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LABORATORY REPORT 8
Sensory Physiology II: Name
focusing on closer objects. Contraction of circular iris muscles cause pupils to constrict.
How sharp is the image of the far object when the near object is being viewed and vice versa?
The objects are out of focus.
2. Near point of accommodation Answers will vary; example values are provided.
Near point distance: Left eye 40 cm Right eye 55 cm
Why does the near point become longer with increasing age?
The lens loses its elasticity and can no longer change its shape to increase focusing power for near vision.
4. Blind spot
What causes the blind spot in the visual field? The blind spot lies on the optic disc and there are no
receptors present here.
Where is the blind spot located in relation to the fovea? Nasal side of fovea.
5. Visual acuity and astigmatism Answers will vary; some example values are provided.
Rating for left eye 20/20 Rating for right eye 14/20
What does a rating of 20/20 mean? Normal vision. Same acuity at 20 ft as that of a normal person.
29
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
30 Laboratory Report
Identify the range of wavelengths to which each cone type responds best.
Blue cones – 450 nm; green cones – 525 nm
Red cones – 555 nm
If a person lacks green cones in the retina, she or he has difficulty distinguishing between which colors?
Green, yellow, orange, and red.
What happens to your own lens when you view an object close to your eye?
It becomes thicker and more curved.
Effect of pupil size
What happens to the retinal image when the iris diaphragm disk is inserted in position 3 behind the
cornea?
The lines become thinner and the image is less bright.
Hypermetropia (farsightedness)
Describe the retinal image and size when the object light source is 33 cm from the cornea and the
retina is in position 3.
The image is blurry and enlarged.
Does the image become focused when you move the object closer to or farther from the cornea?
Farther from the cornea.
After returning the object to the 33-cm distance, does a +2.00 or a -1.75 lens placed in front of the
cornea correct the image? +2.00
Myopia (nearsightedness)
Describe the image when the retina is in position 1 without any corrective lenses in position.
Blurry, with undefined edges.
Does moving the object nearer or farther away focus the image?
Nearer.
When the object is placed at the 33-cm position, which lens corrects the defect, +2.00 or a -1.75?
–1.75
Is light being focused in front of or behind the retina in myopia?
In front of the retina.
In hypermetropia?
Behind the retina.
How do the lenses used in correcting myopia and hypermetropia provide correction?
Myopia—the lenses cause light to be focused further back, onto the retina.
Hypermetropia—the lenses cause light to be focused in front, on the retina.
Astigmatism
Describe the image produced on the retina in position 2 and with a -5.50 lens in place.
The image is focused and clear with the retina in slot 2. With the –5.50 concave cylindrical lens in place, the image
has a few unfocused lines and a few focused lines (i.e. different parts of the visual field are unevenly focused).
Why is a cylindrical lens able to correct this defect? A cylindrical lens focuses different parts of the visual
field differently, allowing for the “unfocused” part to become focused while not correcting the parts which are
already in focus.
Why does the orientation of the cylindrical lens make a difference in correcting astigmatism?
Because a cylindrical lens has different abilities to bend light on different parts of its surface, it is important
to ensure that the orientation of the cylinder matches the need of the astigmatism in the patient.
Compound defects
Describe the position of the retina and the corrective lenses used to correct myopia and astigmatism.
Answers will vary by student.
Hypermetropia and astigmatism.
Answers will vary by student.
Action of a magnifier
How much nearer or farther away do you need to move the object lamp to focus the image?
21 cm closer.
Describe the size of the image when compared to the original size.
Nearly as large as the object.
How is the new size related to the distance of the object from the cornea?
The closer to the cornea, the greater the magnification.
Lens removal
What are cataracts? A lens that becomes cloudy (for many possible reasons).
Describe the image on the retina when the +20.00 lens is removed.
A blurry image of light is present.
Describe the image when the +7.00 lens is placed in front of the cornea.
Clear and in focus.
What happens when the object lamp is moved closer to or farther away from the cornea?
When close, it becomes smaller and clear. When moved farther away, the image becomes larger and unfocused.
Identify the ability lost when a person replaces his or her own lens with a +7.00 corrective lens.
He or she loses the ability to accommodate to different object distances.
What type of glasses would a person who has had a cataract need if a +7.00 corrective lens is used to
replace their own lens?
He or she would need bifocal lenses.
Examination of eyeglass lenses
What happens to an object being viewed through a +2.00 lens when the lens is moved side to side?
At +2.00, it appears closer and larger.
Using a -1.75 lens? At −1.75, it appears farther away and smaller.
9. Visual fields of the eye: Perimetry
Place your perimetry chart in the following space. Answers will vary.
How do your visual fields compare with the fields for a normal eye?
Answers will vary by student.
How does the retinal distribution of rods compare with that of cones?
Rods are denser in the peripheral portion of the retina. Cones are densest in the macular lutea and forea centralis.
2. Where is the aqueous humor produced, and how does it leave the interior of the eye?
Produced by ciliary body; leaves through the canal of Schlemm.
3. What is the function of the melanin pigment found in choroidal and retinal layers?
Prevents scattering of light which would activate other receptors, confusing the image.
4. Why is visual acuity better when light is focused on the macula lutea and fovea centralis than when
focused on other areas of the retina?
Cones’ ganglion cell ratio is 1:1. They are densest in the macula and fovea, hence visual acuity is better.
5. Name the extraocular muscles and the movements they control. What is strabismus?
Superior and inferior rectus: up, down; medial and lateral rectus: medial and lateral; superior oblique: downward
and lateral; inferior oblique: up and lateral. Strabismus: inability of both eyes to track an object together.
6. Outline the role of the autonomic nervous system in controlling pupil size and lens shape.
Sympathetic: stimulates iris radial muscles (dilation), inhibits ciliary muscles (flattens lens); Parasympathetic:
stimulates iris circular muscles (constriction), stimulates ciliary muscle (thickens lens).
7. What is the principal cause of night blindness? Explain.
Lack of vitamin A needed for synthesis of retinine (necessary for production of rhodopsin, which helps
generate the action potentials in the optic nerve).
3. Identify impairments of the visual pathway that might cause a decrease in the size of the visual field.
1. Scotomas caused by macular degeneration.
2. Hemianopsias caused by lesions in the optic nerve, tract, or radiation.