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Part V
The Classical Period
1. Classicism, as a stylistic period in Western music, roughly encompassed the years ______.
A. 1450-1600
B. 1600-1750
C. 1750-1820
D. 1820-1900
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Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize European culture in the classical era
Topic: Classicism
Feedback: In music history, the transition from the baroque style to the full flowering of the classical is called the preclassical
period; it extends from roughly 1730 to 1770.
3. The fully developed classical style in music flourished during the period ______.
A. 1600-1750
B. 1730-1770
C. 1770-1820
D. 1820-1900
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Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize European culture in the classical era
Topic: Classicism
Feedback: The fully developed classical style in music flourished from about 1770 to 1820.
Feedback: Philosophers and writers—especially Voltaire (1694–1778) and Denis Diderot (1713–1784)—saw their time as a
turning point in history and referred to it as the “age of enlightenment.” They believed in progress, holding that reason, not
custom or tradition, was the best guide for human conduct.
5. Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach and _____ were two of the more important preclassical composers.
A. Jean Honoré Fragonard
B. Johann Christian Bach
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C. Johann Sebastian Bach
D. Joseph Haydn
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Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the important trends in European music from 1750 to 1820
Topic: Classical music
Feedback: Among the important pioneers in this new style were Carl Philipp Emanuel and Johann Christian, both sons of Johann
Sebastian Bach.
6. Which of the following composers is not considered a master of the classical period?
A. Johann Christian Bach
B. Ludwig van Beethoven
C. Wolfgang A. Mozart
D. Joseph Haydn
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Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the important trends in European music from 1750 to 1820
Topic: Classical music
Feedback: Although Johann Christian Bach was an important early pioneer of the classical style, he is not considered a master of
the period.
Feedback: Classical composers’ interest in expressing shades of emotion led to the widespread use of gradual dynamic change—
crescendo and decrescendo. These composers did not restrict themselves to the terraced dynamics (abrupt shifts from loud to
soft) characteristic of baroque music.
8. Which of the following characteristics is not typical of the music of the classical period?
A. Classical melodies are tuneful and easy to remember.
B. Classical compositions fluctuate in mood.
C. A classical composition has a wealth of rhythmic patterns.
D. Classical music is basically polyphonic.
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Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the important trends in European music from 1750 to 1820
Topic: Texture
Feedback: Music in the classical period generally avoided dense polyphony, favoring homophonic textures.
9. Which of the following statements is not true of the music of the classical period?
A. Classical composers stressed balance and clarity of structure.
B. The standard orchestra, comprised of four sections, evolved during the classical period.
C. The basso continuo was the nucleus of the instrumental ensemble.
D. Classical melodies are among the most tuneful and easy to remember.
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Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the important trends in European music from 1750 to 1820
Topic: Classical music
Feedback: The basso continuo was a characteristic feature of baroque music and was eventually abandoned by classical
composers.
10. What did the typical orchestra of the classical period consist of?
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A. A loose ensemble of available instruments
B. Strings, woodwinds, horns, trumpets, and timpani
C. Strings with harpsichord continuo
D. Woodwinds, trombones, drums, and strings
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Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: List the instruments of the orchestra in the classical era
Topic: Classical music
11. Which of the following instruments were not normally included in the classical orchestra?
A. Horns
B. Trombones
C. Timpani
D. Trumpets
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Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: List the instruments of the orchestra in the classical era
Topic: Instrument families
Feedback: Trombones were used by Haydn and Mozart, but only in opera and church music, not in solely instrumental works.
There use became more common later, in Romantic-era music.
Feedback: Recall that the term sonata originally described a composition in several movements for one to eight instruments. In
the classical period, the amount of instruments grew into a larger orchestra, and the sonata became a symphony.
13. What was social mobility like during the classical period?
A. A limited sociological factor
B. Ruthlessly stamped out by the aristocracy
C. Promoted and encouraged by the church
D. An important factor in the rise of the middle class
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Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize European culture in the classical era
Topic: Classical music
Feedback: As the eighteenth century advanced, more people made more money, increasing social mobility. Merchants, doctors,
and government officials could afford larger homes, finer clothes, and better food, giving rise to a prospering middle class. In
fact, during the classical period, the middle class had a great influence on music.
14. Political and economic power shifted to the middle class from the aristocracy and the ______.
A. church
B. military
C. colonial powers
D. military-industrial complex
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Bloom's: Remember
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Learning Objective: Summarize European culture in the classical era
Topic: Classical music
Feedback: With the rise of a prosperous middle class, the aristocracy, nobility, and the church lost some of their influence in
people's lives.
Feedback: In the classical period, serious composition was flavored by folk and popular music. The classical masters sometimes
used familiar tunes as themes for symphonies and variations.
16. The prospering middle class in the classical period sought aristocratic luxuries such as ______.
A. theater
B. literature
C. music
D. All answers are correct.
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Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize European culture in the classical era
Topic: Classical music
Feedback: The prospering middle class sought aristocratic luxuries like theater, literature, and music.
17. Public concerts presented by the Concert des Amateurs in Paris in the 1770s were conducted by ______.
A. Ludwig van Beethoven
B. Joseph Haydn
C. the Chevalier de Saint-Georges
D. Johann Christian Bach
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Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Summarize European culture in the classical era
Topic: Classical music
Feedback: In Paris, a concert organization called the Concert des Amateurs assembled a large orchestra, conducted during the
1770s by the Chevalier de Saint-Georges (1739–1799), a black composer and violinist.
Feedback: In the classical era, political and economic power shifted away from the aristocracy and the church and towards the
middle class.
19. Joseph Haydn was content to spend most of his life as what?
A. An independently wealthy composer
B. A professional free-lance musician
C. An employee of a wealthy aristocratic family
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D. A church musician and organist
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Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Recall the biography of Franz Joseph Haydn
Topic: Franz Joseph Haydn
Feedback: For almost thirty years, starting when he was twenty-nine, Haydn entered the service of the Esterházys, the richest and
most powerful of the Hungarian noble families.
Feedback: As a highly skilled servant, Haydn was to compose all the music requested by his patron, conduct the orchestra, coach
singers, and oversee the instruments and the music library.
21. Vienna, when Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven were active, ______.
A. was the fourth-largest city in Europe
B. was the seat of the Holy Roman Empire
C. had a population of almost 250,000
D. All answers are correct.
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Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Evaluate the importance of Vienna in the musical life of the classical era
Topic: Franz Joseph Haydn
Topic: Ludwig van Beethoven
Topic: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Feedback: During the classical era, Vienna was a nexus of artistic, intellectual, and political life. As the seat of the Holy Roman
Empire, it was a bustling cultural and commercial center with a cosmopolitan character. Its population of almost 250,000 (in
1800) made Vienna the fourth largest city in Europe.
22. Composers in the classical period took middle-class tastes into account by doing what?
A. Flavoring their serious compositions with folk and popular music
B. Writing comic operas that sometimes ridiculed the aristocracy
C. Writing dance music for public balls
D. All answers are correct.
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Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the important trends in European music from 1750 to 1820
Topic: Classical music
Feedback: Composers in the classical period took middle-class tastes into account, writing pieces that were easy for amateur
musicians to play and understand. They turned from serious to comic opera and incorporated folk melodies and dance rhythms
into their serious works. Often, they would hold performances of their works in public halls and theaters.
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Feedback: Comic operas of the classical period appealed to middle-class subjects and used folklike tunes, sometimes even
ridiculing the aristocracy. They rarely included religious subjects and most of the operas were written in either French, Italian, or
German.
Feedback: In Vienna, Haydn and Mozart became close friends and influenced each other’s musical style.
25. Sonata form is used frequently as the form for the ________ movement of a multimovement work.
A. first
B. slow
C. final fast
D. All answers are correct.
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Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structure of sonata (sonata-allegro) form
Topic: Sonata form
Feedback: The sonata form is flexible and can be used for the first (usually allegro), slow second, or final fast movements of a
multimovement work. It is not generally used for the third movement, which is usually based on a dance.
Feedback: Rondo is its own form, featuring a tuneful main theme (A) which returns several times in alternation with other
themes. It is not a part of sonata form.
27. Sonata form consists of three main sections: exposition, development, and ______.
A. introduction
B. recapitulation
C. motives
D. transition
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Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structure of sonata (sonata-allegro) form
Topic: Sonata form
Feedback: A sonata-form movement consists of three main sections: the exposition, where the themes are presented; the
development, where themes are treated in new ways; and the recapitulation, where the themes return.
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Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structure of sonata (sonata-allegro) form
Topic: Sonata form
Feedback: In the exposition section of a sonata form, the first theme is presented in the tonic (home) key, the bridge contains
modulation from the home key to new key, leading into a second theme in the new key . The closing section is in the key of the
second theme.
Feedback: In the recapitulation section of a sonata form, the closing section returns to the tonic key, giving the entire form a
sense of balance and symmetry.
Feedback: At the end of a classical exposition there is usually a repeat sign to indicate that the whole exposition is to be played
again.
Feedback: In the recapitulation, the first theme, bridge, second theme, and concluding section are presented more or less as they
were in the exposition, with one crucial difference: all the principal material is now in the tonic key. In the exposition, the second
them is presented in a new key.
Feedback: A bridge, or transition, leads to new, contrasting material, usually in the form of a second theme.
33. A modulation from the home key to a new key in the exposition of a sonata form movement takes place in the ______.
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A. coda
B. theme
C. bridge
D. motive
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Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structure of sonata (sonata-allegro) form
Topic: Sonata form
Feedback: The bridge in the exposition section of a sonata movement is used to modulate from the first theme in the tonic key to
a second theme in a new key.
34. A feeling of harmonic tension and forward motion is created in the exposition of a sonata form movement by ______.
A. the conflict of tonalities between the first and second themes
B. the introduction of a new theme in the bridge
C. retaining the same tonality for both themes
D. changing the meter of the second theme
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Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the structure of sonata (sonata-allegro) form
Topic: Sonata form
Feedback: In the exposition, the modulation from the home key to a new key creates a feeling of harmonic tension and forward
motion.
35. Short musical ideas or fragments of themes that are developed within a composition are called ______.
A. codas
B. rides
C. melodies
D. motives
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Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structure of sonata (sonata-allegro) form
Topic: Sonata form
Feedback: Motives are short musical ideas developed within a composition. A motive can sound very different depending on how
it is treated; it can be taken through changes of melody, rhythm, or dynamics.
36. The three main sections of a sonata-form movement are often followed by a concluding section known as the ______.
A. coda
B. theme
C. bridge
D. motive
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Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structure of sonata (sonata-allegro) form
Topic: Sonata form
Feedback: A composer can give a sonata movement a powerful feeling of conclusion by following the recapitulation with a coda.
A coda rounds off a movement by repeating themes or developing them further. It always ends in the tonic key.
Feedback: The sonata form is a flexible structure and set of principles that allow composers to shape material through contrasts of
themes and keys.
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38. Each successive variation in a theme with variations ______.
A. retains some elements of the theme
B. is usually in a new key
C. is usually in the same key
D. presents a new melodic idea
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Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the structure of a theme and variations movement
Topic: Theme and variations
Feedback: In a theme-and-variations form, each variation is usually about the same length as the theme. However, each variation
has its own identity, created through changes of melody, rhythm, harmony, accompaniment, dynamics, or tone color. The core
melody may appear in the bass, or it may be repeated in a minor key instead of a major key.
Feedback: In a theme and variations, a basic musical idea—the theme—is repeated over and over and is changed each time. This
form may be outlined as theme (A)—variation 1 (A )— variation 2 (A )—variation 3 (A ), and so on.
Feedback: A theme and variations does not contain a recapitulation section; that appears only in sonata form.
41. Which of the following elements is usually not changed in varying the theme in theme-and-variations form?
A. Melody
B. Harmony
C. Length
D. Rhythm
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Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the structure of a theme and variations movement
Topic: Theme and variations
Feedback: Changes of melody, rhythm, harmony, accompaniment, dynamics, or tone color may be used to give a variation its
own identity, but the length of each variation is roughly the same.
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Feedback: The second movement (andante) of Haydn’s Symphony No. 94 in G Major (Surprise Symphony) is a theme and
variations.
43. The minuet-and-trio movement of a classical symphony, string quartet, or other work, is in ____________ form.
A. ABA
B. AABB
C. AA'A''A'''A''''
D. ABACABA
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a minuet and trio
Topic: Minuet and trio
Feedback: The minuet and trio is in ternary form (A B A): minuet (A), trio (B), minuet (A).
44. The movement of a symphony that is often patterned after a dance is the ______.
A. first
B. second
C. third
D. fourth
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a minuet and trio
Topic: Minuet and trio
Feedback: The minuet and trio, or minuet, is often used as the third movement of classical symphonies, string quartets, and other
works. Like the movements of the baroque suite, the minuet originated as a dance. Sometimes, a scherzo was used instead of a
minuet.
Feedback: The minuet first appeared at the court of Louis XIV of France around 1650 and was danced by aristocrats throughout
the eighteenth century.
Feedback: The minuet was a stately, dignified dance in which the dancing couple exchanged curtsies and bows.
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of McGraw-Hill Education.
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a minuet and trio
Topic: Minuet and trio
Feedback: The minuet was written in ABA form, in triple meter, and at a moderate tempo. If the tempo was too quick or lively,
the audience would have difficulty dancing in a stately, dignified manner.
Feedback: The character of a minuet is stately and dignified, not brisk or lively (that description is more appropriate for a scherzo
or allegro movement).
50. In many of Beethoven's works, there is a _______ movement instead of the minuet.
A. presto
B. scherzo
C. fugato
D. ritornello
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Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a minuet and trio
Topic: Ludwig van Beethoven
Topic: Minuet and trio
Feedback: In many of Beethoven’s compositions, the third movement is not a minuet but a related form called a scherzo. Like a
minuet, a scherzo is usually in ABA form and triple meter, but it moves more quickly, generating energy, rhythmic drive, and
rough humor. (Scherzo is Italian for joke.)
Feedback: Similar to a minuet, a scherzo is usually in A B A form and triple meter, but it moves more quickly, generating energy,
rhythmic drive, and rough humor.
52. A _____________ is a musical composition that is usually light in mood, and meant for evening entertainment.
A. minuet and trio
B. aubade
C. serenade
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D. rondo
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the important trends in European music from 1750 to 1820
Topic: Classical music
Feedback: A serenade is a work that’s usually light in mood, meant for evening entertainment.
53. The double bass in the classical orchestra, as in Mozart's Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, often does what?
A. Has a separate and distinct bass part
B. Doubles the cello part in the same register
C. Doubles the cello part an octave lower
D. Plays only accents on stressed beats
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Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the important trends in European music from 1750 to 1820
Topic: Classical music
Feedback: The double bass, in the context of an orchestra, often doubles the cello part an octave lower, to reinforce the
fundamental tones of the harmony.
Feedback: Da capo means "from the beginning," indicating that the performer should return to the beginning of the piece and
repeat the music until further direction.
Feedback: A rondo form establishes a main theme that returns often, alternating with contrasting sections. Common rondo
patterns are ABACA and ABACABA.
Feedback: In a rondo, the main theme is usually lively, pleasing, and simple to remember, so that the listener can easily recognize
its return.
Feedback: The popularity of the rondo did not end with the classical period. It was used by twentieth-century composers such as
Igor Stravinsky and Arnold Schoenberg.
58. The return of the main theme in rondo form is all the more welcome because it is usually ______.
A. in a contrasting key
B. in the tonic key
C. slow and dignified
D. in varied form
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a rondo
Topic: Rondo
Feedback: The return of the main theme is usually stated in the tonic key, making it welcome after contrasting sections.
Feedback: A sonata-rondo combines elements of a rondo, such as a lively, pleasing, simple theme with those of a sonata, such as
a development section.
Feedback: The main theme of a rondo, is usually in the tonic key, is lively, returns frequently throughout the movement, and
closes the movement.
61. Because of its character, the rondo most often serves as a ______.
A. slow movement
B. first movement
C. set of variations
D. finale
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the structural pattern of a rondo
Topic: Rondo
Feedback: A rondo often serves as a finale, because its liveliness, regularity, and buoyancy bring a happy sense of conclusion.
Feedback: The rondo was used either as an independent piece or as one movement of a symphony, string quartet, or sonata. Its
popularity lasted through to the twentieth century, used by composers such as Igor Stravinsky and Arnold Schoenberg.
Feedback: The popularity of the rondo did not end with the classical period. It was used by twentieth-century composers such as
Igor Stravinsky and Arnold Schoenberg.
Feedback: A symphony is an extended, ambitious composition typically lasting between 20 and 45 minutes, exploiting the
expanded range of tone color and dynamics of the classical orchestra. A classical symphony usually consists of four movements
which evoke a wide range of emotions through contrasts of tempo and mood.
Feedback: A typical sequence is (1) a vigorous, dramatic fast movement; (2) a lyrical slow movement; (3) a dancelike movement
(minuet or scherzo); and (4) a brilliant or heroic fast movement.
66. The first movement of a classical symphony is almost always fast, and in _____ form.
A. sonata
B. rondo
C. minuet
D. ABA
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the pattern of movements in a symphony of the classical era
Topic: Symphony
Feedback: Classical composers almost always wrote the first movement of a symphony is sonata form.
Feedback: A symphony can be thought of as a sonata for orchestra. It is an extended, ambitious composition that is usually in
four movements. A composition for solo instrument and orchestra is known as a concerto.
Feedback: Unlike the other movements in the symphony, the slow movement is generally not in the tonic key.
Feedback: The opening movement of a classical symphony is usually quick and lively and in sonata form.
70. The lyrical slow movement of a symphony is most often the ______.
A. first
B. second
C. third
D. fourth
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the pattern of movements in a symphony of the classical era
Topic: Symphony
Feedback: The second movement of a symphony is mostly used to provide contrast and is rarely in the tonic key. It is generally
slow and can be in a variety of forms, such as sonata, rondo, or theme and variations.
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72. The last movement of a classical symphony ______.
A. is most often in sonata or sonata-rondo form
B. is usually fast, lively, and brilliant, but somewhat lighter in mood than the opening movement
C. is always in the tonic key of the symphony
D. All answers are correct.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the pattern of movements in a symphony of the classical era
Topic: Symphony
Feedback: The fourth, concluding movement of a classical symphony is usually fast, lively, and brilliant. It is always in the tonic
key and in sonata or sonata-rondo form.
73. One way that unity is often achieved in the classical symphony is by the use of the same ______.
A. key in three of its four movements
B. theme in each of its four movements
C. key in all four movements
D. rhythm in all four movements
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Learning Objective: Know the pattern of movements in a symphony of the classical era
Topic: Symphony
Feedback: In most classical symphonies, each movement is a self-contained composition with its own set of themes. A theme in
one movement will only rarely reappear in a later movement. But a symphony is unified partly by the use of the same key in
three of its movements.
Feedback: Like symphonies, concertos can last anywhere from twenty minutes to forty-five minutes.
Feedback: A classical concerto is a three-movement work for an instrumental soloist and orchestra. It combines the soloist’s
virtuosity and interpretive abilities with the orchestra’s wide range of tone color and dynamics.
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Learning Objective: Know the movements and characteristics of a concerto of the classical era
Topic: Concerto
Feedback: In contrast to a symphony’s four movements, a classical concerto has three: (1) fast, (2) slow, and (3) fast. A concerto
has no dance-related movement.
77. The favored solo instrument in the classical concerto was the ______.
A. harpsichord
B. cello
C. piano
D. clarinet
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Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the movements and characteristics of a concerto of the classical era
Topic: Concerto
Feedback: Although classical concertos featured different solo instruments (violin, cello, horn, trumpet, clarinet, and bassoon) the
piano was the most favored and featured instrumental soloist.
Feedback: The main purpose of a concerto is to display the interplay, or dialogue, between a soloist and the orchestra.
Feedback: A classical concerto begins with a movement in sonata form, containing two expositions. The first is played by the
orchestra, which presents several themes in the home key. The second exposition begins with the soloist’s first notes.
81. The classical concerto differs from the symphony in that it does not have a ___________ movement.
A. sonata form
B. slow
C. minuet or scherzo
D. rondo finale
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Bloom's: Understand
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Learning Objective: Know the movements and characteristics of a concerto of the classical era
Topic: Concerto
Feedback: Concertos have many sections that require a soloist to have a certain level of virtuosity; they are often showpieces for
a soloist, especially the cadenza section.
83. A brilliant solo section in a concerto designed to display the performer's virtuosity is called ______.
A. a cadenza
B. a fermata
C. a pause
D. da capo
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the movements and characteristics of a concerto of the classical era
Topic: Concerto
Feedback: In the first movement and sometimes in the last movement, there is a special unaccompanied showpiece for the soloist,
the cadenza (Italian for cadence).
Feedback: The pause before a cadenza is indicated in the score by a fermata, which is placed over a suspenseful chord. The
suspense leads into the entry of the soloist’s cadenza.
Feedback: Classical chamber music is designed for the intimate setting of a room (chamber) in a home or palace, rather than for a
public concert hall. Chamber music was often written for nonprofessional musicians of the aristocracy or middle class.
86. The most important form of classical chamber music is the ______.
A. piano trio
B. string quintet
C. string quartet
D. violin and piano sonata
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of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the characteristics of classical chamber music
Topic: Chamber music
Feedback: The most important form in classical chamber music is the string quartet, written for two violins, a viola, and a cello.
Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven wrote some of their most important music in this form.
87. A major factor that distinguishes chamber music from the symphony or concerto is that chamber music ______.
A. does not use sonata form
B. is performed in concert halls
C. does not have difficult parts
D. is performed by one player per part
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the characteristics of classical chamber music
Topic: Chamber music
Feedback: Chamber music is performed by a small group of two to nine musicians, with one player to a part.
Feedback: The string quartet is the most important form in classical chamber music. It is written for two violins, a viola, and a
cello and usually consists of four movements.
Feedback: The instrumentation for a string quartet is: two violins, viola, and cello. This provides the most flexibility and range
for musical ideas.
Feedback: The piano trio is a chamber piece written for violin, cello, and piano.
5-19
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent
of McGraw-Hill Education.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Know the characteristics of classical chamber music
Topic: Chamber music
Feedback: A string quartet is similar to a symphony in the way its four movements unfold: (1) fast, (2) slow, (3) minuet or
scherzo, (4) fast.
Feedback: The piano trio was written for violin, cello, and piano.
93. Haydn was fortunate in having a long and fruitful, as well as financially stable, relationship with the noble Hungarian family
of ______.
A. Esterházy
B. Stefanházy
C. Liszt
D. Kadar
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Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Recall the biography of Franz Joseph Haydn
Topic: Franz Joseph Haydn
Feedback: For almost thirty years, Haydn composed most of his music for performance in the palaces of the Esterházys, the
family who employed him.
94. Which of the following was not one of Haydn's duties while in the service of the Esterházys?
A. Composing all the music requested by his patron
B. Conducting the orchestra
C. Coaching the singers for operatic performances
D. Writing a cantata each week for Sunday services.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Learning Objective: Recall the biography of Franz Joseph Haydn
Topic: Franz Joseph Haydn
Feedback: Although Haydn's duties for the Esterházys included composing all the music requested by his patron, conducting the
orchestra, coaching singers, and overseeing the instruments and the music library, it did not include writing cantatas for church
services every Sunday.
Feedback: Although greatly respected and admired, Haydn was still subservient to his employers; he was a highly-skilled servant.
96. Although Haydn spent most of his time in Hungary, he often traveled to ________, where his music was performed often and
greatly admired.
A. Paris
5-20
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placed a small piece of paper upon which was written a letter of the
alphabet. When any wire was charged, the paper letters at each end
of it were attracted towards the metal balls, and in this way words
and sentences were spelled out. Many other systems more or less
on the same lines were suggested during the next fifty years, but
although some of them had considerable success in an experimental
way, they were all far too unreliable to have any commercial
success.
With the invention of the voltaic cell, inventors’ ideas took a new
direction. In 1812 a telegraph based upon the power of an electric
current to decompose water was devised by a German named
Sömmering. He used a number of separate wires, each connected to
a gold pin projecting from below into a glass vessel filled with
acidulated water. There were thirty-five wires in all, for letters and
numbers, and when a current was sent along any wire bubbles of
gas formed at the pin at the end of it, and so the letters or numbers
were indicated. This telegraph, like its predecessors, never came
into practical use. Oersted’s discovery in 1829 of the production of
magnetism by electricity laid the foundation of the first really practical
electric telegraphs, but little progress was made until the appearance
of the Daniell cell, in 1836. The earlier forms of voltaic cells polarized
so rapidly that it was impossible to obtain a constant current from
them, but the non-polarizing Daniell cell at once removed all difficulty
in this respect. In the year 1837 three separate practical telegraphs
were invented: by Morse in the United States, by Wheatstone and
Cooke in England, and by Steinheil in Munich.
The first telegraph of Wheatstone and Cooke consisted of five
magnetic needles pivoted on a vertical dial. The letters of the
alphabet were marked on the dial, and the needles were deflected
by currents made to pass through wires by the depression of keys,
so that two needles would point towards the required letter. Fig. 26 is
a sketch of the dial of this apparatus. This telegraph was tried
successfully on the London and North-Western Railway, over a wire
a mile and a half in length. Wheatstone and Cooke afterwards
invented a single-needle telegraph in which the letters were
indicated by movements of the needle to the right or to the left,
according to the direction of a
current sent through a coil of
wire. Wheatstone
subsequently produced an
apparatus which printed the
letters on paper.
In the United States,
Morse had thought out a
scheme of telegraphy in 1832,
but it was not until 1837 that
he got his apparatus into
working order. He was an
artist by profession, and for a
long time he was unable to
develop his ideas for lack of
money. After many efforts he
succeeded in obtaining a
State grant of £6000 for the
construction of a telegraph
line between Baltimore and
Washington, and the first
message over this line was
sent in 1844, the line being
thrown open to the public in
Fig. 26.—Dial of Five-Needle Telegraph. the following year. Amongst
the features of this telegraph
were a receiving instrument which automatically recorded the
messages on a moving paper ribbon, by means of a pencil actuated
by an electro-magnet; and an apparatus called a relay, which
enabled the recording instrument to be worked when the current was
enfeebled by the resistance of a very long wire. Morse also devised
a telegraphic code which is practically the same as that in use to-
day.
The great discovery of the German Steinheil was that a second
wire for the return of the current was not necessary, and that the
earth could be used for this part of the circuit.
In reading the early history of great inventions one is continually
struck with the indifference or even hostility shown by the general
public. In England the electric telegraph was practically ignored until
the capture of a murderer by means of it literally forced the public to
see its value. The murder was committed near Slough, and the
murderer succeeded in taking train for London. Fortunately the Great
Western Railway had a telegraph line between Slough and London,
and a description telegraphed to Paddington enabled the police to
arrest the murderer on his arrival. In the United States too there was
just the same indifference. The rate for messages on the line
between Baltimore and Washington was one cent for four words, and
the total amount taken during the first four days was one cent!
One of the simplest forms of telegraph is the single-needle
instrument. This consists of a magnetic needle fixed to a spindle at
the back of an upright board through which the spindle is passed. On
the same spindle, but in front of the board, is fixed a dial needle,
which, of course, moves along with the magnetic needle. A coil of
wire is passed round the magnetic needle, and connected to a
commutator for reversing the direction of the current. By turning a
handle to the left a current is made to flow through the coil, and the
magnetic needle moves to one side; but if the handle is turned to the
right the current flows through the coil in the opposite direction, and
the needle moves to the other side. Instead of a handle, two keys
may be used, the movement of the needle varying according to
which key is pressed. A good operator can transmit at the rate of
about twenty words a minute with this instrument. The Morse code,
which consists of combinations of dots and dashes, is used, a
movement of the dial needle to the left meaning a dot, and one to the
right a dash. The code as used in the single-needle instrument is
shown in Fig. 27.
Fig. 27.—Code for Single-Needle
Telegraph.
PLATE XI.