inheritance is known as ... Genetics
1065 Name one disorder of the musculoskeletal system. e.g. arthritis / osteoporosis
1066 All the members of a species living in an area are known as the … Population
True or false. Parallel leaf veins are characteristic of monocotyledonous

1067 True
plants.
Asthma/ allergic response or genetics or smoking or
narrowing of bronchioles or infection or anxiety / use of
Name a breathing disorder. Give a possible cause of this disorder inhaler or avoidance of allergens / exercise .
1068 Bronchitis/ infection or narrowing of bronchi/
and suggest a means of prevention or treatment. antibiotics (for bacterial infection) / cancer of the
lungs / MS effecting diaphragm
1069 True or False. The copying of the DNA code into mRNA is called transcription. True
1070 Give one example of the economic importance of bacteria. e.g Food production
any example of “industrial fermentation”

Anaerobic respiration by micro-organisms is called fermentation. Bacteria: beer / wine / yoghurt / enzymes / drugs /
1071 Give one example of industrial fermentation, including the type of hormones / antibiotics /methane (biogas) / etc.
Fungus / Yeast: carbon dioxide / wine / beer / single
micro-organism and the substance produced. cell protein / antibiotics
Immune system (or described) / B lymphocytes /
1072 Write notes on the role of lymphocytes. produce antibodies / T lymphocytes / any
function of T lymphocyte
1073 What is the function of the semi-circular canals? Balance
Filtration is an essential process in the formation of urine. In what part of the cortex / nephron /glomerulus /
1074 Bowman’s capsule
kidney does it take place?
Micro-organisms and other organisms that return nutrients to the
1075 Decomposers
environment by decay are known as …
Water or sugar or sap or salt(s) or
1076 Name a substance found in the vacuole of a plant cell. named gases or protein
Bacillus or rod shaped, Coccus or

1077 Bacteria may be classified by their shape. Name any two bacterial shapes. spherical (Round), Spirillum or spiral
shaped
1078 True or False. Genetic engineering is the manipulation and alteration of genes. True
Name the following blood vessels;

1. Renal artery
1079 1. The vessels that carry blood from the aorta to the kidneys. 2. Coronary artery
2. The vessels that supply the heart’s muscle with blood.
“Seed” potatoes – stem
Runners of strawberries etc. – stem
Give one example of vegetative propagation and state whether it Tuber of Dahlia – root
1080 Bulb of onion – stem/leaf/bud
involves a stem, a root, a leaf or a bud. New plants from leaf – leaf
Artificial examples
Cuttings/grafts/layers – stem, bud, stem
1081 What is the function of the cochlea? Hearing
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Name: _________________________
What term is used to describe the nutrition of Rhizopus? heterotrophic/ saprophytic /

1082 decomposes / recycling
Explain the importance of this type of nutrition in nature.
minerals or trace elements or
1083 In the human diet zinc, iron and copper are examples of … inorganic nutrients
A situation in which two organisms of different species live together and at

1084 Symbiosis
least one benefits is known as …
1085 Name the method by which bacteria reproduce. Binary Fission
1086 True or False. RNA contains the base thymine. False
Secreted by neuron (or vesicle) / presynaptic (neuron) / in response to impulse /

1087 Write notes on neurotransmitters. chemical transmission / across synaptic cleft / cause impulse in next neuron /
destroyed by enzymes / recycled or reabsorbed by pre-synaptic neuron
1088 True or False. Glucose is a monosaccharide. True
1089 What is connected to the middle ear by the Eustachian tube? Throat
blood is under pressure / blood from

1090 Why are valves not needed in arteries? heart / blood pumped
1091 The walls of xylem vessels are reinforced with … Lignin
At the top of windpipe / oesophagus

1092 Where is the epiglottis? What is its function? To prevent food entering trachea /
wrong way / prevent choking
1093 What are pathogenic bacteria? Disease-causing
1094 A struggle between organisms for a scarce resource is known as … Competition
1095 True or False. Replication is the copying of DNA. True
1096 Where in a cell would you expect to find phospholipids? Cell membrane
1097 What surrounds the bones in the middle ear? Air
1098 Vitamin … is an example of a water-soluble vitamin. B or C
1099 True or False. Nitrogen is a trace element. False
Maintenance of / constant internal environment / example

1100 Write notes on homeostasis. how / example why (Example = pH, solute concentrations or
examples of such solutes, temperature, water)
1101 State two factors affecting the growth of bacteria. Temp, O2, water, food, pH, Waste
Name a disorder associated with a deficiency of a named vitamin in the Vitamin C – Scurvy
1102 Vitamin D - Rickets
human diet.
1103 True or False. Phenotype is the genetic make-up of an organism. False
1104 One organism killing and eating another organism is known as … Predation
Page 51 of 99
Name: _________________________
The ear is an example of a sense organ. Name two sense organs, other than
1105 Skin / tongue / nose
the ear and the eye, in the human body.
Artificial propagation is widely used in horticulture. Give two examples of cutting /grafting /layering /micro-
1106 propagation
artificial propagation.
organisms best suited to
environment / have greater chance of
1107 What is Natural Selection? breeding / and survive / ’survival of
the fittest’
1108 To what kingdom does Rhizopus belong? Fungi
1109 Give two functions of the rhizoids of Rhizopus. Anchor, absorb, secretes enzymes
1110 True or False. Eggs are a good source of fat in the diet. True
1111 What are the final products of the digestion of a protein? Amino acids
1112 True or False. A human sperm cell contains 23 chromosomes. True
Name one disorder of the ear or of the eye and give a corrective measure for e.g. glue ear or short-sightedness, etc.
1113 / corrective measure
the disorder referred to.
1114 What is the role of mitosis in single-celled organisms? Reproduction
Long stamens / long stigmas / feathery stigmas / large numbers of

1115 Write notes on the adaptations of wind-pollinated flowers. pollen grains / smooth pollen or light pollen / no showy colours or no
scent or no nectar or small petals or no petals
1116 True or false. Endosperm is a food reserve in some seeds. True
1117 Describe the role of the sporangium in the reproduction of Rhizopus. Release or production of spores
The part of the planet where life

1118 What is the biosphere? occurs
A survey which indicates if a species is

1119 What is meant by a qualitative survey? present or not
1120 True or False. Chromosomes are made up of DNA and protein. True
1121 Name the organ that is attached to the kidney by the ureter. Bladder
1122 True or False. All vitamins are fat soluble. False
What medical term is used for the group of disorders in which certain cells
1123 Cancer
lose normal control of mitosis?
Name another organism that you have studied in your biology course that
1124 Yeast
belongs to the same kingdom as Rhizopus.
1125 What is meant by saprophytic nutrition? Living on dead matter
Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of artificial Advantage – simple/fast/ same as parent / avoids
1126 competition
propagation. Disadvantage – lack of variation / diseases inherited
Economic importance: Crop damage / example of viral
crop disease / animal disease / example of viral animal
1127 Write notes on the economic and medical importance of viruses. disease / human medical costs
Medical importance: Human diseases / examples of viral
human diseases / used in medical research
Page 52 of 99
Name: _________________________
1128 True or False. Alleles are different forms of the same gene. True
1129 Name one substance excreted by the kidneys. Urine / Urea / Water / Salt
Buds  Aphids  Ladybirds 

1130 Construct a grazing food chain containing at least four trophic levels. thrushes  hawks
Name a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme in the human alimentary canal. amylase – mouth / duodenum / small
1131 Where in the alimentary canal does this enzyme act? State the enzyme’s intestine – maltose
Maltase – small intestine – glucose
product(s).
1132 Suggest a possible cause of one of the group of cancers. Named carcinogen
1133 Give one beneficial use of fungi. e.g. Antibiotic Production
1134 True or False. Lipids are made of amino acids. False
Reabsorption of useful substances takes place in the kidney. In what part does cortex / medulla / nephron /
1135 convoluted tubule / loop of Henle
this occur?
Cortex or Bowman’s capsule or
1136 Name the site in the kidney where filtration takes place. glomerulus
Suggest a reason why eating too much fast food could be bad for your Obesity or High Blood Pressure or Constipation
1137 (low fibre) or Vitamin deficiency or Mineral
health. deficiency, high cholesterol, clogged arteries
1138 What is the first stage process of respiration called? Glycolysis
1139 Which has the bigger lumen (cavity), an artery or a vein? Vein
1140 Name the chemical elements present in carbohydrates. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
1141 Name the two main types of reproduction. Sexual & Asexual
Name the stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes are located at the
1142 Metaphase
equator of the cell and before they begin to separate.
On right hand side of body below the
1143 State the precise location of the liver in the human body. diaphragm and beside/over the
stomach
1144 Suggest one possible treatment for kidney failure. Dialysis / transplant
Water has many functions in the human body. State any one of these Solvent or Transport or Medium for
1145 reactions or Reactant
functions.
1146 True or False. Iodine turns starch to a blue-black colour. True
Tuber = A swollen end of an underground stem or root

1147 Distinguish between tuber and bulb. Bulb = modified bud, swollen, underground, overlapping
fleshy leaves and reduced stem
State a use of the following in the biology laboratory. Biuret test (copper
1148 Test for the presence of protein
sulphate and sodium hydroxide solutions).
1149 Explain the term fertilisation. Fusion of gametes to produce a zygote
State a function of each of the following components of a cell. (i) Ribosome, Ribosome: protein synthesis
1150 Cell membrane: Retains cell contents.
(ii) Cell membrane. Controls entry and exit of substances.
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Name: _________________________
1151 To what are the chromosomes attached in the metaphase stage of mitosis? Spindle
1152 True or False. The liver produces bile. True
1153 What is meant by the term ‘fauna’? The animals in a locality or region
1154 State the colour of iodine if starch is present. Blue-Black
1155 Which two elements always occur in a 2:1 ratio in carbohydrates? Hydrogen:Oxygen
1156 True or False. Cellulose is a protein. False
1157 What part of the flower produces pollen? The anther or stamen

1158 Explain what is meant by pollution. environment (by humans) that leaves
ureter: duct that brings urine from the kidney to the bladder.
1159 Distinguish between ureters and urethra. urethra: duct which delivers urine from the bladder to the outside.
1160 Blood is made up of plasma and blood cells. What is plasma? Liquid part of blood
1161 Towards the end of mitosis, in what type of cell does a cell plate form? Plant (cell) or named example
1162 Chips contain starch. What chemical is used to test for the presence of starch? Iodine
1163 What is the primary role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis? Traps or uses sunlight
Name the stain that you used when examining an animal cell under the
1164 Iodine
microscope.
1165 After fertilisation, what part of the flower becomes the fruit? Ovary
1166 What term best describes the shape of an enzyme? Folded
1167 True or False. Polysaccharide molecules contain many sugar units. True
1168 What is the function of white blood cells? Fight disease
1169 Name a structural carbohydrate. Cellulose, Chitin
Two (daughter) cells or identical (daughter) cells or

1170 Give one way in which mitosis differs from meiosis. (daughter cells) same chromosome number (as
mother cell) or can occur in haploid cells
Growth or Repair or To make enzymes
1171 Give one function of protein in the human body. or Hormones or Antibodies or any
named example of these
Explain the following terms as used in genetics: species, Species: Organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile
1172 offspring
variation. Variation: Difference between members of species or population
1173 Give two methods of seed dispersal in plants. e.g. Wind, Animal
Page 54 of 99
Name: _________________________
1174 In ecological studies what is a key? a guide to identification
Give an account of the effects of a named pollutant of domestic, agricultural

1175 Litter – reuse, recycle
or industrial origin. Describe one way in which it might be controlled.
1176 Where in the body are white blood cells produced? e.g. bone (marrow)
Produces bile – stored in gall bladder –

1177 State a role that the liver plays in the digestive process. secreted into pancreatic duct –
emulsifies fats into fat droplets
e.g. bacteria or fungi or microorganisms or
1178 Name one group of organisms responsible for decomposition. earthworms or insects e.g. bacteria or fungi or
microorganisms or earthworms or insects
A meal in a fast-food restaurant consists of fish and chips with a glass of water
1179 Fish
to drink. Give a good source of protein from this meal.
Which food type may be identified in the laboratory by the use of Sudan III or
1180 Fat (or oil or lipid)
brown paper?
To avoid competition or to avail of
1181 Why is it necessary for plants to disperse their seeds? suitable conditions
1182 Suggest a temperature at which human enzymes work best. 37°C
Metabolic – source of energy

1183 Give a function of carbohydrates other than a structural one. (glucose), energy storage (starch,
glycogen)
Darwin and Wallace
Name the scientists who are associated with the 1. Individual members of a species are different from one another.
2. Offspring resemble their parents (variation is inheritable).
1184 Theory of Natural Selection and refer to any one 3. More offspring are produced than can survive and reproduce.
observation that prompted its development. 4. There is a struggle for existence and some individuals have variations
that make them better suited to survival than others.
In the case of IAA state the following:
1. investigate effect on plant growth
1185 1. An investigation in which you used it, 2. to determine its effect on growth
2. The precise purpose for its use in the investigation that you have indicated.
Some people may have the blood group B Positive (B+).What factor is present
1186 Rhesus
in their blood that makes it positive?
Made in bone marrow of long bones,
1187 State a precise location in the human body where red blood cells are made. e.g. ribs, sternum.
Plants: Absorb nitrates / synthesise protein / absorb CO2 /

Describe the role of (a) Plants and (b) Animals in the Nitrogen synthesise carbohydrate (or photsynthesise) / respire / die
1188 Animals: Consume plants / assimilate protein / assimilate.
Cycle and in the Carbon Cycle. carbohydrate / produce nitrogenous waste / respire / die
1189 What is the advantage of dormancy to seeds? To overcome adverse conditions
1190 Give one role for a named mineral in plants. Role matching named mineral
1191 What is semen? Sperm (cells) and (seminal) fluid
Limited supply or words to that affect

1192 Why are elements recycled in nature? or reused
light energy
1193 Write an equation to summarize photosynthesis. 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

chlorophyll
The heart pumps blood around the body.1. Name the structure in the heart 1. Pacemaker;
1194 2. Right atrium
that controls the heartbeat. 2. Where is this structure located in the heart?
Plasma: clear liquid portion of the blood
Glomerular filtrate: liquid containing dissolved substances that pass from
1195 Explain the terms: plasma; glomerular filtrate. the glomerulus, in the nephron of the kidney, into Bowman’s capsule.
Similar to blood plasma but without the proteins.
Page 55 of 99
Name: _________________________
1196 What is the role of microorganisms in pollution control? Decomposition
1197 Give three conditions necessary for seeds to germinate. Water, O2, suitable temperature
Name a chemical element always present in proteins but not in

1198 Nitrogen
carbohydrates.
What colour indicates a strong positive result of the Fehling’s or Benedict’s
1199 Orange or red
test for reducing sugar?
In the first stage of respiration there is a release of ATP as glucose is
1200 Pyruvic acid
converted to another substance. Name this other substance.
Give an account of three functions of the transport / defence / fluid collection / (transport) of fats / (transport) of hormones /
1201 (transport) of excretory matter / nodes filter / bacteria or pathogens / produce
lymphatic system. lymphocytes or antibodies / returns fluid to blood / absorbs fat / at lacteals
1202 What causes the sound of a heartbeat? Valves closing
Name the part at which each of the following occurs:

1. Testis
1. Production of sperm cells. 2. Epididymis
1203 2. Maturing of sperm cells. 3. Sperm duct or prostate gland
[allow seminal vesicles]
3. Mixing of fluid with sperm cells. 4. Urethra or sperm duct
4. Transport of semen.
1204 What is the function of the midpiece of the sperm? Respiration or to produce energy
Any harmful addition to the

What is pollution? environment
hypha: a filament
1205 Distinguish between hypha and mycelium. mycelium: a mass of hyphae
State two ways in which red blood cells differ from typical body cells e.g. from no nucleus / haemoglobin / shape
1206 comment / size comment / no
the cheek lining. mitochondria / carries oxygen or CO2
Component of membranes (or of named membrane) or
1207 Give a role of lipids in cells. storage or energy or solvent or reference to steroid or
(formation of ) phospholipid (or lipoprotein)
State a use of the following in the biology laboratory. Benedict’s (or Fehling’s) To test for the presence of reducing
1208 sugar
test.
1209 Name the blood vessels that supply the heart cells with blood. Coronary or cardiac arteries
Survival of the fittest, e.g. best

1210 What is meant by natural selection? (adapted) survive
1211 Name the hormone responsible for sperm production. Testosterone
The vast amount of waste generated is one of the consequences of the huge
1212 increase in the human population. Mention the three main ways in which Reduce / reuse / recycle
waste can be minimised.

sepal: protection / photosynthesis
anther: pollen - production or storage or release
1213 State a role for each of the following: sepal, anther, stigma, ovary. stigma: receives pollen
ovary: produces or contains ovule or embryo sac or
female gametes/ becomes fruit / site of fertilisation
Broken voice (or enlarged larynx) / body hair /
1214 State two secondary sexual characteristics of the human male. more muscle / more bone enlargement of
testes / enlargement of penis
In respiration the acetyl group enters a cycle of reactions. What name is given Kreb’s Cycle
1215 Mitochondria
to this cycle? Where in the cell does this cycle take place?
Page 56 of 99
Name: _________________________
Solvent (or example of solvent) or reaction medium or

Give a role of water in the human body other than as a transport or reactant (or example of reaction) or reference to
1216 temperature maintenance or reference to temperature
component of cytoplasm and body fluids. regulation or lubrication qualified or protection qualified
e.g. eat less fat / exercise regularly /
1217 Mention two ways to maintain a healthy heart. avoid excess stress / eat less salt / don’t
smoke / avoid inheriting bad genes
The two male gametes in the pollen tube are derived from the generative mitosis
from haploid (generative nucleus) or
1218 nucleus. Do these gametes form as a result of mitosis or meiosis? Explain your chromosome number retained or two
answer. (daughter cells) produced
1219 Give one cause of infertility in men. e.g. Low sperm counts
1220 What is a neuron? A nerve cell
Suggest what could happen to biological diversity as the human population Decrease or increase or stays the
1221 same
continues to increase.
Why is the dark stage of photosynthesis given the alternative name of the
1222 Light is not necessary for this stage
light-independent stage?
1223 Name a scientist who is associated with the Theory of Natural Selection. Darwin or Wallace
What maintains the secondary sexual characteristics in the adult human

1224 Testosterone
male?
Photosynthesis / support / transport /
1225 Give one main function of the stem of a flowering plant. (food) storage
1226 How many common amino acids are found in proteins? 20 (common amino acids)
Prevention of fertilisation or
1227 Explain the term contraception. pregnancy
problems – may be toxic / non-biodegradable / pollute

Outline the problems associated with the disposal of waste. groundwater / no land-fill available / costly /
1228 incineration (causes toxins) / valid example
Suggest two ways of minimising waste. minimising – reduce or example(s) or recycle or
example(s) or re-use or example(s
Suggest two reasons why the human population Better nutrition or better food distribution or better farming or
1229 improved food preservation techniques / new technology or improved
increased so rapidly from the mid-1800s. living conditions / or improved medicine or improved hygiene
too big (to pass into Bowman’s

1230 Explain why red blood cells are normally absent from glomerular filtrate. capsule)
In the case of starch or skimmed milk agar plates state the following:
1. digestive or other enzyme activity
1231 1. An investigation in which you used it, 2. supplies substrate or explained
Describe the difference in colour or depth of colour, if any, between the
Cytoplasm paler or nucleus darker or
1232 nucleus and cytoplasm when the stained cell was viewed under the nucleus blue
microscope.
Photosynthesis / transpiration /
1233 Give one main function of the leaf of a flowering plant. gaseous exchange / (food) storage
Pollination: Transfer (of pollen) from the anther

to the stigma
1234 Distinguish between pollination and fertilization. Fertilisation: The fusion (union) of a male
gamete and female gamete [or two haploid
gametes] to form a diploid zygote.
1235 Name two methods of contraception. e.g. Natural, Mechanical
Two harmful effects (Any two viral

1236 State two harmful effects of viruses. diseases)
Page 57 of 99
Name: _________________________
In relation to membranes in cells, explain what is meant by selective Allowing some substances to pass
1237 through
permeability
War / famine / contraception / birth rate
1238 Name three factors can that affect human population. or death rate or longevity / natural
disaster / disease or health care
Variation is essential for natural selection. Mutation can give rise to variation.
1239 Radiation, Chemicals, Chance
Give two causes of mutation.
To what is pyruvic acid (pyruvate) converted under anaerobic conditions in: 1. 1. Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
1240 2. Lactic acid
Yeast? 2. A human muscle cell?
Anchorage / absorption (of water or
1241 Give one main function of the root of a flowering plant. minerals) / (food) storage
sensory: towards CNS or named part

or from receptor or structural feature
1242 Distinguish between sensory, motor and interneurons (association neurons). motor: away from CNS or named part
or to effector or structural feature
inter: links two neurons
Single set of chromosomes or half the

1243 In genetics, what is meant by the term haploid? diploid number
Disorder: osteoporosis or arthritis

Name a disorder of the musculoskeletal system. Give a Cause: genetic / hormonal / dietary / injury or wear and tear
1244 possible cause of the disorder that you have named and Treatment: anti-inflamatory drugs / hormonal or named / dietary
supplements / pain killers / muscle relaxants / physiotherapy /
suggest a treatment for it. exercise
1245 What is meant by the term immunity? Defence against disease
Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of Advantage: No (harmful) chemicals or specific (target pest)
1246 Disadvantage: Possible extinction (of a species) or may not be specific
biological control of a pest organism. (or explained) or immunity develops or balance of nature disturbed
Photosynthetic: using light to make food or obtain energy
Distinguish between photosynthetic and chemosynthetic Chemosynthetic: Make food or obtain energy using a chemical
1247 reaction
bacteria. Give an example of each type. Example 1: role or implied role e.g. volcanic pools
Example 2: role or implied role e.g. in soil
Give two locations in a cell at which there is a selectively permeable Chloroplast / mitochondrion /
1248 nucleus / vacuole [allow cell
membrane. membrane]
1249 Flowers are the organs of which type of reproduction in the plant? Sexual
thigmotropism: a growth response to touch

1250 Distinguish between thigmotropism and chemotropism. chemotropism: a growth response to substances
or chemicals
Only expressed in homozygous state

1251 What is meant by the term recessive gene? or not dominant
Fossils / Anatomy / Embryos /

1252 Give one source of evidence for the occurrence of evolution. Genetics
State a function of: Schwann cell: produces myelin (sheath)

1253 Myelin sheath: insulation or protection or
1. Schwann cells, 2. Myelin sheath. speeds impulse
The skin is an important part of our immune system. Outline two ways in
1254 Barrier / sweat / scabs
which the skin provides immunity.
Give two possible effects on an ecosystem of the extinction of a Soil erosion / less nutrients / siltation / destroying aquatic
1255 ecosystems / decrease in consumer numbers / increase in
plant species. numbers of other plant(s) / change of animal species
The concentration of glucose is the same in plasma and glomerular filtrate.

1256 glucose) small or passes through
Why is this?
1257 Which tissue transports water from the roots? Xylem
Page 58 of 99
Name: _________________________
In the case of cold alcohol (ethanol) state the following:

1. isolation of DNA
1258 1. An investigation in which you used it, 2. to separate DNA
Change (in the make-up) / in a gene or
1259 What is a mutation? DNA or chromosome
Movement of molecules (or substances) / from area of

What is diffusion? In the case of a named molecule, give a precise high concentration to area of low concentration (or
1260 along a concentration gradient)
location at which it diffuses in the human body. Named molecule and location
growth regulator / selective

1261 State one method that is used to produce seedless fruits. propagation
Under aerobic conditions pyruvic acid (pyruvate) is converted to an acetyl

1262 group and in the process a small molecule is released. Name this small Carbon dioxide
molecule.
Describe a procedure for estimating rabbit numbers in an Capture-recapture: how captured / how marked /
1263 animal welfare comment / release same place /
ecosystem. recapture / count / formula or calculation described
To help the immune system, many people receive vaccinations during their ‘Safe dose’ of a pathogen / causing
1264 antibody production or causing an
lifetime. What is meant by the term vaccination? immune response
1265 Which tissue transports food from the leaves? Phloem
1266 True or False. The cells produced by mitosis are identical. True
Change in a species (over time) or

1267 What is meant by evolution? (reference to) natural selection
In relation to Parkinson’s disease or paralysis give: Cause: injury / genetic / disease / lack of dopamine
1268 1. A possible cause, Treatment: physiotherapy / stem cell / dopamine or
drugs qualified
2. A method of treatment.
1269 State a function of dermal tissue. Protection
Explain the biological basis for the use of high sugar or high salt Bacteria / lose water / by osmosis /
1270 inactivity or death
concentrations in the preservation of food.
1271 Name a gas that is essential for the dark stage of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide
Give an example of an inorganic nutrient, necessary for phytoplankton

1272 Nitrate
growth, that you would expect to find in lake water.
1273 Is xylem a living or dead tissue? Dead
Antibiotics are usually not given to a person suffering from a viral infection.
1274 Antibiotics have no effect on viruses
Suggest a reason for this.
Name one of the scientists who first explained how evolution occurs by
1275 Darwin or Wallace
natural selection.
Carries impulse / across synaptic
1276 Briefly explain the role of neurotransmitter substances. cleft / triggers impulse in next neuron
State one way in which a transverse section through a monocotyledonous

1277 Vascular bundles scattered
stem differs from a dicotyledonous stem.
1278 True or False. Meiosis gives rise to variation. True
1279 Name two forms of heterotrophic nutrition found in bacteria. Parasitic / saprophytic
Page 59 of 99
Name: _________________________
Name: Root pressure / transpiration / adhesion / cohesion

Name and briefly explain any two processes Explain: Root pressure: H2O in pushes H2O up
1280 involved in the upward movement of water in Transpiration: H2O out pulls H2O up (or creates tension)
Adhesion: H2O attracted to walls
plants. Cohesion: H2O (molecules) attracted to each other or allows continuous stream
1281 Suggest a role of the lignin in xylem. Support
Biological (or protein) catalyst (or

1282 What is an enzyme? explained)
1283 Give one source of evidence for evolution. e.g. Fossils
Absorb water/ absorb minerals /

1284 State two functions of a root. anchorage / food store / reproduction
(qualfied)
Reabsorbed (a high threshold

1285 Why is glucose normally absent from urine? substance)
Antigen: causes antibody production.

1286 Distinguish between antigen and antibody. Antibody: a substance produced by the lymphocytes in
response to a specific invading antigen
Substances produced by micro-
1287 What are antibiotics? For what purpose are they used? organisms / inhibit (growth or
reproduction) of bacteria or fungi
e.g. root pressure / cohesion /

1288 Name one process that causes water to move upwards through a plant. adhesion / transpiration stream
Narrow / continuous tube (no end walls

or open ended) or pits / no cell
1289 Give two features of xylem that facilitate the upward movement of water. contents / attraction of H2O to walls /
thick wall
menstruation: shedding of endometrium / in absence
1290 Write notes on menstruation and a disorder of menstruation. of fertilisation or low level of progesterone
disorder: Endometriosis or fibroids / comment
Manipulation or artificial / alteration

1291 What is meant by genetic engineering? of genes or chromosomes
1292 True or False. Mitosis always produces four new cells. False
1293 From what part of a seed does the root develop? Radicles (allow embryo)
(Enzyme) acts on only a particular

1294 What is meant by the specificity of an enzyme? substrate
1295 An organism which makes its own food is called a(n) … Autotroph
1296 Name the structures in the leaves, through which water exits the plant. Stomata
1297 In which of the vascular tissues will water now rise through the plant? Xylem
Name two features of a plant cell which are not normally associated with an
1298 Cell wall, chloroplast, vacuole
animal cell.
Isolation / Cutting / Ligation /
1299 List three of the main procedures used in genetic engineering. Transformation / Cloning / Expression
In the case of alkaline pyrogallol or an anaerobic jar state: 1. to investigate conditions for
1300 1. An investigation in which you used it, germination
2. to remove oxygen
1301 Name the four elements that are always present in protein. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Page 60 of 99
Name: _________________________
Carrot / turnip / parsnip / root tuber /

1302 Give one example of a root modified for food storage. etc.
Two products of the light stage of photosynthesis are vital for the dark stage.
1303 ATP, Hydrogen ions (Protons)
Name each of them.
1304 Vascular tissue is one type of plant tissue. Name two other plant tissues. Ground / epidermal / meristematic
Explain how the Active Site Theory may be used to explain the Substrate / matching enzyme’s active site / active
1305 site changes shape / (formation of) enzyme-
specificity of enzymes. substrate complex / product(s) formed
Osmosis / soil water more dilute or
1306 Explain how water enters root hairs and then passes to the vascular tissue. cytoplasm of the root cells more
concentrated / cell to cell (by osmosis)
e.g. Long-life tomatoes / Weedkiller-

1307 Give two examples of how genetic engineering is used. resistant crops
1308 True or False. Meiosis is never involved in gamete formation. False
1309 What is the point of entry of carbon dioxide to a leaf? Stomata
1310 Name the structures in plant cells in which photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts
One cotyledon vs two cotyledons

Plants can be monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous. Give Parallel venation vs reticulate venation/
1311 any one difference between a monocotyledonous plant Flower parts in multiples of 3 vs flower parts in multiples of 4 /5.
Scattered vs ring of vascular bundles in stems
and a dicotyledonous plant. Fibrous roots vs tap roots
Proteins are made in the ribosomes using a code from DNA. Name the
1312 mRNA
molecule that carries the DNA code to the ribosomes.
resistance: bacteria or fungi not killed by or inhibited by or
Explain what is meant by antibiotic resistance and suggest immune to (antibiotic)
1313 how develops: natural selection has occurred or surviving
how it may develop. strains multiply or misuse comment or plasmid transfer
Mitosis or cell division or growth or to

1314 What is the function of meristematic tissue? produce new cells
All organisms in an ecosystem are influenced by biotic and Biotic – concerned with the activities of living things
1315 Abiotic – concerned with the non-living part of the environment
abiotic factors. Explain the underlined words.
Following a period of heavy exercise an athlete may produce Sweating or water loss or dehydration / blood volume drops or
concentration increases /detected by receptors / brain
1316 only a small volume of concentrated urine. Explain this alerted / ADH secreted / from pituitary / (stimulates)
observation. reabsorption of water/ in distal tubule or collecting duct
Immobilisation: attached to an inert
Bioprocessing often involves the use of immobilised enzymes in a bioreactor. substance (or example of inert
1317 1. What does the term immobilisation refer to when used about enzymes? substance) or fixed to each other
Bioreactor: vessel in which products
2. Explain the term bioreactor. are made by cells (or organisms)
Antibodies or immunity / less danger of infection/ uterus contracts /
1318 Write notes on biological benefits of breastfeeding. may reduce risk of breast cancer / bonding / correct nutrients or easier
to digest / suitable temperature / delayed ovulation
1319 True or False. Single-celled organisms use mitosis for reproduction. True
1320 Explain the term allele as used in genetics. Alternative form of a gene
Give one example of a monocotyledonous plant and one example of a

1321 Example Monocot / Example dicot
dicotyledonous plant.
Name any two abiotic factors from an ecosystem you have studied and e.g. Temperature – thermometer;
1322 Soil pH – pH meter
describe how you measured each one.
1323 Which of the two vascular tissues of plants is composed of living cells? Phloem
Page 61 of 99
Name: _________________________
To what group of biomolecules do the main products of the dark stage

1324 Carbohydrates
belong?
1325 An organism that eats another organism is called a … Consumer or heterotroph
1326 What is usually found in the cytoplasm of a plant cell? Cytosol and Organelles
Give one example of the use of immobilised enzymes in bioreactors. In your Enzyme / Substrate (must match
1327 enzyme) / Product (must match
answer name the enzyme, the substrate and the product. enzyme or substrate)
1328 Explain the term genotype as used in genetics. Genetic makeup (of organism)
formation: (placenta) formed from embryonic and uterine tissues

1329 Write notes on formation and functions of the placenta. functions: connected to embryo by umbilical cord / (placenta)
produces hormones /example of transfer / example of a barrier
Name one animal from the ecosystem you have studied. Describe one way in
1330 e.g. Grasshopper; green colour
which it is adapted to its habitat.
1331 Give one function of ground tissue. Support or storage or photosynthesis
1332 Give two ways by which pollen is transferred from one flower to another. Wind / insects / birds
In addition to carbon dioxide another small molecule is needed for

1333 Water
photosynthesis. Name this other molecule.
1334 Name the liquid part of blood. Plasma
concentration gradient / root hair / osmosis / cell to cell / root

Water is essential for photosynthesis. Briefly outline how pressure / xylem / cohesion or explained / adhesion or
1335 capillarity or explained / Dixon and Joly / transpiration or
water from the soil reaches the leaf. evaporation [accept water loss] / tension
Unit of heredity / functional section of

1336 Explain the term gene as used in genetics. DNA
In which part of the human female reproductive system is the ovum (egg)
1337 Ovary
formed?
Distinguish between a quantitative and a qualitative survey by writing Quantitative - The number of individuals present
1338 Qualitative– Variety of organisms present
a sentence about each.
Suggest a biological explanation for the following: As long as a baby feeds (Sucking or pumping) stimulates
(pituitary) / production of hormone
1339 regularly from its mother’s breast (or if a breast pump is regularly used) the (or correctly named hormone) /
milk will continue to flow. promotes milk flow
1340 Where precisely is vascular tissue found in the root? In the centre
1341 After fertilisation, what part of the flower becomes the fruit? Ovary
Name a test or the solution(s) that is (are) used to detect protein in a food Biuret test
1342 Copper sulphate & Sodium hydroxide
source.
1343 What type of asexual reproduction is shown in yeast? Budding
1344 Where in a human cell would you expect to find most DNA? Nucleus only - (allow chromosomes)
1345 The place where an organism lives is called its … Habitat
Name one plant from the ecosystem you have studied. Describe how you e.g. 1. Daisy; 2. Throw quadrat / note
1346 if daisies present / random or repeat
carried out a quantitative survey to determine its frequency. or calculate or scale up
Page 62 of 99
Name: _________________________
Composed of 90% water and dissolved substances, e.g.

1347 Give two components of plasma products of digestion waste products, hormones, plasma
proteins, antibodies, enzymes, salts.
Which of the tissue types (dermal, ground, vascular) has a different location in
1348 Vascular
a young root?
1349 Name the chamber of the heart that receives blood back from the lungs. Left Auricle (atrium)
Many seedless fruits, e.g. grapes, are available in shops today. State one way Genetic engineering / growth
1350 regulators / hormones / selective
of forming seedless fruits. breeding
Common cold is a viral disease /
Suggest a biological explanation for the following: Doctors are reluctant to antibiotics do not affect viruses /
1351 (overuse of antibiotics) may lead to
prescribe antibiotics to patients suffering from common cold-like symptoms. antibiotic resistance in bacteria (in
patients)
Treating a DNA sample / revealing a
1352 What is meant by DNA profiling? pattern / unique to species or individual
or compare with other pattern
1353 Name a carbohydrate found in the cell wall of plant cells. Cellulose
As a result of pollution, a species of plant disappears from an ecosystem.

Plants and/or animal numbers
1354 Suggest two possible effects that the disappearance of this plant might have increase and /or decrease
on the other plants and animals living in the area.
A survey which records or estimates
1355 What is meant in ecology by a quantitative survey? the numbers of a species (in a
particular ecosystem).
Give one location in a seed in which food is stored. Name a carbohydrate that Cotyledon / Endosperm
1356 Starch
you would expect to be present in this food store.
1357 Which part of a flower usually develops into a fruit? Ovary
The numbers of organisms at each

1358 What is a pyramid of numbers? trophic level
Sometimes artificial methods are used to propagate (reproduce) plants. Name

1359 Grafting/cutting/layering...
any two methods of artificially propagating plants.
1360 In DNA profiling, what is used to cut the DNA strands into fragments? Enzymes
1361 Give the term used for the growth response towards light. Phototropism
e.g. Water is a good solvent, Water

1362 Give two reasons why water is important for all living organisms. maintains its temperature well
Suggest a biological explanation for the following: A person who has suffered Adds fibre / fibre absorbs water /
1363 from constipation may be advised to increase the amount of wholegrain peristalsis encouraged / faster
digestive transit
cereal in her/his diet.
What happens to water molecules when they reach the sites of photolysis or split
1364 Protons or H+ / electrons / oxygen
photosynthesis?
Pollen (grain) germinates or pollen tube produced / grows through
Describe in detail the events that follow the arrival of a style / generative nucleus divides by mitosis / to form 2 (male)
1365 gametes / entry into embryo sac / one (gamete) fertilises the egg
pollen grain at the stigma up to and including fertilisation. (cell) / one fertilises the polar nuclei.
The fusion (union) of a male gamete
1366 What is meant by fertilization? and female gamete [or two haploid
gametes] to form a diploid zygote.
1367 Give two good sources of protein in the human diet. Lean meat, fish, eggs
e.g. Forensics / paternity or maternity

1368 Give two applications of DNA profiling. testing
Page 63 of 99
Name: _________________________
Getting rid of waste / made in the

1369 Explain the term excretion. body
A biological or organic or protein

1370 What is an enzyme? catalyst.
sperm: up to 7 days
ova: up to 2 days. sperm nourished in
1371 Write notes on survival times for sperm and ova. female tract or longer survival time
means greater chance of fertilisation
Square frame used for taking a

1372 What is a quadrat frame? random sample of plants in an area
Water lost by exhaling (or by

Suggest a biological explanation for the following: After a long session of sweating) / less water in blood / ADH
1373 heavy exercise, an athlete’s urine is likely to be concentrated and low in secreted / causes collecting ducts (or
distal tubes or kidney) / to reabsorb
volume. water
Many species of plant have mechanisms that prevent self-pollination. Suggest Greater variation or prevents
1374 inbreeding
how such plants could benefit from this.
For photosynthesis, maximises the
1375 Why is phototropism of benefit to plants? amount of sunlight that falls on leaf
Cancer is the uncontrolled multiplication of abnormal cells. Give two causes of e.g. Viruses / radiation / (cigarette)
1376 smoking / named pollutant
cancer.
1377 The primary source of energy in an ecosystem is the … Sun
1378 On what structures in the cytoplasm are enzymes made? Ribosome
1379 Name two substances excreted by the kidneys. Urea/water/salt / urine
Waste management is becoming an increasingly difficult Increasing population/ increasing consumption (prosperity) /
1380 too little recycling /opposition to incinerators/shortage of
matter. Suggest two reasons for this. landfill sites/ illegal dumping/ NIMBY / cost
Genetic / hormonal / lack of ovulation / disease of endometrium / collapsed
1381 Give one cause of female infertility. Fallopian tubes or abuse of alcohol or abuse of drugs / anorexia / menopause /
contraception / hysterectomy / fibroids /obesity / STD / smoking /stress
1382 Name two methods of cross pollination. Wind / animal
Explain the following terms, which are used in genetics: allele, homozygous, Allele:
1383 Homozygous:
genotype. Genotype:
e.g. Chemotherapy / radiotherapy /

1384 Suggest a possible treatment for cancer. surgery
Suggest a biological explanation for the following: A person’s fingers may turn Arterioles / constrict / less blood (in
1385 fingers) / heat loss minimised
white when exposed to low temperature for a period of time.
1386 Name an enzyme and its substrate. e.g. Catalase; Hydrogen peroxide
1387 Which type of division, mitosis or meiosis, is involved in budding? Mitosis
Name the parts of the kidney in which each of the following takes place:
1. Cortex
1388 1. Filtration 2. Medulla or Cortex
2. Reabsorption
1389 Name the group of substances that controls growth responses in plants. (plant) growth regulators
1390 Write the dental formula for an adult human. i2/2, c1/1, p2/2, m3/3
Page 64 of 99
Name: _________________________
1391 Name the structure on which pollen must land to complete pollination. Stigma
1392 Name the two types of cell division. Mitosis / Meiosis
1393 The parts of the earth and atmosphere in which life is found is called the … Biosphere
Name one disorder of the human breathing system. Give one possible
1394 e.g. Asthma; Use of Inhaler
treatment for the disorder referred to.
What is an amylase? Name a site of amylase action. What is the Amylase: enzyme – converts starch to maltose
1395 Site: Mouth or intestine
approximate pH value at this site? pH: 7.5
Name a substance transported to the liver by the blood in the hepatic portal
1396 Named food or CO 2
vein.
1397 Name an excretory organ in the body other than the kidney. Lungs/skin/liver
1398 Name the blood vessels that bring blood back from the lungs. Pulmonary veins
1399 Name the site of production of a pollen grain. Anther
1400 Which substance moves through cell membranes by osmosis? Water
The passing of small molecules into

1401 What is meant by absorption? the bloodstream from the digestive
tract
Pick a term from the list to match the following description: The role of the
1402 organism in the habitat. Niche
List: Pollution; Niche; Recycle; Burning fuel; Conservation; Smell.

Component / Solvent / Medium / Reaction /
1403 Give one reason why the body needs water. Transport / (cell) shape / Temp. regulator /
(allow reference to hydration)
Identify X and Y in the following equation which is a summary of aerobic

X = O2
1404 respiration. Y = CO2
C6H12O6 + 6X  6Y + 6H20
1405 What is a meristem? A region of mitosis in a plant
Name any one hormone produced by the body. Give a deficiency symptom of Any human hormone
1406 Deficiency symptom must match
the hormone named Hormone
Name one other term used in biology to describe the movement of

1407 Diffusion or active transport
substances through cell membranes.
Iodoform test / sodium hypochlorite / potassium iodide / heat or
1408 How did you test for the presence of alcohol? warm / yellow (crystals) OR Dichromate test / potassium dichromate
or sodium dichromate / acidified / warm / from orange to green
1409 Name the blood vessel that brings oxygenated blood to the liver. Hepatic artery
Pick a term from the list to match the following description: Any harmful
1410 addition to the ecosystem. Pollution

What is the function of the petal? Give two ways in which it may be adapted To attracts insects for pollination
1411 Brightly coloured / nectary
for this function.
1412 What is genetic engineering? Manipulation or alteration of genes
Page 65 of 99
Name: _________________________
In which part of the human female reproductive system does fertilization

1413 Fallopian tubes (oviducts)
occur?
1414 Give one way in which water is lost from the body. Urination, sweating, exhaling
Answer the following in relation to an activity you carried out to demonstrate

(i) Labelled diagram, (ii) Same
osmosis. (i) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus you used in your concentrations e.g. only water (in
1415 demonstration. (ii) Suggest a control that you might use in this activity. (iii) bag), (iii) e.g. increase (or decrease) in
mass or volume of Visking tubing, (iv)
State the result(s) of your investigation. (iv) Briefly explain the result(s) Water moved into (or out of) tubing
referred to in part (iii).
Give two advantages of using immobilised yeast cells in the production of Can be reused / are easy to extract
1416 from the solution / pure product
alcohol.
1417 Give one example of the use of hormone supplements. Any one use
Pick a term from the list to match the following description: A problem
1418 associated with waste disposal. Smell

Animals who can maintain their own
1419 The human being is an endotherm. What does this mean? temperature from heat generated by
its own internal metabolism
1420 Where in the human body is the liver located in relation to the stomach? Above or to the right or behind
Agriculture e.g. Slurry / dilute / on dry land / a fertilizer.

Describe one method of waste management by reference to Fisheries e.g. Heads, neutralise waste / pulped and dried /
1421 fertiliser or pig feed.
agriculture, fisheries or forestry. Forestry e.g. Small branches / humus / Large branches /
wood products.
1422 Describe the role of the sweat glands in relation to body temperature. Sweat / evaporates/ heat lost
Energy release (from food) / without

1423 Explain what is meant by anaerobic respiration. oxygen
If yeast cells are kept under anaerobic conditions, alcohol (ethanol) and 1. Conditions where there is no
1424 another substance are produced. 1. What are anaerobic conditions? 2. Name oxygen present
2. Carbon dioxide
the other substance produced.
Some biological washing powders contain enzymes similar to the ones found
1425 in our digestive system. Suggest what would happen to these enzymes in an Denaturation
80 °C wash.
Pick a term from the list to match the following description: A way to
1426 minimise waste. Recycle

1427 The central nervous system is made up of two main parts. Name each part. Brain/spinal cord
1428 Where would you find rods and cones? Retina of eye
Name the test or name the chemical used to test a sports drink for the Benedict’s reagent, Fehling’s A & B,
1429 Clinistix
presence of glucose (reducing sugar).
1430 Where is bile stored after it has been made in the liver? Gall bladder
1431 Where in the cell does anaerobic respiration occur? Cytoplasm
Support / conduction (xylem and

1432 Give two functions of a stem. phloem) / sometimes storage
Page 66 of 99
Name: _________________________
1433 in our digestive system. Why is 40 °C the recommended temperature for Optimum temperature
these washing powders?

Pick a term from the list to match the following description: Wise
1434 management of an ecosystem. Conservation

Support / movement / protection /
1435 State two functions of the human skeleton. blood formation
Name a disorder of the nervous system. Give one cause of the disorder and
1436 Named disorder/cause/treatment
suggest a means of treating the disorder.
bacteria living in the colon produce
1437 Give one function of symbiotic bacteria in the human digestive system. vitamin B2 and vitamin K
1438 Name the part of the central nervous system that runs through the vertebrae. Spinal cord
Name the two substances produced by the yeast in the process of

1439 Ethanol (alcohol) / carbon dioxide
fermentation.
1440 In which part of the flower is pollen produced? Anther
Pick a term from the list to match the following description: A possible cause
1441 of pollution. Burning Fuel

To break down food-based (or other
1442 in our digestive system. Many of these enzymes are extracted from bacteria. biological) stains
Suggest why such enzymes are included in washing powder.
Emulsify fats (or explained) or
1443 Give one role that the bile salts play in the digestive process. neutralise (or comment on pH)
Name the test or give the chemicals used to test a sports drink for the Biuret test
1444 Copper sulphate & sodium hydroxide
presence of protein.
The inability to produce offspring /
1445 What does the term infertility mean? gametes

1446 What is anaerobic respiration? carbohydrate without using oxygen
1447 How did you know that fermentation had ceased? Bubbling stopped
1448 Suggest some ways of minimizing waste. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
1449 State a function of vascular tissue. Transport / Support
Name two processes that occur in plant or animal cells that require the use of Photosynthesis, Respiration, DNA
1450 replication. Etc.
enzymes.
What happens to the small arteries (arterioles) in the skin when the external Constrict / reduce blood flow / less
1451 heat lost
temperature drops?
M/O: Production of human insulin
Give one example of genetic engineering involving an animal and one Animal: Sheep producing blood clotting factors
1452 Plant: Production of Golden Rice – possible solution
example involving a plant. to Vitamin A deficiency
Give two further functions of the liver, other than the Storage of (fat-soluble) vitamins (or glycogen or named
1453 mineral) / deamination / heat generation / detoxification /
manufacture of bile. plasma protein production / cholesterol production
Page 67 of 99
Name: _________________________
Where does each of the following events take place:

1. Ovary
1454 1. Ovulation 2. In oviduct (not in uterus)
2. Fertilisation
1455 Name the gas released during photosynthesis. Oxygen
Where in the digestive system are the products of digestion absorbed? State Small intestine
1456 Folds / villi / length
one way in which this part of the system is adapted for absorption.
1457 Name the two types of vascular tissue in plants. Xylem, phloem
The movement of water molecules from a region of high (water) concentration to

1458 Define the term osmosis a region of low (water) concentration across a S.P.M or The movement of water
molecules along a concentration gradient across a S.P.M.
Give a detailed account of how enzymes work, (Enzymes have) active site(s) / induced fit / complementary shape to substrate /
1459 particular to small number of substrates / enzyme-substrate complex / products
referring in your answer to their specificity. formed or products released / enzyme unchanged (or can be reused)
1460 What is the main source of body heat in endotherms? Respiration / metabolism
1461 Give two ways in which pollen may be transported to another flower. Wind / insect
The vertebrae form part of the axial skeleton. Name the vertebrae found in: 1. 1. Cervical
1462 2. Lumbar
The neck, 2. The small of the back.
(i) named aquatic plant, (ii) Increased
Answer the following questions in relation to an investigation that you carried or decreased lamp-beaker distance OR
Different concs of NaHCO3, (iii)
out to study the effect of light intensity or carbon dioxide concentration on Temperature / CO2 conc. OR
the rate of photosynthesis. (i) Name the plant that you used, (ii) How did you Temperature / light intensity, (iv)
Water bath if temperature/ (same)
1463 vary the light intensity or the carbon dioxide concentration? (iii) Name one lamp at same distance if light intensity
factor that you kept constant during the investigation. (iv) How did you keep / same conc NaHCO3 if CO2 conc., (v)
Count bubbles / per unit time, (vi)
that factor constant? (v) How did you measure the rate of photosynthesis? (vi) Greater light intensity or higher CO2
What was the result of your investigation? conc./ → higher rate of
photosynthesis
In vitro fertilisation is a method used to treat infertility. What is meant by the In a glass vessel / Test tube (Allow
1464 ‘outside body’)
term in vitro in relation to fertilisation?
1465 True or False. The base Uracil is found in DNA. False
1466 Where in a plant cell does photosynthesis take place? Chloroplast
Briefly outline the role of carbon dioxide in the control of the human Medulla oblongata registers blood CO2 levels.
1467 More CO2 results in faster (breathing) or less
breathing rate. CO2 results in slower (breathing)
1468 Where in the cell does the first stage of respiration take place? Cytosol
Rods: monochromatic vision (dim

1469 Give one function of rods and one function of cones. light)
Cones: colour vision
Water entering root hair cell; water
1470 Give an example of osmosis in plants. moving from cell to cell in
transpiration
1471 Enzyme activity is affected by … Temperature or pH
1472 Name the three bones that form the human arm. Humerus, radius, ulna
1473 True or False. Chloroplasts contain DNA. True
Page 68 of 99
Name: _________________________
Inability to ovulate / blocked

1474 Give one cause of infertility in women. oviducts / menopause or age /
weight / excessive exercise …
Cause / symptom / treatment / prevention
Write a short note (about five lines) on one of the Arthritis: e.g. injury /disease / inflammation / affects joints / impairs
1475 movement / joint replacement / dietary supplement /etc. OR
following: arthritis or osteoporosis. Osteoporosis: e.g. loss of bone tissue / bones brittle / common in older
women / HRT / calcium deficiency / pain / exercise / lack of exercise
1476 Give the alternative name of the first stage of photosynthesis. Light (stage)
Carbon dioxide levels are usually higher in venous blood than in arterial Venous blood has collected CO2 / from
1477 respiration (or cells) / arterial blood has
blood. Why is this the case? been cleared of CO2 (in lungs)
Feeding level, i.e. the position of an

1478 In ecology what is meant by a trophic level? organism in a food chain
1479 Enzymes trapped in an inactive material are referred to as … Immobilised
Provides bulk / can prevent overeating / gives muscles something to

1480 State a benefit of dietary fibre. push against / keeps gut contents moving / absorbs water / keeps
faeces soft / easier to egest / prevents constipation.
True or False. The microscope lenses closest to the stage are the eyepiece
1481 False
lenses.
1482 A catabolic reaction in an animal. E.g. … Respiration
As a result of fertility treatment, an embryo develops successfully from an in

1483 Implantation / Frozen
vitro fertilisation. What is the next step for the embryo?
The process of breaking down food
1484 What is meant by the term digestion? into soluble molecules
1485 Give a feature of a capillary which allows the rapid uptake of carbon dioxide. Wall one cell thick or thin wall
one (diploid) nucleus divides to form 4

1486 Some cells in the human body undergo meiosis. Give one function of meiosis. different (haploid) (daughter) nuclei
1487 Term for the substance with which an enzyme reacts. Substrate
During the first stage of photosynthesis energised electrons enter two

1488 Chlorophyll
pathways. Where do the energised electrons come from?
1489 True or False. Sodium alginate is used to immobilise enzymes. True
1490 Where is FSH produced? Pituitary
Seed or zygote or embryo or food

1491 What forms in the carpel after pollination and fertilization? reserve
1492 Name the liquid part of the blood. Plasma
1493 Name a structure found in cells in which carbon dioxide is produced. Mitochondrion
Gene located on X- chromosome or on

1494 In genetics, what is meant by sex linkage? Y-chromosome
1495 Give an advantage of using immobilised enzymes. Reusable
1496 What is meant by an enzyme? Biological catalyst
Page 69 of 99
Name: _________________________
1497 True or False. Plant cell walls are fully permeable. True
Soluble / for transport / allow

1498 Why does digestion occur in seeds during germination? ”glucose for respiration‟
In the second stage of photosynthesis compounds of the general formula

1499 Carbohydrates
Cx(H2O)y are formed. What name is given to this group of compounds?
1500 Does the first stage of respiration require oxygen? No
Different lifestyle factors have an effect on the health of our circulatory

1501 Any two factors
system. Name any two of these factors.
Brain sends message to muscles / intercostal muscles contract /
1502 Outline the details of the process of inhalation. diaphragm contracts / ribcage moves up and out / diaphragm moves
down / volume of thoracic cavity increases / pressure drops / air in
Name another type of microscope that gives greater detail than a light
1503 Electron microscope
microscope.
Myosin in muscle
1504 Give an example of a protein that has a structural role. Collagen in skin
1505 True or False. Animal cells do not have membranes. False
1506 Name a fungus, other than yeast, that you studied during your course. Rhizopus
1507 What is the function of the cornea? Allows light to enter eye
1508 An anabolic reaction in a plant. E.g. … Photosynthesis
From which simple compound does the plant obtain the H used to make
1509 Water (or H2O)
compounds of general formula Cx(H2O)y?
1510 Where in a plant cell does photosynthesis take place? Chloroplast
1511 Name two compounds that leave the plant through lenticels. Water / Carbon dioxide
1512 Does the aorta carry blood towards or away from the heart? Away from
1513 True or False. An organ is a group of systems. False
Biotic: these are the living features of an ecosystem that affect the other
1514 Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors. members of the community
Abiotic: the non-living features of an ecosystem that affect the community
1515 Name the blood vessel that joins the ileum to the liver. Hepatic portal vein
Material [or described] supplying food

1516 What is a nutrient medium? or material allowing growth
1. Free from all types of micro-organisms.

1517 Give two meanings for the term sterile. 2. Incapable of producing fertile gametes
Plant cells have a wall / large vacuole /

1518 List two differences between a plant cell and an animal cell. chloroplast
Name the structures found in stems, equivalent to stomata in leaves, which

1519 Lenticels
are involved in gaseous exchange in plants.
Page 70 of 99
Name: _________________________
State a precise role for each of the following in 1. supplies carbon for the formation of carbohydrate
1520 2. supplies hydrogen or protons (H+) or electrons or photolysis or
photosynthesis: 1. Carbon dioxide, 2. Water. described [allow formation of carbohydrate or named once]
1521 State a function of the contractile vacuole of Amoeba. Water balance / Osmoregulation
Blood from left ventricle must be

1522 Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the wall of the right ventricle? pumped further / greater pressure
Name the simple compound that supplies the necessary energy for the second
1523 Adenosine Triphosphate (or ATP)
stage reactions in photosynthesis.
The DNA molecule is composed of two strands held together by paired bases.
1. Adenine
1524 1. Which base can link only to thymine? 2. Guanine
2. Which base can link only to cytosine?
An edaphic factor is an example of an abiotic factor. Explain the underlined Factors relating to the soil [which
1525 affects the distribution of organisms in
term. a (terrestrial) ecosystem]
Holds cell together / selectively

1526 Give two functions of the cell membrane. permeable / displays antigens
Comment on the amount of energy released in the first stage of Very little (4 ATP) released during Glycolysis when one
1527 molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of
respiration. pyruvate. 2 ATP used to start the process.
Name: Parkinson’s disease;

1528 Name a disorder of the nervous system and give a possible treatment for it. Treatment: Drugs
Movement / Feeding / Egestion /

1529 State a function of the pseudopod of Amoeba. Homeostasis
1530 What type of lens is used to correct long sight? Convex lens
1531 Name the arteries that supply the heart wall with blood. Coronary / Cardiac
Production or development of follicle

1532 Give one function of FSH. (egg) or (stimulate) oestrogen
production
Period of reduced metabolism (or
1533 What is meant by the dormancy of seeds? period of reduced activity) or period
of no growth.
1534 Which organelle is known as “the powerhouse of the cell”? Mitochondrion
“The same amount of DNA is present in nuclei of cells taken from the liver, chromosome contains DNA
mitosis maintains same chromosome
1535 heart, pancreas and muscle of a rat.” Use your knowledge of DNA and mitosis number or cells derived from mitotic
to explain this statement. division
There are probably more people suffering from Alzheimer’s disease now than Larger population or more people
1536 living into old age
ever before. Suggest a reason for this.
1537 Give one difference between a plant cell and an amoeba. Plant Cell has Cell Wall
1538 For what is ATP an abbreviation? Adenosine triphosphate
Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative Quantitative: A survey which records or estimates the numbers of a species
1539 (in a particular ecosystem).
surveys in an ecosystem. Qualitative: A survey which indicates if a species is present or not
1540 What is the role of valves in the heart? To prevent backflow of blood
1541 What name is given to the first stage of respiration? Glycolysis
1542 Why does the nucleus of a cell have many pores? To allow passage of materials
Page 71 of 99
Name: _________________________
In which part of the digestive system is water absorbed? Colon or rectum or stomach or duodenum or ileum
1543 Stores faeces or expels faeces or digestion or digestion
Give another function of this part of the digestive system. or digestion (Allow Intestine)
A student brings a tuna and sweetcorn sandwich, an apple and a bag of crisps Tuna
1544
for her lunch. What food in the student’s lunch is a good source of protein?
1545 What do you think is meant by the term “degenerative illnesses”? Getting worse
Give one way in which the dormancy of seeds is of benefit to Survival or germination delayed until conditions suitable for
1546 growth or greater time for embryo development (or greater
plants. time for dispersal) or reduced competition
1547 A fat-soluble vitamin. E.g. … Vitamin A, D, E, K
An enzyme which is fixed to an inert

1548 What is meant by immobilisation? material by chemical or physical
means.
The lymphatic system is another series of vessels carrying fluid in the body. Returns fluid to blood / transport /
1549 lymphocytes(Immunity)
Give any two functions of the lymphatic system.
1550 Why does the nucleus of a cell have many pores? To allow passage of materials

1551 Explain what is meant by the term DNA profiling. is broken up using specific enzymes and then sorted by size on
A student brings a tuna and sweetcorn sandwich, an apple and a bag of crisps
1552 Crisps / “Butter” (on bread)
for her lunch. What food in the student’s lunch is a good source of fat?
Most animals move too fast or are too
1553 Why is a quadrat unsuitable for studying most animal populations? big / use capture-recapture method /
can be used if animal is slow moving
Memory / learning / emotion / speech / vision
1554 State three functions of the cerebrum. / intelligence / movement / language / smell /
hearing / logic / personality / taste
Niche: The functional role of an organism (in an ecosystem)
Explain the following terms that are used in ecology: niche, Edaphic factor: Factors relating to the soil [which affects the
1555 distribution of organisms in a (terrestrial) ecosystem]
edaphic factor, symbiosis. Symbiosis: A relationship between two species living in close
proximity involving benefit to one or both
Suggest one way in which knowledge of dormancy is useful to (Optimum) storage conditions or (optimum) sowing (or
1556 ploughing) time or (maximise) the growing season or seed
farmers and gardeners. treatment before sowing (or examples)
The conversion of nitrogen into

1557 What is meant by nitrogen fixation? nitrates
Draw labelled diagrams of two pieces of apparatus that you used to collect
1558 Apparatus / Named animal / Diagram
animals and in each case name the apparatus and an animal collected.
1559 In what structures in the lungs does gaseous exchange take place? Alveoli or Air sacs
1560 Name one water-soluble vitamin. Vitamin B or C
The process of converting ammonia

1561 What is meant by nitrification? into nitrites and/or nitrites to nitrates
1562 Where in the cell does the second stage of respiration take place? Mitochondria
Distinguish between the position of the cerebellum and the position of the The cerebellum – hind brain and
1563 cerebrum – forebrain
cerebrum in the human brain.
stores or provides energy for cell
1564 What is the role of ATP in cells? activities
1565 Suggest a plant that would not be suitable to survey using a quadrat. Large plants, e.g. ash, oak, etc.
Page 72 of 99
Name: _________________________
Quantitative surveys e.g. distribution,

1566 What is a quadrat used for in your ecology studies? frequency, cover
Water: for enzyme action (or example of enzyme

Water, oxygen and a suitable temperature are all required for the action) or as a solvent or transport of materials or
bursting the testa [allow washing away inhibitors]
1567 germination of seeds. In the case of each of these factors describe Suitable temp: required for (optimum or increased)
its effect on the process of germination. enzyme activity
Oxygen: needed for (aerobic) respiration
1568 Name one structural protein in humans. Keratin / Myosin / Collagen
Thin walls / moist surfaces /

1569 Give one feature of the alveoli that allows efficient exchange of gases. surrounded by capillaries/ large
surface area / expandable
Name the type of bonding which occurs between members of a base pair in
1570 Hydrogen bonding
DNA.
Give an account of how neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters are secreted by the neuron into (or crosses) the synaptic cleft.
1571 They react with receptors on the next neuron and set up the impulse in this neuron.
work. They are inactivated by enzymes and reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron
1572 A reducing sugar. E.g. … All monosaccharides and maltose
1573 Name the nutrient medium that you used. Nutrient agar
Wise management of natural

1574 In ecology, what is meant by the term conservation? resources
1575 Where in a cell does this first stage of respiration take place? Cytosol
Energy (storage) / Insulation / Cell

1576 Give one function of fat in the human body. Membranes/(Storage of fat soluble)
vitamins/Protection
To make (nitrogen) available or

1577 What is the function of the nitrogen cycle? described / for use by organisms
1578 What is the function of the larynx? To make sound
Which part of the embryo in a germinating seed gives rise to each of the 1. Radicle
1579 2. Plumule
following parts of the seedling? 1. The root 2. The shoot.
Name the type of particle whose movement in and out of neurons is an
1580 Ion
essential feature of nerve impulse transmission.
Lack of randomness / insufficient quadrats /
1581 State one possible source of error in a survey of an ecosystem. species identification / carelessness / human
error / unsuitable equipment
To prevent extinction / (to maintain)
1582 Suggest why conservation is important in an ecosystem. biodiversity / (to maintain) the
balance of nature
Yes if respiration is aerobic

1583 Does the second stage of respiration require oxygen? No if respiration is anaerobic
1584 What term is used to describe all the chemical reactions in the human body? Metabolism
What term do ecologists use to describe an animal which kills and eats other
1585 Predator
animals?
(calcium or sodium) alginate or other
1586 Name a substance that is used to immobilise enzymes. correct
Impulse from brain / (intercostal) muscles contract / diaphragm

1587 Outline the steps involved in inhalation. contracts / thoracic cavity increases or rib cage up and out or
diaphragm flattens / pressure drops / air in
A pair of muscles that work with

1588 Explain what is meant by an antagonistic muscle pair. opposing actions
Page 73 of 99
Name: _________________________
DNA extracted or explained / DNA cut into

1589 What are the stages involved in DNA profiling. fragments / using enzymes / fragments separated /
on basis of size / pattern analysed

1590 What is meant by the term pollution? environment
Describe the development of pollen grains from microspore mother Meiosis / 4 (or tetrad ) / haploid / micospores /
1591 (divides by) mitosis / tube and generative nucleus /
cells. pollen grain matures (or wall forms)
famine or food availability / birth control / war / disease /
1592 Give four factors that influence the size of the human population. birth rate / death rate or longevity / degree of medical
care / natural disaster or example
Organisms capable of interbreeding

1593 What is meant by the term species? and producing fertile offspring
1594 A polysaccharide. E.g. … Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
The method by which plants make

1595 What is meant by the term photosynthesis? their own food
To what substance is glucose normally converted in the first stage of Pyruvate

1596 No oxygen required
respiration? Is oxygen required for this conversion?
1597 Name the structure which attaches muscle to bone. Tendon
e.g. Air pollution / water pollution /

1598 State any two types of pollution associated with waste disposal. ground pollution
1599 Name the blood vessel that returns blood to the heart from the lungs. Pulmonary vein
Fusion of gametes or formation of

1600 What is meant by the term fertilisation? zygote
epiglottis: to close off trachea or

1601 State the function of the following: epiglottis, larynx. described
larynx: to make sound
1602 From what structure in the carpel does the seed develop? Ovule
1603 A gas from the air is needed for photosynthesis. Name this gas. CO2 / Water Vapour
Explain the following terms as used in genetics: 1. heterozygous, 2. incomplete Heterozygous:

1604 Incomplete dominance:
dominance, 3. phenotype. Phenotype:
Name a group of organisms in which the XY chromosome pair gives rise to a

1605 Birds or butterflies or moths
different sex than in cattle.
1. Give one example of a waste associated with agriculture or forestry or 1. Example of waste;
1606 2. How waste is managed
fisheries. 2. State how the named waste is managed.
Name a breathing disorder. Name: Asthma
Bronchitis
Cause: narrowing of the bronchioles and mucus
___________________ and state: 1. secretion Cause: bacteria, viruses and irritants such as
1607 Prevention: avoid of pollen, house mites, dog
cigarette smoke and air pollutants
A cause, 2. A means of prevention, and cat dander or vigorous exercise
Prevention: avoid smoky atmosphere
Treatment: antibiotics if bacterial
3. A treatment Treatment: steroid tablets or inhalers
Comment on the amount of energy released in the second stage of Very large amount / much greater
1608 than in the first stage
respiration.
Give a brief account of the process of fertilisation in flowering Generative nucleus / mitosis / two male gametes (or nuclei) /
1609 one fuses with egg / to form zygote / other (male gamete or
plants. nucleus) fuses with (two) polar nuclei / to form
diaphragm contracts / lowers / intercostal
Describe briefly the role of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in muscles contract / rib cage up/ volume of
1610 chest (cavity) increased / decreased
inhalation. In your answer refer to volume and thoracic air pressure. pressure / air in / to equalise pressure
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1611 Name the part of a plant cell in which photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts

1612 Give two applications of DNA profiling. Genetic Screening, Genetic
Archaeology
1613 Give three ways to minimise waste. e.g. Reduce / Reuse / Recycle
1614 What term is used to describe the allele pair Pp? Heterozygous
enzyme can be reused / can be recovered /

1615 Give two advantages of using immobilised enzymes. pure product / comment on cost or efficiency
or stability or longer lasting
1616 What is meant by DNA profiling? is broken up using specific enzymes and then sorted by size on
Name a compound to which pyruvic acid (pyruvate) may be converted, in the In animals: lactic acid
1617 In plants (yeast): ethanol and carbon
absence of oxygen. dioxide
Give a role for each of the following parts of a Sepals: protect flower (or bud) or photosynthesis or attract insects
1618 Anthers: produce pollen
flower: sepals, anther and stigma. Stigma: traps (or catches) pollen [allow where pollen lands if qualified]
light energy
1619 Write a balanced equation for photosynthesis. 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
chlorophyll
Name the process involved in the passage of gas between the alveolus and
1620 Diffusion
the blood.
e.g. To consume waste e.g. sewage
1621 Give one example of the use of micro-organisms in waste management. breakdown
Name and outline the procedure used for analysing the DNA samples that DNA profiling
revealed the presence of horse meat in products labelled as beef. Would the Cut (DNA into fragments) / with
1622 (restriction) enzymes / separate
result be the same if the beef were contaminated with pig meat? Explain your fragments / on basis of size / analyse
results (or explained)
answer.
1623 What term is used to describe the animal that is killed and eaten? Prey
State two ways in which the energy that is released during respiration is used Movement / metabolism / protein
1624 synthesis / assimilation
in the human body.
1625 A trace element in the human diet. E.g. … Iron, copper, zinc
1626 In DNA profiling, what are used to cut DNA strands into fragments? Restriction enzymes
Plants contain the green pigment chlorophyll. What is the role of chlorophyll To absorb light / to convert light to
1627 chemical energy
in photosynthesis?
Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. Food True / Energy lost at (or between)
1628 levels or described
chains are usually short.
1629 Explain the term habitat as used in ecology. Where an organism lives
Name the molecule, formed from DNA, which carries the instruction to
1630 mRNA
manufacture proteins.
capillary network / moist surface /
1631 Give three ways in which an alveolus is adapted for efficient gas exchange. thin walled / elastic wall
Name the main gas transported in the pulmonary vein. How is this gas Oxygen
1632 Transported as oxyhaemoglobin
transported?
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Testing (people) for the presence of a (specific)

1633 What is genetic screening? gene or
To establish presence or absence of gene(s)
1634 State two locations in the seed where food may be stored. Cotyledon / endosperm
A biological (or organic or protein) /

1635 What is an enzyme? catalyst
Application: Making lactose-free milk

Give one application of a named immobilised enzyme. In your answer, refer to Enzyme: Immobilised lactase
1636 Substrate: Heat-treated skimmed milk
substrate, enzyme and product. Product: lactose-free milk
1637 True or False. The term abiotic refers to the living factors in an ecosystem. False
Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. The False / Usually eaten by 2nd level
1638 consumers (or carnivores)
herbivores in an ecosystem normally live long lives.
1639 Where in a cell are proteins manufactured? Ribosomes

1640 Give two applications (uses) of DNA profiling. Genetic Screening, Genetic
Archaeology
1641 Comment on the difficulty of defining viruses as living organisms. host cell only or obligate parasite / do not possess
the ability of the body to resist

1642 What is meant by the term immunity? infection
Enzyme: any enzyme

1643 Name any one enzyme, and its substrate, and its product. Substrate: must match enzyme
Product: must match substrate or enzyme
1644 Where does meiosis occur in the human male? Testis
1645 True or False. Grazing food chains begin with animals. False
If the population of prey declines suggest two possible consequences for the Starvation or death / migration /
1646 decline in population / increased
predators. competition / change food source
Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. The
only remaining natural ecosystems in Ireland, for example mountain land True / Use causes change or no abuse
1647 or no economic value or
above the heather line and salt marsh, are ones for which mankind has no False / Valid reason
use.
1648 Name the biomolecule that is the major component of meat. Protein
Other than the secretion of hormones, how does an endocrine gland differ
1649 ductless or secretes into blood stream
from an exocrine gland?
1650 Name the plant from which you isolated DNA in your practical studies. Kiwi
The rate of activity of enzymes can be affected by various factors. Name any
1651 Temperature / pH
two factors that can affect enzyme activity.
What is homeostasis? Note one reason why it is important in the Maintaining a constant internal environment
1652 Reason: allows normal metabolic activities or keeps
human body. temperature suitable for enzyme reactions
1653 Explain the term producer as used in ecology. Organism that makes its own food
The embryo plant within the seed has a number of parts. List two of these radicle / plumule
1654 develops root / develops shoot
parts, apart from food stores, and give a role for each of them.
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Substances produced by bacteria or fungi

1655 What is an antibiotic? [accept micro-organisms] to treat infections
[kill other bacteria or fungi]
The production of a (particular)

1656 What is meant by the term gene expression? protein (using the gene’s code)
True / Premature death of parents or poor

Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. living conditions or poor health care (or
1657 example) or poor education or an example of
HIV / AIDS has orphaned many children in sub-Saharan Africa. a cultural reason
Animals whose body temperature
1658 What is meant by an ectotherm? varies with the environmental
temperature
Enzymes are sometimes immobilised in industrial processes. What is meant by Attached to a (inert)substance/
1659 trapped / in beads
the term immobilised in relation to enzymes?
1660 A carbohydrate is composed of carbon, hydrogen and … Oxygen
1661 What is the primary source of energy for plant cells? Sun / light
For what precise purpose did you use freezer-cold ethanol (alcohol) in your
1662 To separate the DNA
isolation of DNA?
chemical transmission / slower
1663 State two ways in which hormone action differs from nerve action. action / longer lasting effect / many
target organs
1664 Where is sperm stored in the human male? Epididymis
Interbreeding population producing

1665 Explain the term species. fertile offspring
1666 To which kingdom do bacteria belong? Monera or Prokaryotae
Can be reused / pure product /

1667 Give one advantage of using immobilised enzymes. cheaper
1668 What are the two main biochemical components of a virus particle? Protein coat / nucleic acid
Role or ‘occupation’ of organism (in its

1669 Explain the term niche as used in ecology. habitat)
1670 An example of a water-soluble vitamin is … Vitamin B, C
1671 A chemical that is used to show the presence of starch is … Iodine
Decomposition is essential for the addition of nutrients to the soil. Explain the
1672 The decaying of a dead organism
underlined term.
Feel (or locate) pulse (or observe
1673 How did you measure pulse rate or breathing rate? breathing) / Count heart beats (or breaths)
for stated time / Repeat and find average.
Dormancy: a period of rest before growth
Following dispersal, the seed undergoes a period of dormancy. Advantages: Ensures springtime germination / maximises
1674 the growing season for the new seedling / in desert plants
What is dormancy? Suggest two advantages of dormancy. – ensures water for further growth
1675 What is the main source of energy in an ecosystem? The Sun
1676 Where are primary producers found in a pyramid of numbers? Base or bottom
1677 Calcium and iron are examples of essential … Minerals / elements
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recognition / produce antibodies /

1678 Outline briefly the role of B lymphocytes in the human immune system. specific to antigens or in response to
antigens
In the case of a named hormone give: 1. a deficiency symptom, 2. a Hormone: Thyroxine

1679 1. Child – slow growth, mental retardation
corrective measure. 2. thyroxine tablets
Stimulates male primary & secondary sexual

1680 State two functions of testosterone. characteristics / sperm formation
1681 The liquid in which chemical reactions take place in the cell is … Cytosol
When you investigated the effect of exercise on the human pulse rate or The resting (pulse) rate or resting
1682 (breathing) rate
breathing rate what did you first establish?
Explain the following terms used in ecology:
1. Biosphere – Everywhere life is possible
1683 1. Biosphere
2. Habitat – A place where organism(s) live
2. Habitat.
Name two groups of micro-organisms in the soil which are responsible for
1684 Bacteria / fungi
decomposition.
Carbohydrate / monosaccharide /
1685 Glucose is an example of which type of biomolecule? sugar
Pyramid showing any inversion (at

1686 Using named examples, construct a simple inverted pyramid of numbers. least two levels). Any two named
organisms in inverted relationship
Antibiotics should not be prescribed for a person suffering from a viral

1687 Antibiotics have no effect on viruses
infection. Suggest a reason for this.
1688 Fats are made from fatty acids and … Glycerol
Predator: An animal (or organism ) which kills and eats an animal

(or organism or prey)
What is meant by each of the following in ecology: Habitat: The place where an organism lives
1689 Niche: The functional role of an organism (in an ecosystem)
predator; habitat; niche; biosphere; ecosystem? Biosphere: The part of the planet where life occurs
Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with one
another and their environment
At the base / of the aorta or the

1690 Where did you find the semilunar valves during the dissection of the heart? pulmonary artery
A survey in which the number of a

1691 What is meant by a quantitative survey of organisms in a habitat? particular species/organism is counted
Active: When the body produces its own antibodies

1692 Distinguish between active and passive immunity. Passive: The body receives ready-made antibodies to
combat infection giving short lived protection
1693 Proteins always contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and … Nitrogen
True or false. If the eyepiece lens of a microscope is marked X10 and the
1694 False
objective lens is marked X4, the total magnification is X14.
e.g. 1. Treatment of diabetes 2.
1695 Give two examples of the use of hormone supplements. Contraception
1696 What is the function of flagella on bacteria? For movement or propulsion
The study of the structure and

1697 Genetics is the study of … function of genes and their
transmission from parents to offspring
Pooter / Beating tray / Pitfall trap /

1698 Name two pieces of apparatus used to collect animals from an ecosystem. Net…
Briefly describe how you carried out the dissection to expose the tricuspid Cut through the right side of the heart
1699 / using a scalpel
valve.
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Name: _________________________
1700 In a woman the sex chromosomes are XX; in a man they are … XY
1701 An example of a fat-soluble vitamin is … A/D/E/K
Cause: low sperm count / low sperm

1702 Give a cause of male infertility and suggest a corrective measure. mobility / endocrine gland failure
Correction: IVF
1703 If the diploid number in a cell is 46, the haploid number is … 23
1. Name of a hormone-producing
1. Name a hormone-producing gland in the human body. gland
2. Where in the body is the gland located? 2. Location of named gland
3. Hormone secreted by named
3. Name a hormone that this gland secretes. gland
1704
4. State a role of this hormone. 4. Role of hormone
5. Describe what happens if the body experiences a deficiency of this 5. Description of deficiency
symptom [Accept named
hormone. condition]
1705 In order to make proteins, DNA is first transcribed as messenger ... mRNA
Organism that kills & eats others

1706 What is meant by the term predator? (allow kills its prey)
When dissecting a mammalian heart where, precisely, did you locate the Between the right atrium and right
1707 ventricle
tricuspid valve?
1708 Name any two of the main bacterial types (shapes). Cocci / rods / spirals
Benedict’s (solution) / Fehling’s

1709 A solution used to test for the presence of glucose is … (solution)
1710 A change in the genetic material of an organism is called a … Mutation
1711 Name two diseases caused by viruses. Measles / mumps / rubella / AIDS
True or false. Plant cells have chloroplasts; animal cells do not have
1712 True
chloroplasts.
What term is used to describe the glands that secrete hormones in the human
1713 Endocrine (or ductless)
body?
Management of an ecosystem (not
1714 What is meant by the term conservation? natural resource & not protection)
1715 Give one main function of the leaf. To make food
Where do scientists usually publish the results and conclusions of their

1716 Scientific journal(s)
investigations?
1717 True or False. Anabolism is the breaking down of large molecules. False
vaccination introduces antigen /

1718 “Vaccination gives rise to active immunity”. Explain this statement. causes antibody production to gain
immunity to that infection
1719 By which method do bacterial cells reproduce? Binary fission
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In certain situations a person is given a specific antibody rather than being

vaccinated. 1. passive
1. Is this an example of active or passive immunity? 2. infection may already have
occurred or possibility of dangerous
1720 2. Under what circumstances might an antibody, rather than a vaccination, be infection or no vaccine available or
given? vaccine too expensive
3. short term
3. Comment on the duration of immunity that follows the administration of an
antibody.
1721 Is an enzyme a lipid, a protein or a carbohydrate? Protein
1722 Explain the following terms that are used in genetics: Allele. Allele – alternative form of a gene
automatic / response to a stimulus /

1723 What is a reflex action? involuntary (or not controlled by
brain)
The extent of our basic knowledge or the basis of investigation
1724 Give one example of a limitation of the scientific method. or our ability to interpret results or application to the natural
world in state of change or accidental discoveries
1725 Name the group of biomolecules to which enzymes belong. Proteins
reproduction or seed dispersal (a

1726 What is the role of the fruit? source of food for animals)
1727 Give a function of ligaments. Joins bone to bone
Name the tube-like tissue found in the stem in which water moves through
1728 Xylem
the plant.
They live (respire) without or in the
1729 Some bacteria are anaerobic. What does this mean? absence of oxygen
Heterozygous–two alleles / Tt (2
1730 Explain the following terms that are used in genetics: Heterozygous. genes not acceptable)
1731 True or false. Humans receive oxygen from the air they inhale. True
1732 True or False. Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body. True
Focus using coarse focus or focus using

1733 Describe how you examined the cells using the microscope. lower power focus using medium (or
high) power (or using fine focus)
1734 Give one example of a reflex action. e.g. coughing, blinking, sneezing etc.
1735 Where in a cell are enzymes produced? Ribosomes
Name the element, other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which is always
1736 Nitrogen
found in protein.
bacteriophage or used in genetic
1737 Give an example of a beneficial application of a virus. engineering or vaccine production or
vector (in disease treatment)
Phenotype – genotype expressed /

1738 Explain the following terms that are used in genetics: Phenotype. genotype +environment
A survey which records or estimates

1739 What is meant in ecology by a quantitative survey? the numbers of a species (in a
particular ecosystem).
1740 True or False. Nutrition is the way living organisms get rid of waste. False
Page 80 of 99
Name: _________________________
To protect the sample from drying out

1741 Explain why a coverslip is used. or to protect the lens from the stain
1742 What are pathogenic bacteria? Disease causing organisms/bacteria
1743 Suggest an advantage of reflex actions. Protection or fast (response)
1744 Give one main function of the root. Anchorage / absorption / storage
1745 What is the principal source of energy for the Earth’s ecosystems? The sun
In humans, brown eye (B) is dominant to blue eye (b). Two parents, one
heterozygous for eye colour and the other with blue eyes, start a family. (i) (bb)
1746 (ii) One Parent – (B) / (b)
(i) What is the genotype of the blue-eyed parent? Other Parent - (b)
(ii) What are the possible gametes that each parent can produce?
Structural: growth, repair, muscle, hair, nails
1747 State one reason that your body needs protein. Metabolic: enzymes, immunity (antibodies)
True or False. In science, a hypothesis is an educated guess based on

1748 True
observations.
1749 Give a function of synovial fluid. lubricate a joint / reduce friction
1750 Outline how you used the coverslip. At angle / how lowered
1751 Name a producer. Any named green plant
1752 Name a disorder of the human nervous system. Paralysis or Parkinson’s
1753 Give two example of the economic importance of bacteria. Any two examples
Explain, in terms of what happens to body cells, what is meant by the term
1754 Control over cell division is lost
cancer.
A non- living feature of an ecosystem
1755 What is meant by an abiotic factor? that affects the community
1756 True or False. In experiments the factor that is changed is called the variable. True / False
1757 What is a tissue? Group of similar cells
What stain did you use on the animal cells when examining them under the
1758 Methylene blue
light microscope?
A unit of DNA which codes for the
1759 Explain briefly what is meant by a gene. production of a specific protein
1760 True or false. Cell membranes let only some molecules pass through. True
In the case of a disorder of the human nervous system state: Paralysis or Parkinson’s
1. Relevant cause
1761 1. A possible cause. 2. Relevant means of prevention
2. A means of prevention or a treatment. or treatment
Any two causes e.g. Radiation /

1762 Give two possible causes of cancer. Smoking …
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Name: _________________________
1763 State one way in which a named organism is adapted to the ecosystem. Greenfly – colour (camouflage)
1764 What is the purpose of a control in scientific experiments? To compare (with the experiment)

1765 Explain why it is difficult to classify viruses as living organisms. host cell only or obligate parasite / do not possess
The allele for brown eye (B) is dominant to the allele for blue eye (b). Allele: An alternative form of a gene
1766 Dominant: One allele masks the
Explain each of the underlined terms. expression of the other
Describe how you obtained a sample of cells when preparing animal cells for
1767 Rubbed inside cheek with swab
examination with a light microscope.
1768 Name two foods in which you found protein. Lean meat, fish, eggs
a square frame with internal dimensions of one metre or half a

1769 What is a quadrat frame? metre. May or may not be sub-divided with wires or string. Used
for taking a random sample of plants in an area
Some people choose to be screened to determine their risk of getting a Checking / for presence of specific
1770 gene
particular type of cancer. What is meant by genetic screening?
Haploid: (A nucleus having) one set of chromosomes (or
one copy of each chromosome)
1771 Distinguish between the terms haploid and diploid. Diploid: (A nucleus having) Two sets of chromosomes
(or two copies of each chromosome)
The second stage / in the

1772 Which stage of respiration releases more energy? mitochondria
The controlled release of energy from

1773 Explain briefly what is meant by respiration. food within a cell. A 24 hour process.
1774 Give the two main chemical components of a virus. Protein coat / nucleic acid
On a microscope the eyepiece lens is marked 10× and the objective lens is
1775 marked 40×. A cell is viewed through these lenses. The image of the cell is 0.8 0.002 mm
mm in diameter. What is the actual diameter of the cell?

1776 Name two tissues found in animals. Dermal, vascular, muscular, nervous,
Blood samples taken from a crime scene were put through a process called
DNA profiling. During the process cells were broken down to release the DNA,
1. Enzyme
which was then cut into fragments. The fragments were then separated. 2. Size
1777 3. Paternity or maternity /
1. What was used to cut the DNA? taxonomy / evolution
2. On what basis were the DNA fragments separated?
3. Give an application of DNA profiling other than solving crime.
Name the process that converts the principal source of energy into chemical
1778 Photosynthesis
energy in plants.
Homozygous: alleles the same
1779 Distinguish between the terms homozygous and heterozygous. Heterozygous: alleles different
Biuret reagent / coper sulphate &

1780 What reagent or chemicals did you use to test for protein? sodium hydroxide
1781 True or false. Human chromosomes are found in the nucleus. True
Abiotic factor Measured with ..

Give two abiotic factors that you investigated, describe Temperature, Light Thermometer, Light (Lux) meter,
1782 intensity, Air speed, Water Anemometer, Flow meter, Hygrometer,
how you measured each one. current, Humidity, pH Universal indicator or probe
How did you obtain a thin piece of a sample of the cells and prepare it for Cut or peel /with what / onto slide /
1783 into water //safety point / stain /
examination under the microscope? cover slip / detail on cover slip
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Name: _________________________
1784 State the function of the coarse focus knob on a microscope. Focus with low power
Entry / Use cell’s components /

1785 Briefly describe how viruses reproduce. Synthesis / Assembly / Release
1786 What does animal plankton feed on? Plant plankton (phytoplankton)
Genotype: genetic make-up or genes (alleles)

present
1787 Distinguish between the terms genotype and phenotype. Phenotype: expression of genotype (and
environment) or physical make up
1788 Where in the nucleus would you find genes? On the chromosomes
Autotrophic: Organisms that are capable of making (synthesising) their own food
Distinguish between autotrophic and from inorganic compounds, e.g. all chlorophyll containing plants
1789 Heterotrophic: Organisms that cannot make their own food. Depend on other
heterotrophic nutrition. organisms as sources of food, e.g. all animals, saprophytes and parasites
What stain did you use on plant cells when examining them under the
1790 Iodine solution
microscope?
TB/ syphilis/ cholera/ tetanus/ sore
1791 Give examples of two harmful bacteria. throat/ names of bacteria/ etc.
In the investigation to show digestive activity by seeds during germination Iodine (or biuret) (solution) / negative
1792 result beneath seeds indicates the absence
how did you demonstrate that digestive activity had taken place? of (or digestion of) starch (or protein)
In stage 1 of respiration, glucose is partly broken down. Where in the cell does Cytosol
1793
this happen?
Give one way in which viruses are beneficial and one way in which Beneficial – Disease control / specific example
1794 Harmful – Cause diseases / specific example
they are harmful.
Distinguish between the terms Segregation: only one (member) of a pair of alleles (or chromosomes) enters a gamete
1795 Independent assortment: Either member of a pair of alleles (or chromosomes) can combine (or
segregation and independent assortment. transmit) with either member of another pair (in gamete formation)
Living plant cells making the soft parts
1796 What is meant by ground tissue? of leaves, e.g. pith, cortex and spongy
tissue.
Describe how you applied the stain to cells when examining them under the With a dropper / Under coverslip /
1797 method
microscope.
The growth of individual cells outside
1798 What is meant by tissue culture? an organism.
Removal of the waste products of

1799 What is meant by excretion? metabolisms
decompose dead organisms or recycle

1800 Why are saprophytic bacteria important in nature? nutrients
In the investigation to show digestive activity by seeds during germination Same set-up and procedure with
1801 boiled seeds
what control did you use?
Food and waste storage,
1802 Give a function of ground tissue. photosynthesis and also give strength
and support.
Transcription: making of (m)RNA using DNA (template)

1803 Explain the terms transcription and translation. Translation: making a protein using (m)RNA (code)
The objective lenses on a microscope are usually labelled 40X, 10X, and 4X.
1804 4X / Low Power
Which objective lens should you begin with when using the microscope?
1805 Name the vein connected to the lungs. Pulmonary vein
controlling the osmotic pressure

1806 What is meant by osmoregulation? within an organism by regulating the
amounts of salt and water present
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Name: _________________________
Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic Aerobic: The release of energy from carbohydrate using oxygen
1807 Anaerobic: The release of energy from carbohydrate without using oxygen
respiration.
From the glomerulus into the capsular
1808 Where does filtration of blood take place within the kidney? space of Bowman’s capsule in the
cortex
to prevent bacterial growth or

1809 Suggest a reason why sterile conditions are needed in tissue culture. contamination
In the investigation to show digestive activity by seeds during germination

1810 Starch or milk or protein
what substance, to be digested by the seeds, was added to the medium?
Give one cell structure that you observed under the microscope that indicated Cell Wall / Chloroplast / (Large)
1811 Vacuole
that the cells you were looking at were plant cells.
1812 In which structures in the cell does translation occur? Ribosome
pollination – transfer of pollen

1813 Distinguish clearly between pollination and fertilisation. fertilisation – fusion of gametes or of
sex cells
1814 Name the artery connected to the kidneys. Renal artery
1815 Name the small gaps between neurons. Synapses
1816 State three factors necessary for the germination of a seed. Suitable temperature, Oxygen, Water
The scientific method involves making a hypothesis, carrying out experiments,

To verify results /(statistical)
1817 recording results, and forming conclusions. Why is it a good idea to repeat an reliability/ minimise error
experiment many times?
Name the substance that is used as a medium on which to germinate the
1818 Agar
seeds in the investigation to show digestive activity.
A type of heterotrophic nutrition
1819 What is saprophytic nutrition? where an organism obtains its food
from dead or decaying organic matter
1820 How many bases in sequence make up a codon in mRNA? Three
1821 What is a meristem? A region of mitosis in a plant
formation of carbohydrates (food)

1822 Briefly explain chemosynthesis. from inorganic compounds without
sunlight
1823 Name the vein that joins the intestine to the liver. Hepatic portal vein
1824 Why is a control used when carrying out experiments? To compare (with experiment)
1825 Name the gas needed to release energy to make a skin graft. Oxygen
1826 Name two products excreted by the human. Urea, carbon dioxide, salt, water
At the start of the investigation to show digestive activity during germination

1827 Disinfectant or named disinfectant.
the seeds were sterilised. How did you sterilise the seeds?
Each mRNA codon specifies one of three possible outcomes during protein
1828 Start / Adding an amino acid / Stop
synthesis. Name these three possible outcomes.
1829 What is germination? period of dormancy
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Name: _________________________
1830 State a location in the seed where food is stored. Cotyledon / endosperm
For what purpose did you use Fehling’s solution or Benedict’s solution in the
1831 To check for Glucose / reducing sugar
course of your practical activities?
1832 What term is used for the organism from which a parasite obtains its food? Host
1833 Give the precise location of the heart in the human body. Thorax / slightly left of sternum
1834 Suggest the most suitable temperature to make skin cells grow for a skin graft. 37°C
At the start of the investigation to show digestive activity during germination To kill (or inhibit) any microorganisms
1835 (or bacteria and fungi)
the seeds were sterilised. Why is this necessary?
1836 What does the letter ‘t’ stand for in tRNA? Transfer
medulla or Loop of Henle or

1837 Where does reabsorption of salt take place within the kidney? convoluted tubule
For what purpose did you use an anaerobic jar in the course of your practical To see if O2 is necessary for
1838 germination / to limit or reduce O2
activities?
1839 Give a location for a meristem. Tip of shoots or roots
1840 Name one organ of excretion, other than the kidney, in the human body. Lungs, skin
1841 Neurons produce neurotransmitter substances. What is their function? to carry impulse/ across synapse (gap)
1842 What structure(s) protects the heart? Pericardium / rib cage
During translation one end of a tRNA molecule attaches to an mRNA codon.

1843 An amino acid
What is usually attached to the other end of the tRNA molecule?
Water / oxygen / suitable
1844 Name the three factors necessary for seeds to germinate. temperature (or warmth)
For what purpose did you use a cover slip in the course of your practical To examine a specimen / to reduce
1845 evaporation / to hold specimen in
activities? place / to protect lens or microscope
Controls opening and closing of

1846 Give a function of the guard cell. stomata
1847 An organ for churning of food to chime is the … Stomach
1848 Symbiotic bacteria in the large intestine produce … Vitamins B and K
1849 Biomolecules of the general formula Cx(H2O)y are examples of … Carbohydrates
1850 What type of cell division, mitosis or meiosis, is involved in tissue culture? Mitosis
For what purpose did you use a buffer solution in the course of your practical
1851 To keep pH constant
activities?
1852 Name a part of a seed in which food for germination is stored. Cotyledon or Endosperm
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Name: _________________________
(DNA) opens (or unzips) / new strands

1853 What are the two main events in the replication of DNA? (made)
1854 Name the upper chambers of the heart. Atria or auricles
Component of cytoplasm and body fluids / excellent solvent / most chemical

reactions take place in water / reactant in photosynthesis / product of respiration /
1855 Give two functions of water in a living organism. given off to the atmosphere in transpiration / component of sweat and urine /
involved in osmosis / helps control the shape of cells / needed for germination
1856 Is energy release a feature of anabolic or catabolic reactions? Catabolic
1857 How do fats differ from oils at room temperature? Fats are solid, oils are liquids
For what purpose did you use Methylene blue in the course of your practical To stain (animal/plant) cells / nucleic
1858 acids
activities?
Name the test or give the chemicals used to detect the presence of protein in Biuret test
1859 Copper sulphate & sodium hydroxide
a food sample.
1860 Name the base in DNA that pairs with cytosine. Guanine
Enters Kreb’s Cycle (or explained) or

1861 Briefly describe the fate, under aerobic conditions, of Acetyl Co-enzyme A. (broken down) to CO2 and H2O
1862 Name a structural polysaccharide. Cellulose, chitin
1863 Name the valve between the upper and lower chambers on the left-hand side. Bicuspid valve
1864 Name two gases that enter or leave the leaf. Oxygen and carbon dioxide
For what purpose did you use sodium alginate in the course of your practical To immobilise enzymes (or yeast cells)
1865 /to make beads
activities?
1866 To what organ does the ureter link the kidney? Bladder
1867 Give an example of a reflex action in humans. Knee jerk or ankle kerk
Growth of a plant in response to a

1868 What is a tropism? stimulus
What is the name of the two-carbon compound into which pyruvate is broken
1869 Acetyl Co-enzyme A
down under aerobic conditions?
1870 Waves of contractions passing along the gut is … Peristalsis
1871 Give one other application of tissue culture apart from skin grafting. Cancer research, plant propagation
(To examine the effect of) growth

1872 For what purpose did you use IAA in the course of your practical activities? regulators (on plants) / to stimulate
plant growth / to inhibit plant growth.
1873 What is the average resting human heart rate? 72
Give the names of the two processes involving DNA which take place during uncoiling / transcription / replication
1874 or duplication
interphase.
Chromosomes in pairs (two sets of
1875 Explain the term diploid number. chromosomes.)
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1876 What is a plant growth regulator? Controls the growth (of a plant)
1877 What type of teeth grinds food into smaller pieces? Premolars and Molars
Name two substances, other than carbon dioxide, into which pyruvate may be
1878 Lactic acid, Ethanol
broken down under anaerobic conditions in cells.
For what purpose did you use freezer-cold alcohol in the course of your To bring DNA out of solution / to
1879 isolate DNA
practical activities?
1880 To which main blood vessel does the renal artery link the kidney? Aorta
What term is used to describe a group of disorders of the body in which cells
1881 Cancer
lose the normal regulation of mitosis?
Exercise / stress / anxiety / drugs /
1882 Give two factors which cause an increase in heart rate. infection
As a result of her observations a scientist may formulate a … She will then

1883 progress her investigation by devising a series of … and then carefully Hypothesis / Experiments / Data
analysing the resulting …

1884 For which purpose did you use brown paper or Sudan III in food testing? Test for fat (or lipid or oil)
Answer the following questions in relation to your investigation into the

growth of leaf yeast. 1. Any valid plant e.g. Ash / Privet
1885 …
1. From what plant did you obtain the yeast? 2. (nutrient) Agar
2. Name the nutrient medium on which you grew the yeast.
Photosynthesis, respiration, (active)
1886 Name two processes requiring ATP that occur in cells. transport, mitosis (or named phase of
mitosis)
Insulation of neurons / speeds up

1887 Give a function of the myelin sheath. impulse transmission
1888 Name an enzyme that turns fats to fatty acids and glycerol. Lipase
For convenience of study, mitosis is divided into four stages. List these in Prophase / Metaphase / Anaphase /
1889 Telophase
order.
1890 Write a balanced equation to represent aerobic respiration. C6H12O6 + 6O2  E + 6CO2 + 6H2O
1891 Name the blood vessels that bring oxygen to the heart muscle. Coronary arteries
Outline the steps you followed to get the yeast cells onto the nutrient Leaf (or leaf section) stuck to lid / tweezers /
1892 stuck with what /of Petri dish / Yeast-side down /
medium when investigating the growth of leaf yeast. dish left agar-side down / 24 hours.
For which purpose did you use Biuret solution or alkaline copper sulphate in
1893 Test for (soluble) protein
food testing?
Which part of the female reproductive system is influenced by both FSH and
1894 Ovary
LH?
High-energy molecule (or bond) or easily
1895 Suggest an advantage of using ATP as an energy store in cells. broken down or easily re-formed or
reusable or energy easily released
Give two biological advantages of gives a baby all the nutrients it needs in exactly the right proportions for optimum
1896 development / is a source of antibodies which are passed on to the baby to protect it
breastfeeding. against allergies and illness / can cause a cessation of menstruation
1897 Why are reflex actions important in humans? fast response or defence against injury
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Name: _________________________
A nerve cell which carries an impulse

1898 What is the role of the motor neuron? from the CNS
Answer the following questions in relation to your investigation into the

growth of leaf yeast.
1. ≥ 72 hours / 3 days
1899 1. How long did it take for the yeast to become visible on the nutrient 2. Pink colonies / spots
medium?
2. How did you recognise the yeast?
1900 Name the fluid present in the ureter. Urine
For which purpose did you use petroleum jelly in the investigation of the
1901 Attach leaves (or leaf parts)
growth of leaf yeast on agar plates?
Explain why the walls of the lower chambers of the heart are thicker than the
1902 They have to pump blood further
walls of the upper chambers.
1903 True or False. In multicellular organisms mitosis is primarily used for growth. True
1904 What is a habitat? The place where an organism lives
1905 Name the process by which the gases move in or out of the leaf. Diffusion
Describe one aseptic technique you carried out during the investigation of the Swab bench with disinfectant /
1906 sterilise instrument / Petri dish face
growth of leaf yeast. downwards on bench
Temperature, Light intensity, Air

1907 List three abiotic factors that you investigated. speed, Water current, Humidity, pH
1908 In the case of a named organism give an adaptation feature that you noted. Greenfly / colour – camouflage
For which purpose did you use antiseptic wash solution in the investigation of To prevent contamination or
1909 described
the growth of leaf yeast on agar plates?
1910 What substance emulsifies fats? Bile
1911 Name the two vascular tissues found in a vascular bundle. Xylem / phloem
1912 True or False. Mitosis is a source of variation. False
1913 Name the coloured part of the eye. Iris
1914 The first stage of respiration takes place in the cytosol. What is the cytosol? Cytoplasm without the organelles
1915 Why is a control especially important in biological investigations? As a standard for comparison
auxin or IAA or NAA or ethylene

1916 Give an example of a growth regulator that promotes growth. (ethene)
For which purpose did you use freezer-cold ethanol while extracting DNA from
1917 To separate (or see) the DNA
plant tissue?
This is the pH at which an enzyme
1918 What is meant by an enzyme’s optimum pH? works best at.
1919 What is the function of the pupil in the eye? To allow light in
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Name: _________________________
1920 True or False. Centromeres give rise to the nuclear spindle. False
A community of living organisms

1921 What is an ecosystem? interacting with one another and their
environment
Dermal: protection or example of protection e.g.
Give one function of each of the following: 1. Dermal tissue, 2. water loss, infection or comment on Turgor
1922 Ground: food storage / storage of waste /
Ground tissue photosynthesis / strength / support
1923 From your study of ecology explain the term fauna Animals
Waste management is a matter of growing concern in Ireland as the disease / pollution / toxins / smell /
1924 unsightly / other valid named problem
population expands. Outline three problems associated with waste disposal.
Explain the following terms which are used in genetics: Homozygous: Has identical alleles [for a trait]
1925 Recessive: Allele whose expression is masked by dominant allele
homozygous, recessive, phenotype Phenotype: Physical appearance of an organism
1926 In which part of the eye would you find the rods and cones? The Retina
For which purpose did you use washing-up liquid or other detergent while
1927 (Detergent) breaks down membranes
extracting DNA from plant tissue?
If a scientist wished to determine the effect of a certain herbicide on weed
1928 growth she would include a control in the investigation. Suggest a suitable no herbicide or implied
control in this case.

1929 True or False. The nuclear membrane disappears in the early part of mitosis. True
1930 Does the first stage of respiration release a small or large amount of energy? Small amount
Interconnected food chains or more

1931 From your study of ecology explain the term food web than one species at each trophic level
reduce consumption / reduce

1932 Suggest two methods of waste minimisation. packaging / recycle / reuse
To detect colour / Colour vision /

1933 What is the function of the cones in the retina of the eye? Bright light
1934 In which of the vascular tissues does water transport occur? Xylem
What is the significance of the fact that the two allele pairs are located on they assort independently or greater
1935 variation
different chromosome pairs?
For which purpose did you use an aquatic plant such as pondweed rather than To see (or measure ) gas (or bubbles)
1936 [negative for terrestrial plants]
a terrestrial plant when investigating the rate of photosynthesis?
1937 True or False. When a cell is not dividing it is said to be in prophase. False
Mechanical: Breakdown of food by physical means e.g. peristalsis

1938 Distinguish between mechanical and chemical digestion. Chemical: Breakdown of food molecules by enzymes
Bacteria living in the colon / produce

1939 What are symbiotic bacteria? vitamins B2 and K / body absorbs
these vitamins
Choose a term from the following list to match the description.

1940 Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large Oxygen
A substance required for aerobic respiration.

Living (organism’s influence on
1941 From your study of ecology explain the term biotic factor another organism)
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Name: _________________________
Explain how the small intestine is adapted for the absorption of the large surface area (folding) or good blood
1942 supply or lymph supply or (lining) one cell
products of digestion. thick or long or villi or microvilli
1943 Where in the cell does the second stage of aerobic respiration take place? Mitochondria
1944 State one way in which xylem is adapted for water transport. Narrow / tubes / continuous / hollow
For which purpose did you use methylene blue or iodine solution when
1945 As a stain or to see more clearly
examining cells with the microscope?
1946 True or False. In telophase of mitosis, a cleavage furrow forms in plant cells. False

1947 Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large Large
The amount of energy released in aerobic respiration.

1948 What is meant by excretion? metabolism
When two or more organisms fight for

1949 What does an ecologist mean by competition? a resource that is in short supply
Relationship between (different)

1950 From your study of ecology explain the term symbiosis species in which at least one benefits
1951 From which blood vessel is the afferent arteriole derived? Renal artery
Name the part(s) of the digestive system in which the following are 1. ileum or villi [allow duodenum or small intestine]
1952 2. Colon [allow any named part from stomach onwards]
absorbed into the blood. 1. The products of digestion, 2. Water.
1953 Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large Lactic acid
A product of anaerobic respiration in muscles.

1954 True or False. Single-celled organisms use meiosis for asexual reproduction. False
auxin or IAA or NAA or abscisic acid or

1955 Give an example of each of a growth regulator that inhibits growth. ethylene (ethene)
Educated guess or (possible)

1956 What is a hypothesis? explanation
1957 In which direction does water transport take place? Up
Agriculture e.g. Slurry / dilute / on dry land / a fertilizer.

Give an example of waste produced in agriculture or fisheries or Fisheries e.g. Heads, neutralise waste / pulped and dried /
1958 fertiliser or pig feed.
forestry and describe how it is managed. Forestry e.g. Small branches / humus / Large branches /
wood products.
(Place) where a species (or an

1959 From your study of ecology explain the term habitat organism) lives

1960 Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large Water
A product of aerobic respiration.

Anaerobic respiration or production of
1961 What is fermentation? alcohol from starch and sugars
Any named (harmful) bacterium or

1962 Name harmful member of the Monera. named (harmful) effect of a bacterium
The use of replicates is an important aspect of scientific research. What, in duplicates of an experiment or
1963 procedure
this context, are replicates?
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Name: _________________________
Gene located on X- chromosome or on

1964 What is meant by sex-linked? Y-chromosome
1965 Why is a control normally used when carrying out an experiment? Comparison (with experiment)
Name a process involved in the passage of the products of digestion into the
1966 Diffusion
blood.
1967 Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large Alcohol
A product of anaerobic respiration in yeast.

1968 Which organ is attached to the kidney by the ureter? Bladder
Organisms and their (interactions

1969 From your study of ecology explain the term ecosystem with) environment
An enzyme that has been destroyed

1970 What is a denatured enzyme? by excessive heat, pH, etc. This
enzyme will not 'work' again
Urea: protein or amino acid
Urea and carbon dioxide are excretory products of the human body. In the Carbon dioxide: carbohydrate or
1971 named example or fat or named
case of each product name a substance from which it is derived. example of fat or fatty acids
Name a member of the Protista that catches and consumes smaller
1972 Amoeba
organisms.
Name a structure in the human digestive system, other than teeth, which is tongue or oesophagus or stomach or
1973 small intestine or named part of small
involved in mechanical digestion intestine

1974 Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large Mitochondria
The cell structures in which Stage 2 of aerobic respiration takes place.

1975 Name the cavity of the body in which the heart and lungs are located. Thoracic or chest
landfill sites / sewage treatment

1976 Give one example of the use of micro-organisms in waste management. plants / digesters / compost heaps
Answer the following in relation to a lipase: 1. Where is it secreted? 2. 1. pancreas

1977 2. duodenum or small intestine or ileum
Where does it act? 3. What is the approximate pH at its site of action? 3. 7 - 9 inclusive
1978 From your study of ecology explain the term biosphere Part(s) of earth that supports life
From the glomerulus into the capsular

1979 In which part of the kidney does filtration of the blood occur? space of Bowman’s capsule in the
cortex
Rhizopus (or bread mould) or other

1980 Name a multicellular fungus. named fungus
1981 True or False. The liver produces bile. True
1982 Is oxygen required for the second stage of aerobic respiration? Yes
1983 Suggest where a scientist may publish the results of her investigations. (scientific) journal or named journal
1984 State one way in which heart muscle differs from other muscles in the body. Doesn’t tire [
Give two activities of symbiotic bacteria in the human digestive digestion / production of vitamins / benefit immune
1985 system / compete with other micro-organisms [allow
system. one reference to harmful activity]
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Name: _________________________
1986 Where in the kidney is Bowman’s Capsule located? Cortex
1987 True or False. The semicircular canals in the ear are involved in balance. True
Name the openings in the leaf which allow the entry of carbon dioxide for Stomata
light or CO2 or potassium ions (K+) or
1988 photosynthesis. State a factor which influences the diameter of these wind or turgidity of guard cells or
openings. water availability or high temperature
Give any structural feature of members of the first-named kingdom not found (Can be) unicellular or (can have)
1989 chloroplast or pseudopodia or
in members of the second kingdom. Protista and Animalia. contractile vacuole or food vacuole

1990 Explain the term excretion. metabolism
The genetic code is contained within the DNA of chromosomes. Briefly three bases (triplet or codon) / in sequence /
1991 (codes for) one amino acid /(base or triplet or
describe the nature of this code. codon) sequence / codes for protein
Protein coat / Nucleic acid or DNA or

1992 What is a virus made up of? RNA
Water enters the outermost cells of the root by osmosis. What does this tell lower water concentration or higher
1993 solute concentration
you about the cell sap of these outermost cells?
1994 True or False. The growth response of a plant to light is called phototropism. True
support / movement / protection /

1995 Give three roles of the skeleton. anchorage for muscle / gives shape /
blood production
Suggest a situation in which some cells in the human body may not be able to lack of oxygen or exercise or restricted
1996 blood supply
engage in the second stage of aerobic respiration
Give any structural feature of members of the first-named kingdom Nucleus or mitochondrion or multicellular or
1997 eukaryotic or nervous system or digestive system
not found in members of the second kingdom. Animalia and Monera. or reproductive system or muscular system
Suggest two situations which may result in a drop in the water content of the infection / hot conditions or
1998 perspiration or exercise / high salt
blood. intake / low water intake / diuretic(s)
1999 Name two substances excreted by the kidneys. Water / Salts / Urea
Attachment / (viral) nucleic acid into (host) cell / uses

2000 Briefly describe how viruses reproduce. host structures (or described) / part(s) replicated /
virus assembly / release (or lysis)
2001 True or False. Tendons attach bone to bone. False
During photosynthesis oxygen is produced.

1. water
1. From what substance is oxygen produced? 2. light (dependent) stage
2002 3. respiration / (diffuses) to
2. In which stage of photosynthesis is oxygen produced? atmosphere
3. Give two possible fates of oxygen following its production.
When the water content of the blood drops a hormone is released.
1. Name this hormone and the endocrine gland from which it is secreted. 1. ADH (vasopressin) / pituitary
2. distal tubule or collecting duct
2. Give a precise target area for this hormone. 3. in the blood
2003 4. (makes walls) more permeable
3. How does the hormone reach the target area? (resulting in) more absorption of
4. Explain the role of the hormone at its target area, when the water water
content of the blood is low.
2004 Describe how minerals such as nitrates enter the root of a plant from the soil. Active transport
2005 What is meant by non-coding DNA? does not code for a protein or for RNA
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Name: _________________________
Give any structural feature of members of the first-named kingdom not found Chloroplast or cellulose cell wall or
2006 named anatomical feature
in members of the second kingdom. Plantae and Fungi.
In photosynthesis water (H2O) is split into three products. 1. protons (H ) / electrons / oxygen +
2. electrons pass to chlorophyll / ATP /

2007 1. Name these three products. protons stored / NADPH / used in dark phase
2. State what happens to each of these products. oxygen released into air/ respiration
2008 True or False. A motor neuron carries impulses to the brain. False
During 2009 swine flu spread through the population of many countries.
Younger people were more at risk of becoming ill with swine flu than older (Older people) previous exposure /
2009 antibodies (or active immunity or
people. Using your knowledge of the immune system, suggest a reason for memory cells)
this.
2010 Give two excretory organs in the human body other than the kidney. Skin, Lungs
Give the part of the nephron in which each of the following takes place:
1. Bowman's capsule or glomerulus
2011 1. Filtration, 2. proximal tubule
2. Reabsorption of amino acids.
transfusion/ to avoid reaction by
2012 Suggest a reason why it is important to know a person’s blood group. mother to foetus/ to prevent
loss of foetus
Give any structural feature of members of the first-named kingdom not found Cell wall or hypha (or named hypha)
2014 or mycelium or named reproductive
in members of the second kingdom. Fungi and Animalia. structure
2015 True or False. Rhizopus is a member of the animal kingdom. False
vertebral column and skull (and rib

2016 Explain what is meant by the axial skeleton. cage)
Cells with common function (or with

2017 What is a tissue? common structure)
(DNA) contains thymine or RNA

2018 Give one structural difference between DNA and RNA. contains uracil
2019 Name a part of the flower from which fruit forms. Ovary / Carpel / Receptacle
Amylase is an enzyme that is found in saliva. State the substrate and the starch
2020 maltose
product of this enzyme.
2021 True or False. Xylem transports water in plants. True
movement of water (solvent) / along

2022 Osmosis has been described as a special case of diffusion. Explain why. concentration gradient / through a
selectively permeable membrane
2023 Name a major blood vessel that returns blood in venules to the heart. Vena cava
Disorder: Osteoporosis /
2024 Suggest a treatment for a named disorder of the musculoskeletal system. Treatment: Diet rich in Calcium and
Vitamin D and medication
Dermal or ground or vascular (or
2025 Name a tissue found in plants. Give a function of the tissue referred to. xylem or phloem) or meristematic.
Function relevant to tissue
Suggest a reason why myxomatosis is no longer a major threat to the Irish natural immunity or Natural Selection
2026 or virus mutated
rabbit population.
large surface area / porous capillary walls/ (lining) one cell thick /
2027 Give two features of the nephron that aid filtration. efferent arteriole narrower than afferent arteriole or arterioles in
arteriole out or arteriole to capillary network
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Name: _________________________
2028 True or False. A potato is a modified stem. True
Animal dispersal / Winged / Wind /

2029 Give three examples of the ways in which fruits are involved in seed dispersal. Self dispersal / Water Dispersal /
Human dispersal
1. provides or stores energy / reduction of CO2 or
Give an account of the role of each of the following in glucose formation or for dark stage
2030 2. accepts electrons / hydrogen carrier / for the dark
photosynthesis: 1. ATP, 2. NADP. stage or glucose formation or for dark stage
No red blood cells or no
2031 Give one way in which lymph differs from blood. haemoglobin / no platelets / no
clotting (proteins)
2032 Name a cell organelle, apart from the nucleus, in which DNA is found. Chloroplast / mitochondria
Epithelial or Muscular or Connective

2033 Name a tissue found in animals. Give a function of the tissue referred to. or Nervous or named example.
Function relevant to tissue
attaches to (host) cell / introduces nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) / (host)
2034 Outline briefly how a virus replicates (reproduces). DNA inactivated / viral DNA or RNA replicated / using resources of host
cell / protein coat formed / assembly (of virus)
Chromosome (allow chromatid) (Do

2035 Genes are found on what structures within a cell? not allow DNA)
1. formation of blood cells

Give a function for each of the following: 1. Red marrow, 2. Cartilage, 3. 2. protection (absorbs shock) or reduces
2036 friction or allows bone elongation
Tendon. 3. joins muscle to bone
Batch: fixed amount of nutrients added at beginning or
Distinguish between batch and continuous flow food processing (bioreactor) emptied at end of production
2037 Continuous: nutrients continuously fed into bioreactor or
using micro-organisms in the food industry. product removed continuously
2038 Suggest why it is necessary for a plant to disperse its seeds. To avoid competition / colonisation
The use of one species to control the population of Advantage: environmentally friendly or specific or (may be) inexpensive
another species is called biological control. Suggest Disadvantage: upsets balance of nature (or described e.g. predator
2039 population will fall when prey becomes scarce allowing prey to increase
one advantage and one disadvantage of biological again or introduced species may become a pest or predator may change to
a different prey) or (may be) expensive.
control.
Maintains a constant level of ECF or drains fluid or returns fluid to
2040 Give two functions of the lymphatic system. blood / manufacture of lymphocytes or maturation of lymphocytes /
filtering bacteria / fighting infection / transport of named material
Cells grown on (or in) medium or cells

2041 Explain what is meant by the term tissue culture grown outside organism
To contract / to separate
2042 What is the function of the spindle during cell division? chromosomes / chromatid / to attach
Explain what is meant by an antagonistic muscle pair and give an example in pair of muscles that have opposite
2043 effects or explained
the human body. biceps and triceps or other example
2044 True or false. Stage 1 of respiration requires oxygen. False
Name a group of biomolecules in the blood which are too large to pass
2045 Proteins
through the filtration system of the nephron.
2046 Is the blood in the Aorta oxygenated or deoxygenated? Oxygenated
Following dispersal most seeds enter a period of dormancy. What is a period of rest, inactivity or non-
2047 vegetative state before growth
dormancy?
If a transverse section of an arteriole were viewed under the microscope state Narrow(er) lumen or thick(er) wall or
2048 no valves
one way in which it would differ from a transverse section through a venule.
Tissues grow by cell division. Name the type of cell division by which tissues
2049 Mitosis
grow.
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Name: _________________________
2050 Give one application of tissue culture. Appropriate application
2051 Name the nitrogenous bases whose first letters are A and C. Adenine and Cytosine
urea/ salt/ named salt/ lipids/

2052 Apart from water, name one other substance which is found in sweat. hormones
2053 What is meant by sterile? Free from all organisms
2054 Name the container in which you grew the leaf yeast. Petri dish / (agar) plate
Organs are found in both plants and animals. What is meant by the term A group of tissues / Structure
2055 composed of two or more tissues
organ?
State the location in the human body of the following muscles which are used Below the lungs and above the
2056 stomach
for breathing: diaphragm, intercostals. Between the ribs
Formation of bone / formation of soft tissue /
2057 Give any two functions of minerals in organisms. formation of fluid / formation of chlorophyll or
haemoglobin / biochemical function of a named mineral
2058 To which kingdom does Amoeba belong? Protista or Protoctista
2059 Give an advantage of dormancy. Ensures springtime germination
Give one reason why the wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of Left ventricle pumps blood around
2060 body. Right ventricle only pumps
the right ventricle. blood to the nearby lungs
2061 True or false. Stage 1 of respiration takes place in the cytoplasm. True
Leaf / Root / Stem / Bud / Tuber /

2062 Name one organ found in plants. Flower/ bulbs/ Rhizome …
count number of breaths or number

2063 How did you measure the breathing rate or the pulse? of pulses / per unit time OR sensor
(data logger)
2064 Where in the cell would you expect to find most DNA? Nucleus
Night blindness due to lack of Vitamin

2065 State a disorder due to a dietary deficiency of a fat-soluble vitamin. A
Is the cell of Amoeba prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Give a reason for your Eukaryotic. Membrane-bound
2066 organelles or named membrane-
answer. bound organelle

2067 What is meant by the germination of seeds? period of dormancy
2068 Name the stage in the plant’s life cycle that follows dormancy. Germination

2069 What is meant by pollution? ecosystem (e.g. not acceptable)
The conversion of nitrogen into

2070 What is meant by nitrogen fixation? nitrates.
Give an example of pollution which may result from domestic (household) or

2071 Littering
industrial or agricultural activity.
2072 True or false. Stage 2 of respiration takes place in the cytoplasm. False
Page 95 of 99
Name: _________________________
2073 Give one function of the contractile vacuole in Amoeba. Osmoregulation or explained
2074 Name a fat-soluble vitamin. A, D, E, or K
Describe briefly one way by which the skin helps to retain heat in cold (erect) hair / hair traps air / arteriole
2075 contracts (and keeps blood warm) / pores
conditions. close / adipose (tissue) / Goose pimples
Any relevant activity but not naturally

2076 Name one human activity that causes pollution. occurring catastrophe
A structure made of DNA and protein

2077 What is a chromosome? which can be inherited.
2078 State one way in which it is possible to produce seedless fruits in horticulture. e.g. (Growth) regulators
stops back flow (of blood) / blood

2079 What is the role of the bicuspid valve? from atrium to ventricle
Ecosystem: Woodland
2080 Name two habitats from the ecosystem you have studied. Habitats: Rotting log / beneath a
stone
Suggest one reason why a contractile vacuole is more active in freshwater Freshwater more hypotonic or more
2081 H2O intake or reference to
amoebae than in marine amoebae. concentration difference
A phospholipid has a phosphate or A

2082 How does a phospholipid differ from a fat? phospholipid has two fatty acids
1. e.g. Finding land for landfill sites

2083 State two problems associated with waste disposal in Ireland. 2. e.g. Litter / pollution or named
form of pollution .
For hair colour black (B) is dominant over brown (b). Seán is heterozygous
1. Black
2084 (Bb) and Máire is homozygous (bb). 1. What colour is Seán’s hair? 2. What 2. Brown
colour is Máire’s hair?
DNA contains the instructions needed to make protein. These instructions are
2085 Genetic
called the … code.
In an autoclave @121 °C for 15
2086 How may apparatus be sterilised? minutes
light energy
2087 Write the balanced equation for photosynthesis. 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
chlorophyll
Seeds may remain inactive for a period before germination. What term is used
2088 Dormancy
to describe this period of inactivity?
2089 List two ways of minimising waste. Reduce / Reuse / Recycle
Red hair in humans is recessive to all other hair colours. A red-haired woman
2090 and a black-haired man, whose own father was red-haired, started a family. 50%
What is the % chance of obtaining offspring with red hair?

2091 Fat is broken down by X into Fatty Acids and Y. Identify X and Y. X = lipase, Y = glycerol
organisms have variations / that are inherited/ beneficial /

2092 Give a brief account of the Theory of Natural Selection. will reproduce/ struggle for existence / pass on these
variations / ‘Survival /of fittest’ / origin of species
2093 True or false. Some of the energy released in respiration is lost as heat. True
2094 In what main part of a plant does most photosynthesis take place? Leaf

2095 What is meant by evolution? from pre-existing forms to produce
new species over long periods of time
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Name: _________________________
e.g. Breaks down waste / in sewage

2096 Give one example of the use of microorganisms in waste management. treatment plants
2097 What is the main source of light for photosynthesis? The sun
In Dalmatian dogs the allele for brown spots is recessive to the allele for black
2098 spots. The two parents were heterozygous in respect of spot colour. What is 75%
the % chance of obtaining offspring with black spots?

The following biochemical reactions took place in some living cells: A B + C +
2099 Catabolism
D. Is this an example of anabolism or catabolism?
2100 Suggest two ways to prevent or control pollution. Reduce, reuse, recycle
Bacteria / Monera / Lichens/ Clover /

2101 Name a group of organisms involved in nitrogen fixation. Legumes
The haploid number of chromosomes is found in the human egg and sperm.
2102 Having one set of chromosomes
Explain the underlined term.
2103 Carbohydrates always contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and … Oxygen
1. liver
Bile is involved in digestion in the human body. 1. Where is bile produced? 2. 2. gall bladder
2104 3. Duodenum / (small) intestine /
Where is bile stored? 3. Where does bile act in the alimentary canal? ileum
2105 In which part of the flower is pollen produced? Anther of the stamen
In roses there is incomplete dominance between the allele governing red

petals and the allele governing white petals. Heterozygous individuals have
2106 50%
pink petals. A plant with pink petals was crossed with a plant with white
petals. What is the % chance of obtaining offspring with white petals?
During photosynthesis water molecules are split into three Electrons, Protons (H ), Oxygen +
Electrons – to chlorophyll / reference to energy / ATP

2107 products. Name each of these products. Describe what Protons / H (ions) - Pathway 2 / Dark Stage / general proton pool
happens to each of the products. Oxygen – Respiration / Excreted
2108 Explain the term Biotic factor. A living factor in an ecosystem

2110 Lipids are made up of fatty acids and … Glycerol
Removal of unabsorbed material from

2111 What is meant by egestion? From where does egestion occur? the body. From the rectum via the
anus.
2112 True or false. Lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration. True
waste produced / must be disposed safely /

2113 Write a short paragraph (about 5 lines) on waste management. recycled / re-used / reduce / example of waste /
how managed / role of micro-organisms
In the fruit fly Drosophila the allele for full wing is dominant to the allele for
vestigial wing. One parent was homozygous in respect of full wing and the
2114 100%
other parent was heterozygous. What is the % chance of obtaining offspring
with full wing?
push food along gut / mechanical
2115 What is the role of peristalsis in the digestive system? digestion / prevents constipation
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Name: _________________________
Relationship between two species

2116 Explain the term Symbiosis. involving benefit
2117 Name a fat-soluble vitamin. A/D/E/K
2118 Name the structures in which photosynthesis occurs in plant cells. Chloroplasts
2119 Name one of the scientists associated with the Theory of Natural Selection. Darwin / Wallace
Transfer / of pollen / from anther to

2120 What is meant by pollination? stigma
2121 Where in the eye is the retina located? back of the eye
Respiration or fermentation or
2122 Give an example of a catabolic reaction in a cell. glycolysis [allow digestion]
2123 Name a structural carbohydrate found in plants. Cellulose
Allele: An alternative form of a gene

2124 Explain the terms: allele and dominant. Dominant: One allele masks the
expression of the other
2125 Explain the term Competition. The struggle for a resource
exchange gases/ carbon dioxide out/

2126 What is the role of alveoli in the lungs? oxygen in / increase surface area /
diffusion

2127 What is meant by the term aerobic respiration? carbohydrate using oxygen
Water enters the roots of plants by osmosis. movement of water through semi-permeable membrane / from region of high
2128 osmotic potential to low osmotic potential / from high concentration of water to
Explain what is meant by osmosis. low concentration of water / from dilute solution to concentrated solution
2129 What process follows pollination in the life cycle of a flowering plant? Fertilisation
(Lean) Meat / Fish / Cheese / Eggs / Pulses

2130 Name one good source of protein in the human diet. (Do not accept Dairy Products)
Fat (or lipid or oil) unit (or molecule)

2131 What is a triglyceride? or glycerol and three fatty acids or
ester
2132 In what cell structure does photosynthesis take place? Chloroplast
2133 Explain the term Trophic level. A living factor in an ecosystem
2134 Name the tissue that transports water from the root to the leaves. Xylem
Plasma: blood without cells/ watery liquid part of blood

Role: carries dissolved substances / named substance / waste
2135 What is blood plasma? Give a role for blood plasma. / hormones / gases / blood clotting agent/ water / antibodies /
proteins / inorganic salts / fibrinogen / CO2 / Bicarbonate / Heat
Indicate clearly whether each of the following statements refers to stage 1 or
A. Stage 2
to stage 2 of respiration. A. Takes place in the mitochondria, B. Produces a B. Stage 2
2136 C. Stage 1
large amount of energy, C. Takes place in the cytoplasm, D. Does not require D. Stage 1
oxygen.
Fossils / comparative anatomy /
2137 Outline the evidence for evolution from any one named source. embryos / DNA changes / Horse /
bones
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Vitamins may be divided into two groups depending upon their solubility. Fat-soluble
2138 Water-soluble
Name these two groups.
Stomach / ileum / intestine /villi /
2139 Where do the products of digestion enter the blood? (colon) / shoulder vein
Give an example of a beneficial organism and of a harmful organism that Beneficial: Yeast for baking and
2140 brewing
belong to the same kingdom as Rhizopus. Harmful: ringworm – parasitic fungus
List three characteristics in each case of; 1. brightly coloured petals / anthers
within petals, nectaries,
2141 1. An insect-pollinated flower, 2. feathery stigmas, anthers outside
2. A wind-pollinated flower. petals, petals absent or reduced
2142 Explain the term Niche. The functional role of an organism
Bronchitis
Asthma
Name a breathing disorder. Suggest a possible Cause: narrowing of the bronchioles
Cause: bacteria, viruses and irritants
2143 and mucus secretion
such as cigarette smoke and air
cause of it and state how it may be treated. Treatment: steroid tablets or inhalers
pollutants
Treatment: antibiotics if bacterial
2144 To what group of biomolecules do enzymes belong? Proteins
Oil is liquid (at room temperature) or

2145 State one way in which an oil differs from a fat. fat is solid or oils are unsaturated or
explained
digest cellulose/ produce (release) vitamins/
2146 State two functions of symbiotic bacteria in the alimentary canal. keep harmful bacteria at bay / immunity
(reference to health) / formation of faeces
Two types of cells that receive light are found in the retina. Name each of
2147 Rods and cones
these.
Name two types of cell found in the blood and give a function for each of red blood cell: carries oxygen (also
2148 carries carbon dioxide)
them. white blood cell: defence
2149 What is the main source of energy for photosynthesis? The sun
2150 How do these products of digestion pass into the blood? by diffusion (into villi ) / absorption
Parts of the earth where life (or

2151 Explain the term Biosphere. organisms) exists
2152 Give an example of a trace element. e.g. Fe, Cu, Zn or other correct
The action of the enzyme amylase on its substrate starch is an Substrate: the substance on which an enzyme acts to
produce the product
2153 example of a catabolic reaction. Explain each of the underlined Catabolic: Chemical reaction where larger molecules
terms. are broken down to smaller molecules
The ABO blood group system has four blood groups. What are these four
2154 A, B, AB, O
groups?
The optic nerve is attached to the eye. What is the function of the optic
2155 carries message to brain
nerve?
Suggest two reasons why life on earth might not continue without Lack of oxygen / lack of food
2156 (energy) / plants die / excess CO / 2
photosynthesis. animals die
An enzyme which is fixed to an inert
2157 What is meant by immobilisation of an enzyme? material by chemical or physical
means.
Small amount (needed) or indication

2158 In relation to the human diet, what is meant by a trace element? of e.g. < 0.01%
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Leaving Cert. Biology Revision Questions

No. Question Answer

Control entry into and exit from cell of

Secretes enzymes / digests / onto

4 Name a human cell that is haploid Sperm, ovum

9 In carbohydrates, which two elements are in the ratio 2:1? Hydrogen:Oxygen

10 What term is used to describe an individual’s genetic makeup? Genotype

Further divisions result in the formation of a morula. What is the next

Which of the following most accurately represents the pH of the contents of

22 To what kingdom does Rhizopus belong? Fungi

23 To which group of molecules do enzymes belong? Proteins

In humans, widening of the female hips is one example of physical changes

does the definition in italics refer?

27 State a location in a flowering plant where a growth regulator is secreted Meristem

1. What are symbiotic bacteria? 1. Bacteria living on or in another organism involving

Rhizopus or mildew or rusts or smuts or blight

The nutrition of Rhizopus is described as being saprophytic.

38 Describe a test for a named polysaccharide. Starch + Iodine  Blue/black colour

Separation of a pair of allelic genes

the making of RNA from a single

Digestion or secretion or absorption

Where in the human female reproductive system does 1. Meiosis, 2. Zygote

Suggest one reason why this may not be a good idea.

46 In which of the stages of photosynthesis does ATP form? Light stage

53 What structures attach a muscle to a bone? Tendons

An enzyme (highly specific organic protein

Name a test or give the chemicals used to demonstrate the presence of a

Maintenance of a constant internal

65 From what does a seed develop? Ovule

Contractions or amniotic sac breaks or

Ethene – fruit ripening

The cohesion-tension model of transport attempts to explain water

Diffusion: movement of substances with (along) a concentration

Chemicals that control growth (in

Asthma: steroid tablets or inhalers

State one way in which each of the following contributes to

82 What do the letters ATP stand for? Adenosine triphosphate

Loss of water(vapour) through leaves

86 Name the type of joint at the elbow. Hinge or synovial or moveable

Narrow or lignified (or rigid) or

Too hot: Sweat / dilation of blood vessels / hair flat

92 By what process does water enter a plant? Osmosis

State the products of segregation when an organism is heterozygous in

Give a brief account of the role of each of the following in

Protection or body support or shape

Maximise the amount of light trapped

Have a large surface area

Can only replicate (or reproduce)

119 Cellulose is a polysaccharide. What is it formed from? C, H and O

125 Name one disorder of the human breathing system. Asthma

Name the organelle (component) of the cell in which photosynthesis takes

129 Why is a control important in an experiment? For comparison purposes

Producing seedless fruit

131 By what process does water enter a plant? Osmosis

Intercostal muscles contract / to move Ribcage up and

Embryonic and Uterine or

During gamete formation each member of a

1. A membrane (or sac) that surrounds

The act of killing and eating another

Sexual reproduction in Rhizopus is normally triggered by an adverse

Skull (or bone) or wax or wear ear

Root pressure or cohesion or adhesion

The functional role of an organism (in