Philippine Journal of Science

152 (6A): 2087-2103, December 2023

ISSN 0031 - 7683
Date Received: 16 Mar 2023

IoT-based Health Monitoring of Sports Personnel

through Wearables Using Machine Learning Technology

1 2
Rashmin S. Tanna and Chandulal H. Vithalani *

1
Electronics and Communication Department,
Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad 382424 Gujarat, India
2
Electronics and Communication Department, L.D. College of Engineering,
Ahmedabad 380015, Gujarat, India

The faster growth and expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) hold a lot of promise in the
healthcare industry. Currently, fitness trackers, wireless technologies, and body sensors in
sports significantly impact the daily performance and reliability of healthcare systems. In
various groups, from elite athletes to patients, wearable gadgets are becoming increasingly
important to assess physiological parameters, promote health, and improve exercise adherence
This article aims to identify sports medicine clinics and team performance services and improve
the use of technology to assist athletes returning to play in a variety of sports. Machine learning
approaches are presented for effective optimization to test and monitor the health of athletes.
Wearable sensor data from the health IoT is a rich source of information that machine learning
can unlock. The key novelty of this work lies in the integration of IoT, wearable devices, and
machine learning algorithms to enable comprehensive and continuous health monitoring of
sports personnel. The objective is to enhance athletes' well-being, prevent injuries, optimize
training programs, and improve overall performance. Therefore, the wearable sensor-based
smartwatch on IoT is introduced in this study for the continual health monitoring system
for athletes. The machine learning-based ensemble naïve Bayes classifier (ENBC) is used to
predict sportsperson health activity. The result of the study shows that the average accuracy of
machine learning-based classification was 98.63%, which is high compared to other conventional
methods. The proposed machine learning approach described in this study is undoubtedly the
most efficient, reliable, and accurate of the other methods. The use of a smartwatch to monitor
a person's athletic health is gaining popularity because it is inexpensive, easy to wear, and in
line with consumer psychology.

Keywords: health monitor, Internet of things, machine learning, sensor, smartwatch, sportsperson

INTRODUCTION acknowledges the connection between an active lifestyle

One of the necessities of human life is health. Health,
defined as the absence of disease and ideal physical and
mental conditions, is a state of happiness. Every culture
focuses more on the use of technology in its healthcare
systems. One of these is human activity recognition, which
*Corresponding author: dr.chandulalhvithalani@gmail.com
and health and can evaluate users' lifestyles by tracking
how much they do each day and ultimately creating a
behavioral model. It is helpful in the early identification
of health-related abnormalities (Kehler et al. 2018).
Consumers choose a variety of intelligent clothing that
may help with training and enhance sports performance.
Several studies have shown that integrating temperature,
pH, and biomarker sensing on flexible bandages can

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help diagnose and manage wound infection. Functional
bandages are a common example of smart wearable
technology.
Smart sports bandages must be developed immediately
to aid athletes and track their health. The technology has
lately been employed mostly in microelectronic devices,
communications networks, data assessments, and sensor
processors, as per many approaches. Glass, shoes,
bracelets, watches, hats, sockets, clothes, headphones,
and smartphones are just a few of the pieces that make
up wearable technology (Amin et al. 2018).
Figure 1 represents the different kinds of wearable devices.
Figure 1. Different kinds of wearable technology.
Figure 2. Merits of IoT healthcare system.
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An IoT-based healthcare system for sports collects
the athlete's medical records using various connected
systems and/or the individual's sensing. Portable smart
gadgets include intelligent socks, smart pants, smart
belts, smart wristwatches, smart fingers on attractive
shirts, smartwatches, and more. Healthcare systems have
been used to monitor and assess physical health in sports
applications, an advancement with enormous benefits for
athletes (Veningston et al. 2020). The Internet of things
(IoT) is growing rapidly in the field of health care due to
the great improvement of digital wearable technological
sensors (Thota et al. 2018). Athletes' pulses might be
determined using adaptive technologies in sports that
would help with physical activity (Pieles and Stuart
2020). IoT has an impact on clinical treatment since
the healthcare sector requires so much administration
and patient dedication (Manogaran et al. 2018). Figure
2 depicts the IoT healthcare system benefits in various
fields, and Figure 3 depicts the wearable device usage in
various fields.
Health monitoring systems also do away with the need
for hospitalization and prevent reception. When IoT-
based e-health tracking is heavily utilized to improve
therapy effectiveness, medical treatment expenses are
comparatively reduced (Abdel-Basset et al. 2019).
Effective IoT healthcare systems have covered a
wider spectrum of technologies – including wireless
communication, telemonitoring, network access, etc.
(Papa et al. 2020). Another area where significant work is
being done is the capturing, monitoring, and preservation
of public health and property utilizing linked technology
and sensors. The most objective quality of IoT for
many individuals such as customers, family members,
Figure 3. Wearable usage of sensor.
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physicians, and athletes is its usage in health coverage
(Gardašević et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2019).
IoT-enabled wearable healthcare devices for athletes are a
growing technology with benefits for continuous physical
health monitoring and analysis (Khari et al. 2019).
During exercises such as jumping, walking, climbing, and
running, health information – including blood pressure
(BP), heart rate, glucose levels, and oxygen levels – are
carefully monitored. IoT-enabled health monitoring in the
sports industry is a developing research area that requires
more advancements (Seshadri et al. 2019).
sports have a long history of collecting and reporting data.
Information from athlete tracking helps determine how
well athletes adapt to the demands of forced practice and
competition (Mencarini et al. 2019; Smith et al. 2019). The
fundamental purpose of visualization is to improve athletic
movement quality, increase focus, lessen competitive
pressure, and increase athletic confidence (Manogaran et
al. 2019; Luguetti et al. 2019). Since athletes’ performance
Figure 4. Different kinds of sensors in wearable devices.
Tanna and Vithalani: IoT-based Health Monitoring
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affects their health, one of the many applications of a
wearable device is to monitor their health (Angelov et
al. 2019). Information from the dataset of mHealth is
utilized to assess and monitor the athletes' actions (Banos
et al. 2015).
People are monitored remotely through smart healthcare
systems to prevent the spread of diseases and provide
prompt affordable treatment. A suitable solution in
this scenario is a combination of machine learning and
IoT-enabled healthcare systems (Liu et al. 2019; Sun et
al. 2021). Health systems categorize these remedies as
symptomatic treatment and, consequently, as preventive
treatment. According to this study's experimental findings,
human-computer interaction exercise training can
effectively direct exercise training and increase training
effectiveness by 20%. Figure 4 illustrates the myriad of
sensor types used to monitor health information through
wearable devices.
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RELATED WORKS
Monitoring the heartbeat of athletes during sports
activities can provide valuable insights into their physical
well-being. One of the proposed research projects
introduces a new method using an IoT-based system that
incorporates wearable sensor devices to collect real-time
data on athletes' electrocardiogram (ECG) patterns and
body acceleration. The collected data is then classified
using radial-basis function network and Levenberg-
Marquardt with probabilistic neural network algorithms.
Experimental tests were conducted with a sample size of
100 individuals, resulting in the effective classification
and prediction of heart rate with validation and training
sample precisions of 73.58 and 73.45%, respectively. The
proposed system shows promise as an alternative solution
for real-time monitoring of athletes' physical health (Wang
and Gao 2021).
Real-time monitoring of physiological indicators plays
a crucial role in protecting athletes from life-threatening
conditions and injuries during training and competitions.
To address this need, this system utilizes wearable medical
devices to measure vital signs and applies various deep-
learning algorithms to extract valuable information. They
specifically focused on Sanda athletes as a case study.
The proposed system demonstrated promising potential
as an effective tool for diagnosing serious diseases among
athletes such as brain tumors, heart disease, and cancer.
The performance evaluation of the system was based on
precision, recall, AUC, and F1 metrics (Wu et al. 2023;
Wang et al. 2020).
To improve multi-scaling data analysis and visualization
in the sports health vision framework, the study provides
an interactive healthcare information discovery and
visualization paradigm. The three layers of this model's
design are raw data collecting, data processing, and
visualization. This test has an accuracy rate of 95.7%,
a prediction percentage of 95.2%, an efficiency rate of
95.%, a Pearson correlation coefficient of 97.2%, and a
reduced error rate of 18.7% compared to other existing
approaches. This approach requires a high cost of data
processing (Liu et al. 2022).
The study reports on the design and testing of a unique
fully embroidered curved dipole antenna-based sensor
attached to a commercially available t-shirt for real-time
respiration monitoring using a method based on chest
wall motion analysis. This real-time data can be used for
clinical purposes such as in-person diagnosis of respiratory
disorders and monitoring of patients with pulmonary edema,
asthma, and other conditions. The proposed antenna-based
sensor is wearable, compact, stable in operation, and easy
to fabricate (El Gharbi et al. 2022).
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One study analyzed three different forms of wearable
technology – including a smartwatch, an activity tracker,
and a specialized sports gadget with a chest strap – and
analyzed cardiovascular rate data taken by the test subjects
during various physical activities. Measurements taken
with an activity tracker or smartwatch have proven to be
more accurate when people are resting and less physically
active (de Pessemier et al. 2018).
The study describes the use of ZigBee modules and fitness
trackers to monitor patients. There is no need to keep them
in bed for health monitoring as their condition can also be
seen while they are wandering around. Health indicators
including pulse rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature
are considered. Model parameters are collected using
sensors attached to patients' clothing. Wearable sensor
technology can detect even minute variations in important
signals that people might miss such as variations in pulse
rate and blood oxygen levels. Notifying doctors of these
changes now could save lives. Also, a complete health
history can be created for each patient using information
collected from wireless sensor nodes, which helps doctors
make accurate diagnoses (Sukumar et al. 2016).
One of the models that has a high accuracy can be used
to remotely assess the health of elderly Alzheimer's
patients by their caregivers, for rehabilitation, to monitor
obesity, and to remotely monitor the physical activity of
athletes. Chronic diseases require important biochemical,
biological, and genetic information (Syed et al. 2019).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
For continual healthcare monitoring in a sporting setting,
an IoT-based smartwatch has been developed. Through
various smart wearables, multiple health data are gathered.
Consecutive tracking of each moving action allows for
the collection and identification of the relevant data using
wearable IoT sensors. A sportsperson's pulse rate, BP,
blood glucose level, oxygen saturation, and breathing
characteristics are among the variables that are examined.
Running, walking, jumping, climbing, lying down, and
other sports-related activities all involve tracking multiple
aspects. The data collected from the sensing devices
is stored in cloud computing databases for further data
management and analysis for the classification process.
DATA COLLECTION
In the described system, an mHealth database is utilized,
which contains 150 occurrences or instances of data. These
occurrences are associated with 35 different characteristics
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that have been recorded using three implanted sensors.
These sensors are utilized during various sports activities
to gather information based on the actions performed
by individuals. The collected data is then processed and
stored in the database for further analysis. To efficiently
evaluate patient health, wearable technology-based
systems have been developed. The contribution of the
work highlights the effectiveness of the provided ENBC
technique in training the sensor data. This technique
aids in reducing the number of misclassification errors
and improving the overall recognition performance of
the system. In the data processing phase, a MATLAB
program is utilized to process the sensor data. The data
is split into two sets – the learning data (which accounts
for 65% of the dataset) and the evaluating data (which
accounts for the remaining 35%). Based on the details,
the testing and training procedures are conducted to assess
the performance and accuracy of the system. Overall, the
system collects data through implanted sensors during
sports activities, processes it using a MATLAB program,
and employs the ENBC technique to enhance recognition
performance. This approach enables efficient evaluation
of patient health and contributes to the advancement of
mHealth technologies in sports monitoring.
MONITORING SPORTS PERSONNEL
Monitoring sports personnel involves a comprehensive
and detailed approach to assess and optimize their
performance, well-being, and overall health. This process
entails the systematic tracking and analysis of various
parameters to gather valuable insights. One crucial
aspect of monitoring is performance tracking. Athletes'
physical capabilities such as speed, endurance, power,
agility, and technique are continuously measured and
analyzed (Wang et al. 2020). This is accomplished using
wearable devices, motion sensors, and video analysis
techniques. By promptly addressing health concerns
and employing appropriate injury prevention strategies,
sports personnel can maintain their well-being and avoid
long-term setbacks. Monitoring also encompasses the
management of training load (Qiu et al. 2022; Liu et al.
2022). Biomechanical analysis plays a significant role
in monitoring as well. This analysis provides valuable
information for implementing corrective measures,
optimizing performance, and reducing the likelihood
of injuries. Nutritional assessment is an integral part
of monitoring sports personnel (Sun et al. 2021).
By tracking dietary intake, energy expenditure, and
nutrient balance, coaches and nutritionists can develop
tailored nutrition plans. These plans support athletes
in meeting their nutritional requirements, optimizing
fueling strategies, enhancing recovery, and promoting
Tanna and Vithalani: IoT-based Health Monitoring
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overall performance. Psychological monitoring is also
important in ensuring the well-being and performance
of sports personnel. Monitoring stress levels, mood
fluctuations, and cognitive performance allows for early
detection of psychological challenges. This enables the
implementation of appropriate strategies to manage
stress, maintain optimal mental health, and enhance
performance readiness. Additionally, sleep monitoring
plays a crucial role in monitoring sports personnel
(Li et al. 2022). By tracking sleep patterns, duration,
quality, and disturbances, coaches and support staff
can optimize sleep hygiene and recovery strategies. By
continuously monitoring and analyzing these factors,
coaches and support staff can tailor training programs,
provide personalized care, and optimize the overall
performance, health, and well-being of sports personnel
(Ren et al. 2022).
Smartwatch for health monitoring consists of various
small sensors that can be worn on the left wrist and
can detect important physiological variables of the
human body. Essential information received by the
microcontroller conditions the third party to be sent
to the central processing node via wired or wireless
communication, including the personal data assistant
or a specific type of MCU motherboard. Appendix
I depicts the wearable device of the smartwatch
function module.
A sportsperson's health parameters regularly deviate
as an outcome of the various fitness activities. As a
result, processes for tracking, predicting, and other
data analysis processes fail suddenly. An effective
strategy for gathering information from wearable IoT
sensors, evaluating it, and classifying it using ENBC
in sportsman healthcare monitoring has been described
to address this problem.
Wearable sensors are providing data for real-time health
tracking during multiple sports actions. Furthermore, a
breathing sensor and a heart rate monitoring sensor have
been considered for data monitoring. Additionally, the
analog data were transformed into a digital format for
additional analysis using an ECG sensor. The collection
of data from sensors has been carried out twice and saved
in the designated data cloud using the IoT gateway to
obtain more precise numbers. Regression analysis must be
done to make predictions. The saved data is subjected to
regression analysis by the ENBC. The ENBC has carried
out a statistical study to prevent calculation errors in
distinguishing the abnormalities and random fluctuation
in health data related to sports activity.
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CONTINUOUS HEALTH TRACKING
FOR ATHLETES UTILIZING
SMARTWATCHES
Athletes' health is continuously monitored through
smartwatches. Numerous accessories that are linked to the
Internet and mobile devices are utilized in conjunction with
wearable gadgets. Data is continually gathered and saved
in the cloud database from the smartphone. The method of
tracking a sportsperson's health is done using the mHealth
dataset. Information from the cloud is accessible during the
analysis phase and analyzed using an ENBC.
In the system's newly presented functioning structure, shown
in Appendix II, additional wearable gadgets are used by
athletes which are linked through a smartphone. Following
data collection, the doctor and healthcare research center
get the data over a network and online. Then, the input is
evaluated by using the ENBC, an optimal classifier.
INFORMATION GATHERING AND
CLEANSING
Information gathering is the initial stage of the study;
dataset information of mHealth is utilized to track the
health data of the patient. The dataset contains a greater
variety of data that was gathered by attaching sensors to
the subject's chest, left ankle, and right wrist. In addition
to utilizing sensor equipment, sportspersons are being
pushed to engage in greater physical activity to gather
various types of data. The installed sensors gather data
on walking, running, sitting, and other activities as well
as pulse rate. To gather information, a person is requested
to perform about 12 different activities (laying down,
bending at the waist, cycling, jogging, running, jumping,
walking, sitting, knee bending, climbing stairs, front and
rear hopping, etc.). Three sensor devices are utilized to
gather this information. To anticipate a person's health
state, smartwatch device data must be collected and
evaluated using efficient machine-learning approaches.
The acquired data must be corrected if there are any
missing values to improve the system for tracking general
health. Let us assume that X = X1, X2, X3, ... Xn is the sensor
data that has been gathered and contains any inappropriate
data in any row, column, or person. Therefore, by using
the median value of the row or column, the noisy values
and the disappeared value must be removed. Utilizing
Equation 1, the average value is calculated:
(1)
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Equation 1 is shown as the average value of a particular
column and row in the information taken using a wearable
device; it is also referred to as the calculated missing value.
The quantity of sensor information in the dataset is n, and
Xk is expressed as individual data in a column or row. The
information should then be standardized to find things
simpler to forecast how the physical healthcare monitoring
system will perform. The lowest and highest values in the
row are calculated as part of the normalization process
as follows:
X − Min( X )
X′ = (2)
Max( X ) − Min( X )
Sensing health information that has been normalized
is given as X′ in Equation 2. X stands for the gathered
health information, with min(X) designating the dataset's
smallest value and max(X) designating the dataset's
highest value. Parkinson data's lowest and greatest values
are represented by the letters YY and minimum and
maximum, respectively. The health of athletes must be
regularly checked once the process has been normalized,
and this is accomplished by using the ENBC.
TECHNIQUE TO ASSESS THE HEALTH
OF ATHLETES BY ENSEMBLE NAÏVE
BAYES (ENBC)
The process of measuring a sportsperson's wellness is the
next step, and it uses the ENBC. One of the successful
multiple-learning strategies that help to improve the
effectiveness of the detection phase is the one that has
been presented. Additionally, the strategy's flexible
structure allows it to perform flawlessly on a large amount
of data. An ENBC must first be trained using wearable
information. The network's capabilities to handle the
incoming wearable information span several layers. The
number of hidden layers is raised during data training
due to the enormous quantities of information. The idea
is utilized to reduce the poor information participant in
the health checking identification process in addition to
improving learning. Appendix III then represents the data
training procedure.
Incoming weight values (Iw–Iwn) are primed through
the ensemble-boosted classifier application process. The
classifiers [Cn(a)] are used for input 1–n to enhance the
effectiveness in that the weighted value must be reduced.
The boosted procedure is then calculated as follows:
n
Bn = ∑ I w (n)(Cn (a ) ≠ Tn ) (3)
N =1
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where Bn stands for the actual output of the boosted
process, n for the set of inputs used in the strong learning
experience, Cn(a) for the output classifications, and Tn for
the input's desired value. Following the computation of
the B value, calculated the ensemble value is as follows:
n
I w (n)(Cn (a ) ≠ Tn )
En = ∑ n
N =1
∑I
N =1
w ( n)
This denotes En as the ensemble value of the input.
Equation 5 below is used to carry out the boosting
procedure while taking the ensemble value into account:
 1 − En 
β n = log 
 En 
Equation 6 is utilized to modify the network weighted
value after calculating the enhancing procedure:
I w (n + 1) = I w (n)e ( β n (Cn ( a )≠Tn ) )
To exclude unreliable information from the list, this
procedure is repeated. The information is then analyzed
using the sigmoid function to get the output value.
Equation 7 is used to calculate the output depending on
the sigmoid function:
 n  the process of health prediction using a training dataset
C N (a ) = Sig  ∑ β n Cn (a ) 
 N =1  Also, Appendix XIV is the proposed algorithm for health
where “a” is the input, Cn(a) is the input connected to
the classification models, and m is the activate function
utilized to calculate the output values. As an outcome of
this ongoing process, the data was saved in the database
as templates. During the testing procedure, input data is
processed using classifiers that are dependent on the naïve
Bayes hypothesis to precisely anticipate the outcome of
the athlete's health status.
The health care facility or doctor receives the wearable
sensor data collection and uses the machine learning
approach to process it. If new wearable device information
enters the system, naïve Bayes classifiers are utilized
to evaluate it. One of the powerful ensemble methods,
it accurately categorizes the input data and calculates
the output practically. The likelihood function value is
calculated throughout this procedure taking the system
assumption into account. Considering the argument,
Equation 8 is used to establish the naïve Bayes theorem:
Tanna and Vithalani: IoT-based Health Monitoring
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In Equation 8, C is referred to as an estimated lattice,
SH is a specified hypothesis space, F is a potential class,
“Prob” is a likelihood, and t is training data. To forecast
the precise result of the provided wearable information, the
stated assumption is stated in the ensemble domain. The
probability expression of the classification operation is
specifically defined depending on the Bayes theory value:
(4)
(9)
(10)
The input attributes are inspected utilizing the naïve Bayes
theorem, and the associated output response is anticipated
(5) by comparing the estimated value with the training phase.
If the comparison procedure produces a result of 0, it
means that there is no anomalous activity in the incoming
information. In this case, the athlete is considered a healthy
person; otherwise, their health must be monitored to
ensure that they continue participating in sports.
(6)
ALGORITHM: SPORTSPERSON
HEALTH PREDICTION BY SMART
WATCH
Appendix IV shows the proposed framework that outlines
(7) (Td) and the predicted variable of evaluated sets (P).
prediction. Initially, the training dataset is read, consisting
of Td1 to Tdn. The algorithm calculates the mean square
error value for each class in the training dataset. Then,
a repetition loop begins to estimate the probability of
the predicted variable P using the naïve Bayes classifier.
This loop continues until the probability of all estimating
variables (p1, p2, p3, ... pn) has been estimated. Finally,
the algorithm calculates the probability of each class and
returns the high probability results, which represent the
testing results of health prediction (Rhp). This algorithm
enables the prediction of health outcomes based on the
training dataset and the estimation of probabilities using
the naïve Bayes classifier, providing valuable insights into
health prediction and classification.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Examine the effectiveness of the sportsperson health
monitoring system depending on wearable devices in
(8) this study. The system builds the healthcare monitoring
procedure throughout this phase using ENBC approaches.
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The mHealth database that the system uses has 150
occurrences and 35 characteristics that were recorded
with the aid of three sensors. The sensors are implanted
into people while they engage in various sports activities.
Information is gathered based on the actions and is then
processed and saved in the database. Systems based on
wearable technology have been developed that efficiently
and without delay evaluate patient health. As noted in
the work's contribution, the provided ENBC technique
effectively trains the sensor data and lowers the number
of miss-classification errors while also improving the
overall recognition performance. The MATLAB program
processes the sensor data that is then separated into
learning (65%) and evaluating (35%) data. According
to the above talks, the testing and training procedure
is carried out. The effectiveness of the system is then
assessed using a variety of measures that are given below.
The accuracy of a classification model is calculated by
dividing the number of correct predictions by the total
number of predictions and multiplying the result by 100
to obtain a percentage. Mathematically, it can be expressed
in Equation 11:
t p + tn
Accuracy = (11)
t p + tn + f p + f n
Precision is calculated by dividing the number of true
positive predictions by the sum of true positive predictions
and false positive predictions. Mathematically, it can be
expressed in Equation 12:
(12)
Recall is calculated by dividing the number of true positive
predictions by the sum of true positive predictions and
false negative predictions. Mathematically, it can be
expressed in Equation 13:
(13)
The F1-score is calculated as the harmonic mean of
precision and recall, giving equal importance to both
metrics. It is designed to capture the trade-off between
precision and recall, providing a single value that
represents the overall effectiveness of the model.
Mathematically, the F1-score is calculated using Equation 14:
(14)
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MSE is calculated by taking the average of the squared
differences between each predicted value and the
corresponding true value in the dataset. Mathematically,
it can be expressed in Equation 15:
(15)
Metrics are used to measure the system's effectiveness.
Efficient training processes decrease erroneous physical
assessment and enhance overall health monitoring. The
smartwatch-based health monitoring process is improved
by the efficient calculation of attribute training. More
importantly, the method uses the wearable sensor device's
smallest variation among the actual and anticipated value.
The explanation indicates that the result was as shown in
Appendix V.
This table provided showcases the performance metrics
of various approaches – including recurrent neural
networks (RNN), convolutional neural networks (CNN),
radial basis function networks (RBFN), long short-
term neural networks (LSTM), deep belief networks
(DBNs), and ENBC – across different numbers of
sportspersons. Analyzing the data, it can be observed that
the ENBC consistently outperforms the other methods,
demonstrating its superiority in this specific context. The
ENBC achieves higher accuracy scores compared to the
alternative techniques. For instance, when the number of
sportspersons is 45, the ENBC achieves an accuracy of
0.19, whereas the next best method (RNN) only reaches
0.52. This trend continues across the various sample sizes.
These results imply that the ENBC is a more reliable and
effective approach for the given sports-related dataset. It
consistently achieves higher accuracy rates, indicating its
ability to accurately classify and predict outcomes based
on the provided data. However, it is important to consider
that the choice of the best method may vary depending
on the specific characteristics of the dataset and the
problem at hand. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis
and consideration of other factors would be required to
definitively conclude that the ENBC is universally better
than the other methods in all scenarios. Appendix IX
clearly shows that the ENBC strategy achieves a very
low error rate because of effectively removing weak
classifiers from the list. The achieved accuracy value for
various athletes is shown in Appendix V, as a lower error
rate improves the overall performance.
The precision rate for tracking a sportsperson's health
is shown in Appendix VI. According to the findings –
compared to conventional methods like LSTMs (96.63),
CNNs (96.98), RBFNs (93.27), RNNs (95.43), and DBNs
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(92.80) – ENBC consumed the high precision value
(98.72). The ENBC method chooses the appropriate health
data from the group of characteristics without any issues.
Most importantly, the system makes use of ensemble
methods and the naïve Bayes theorem that enhances
the process of overall health tracking. Appendix X then
displays the corresponding graphical analysis connected
to the highest possible efficiency.
The efficient continuous monitoring of a person's health
state depends on appropriate learning and analysis
processes. Additionally, recall measures are used to assess
the quality of the smartwatch health monitoring system.
Appendix VII then displays the resulting value.
The recall value when tracking the wellness of a
sportsperson is shown in Appendix VII. When compared
to other classifiers like LSTMs, RBFNs, CNNs, DBNs,
and RNNs, ENBC consumes the most recall value. The
ENBC method chooses the appropriate health data from
the collection of characteristics without any problems.
The weight update technique helps in maximizing the
healthcare monitoring system by making optimal use of
the previous probability level. Following that, Appendix
XI displays the corresponding graphical analysis
connected to the recall value.
The ENBC consumes the highest recall value (98.17%) in
comparison to other classifiers – including LSTMs (94.28),
CNNs (97.02), RBFNs (92.89), RNNs (94.84), and DBNs
(91.75) – as shown in Appendix XI. The efficient continuous
monitoring of a person's health state depends on appropriate
learning and analysis processes. Utilizing the results of the
study, the effectiveness of the smart watch-based health
monitoring system is assessed using the F1-score criteria.
The F1 score values for several wearable device-based
health monitoring systems are shown in Appendix XII. The
complete process of monitoring the health of athletes has
been improved by the effective gathering and evaluation
of wearable device information. Appendix XII displays a
visual depiction of the F1 score value.
Appendix XII clearly shows that, when compared to other
ways, the ENBC methodology analyzes a sportsperson's
health with an accuracy of 98.63%. The efficiency of the
model is enhanced by the training procedure because
computational attribute learning is successful. As was
previously said, the newly developed ENBC technique
accurately and completely detects wearable device-based
sportsperson actions.
Additionally, the ROC curve is used to assess the system's
effectiveness since it helps to determine how correctly
the data obtained is used to track people's actions.
Appendix XIII shows the corresponding ROC curves
visual examination. Appendix XIII demonstrates the
remarkable performance of the ENBC method, achieving
Tanna and Vithalani: IoT-based Health Monitoring
of Sports Personnel
a value of 0.99. This signifies that utilizing wearable
devices for tracking people's activities outperforms
traditional tracking methods. The findings of this study
not only showcase the superiority of the ENBC method
but also highlight its effectiveness compared to other
classification techniques. The high accuracy achieved by
the ENBC method indicates its potential for accurate and
reliable activity tracking, underscoring the advantages of
employing wearable devices in monitoring and analyzing
individuals' movements. These results further reinforce
the value and significance of leveraging wearable
technology in activity tracking and highlight its potential
for enhancing traditional tracking methods in terms of
accuracy and efficiency.
Consequently, the system develops an ENBC technique
for wearable technology-based sportsperson health
monitoring practice. In this study, a sensor-based health
monitoring system using information from mHealth
datasets is investigated. The dataset collects data by
placing three sensor devices and, as a result, it provides
useful information. Noise reduction algorithms are used to
analyze the collected wearable data and remove noise from
the database. Following that, health must be measured by
offering the appropriate instruction, which is accomplished
by using a machine learning system. Before that, by
evaluating the features’ ensemble value, weak classifiers
are eliminated from the data. The procedure of evaluating
the system's general health is enhanced by the effective
removal of the list's weak aspects. The system then assures
accuracy of up to 98.63%, and its effectiveness is assessed
using MATLAB-based experimental evaluation. To
enhance the entire monitoring process, optimal algorithms
and attribute selection techniques will be employed in the
future to handle the data from wearable devices.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this research highlights the novel
approach of utilizing IoT-based health monitoring
through wearables and machine learning technology,
specifically the ENBC classifier, for sports personnel.
The objective was to develop a system that continuously
monitors athletes' health parameters in real-time and
provides valuable insights for their well-being and
performance optimization. By integrating wearable
devices with sensors, vital signs such as heart rate, BP,
oxygen saturation, and body temperature were collected
and transmitted to an IoT platform. The application of
machine learning algorithms – particularly the ENBC
classifier – enabled the detection of anomalies, early
warning signs, and personalized health recommendations.
This research contributes to the advancement of sports
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Vol. 152 No. 6A, December 2023
medicine and performance optimization by demonstrating
the feasibility and effectiveness of an IoT-based health
monitoring system for sports personnel. The novelty
lies in the integration of IoT, wearable devices, and the
ENBC classifier, which offers accurate and reliable health
monitoring capabilities. This approach has the potential
to enhance traditional tracking methods and improve the
overall well-being and injury prevention of athletes. The
results validate the superiority of the proposed system
and highlight its potential for revolutionizing health
monitoring in the field of sports through IoT and machine
learning technology.
STATEMENT ON CONFLICT OF
INTEREST
There is no conflict of interest to declare.
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APPENDICES

Appendix I. Smartwatch function module.

Appendix II. Basic diagram for health prediction.

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Appendix III. Naïve bayes classifier-based data training model.

Appendix IV. Proposed framework.

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Appendix V. Computation of error rate in sports person health activity.

Number of sportspersons
Various approach
45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 405
Recurrent neural
0.52 0.50 0.56 0.57 0.56 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.54
networks (RNN)
Convolutional neural networks
0.27 0.22 0.28 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.24 0.29 0.27
(CNN)
Radial basis function networks
0.44 0.48 0.45 0.46 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.48 0.48
(RBFN)
Long short-term
0.30 0.32 0.31 0.34 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.37 0.35
neural network (LSTM)
Deep belief networks (DBNs) 0.64 0.68 0.67 0.69 0.66 0.68 0.62 0.61 0.63
Ensemble naïve Bayes
0.19 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.17 0.19 0.16 0.18
classifier (ENBC)

Appendix VI. Computation of precision rate in sports person health activity.

Number of sportspersons
Various approach
45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 405
Recurrent neural
96.32 94.02 95.85 95.42 94.99 96.01 95.47 95.71 95.12
networks (RNN)
Convolutional neural
97.45 96.54 96.23 96.87 97.88 97.45 97.55 96.33 96.58
networks (CNN)
Radial basis function
93.28 93.47 92.01 93.45 92.85 93.45 94.51 93.25 93.18
networks (RBFN)
Long short-term
96.79 95.47 97.02 96.85 97.88 97.02 96.24 96.55 95.88
neural network (LSTM)
Deep belief networks (DBNs) 92.01 92.56 93.24 92.87 92.55 92.88 93.25 92.87 92.99
Ensemble naïve Bayes
98.85 98.74 98.79 98.88 98.98 98.87 97.84 98.88 98.67
classifier (ENBC)

Appendix VII. Computation of recall rate in sports person health activity.

Number of sportspersons
Various approach
45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 405
Long short-term
93.58 93.88 94.78 93.27 94.87 94.66 94.65 94.77 94.12
neural network (LSTM)
Convolutional neural
97.05 96.23 97.85 96.41 96.87 97.47 96.87 97.23 97.22
networks (CNN)
Radial basis function
92.23 92.09 93.45 93.57 92.47 92.88 92.95 93.55 92.87
networks (RBFN)
Recurrent neural
94.15 94.12 95.54 94.87 94.92 94.74 94.22 95.28 95.75
networks (RNN)
Deep belief networks
91.25 91.54 92.74 91.05 92.44 91.55 91.56 91.78 91.88
(DBNs)
Ensemble naïve Bayes
98.05 97.99 98.54 98.67 98.88 97.84 97.97 98.01 97.66
classifier (ENBC)

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Appendix VIII. Computation of F1-score in sports person health activity

Number of sportspersons
Various approach
45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 405
Recurrent neural
91.25 92.52 92.36 92.45 92.87 92.88 92.78 92.99 91.78
networks (RNN)
Convolutional neural
97.45 97.68 96.52 97.56 96.88 97.28 97.58 97.42 96.22
networks (CNN)
Radial basis function
93.52 94.52 94.87 94.89 94.75 94.12 94.55 94.98 94.27
networks (RBFN)
Long short-term
96.25 97.14 96.35 96.87 96.44 97.52 96.58 96.79 96.66
neural network (LSTM)
Deep belief networks
93.25 92.98 93.58 93.87 93.87 93.75 93.88 93.78 93.33
(DBNs)
Ensemble naïve Bayes
98.85 98.68 98.77 98.04 97.99 98.66 98.89 98.87 98.94
classifier (ENBC)

Appendix IX. Comparison of various methods based on the error rate.

Appendix X. Comparison of various methods based on precision.

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Appendix XI. Comparison of various methods based on recall.

Appendix XII. Comparison of various methods based on F1-score.

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Appendix XIII. Comparison of various methods based on ROC.

Appendix XIV. Proposed algorithm.

Input: Training dataset Td = Td1, Td2, Td3 … Tdn;

Predicted variable of evaluated sets P = (p1, p2, p3 … pn)
Output: Testing results of health prediction (Rhp)
For each Td =1 to n do
Read the training datasets (Td1, Td2, Td3 … Tdn)
Calculate the mean square error value of each class
Repeat
Estimate the probability of ‘P’ using naïve bayes classifier
Until the probability of all estimating variable (p1, p2, p3 … pn) has been estimated
Calculate the probability of each class
Return high probability results (Rhp)

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