REVIEWER IN CRI 169 NI SHERILYN GUEVARRA (Mod 1-22)

INVESTIGATION

 An inquiring for the discovery and collection of facts concerning the matter involved.
3 INVESTIGATION LATIN TERM
1. INVESTIGARE – means “ To trace or to locate”
2. INVESTIGAT –means “To inquire or to discover”
3. VESTIGUIM –means “Footprint or a word of unknown origin”
INVESTIGATOR

 Its someone who carries out investigations, especially as part of their job.
PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITIES INVESTIGATE

 Homicide
 Sexual Assaults
 Armed Robberies
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

Is defined as the collection and analysis of truths/facts about Person, Things, Places, that are subject of
crime to identify the guilty party (OFFENDER OR CRIMINAL) locate the whereabouts of the guilty.
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR/PROBER

 Its called for the investigator in Criminal Investigation.

7 QUALITIES OF AN EFFECTIVENESS INVESTIGATOR
1. GOOD COMMUNICATION –The capability of the investigator to interact both and written.
2. ACTIVE LISTENER –The ability of the investigator to attentively hear the testimony given by a witness
and able to identify hearsay or false statement.
3. CRITICAL THINKING –Analytical skills of the investigator while he formulates judgement based on the
testimonies given by the witnesses and evidence gathered.
4. WORK UNDER PRESSURE –Capacity of the investigator to go through the investigation process despite
obstacle and hindrances that he may encounter such as but not limited to lack of resources.
5. INNOVATIVENESS –Flexibility and resourcefulness of the investigator in trying to uncover the identity
and location of the perpetrator.
6. INTEGRITY –This refers to the honor and honesty of the investigator in solving case and avoiding
unethical issues that will discredit his image.
7. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT RULES ON EVIDENCE –Knowledge of the investigator about evidence
handling which includes but is not limited to preservation, marking and the requirements as to how such
evidence will be admitted in court during presentation.
FRUIT OF POISONOUS TREE

 Illegally obtained evidence and cannot be used in court.

PLAIN VIEW DOCTRINE

 Example Checkpoint
SILVER PLATTER DOCTRINE (IN U.S)

 Illegally obtained evidence but canbe used in court.

(3) WARRANTLESS/ CIVILIAN ARREST
1. Caught in the act/ inflagrante dilecto
2. Escapee
3. Hot pursuit
ARBITARY DETENTION

 Public official/ public officer

ILLEGAL DETENTION

 Private person

12 HOURS SLIGHT FELONIES

18 HOURS LESS GRAVE
36 HOURS GRAVE

LAW RELATIVE TO CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

 1935 PHILIPPINES CONSTITUTION, ART 3, SEC. 17 (1)
In all criminal proceedings, the accused shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and the counsel
1973 PHILIPPINES CONSTITUTION, ART 3, SEC. 20
No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to remain silent, to
have a counsel and to be informed of such right.
 1987 PHILIPPINES CONSTITUTION, ART 3, SEC 12 (1)
 Any person under investigation of the commisiion of an offende shall have the right to be informed of his
right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice .
 These rights cannot be waived except in writing, signed and in the presence of a counsel .
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT

 was also incorporated in the 1973 phil, constitution and later in 1987 philippine constitution.
 Also known as MIRANDA RULES, DOCTRINE, OR WARNING.
 REPUBLIC ACT NO, 7438
 RA 7438 approved on April 27, 1992
 15 days effectivity
 Defining some certain act rights of person arrested , detained or under custodial investigation.
SECTION 3, RULE 133, RC

 Unless corroborated by evidence or corpuz direct body of the crime

EXTRA JUDICIAL CONFESSION

 Made by suspect during costudial investigation or made outside the court.

 Is not ground of conviction unless corroborated by evidence of corpus.
JUDICIAL CONFESSION

 Made inside of the court

3 FOLD AIMS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
1. to identify the guilty party
2. to locate the guilty party
3. to provide evidence for his guilt
6 GOALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
1. determine whether a crime has been committed
2. legally obtain information or evidence
3. identify persons involved
4. arrest suspects
5. recover stolen properties (if the case is robbery)
6. present the best possible case to the prosecutor
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION (AS AN ART)

 is not governed by rigid rules or fixed legal procedures but most often based on INTUITION (human
instinct)
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION (AS A SCIENCE)

 is a science because it involves the application of knowledge of forensic sciences (Science method)
3 ELEMENTS OF CRIME
1. MOTIVE - Moving power or force which compell a person to commit acts toward definite results.
2. OPPORTUNITY - It is chance or time given to the offender in the committing crime.
3. CAPABILITY/INSTRUMENTALLITY – Skills or tools used in the crime.
3 PERSON INVOLVED
1. Victims
2. Suspect / Guilty Party
3. Witness
EDMOND LOCARD (CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION)

 In every contact, leaves a trace

DOC. HANS GROSS (CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION)

 95% Perspiration, 3% Inspiration, 2% Luck

CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPETENT CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR
 1. PERSEVERANCE-refers to steadfastness, persistence and resolution to bring the desired conclusion in
spite of obstacles connected with criminal investigation.
2. ENDURANCE - ability of investigator to last physically and mentally.
3. INCORRUPTIBLE HONESTY AND INTEGRITY-refers to the degree of honesty and integrity of the
investigator on several temptations.
4. ACTING ABILITY - refers to the ability of the investigator in stooping down the level of the subject with
respect to age, education, profession etc.
5. MASTERY OF THE ORAL AND WRITTEN COMMUNICATION - should have a basic knowledge on
both oral and written communication in probing a certain.
6. THE KEEN POWER OF OBSERVATION AND DESCRIPTION- should be a keen observer and knows
how to accurately describe everything.
7. COURAGE SENSE OF JUSTICE AND FAIR PLAY - moral fortitude of the investigator to tell the truth
irrespective of who gets hurt.
8. KNOWLEDGE OF MARTIAL ARTS AND FIREARMS PROFICIENCY - refers to the investigator's
capability of defense tactics, use of firearms and the like.
9. KNOWLEDGE OF CRIMINAL LAW - investigator should have basic knowledge on legal matters
concerning investigation.
THE 5 W’S AND 1 H
1. WHO- Used to inquire the identify of the victim or offender
2. WHAT- question to find what happened
3. WHERE- localized the place of the incident city, town, brgy or road.
4. WHEN- question needed to determine the time, day, month or years.
5. WHY- endeavor to certain the motives, cassses, incident related facts.
6. HOW- design to help the investigator determined how the crime was committed.
GOLDEN RULE IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

 Never touch, Alter, Move or transfer any object at the crime scene. unless it is properly marked, measured
sketched and/or photographed.
CRIME SCENE

 called “Treasure Island" in criminal Investigation.

 The venue or place where essential ingredients of criminal act took place.
MAC

 Stands for MUTILATION, ALTERATION, CONTAMINATION.

 Preservation of crime scene
3 TYPES OF VIEW IN PHOTOGRAPHY
1. General View
2. Medium View
3. Close Up View
2 TYPE OF SKETCH
1. FINAL- Present in court (Final Sketch)
2. ROUGH- Present in Police Station/COP
INFORMATION

 refers to the data needed in the course of investigation.

3 INFORMATION CAN BE GATHERED

 Public Records
 Private records
 Modus Operandi

3 CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMATION AS SOURCE

1. REGULAR SOURCES - taken from records, files from the government or non- gov.
2. CULTIVATED SOURCES - information are furnished by informants and informers.
3. GRAPEVINE SOURCES - information disclosed by the underworld characters such as prisoners or ex-
convicts.
INFORMANT
  Free (di nagpapabayad)
INFORMER

 Motivated Source (binabayaran)

INFORMANTS

 Assets (Can pay or Free)

INTERVIEW

 Simple questioning of person who cooperates with investigator.

INTERRROGATION

 Skillful questioning of hostile witness and suspect

ADMISSION

 Statement of Person
CONFESSION

 Accuse knowledge of guilt

INSTRUMENTATION

 Also called as Forensic Science/Criminalistics refers to the process of employing scientific instrument.
IDENTIFY THE PERPETRATORS

 It is important in the first part of the investigation to recognize who is the perpetrator of the crime.
METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION

 refers to the ways and means employed to uncover the personality of the person who may have committed
an act.
EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY

 The identification is made by several objective persons who are familiar with the appearance of the
accused.
CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE

 In the absence of confession and eyewitnesses.

CORPUS DELICTI EVIDENCE

 These are objects or substances which may be part of the body of the crime.
IDENTIFICATION THROUGH FORENSIC SCIENCE

 this method is done through the aid of the expertise of different forensic services.
ARREST

 Is referred to as taking a person suspected to have committed an act to which the law defines it as a crime
into the custody of any law enforcement agencies
 Or the taking of a person into the custody of law in order that he may be bound to answer for the
commission of an offense. (Rules of Court, Section 1, Rule 113)
(2) FACTORS OF LEGAL ARREST
1. Law enforcement agency who have authority to conduct arrest
2. Crime punishable within the law of the Philippines

WARRANT OF ARREST

Is a document from court ordering and directing any law enforcer to apprehend and detain any person
whose name will appear in the warrant for him to answer matters regarding the commission of a crime.
WARRANTLESS ARREST

 Also known as Citizen Arrest

 Is defined as an arrest made by any law enforcement without the benefit of a warrant.
(3) ARREST WITHOUT A WARRANT IS POSSIBLE, PROVIDED THAT EITHER OF THE
FOLLOWING:
 1. CAUGHT IN THE ACT/IN FLAGRANTE DELICTO - That the person to be arrested is about to commit,
actually committing, or have just committed an act to which the law define it as a crime in the presence of
the person who will make the arrest.
2. HOT PURSUIT/FRESH PURSUIT/IMMEDIATE PURSUIT - That the person to be arrested has
committed an act to which the law defines it as a crime and the person making the arrest has probable cause
that the same person is probably guilty of a crime.
 PROBABLE CAUSE - simply means as a reasonable basis to establish a well-founded belief that the
person may have committed an act to which the law define it as a crime
3. ESCAPEE -That the person to be arrested is one who escape from penal confinement
HOW WARRANT OF ARREST BE DONE DONE

 Within 10 DAYS upon filling an information or complaint the judge should review the resolution made the
prosecutor who made the Preliminary Investigation (penalty 4 years, 2 months and 1 day)
 If base on review made by the judge it FAILS TO SHOW THE PRESENCE OF PROBABLE CAUSE he
immediately DISMISS the case.
 COMMITMENT ORDER- Incase that the respondent is under custody.
 If the judge is in doubt in the presence of Probable Cause, he should ask to the prosecutor for additional
evidence. Within 5 days the prosecutor should present additional evidence to the investigating judge and
the judge should resolved the case within 30 days from the issuance of Information or complaint.
(3) EXCEPTION OF VALIDITY OF THE ARREST WARRANT
1. When the suspect is arrested
2. When the judge issue the warrant lift it
3. When the suspect is dead
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION

 Made by the prosecutor to determine if there is a probable cause to hold the respondent and held for trial.
(45 days)
 1st 10 DAYS- the prosecutor need to know if there is probable cause.
 2nd 10 DAYS – the respondent need to give counter affidavit/ counter evidence.
 3rd 10 DAYS – summary proceeding or examine by the prosecutor.
 4th 5 DAYS- prosecutor study the summary proceeding.
 5th 10 DAYS – decide regarding the summary proceeding.
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION

Made by the judge to review the resolution made by the prosecutor to whether to issue a warrant of arrest
or commitment order.
RULES IN MAKING AN ARREST

 In making arrest, the Rules of Court provides the following 2 guidelines such as that:
1. It should be made by an actual restraint/physical of a person to be arrest
2. Or by submission of the person to be arrested to the custody of any person making the arrest.
(2) SHOULD OBSERVED IF THE PERSON MAKING THE ARREST
1. Not use any unnecessary force.
2. And use only the force necessary to arrest the person.
EXECUTION OF WARRANT

 After warrant has been issued by the honorable court, any law enforcer directed to cause it’s shall exhaust
all the remedies to arrest the person who name appears in the warrant.
 It’s also carrying out the duty to find the person whose name was written in the warrant and cause his arrest
and detention.

(3) IN EXECUTION OF WARRANT, THE FOLLOWING SHOULD BEOBSERVED

1. Warrants can be executed either day and night.
2. The person making the arrest shall inform the person to be arrested that the warrant has been issued for his
arrest;
3. It must be executed within 10 days from the moment it was received.
(3) WITHOUT INFORMING THE CAUSE OF ARREST OR WARRANT ARREST FOLLOWING
1.The person flees.
2.The person forcibly resist.
3.It will hamper successful arrest of the person.
 If the person whose name appear in the warrant cannot be located or traced within ten (10) working days
upon its receipt, the law enforcer task to execute the warrant shall make a report to the judge who issue the
same explaining the reasons for the failure to arrest the person within the time given by the court. Then the
judge issued an alias warrant in exchange to the original warrant.
ALIAS WARRANT
  Life time validity
SEARCH

 is a form of government invasion to the person's freedom to privacy.

 was derived from the Anglo-Norman word "SEARCHER"
 old French “CERCHIER" which means "TO EXPLORE"
 Latin Word "CIRCARE" which means "GO AROUND THE CIRCLES."
SEIZURE


is the confiscation of property or any material usually fruit of the crime or product of illegal activities to
serve as an evidence in the legal proceeding.
WARRANT

 means as the permit given by the court for a particular purpose.

SEARCH WARRANT SEC 1, RULE 126 OF RULES OF COURT

An order in writing issued in the name of the People of the Philippines, signed by the judge and directed to
a peace officer commanding him to search for personal property described herein and bring it before the
court.
RULE 126 SECTION 2.

 Court where application for search warrant shall be filled.

a) Any court within whose territorial jurisdiction a crime was committed.
b) For compelling reasons stated in the application, any court within the judicial region where the
crime was committed if the place of the commission of the crime is known, or any count within the
judicial region where the warrant shall be enforced.
RULE 126 SECTION 3

Personal property to be seized. A search warrant may be issued for search and seizure of personal property
a) Subject of the offense
b) Stolen or embezzled and other proceeds or fruits of the offense
c) Used or intended to be used as the means of committing an offense. (2a)
JUDGE

 shall issue the warrant

EXECUTION OF SEARCH WARRANT

 In the execution of the search warrant, the person must identify himself and his purpose.
1. To execute the warrant
2. To liberate himself or any person lawfully aiding him when unlawfully detained. (sec 7. rule 126) Right to
break door or window to effect search.
RULE NOT SECTION 8

 SEARCH OF HOUSE. Room, or premise to be made in presence of two witnesses. No search of a house,
room, or any other premise shall be made except in the presence of lawful occupant thereof or any member
of his family or in the absence of the latter, two witnesses of sufficient age and discretion residing in the
same locality.

RULE 126 SECTION 9

TIME OF MAKING SEARCH. The warrant must direct that it be served in the Day time, unless the
affidavit asserts that the property is on the person or in the place ordered to be searched, in which case a
direction may be inserted that it be served at any time of the day or night.
RULE 126 SECTION 10

VALIDITY OF SEARCH WARRANT. A search warrant shall be valid for ten (10) days from its date.
Thereafter it shall be void.
RULE 126 SECTION 11

RECEIPT FOR THE PROPERTY SEIZED. The officer seizing property under warrant must give a
detailed receipt for the same to the lawful occupant of the premises in whose presence the search and
seizure were made.
RULE 126 SECTION 12
a. The officer Taking the search and seizure shall deliver the property to the court who issues the warrant
together with the inventory of seized items under oath.
b. If after ten (10) days the warrant was not returned, the issuing judge shall summon the person to whom the
warrant was issued and allow him to explain why no return was made.
 c. The return of the search warrant shall be filed and kept by the custodian of the log book on search warrant
who shall enter there the following:
1. Date of return.
2. Result of the search and
3. Action of the judge A violation of this section shall constitute contempt of court.
WARRANTLESS SEARCH

search and seizure of personal property based on probable le cause made by a police officer without a
warrant. This is true in cases of exigent circumstances.
EXIGENT CIRCUMSTANCE

 Refers to a situation whereby securing of a warrant would make it less practical or useless.
(6)EXAMPLE OF EXIGENT CIRCUMSTANCE
1. SEARCH INCIDENTAL TO A LAWFUL ARREST
 Search and seizure of property made by any police officer upon valid arrest. It’s also valid warrantless
arrest (in flagrante dilecto, hot pursuit, escapee)
2. SEIZE IN PLAIN VIEW
 Refers to the confiscation of embezzled or stolen property on where the properly is an evidence of a crime
or will be used in commuting an offense in the presence of a police officer or criminal proceeds.
3. STOP AND FRISK
 Refers to the brief stopping of an individual made by police based on reasonable suspicious among persons
suspected to commit crime.
 PAT DOWN SEARCH - The outer clothing of the person.
4. CONSENTED WARRANTLESS SEARCH
 Is a search conducted upon the voluntary consent given by the person existing authority over the property
or by rightful owner.
5. SEARCH OF A MOVING VEHICLE
 Searching a moving vehicle, law enforcement officers are limited only to visual search.
6. TIPPED INFORMATION
 Refers to the information provided by an informant or any person regarding the commission of an offense
relayed through cellphone, radio, or telephone to the police who will cause his arrest and seize personal
property of the person so described
 This doctrine was found on the principle that acquiring a search warrant would Jeopardize the arrest of a
would be violator.
INFORMATION

 Is a "raw data" this simply implies that in the aspect of intelligence, information are just pieces or its part.
 It’s also defined as a network of data which can be linked or grouped in order to obtain a reliable info.
COMMON SOURCES OF INFORMATION
1. PEOPLE AS A SOURCE OF INFORMATION
 REGULAR SOURCE - these are information gathered through people who have come directly to the
attention of the police, commonly the complainant, witness or victim.
 CULTIVATED SOURCE - these are information generally taken through the use of informants and
informers.
 GRAPEVINES SOURCE - these sources of information are gathered from those who are in the underworld
or ex-convicts.
2. RECORD AS A SOURCE OF INFORMATION
 GOVERNMENT SOURCE - these are sources taken from the government agencies or any from its
instrumentality.
 PRIVATE SOURCE - these sources of information are usually taken from the different private
entities and business organizations, public utilities such as water or electric bills and all other
private sectors.
 INTERNET SOURCE- these modern sources of information are done through searching specific
details by typing the desired key or phrase in the different search engines.
LEGAL LIMITATIONS IN OBTAINING INFORMATION
 The power given by the state to police officers in gathering information is so huge that it may be prone to
abuse.
2 TYPES OF LEGAL LIMITATIONS
1. Republic Act 4200 (Anti-Wire Tapping)
2. Republic Act 10173 (Data Privacy Act)
INTELLIGENCE
 Refers to collated, analyzed and evaluated information appropriately acquired for particular purposes.
 It’s also defined as information or data that has been collected, analyzed and refined so that it is useful to
policy makers in making decisions covers a wide range of areas in its application.
4 TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE
 1. NATIONAL SECURITY - a network of information concerning national policy and national security .
2. POLICE INTELLIGENCE – it is analyze, collate and evaluate information concerning criminal
investigation, criminal syndicate, organized crimes and other police problems.
3. MILITARY INTELLIGENCE – the military activity which is at the same time essential to the different
military operations.
4. DEPARTMENTAL INTELLIGENCE- Which refers to information needed by all the department agencies
in the execution of government plans and programs.
AREAS OF POLICE INTELLIGENCE
1. CRIMINAL INTELLIGENCE (CRIMINT) - refers to the knowledge essential to the prevention of crimes
and the investigation, arrest and prosecution of criminal offenders.
2. INTERNAL SECURITY INTELLIGENCE (INSINT) -refers to the knowledge essential in the
maintenance of peace and order.
3. PUBLIC SAFETY INTELLIGENCE (PUSINT)- refers to the knowledge essential in ensuring the
protection of lives and properties.
2 TYPE OF TYPOLOGY OF POLICE INTELLIGENCE
1. STRATEGIC INTELLIGENCE- a type of intelligence that is long range in nature and requires a longer
period of time before being materialized and fully available
2. LINE INTELLIGENCE- is a type of intelligence that is immediate in nature and can be available or short
period of time.
4 PARTS OF LINE INTELLIGENCE (PWET)
1. PEOPLE - living condition of the people ,sources of income, their education, and the extent of enemy
influence to the people.
2. WEATHER - refers to the visibility, cloudy, temperature, precipitation (rain) or windy of the climate.
3. ENEMY - refers to the study of location, strength, disposition, tactical capability, and vulnerability of the
enemy.
4. TERRAIN - includes relief and drainage system, vegetation, surface material, man-made features.
INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY

 refers to the agencies or organizations of the government which have intelligence interest and
responsibilities and are more coordinated by the NICA in their intelligence activities.
3 PARTS OF INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY
1. Philippine National Police (PNP)
2. Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP)
3. National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE COORDINATING AGENCY (NICA)

 is the primary intelligence gathering and analysis arm of the Philippine government.
4 INTERNATIONAL INTELLIGENCE ORGANIZATION
1. CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (CIA) - is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal
government of the United States, tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security
information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT).
2. FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION (FBI) - performs counterintelligence activities within the
United States.
3. NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY (NSA) -responsible for collecting signals intelligence from all over
the world.
4. DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (DIA) - provides military intelligence to the Department of
Defense.
ISRAEL

 considered as the most reliant on accurate intelligence.

MOSSAD

 conducts external espionage and also performs covert operations abroad.

GENERAL SECURITY SERVICES (SHINBET)

 responsible for counterintelligence and internal security.

INTELLIGENCE CORPS OF THE DEFENSE FORCES (AMAN)

 The largest, which focuses on military intelligence.

GREAT BRITAIN

 Boasts an intelligence tradition dating from Queen Elizabeth I

FORMER SOVIENT UNION (USSR)

 Committee board for state security.

INTELLIGENCE CYCLE
  is a process of obtaining information which includes proper procedure and sequence of steps starting from
planning, collection, collation and dissemination of a processed information to appropriate persons.
MISSION

 the core of the cycle

 it is also the purpose why intelligence should be gathered and used for particular undertaking. It is
considered as the heart of the intelligence cycle.
4 PHASES OF INTELLIGENCE CYCLE
1. PHASE 1 (PLANNING THE COLLECTION EFFORT)
 This phase of the cycle involves the determination of the requirements of intelligence.
2. PHASE 2-Collection of INFORMATION
 This phase of the cycle is concerned with identification of the "collecting agency", the formulation
of procedures on the manner of collecting the information in conjunction with the plans achieved in
this phase.
3. PHASE 3-COLLATION (PROCESSING) In the intelligence cycle, collation refers to the process involved
in evaluating the accuracy and reliability of the information collected
4. PHASE 4-DISSEMINATION OF INTELLIGENCE In the intelligence cycle, dissemination refers to the
actions taken to transfer processed information to the appropriate person
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION (EEI)


an item of intelligence or information of the characteristics of the area of operations and the enemy,
which the commander feels he needs before he can reasonably arrive at a decision.
4 CLASSIFICATION OF INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENTS
a. EXECUTIVE - Intelligence is required by executive, government and military commanders.
b. CONTRIBUTORY - Intelligence is required to complete the staff process: make staff plans.
c. OPERATIONAL - Additional intelligence required in planning and carrying out effectively the decision.
d. COLLATERAL - Higher or adjacent echelons of the government or military establishment.
3 CLASSIFICATION OF INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENTS ACCORDING TO TYPE
a. BASIC- are general reference materials to be used in planning regarding the enemies
b. CURRENT- are temporary in nature and narrower in scope
c. ESTIMATIVE- are those that determine the future courses of action.
COLLECTION OF INFORMATION


systematic exploitation of sources of information by collection agencies and the delivery of the
information obtained to the proper intelligence unit or agency.
COLLECTION AGENCY


is any person, unit, or activity that collects and/or processes information by research, surveillance,
or the exploitation of the source of information.
4 CRITERIA OF A COLLECTION PLAN
1. SUITABILITY
 the quality of having the properties that are right for a specific purpose.
 SUITABILITY ANALYSIS - a process and procedure used to establish the suitability of a system,
that is, the ability of a system to meet the needs of stakeholder or other users.
2. MULTIPLICITY - the quality or state of being multiple or the number of components in a system.
3. BALANCE - is usually used to describe a condition in which two different things or variables are equal.
4. CAPABILITY -refers to the quality of being able to perform something as measured by the person's mental
and physical fitness to perform the assigned task and the resources available.
LETTER MEANING
T Direct observation by the commander of a unit
U Report by a penetration agent or resident agent
V Report by an AFP trooper or PNP personnel in encounter
W Interrogation of a captured enemy agent or foreigner
X Observation by a government or civilian employee/official
Y Observation by a member of a populace
Z Documentary
SYMBOL SOURCE OF INFORMATION

METHODS OF GATHERING INFORMATION

 simply refers to the different approaches as to how information shall be gathered or collected.
COVERT METHOD
 It is a clandestine or secret means of obtaining information regarding criminals, organized crimes,
subversive elements, and activities of foreign nations.
OVERT METHOD

The act of obtaining information through the use of open methods or through the employment of open
source data.
RELIABILITY

 means judging the source of information .

ACCURACY

 simply means the level of truthfulness of the information collected.

2 CRITERIA IN DISSEMINATION
1. TIMELINESS - the timely conveyance of intelligence to the end users in appropriate form and byany
suitable means
2. PROPRIETY - in dissemination of intelligence, it must be clear, concise and complete. It must be
disseminated to the right user in the most effective way and in accordance with the security requirements
ofthe office.
COUNTER INTELLIGENCE

is a type of intelligence employed to protect the interest and safeguard lives, property, and important
information against possible entry or infiltration of enemy forces from being lost, destroyed or stolen.
ESPIONAGE

 refers to the stealing of vital information either physical or in electronic form.

SUBVERSION

 the recruitment of a person who is working within an organization or employment of any person to an
organization.

SABOTAGE

refers to the stealing of property or destruction of any material in order to hamper or cause delay in the
preparation .
DISAFFECTION

 a state or feeling of being dissatisfied with the people in authority and no longer willing . to support them.
TREASON

 disloyalty to one's own country by giving away or selling its secret to the enemy or by trying to overthrow
it.
SEDITION

 is any action promoting or inciting discontent or rebellion against a government.

3 VARIED ACTIVITIES OF COUNTER INTELLIGENCE
a. DETECTION- It is the process of knowing the clandestine operation of the enemy
b. PREVENTION- It is the application of counter-intelligence operation to avoid enemy activities.
c. NEUTRALIZATION -This necessarily requires the containment of enemy activities.
2 MEASURES FOR EFFECTIVE COUNTERINTELLIGENCE
1. PASSIVE-DEFENSIVE
 Counter intelligence measures that seek to conceal information from the enemy. Example: secrecy
discipline, communication security, concealment, camouflage
2. ACTIVE-OFFENSIVE
 Cl measures that seek to actively block enemies, attempt to gain information or block enemies effort to
engage in espionage, sabotage or subversion. This includes detection, prevention and neutralization.
5 BROAD CATEGORIES OF COUNTER INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS
1. POLICE SECURITY - measures taken by the police or any other law enforcement agencies or the armed
forces to protect them against espionage.
2. CIVIL SECURITY -this encompasses active-offensive and passive-defensive counterintelligence affecting
the non-military or foreign nationals permanently or temporarily residing in an area under military or police
jurisdiction.
3. SPECIAL OPERATION -use of active Counter Intelligence techniques while conducting clandestine or
covert operation against hostile and enemy intelligence organization.
4. PORT FRONTIER AND TRAVEL SECURITY- this is the application of police & civil security measures
for Counter Intelligence control at points of entry & departure international boundaries.
 5. CENSORSHIP - control and examination of communication to prevent transmission of information that
may fall into the hands of the enemy and to collect and disseminate information of intelligence value to
those who need it.
5 TYPES OF CENSORSHIP
1. NATIONAL CENSORSHIP - the total control and examination of communication of the entire populace.
2. MILITARY CENSORSHIP - control and examination of communication intended for and coming from the
military/police source.
3. CIVIL CENSORSHIP - intended or coming from civilian populace.
4. FIELD PRESS CENSORSHIP - security review of news materials and other information.
5. PRISONER OF WAR CENSORSHIP - control and examination of communication intended to and from
the Prisoner of War (POW) and civilian internees.
INFORMANTS

 refer to a person who gives information to the police voluntarily or without any consideration
INFORMANT NET

 controlled group of people who worked through the direction of the agent handler
6 TYPES OF INFORMANTS
1. CRIMINAL INFORMANT

 An informant who gives information to the police pertaining to the underworld pne assen with the
understanding that his identity will be protected.
2. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMANT

 Is similar to the former but he gives the information to violate the law to about organized criminals include
crimes and criminals.
3. VOLUNTARY INFORMANT

 A type of informant who gives information freely and willfully as a witness to a certain act. (also known as
witness)
4. SPECIAL INFORMANT

 Those who give information concerning specialized cases only and it regarded a special treatment by the
operatives (ex. Teachers, businessmen).
5. ANONYMOUS INFORMANT

 Those who give information through telephone with the hope that the informant cannot be identified.
6. RELIABLE INFORMANT

 A type of informant whose credibility has been established and documented. This includes information
previously given and recorded which leads to the arrest of criminals or recovery of stolen property.
7 CLASSIFICATION OF INFORMANTS ACCORDING TO MOTIVE
1. RIVAL-ELIMINATION INFORMANT

 Anonymous caller who tries to inform the police regarding a particular criminal activity to eliminate a rival
or competitor
2. FALSE INFORMANT

 Who reveals information usually of no consequence or untrue in order to mislead the police or investigation
of the case at hand.
3. FRIGHTENED INFORMANT

 Information to the police because of the belief that his safety and the safety of his loved ones might be
compromised or usually molded by fear of self-interest.
4. SELF-AGGRANDIZING INFORMANT

 Who has many contacts in criminal circles and feels importance by giving information to the police. Crime
to win favorable attention from the media which could put him in the spotlight, making him an instant
celebrity.
5. MERCENARY INFORMANT

 Who has something to sell or receives monetary reward or material gain

 6. DOUBLE-CROSSER INFORMANT

 Who knows how to manipulate the police by giving a bit of information with the intention to acquire
information with great interest.
7. LEGITIMATE INFORMANT

 an informant those covertly and overtly provide information to law enforcers about criminal activity in a
legitimate establishment. Legitimate informants mainly include operators of licensed premises who do not
want their place of business to become hangouts of dangerous criminals.
4 CATEGORIES OF INFORMANTS
1. INCIDENTAL INFORMANTS

 Work with authorities on one particular incident with no intention of providing subsequent information.
2. CASUAL INFORMANT

 By virtue of his social or professional position possesses or has access to information with great value to
the police. He does collection of information on a continued basis and voluntarily or willingly provides
information in response to a specific request or on his own initiative.
3. AUTOMATIC INFORMANTS

 By the nature of his work, position and occupation in an office or society has a legal moral or ethical
responsibility to report or provide intelligence reports to concerned individuals or agencies.
4. RECRUITED Informant

 Who is selected, trained, and utilized as a continuous or covert source of information concerning specific
intelligence targets.
TYPES OF RECRUITED INFORMANTS
1. ORDINARY INFORMANTS

 Perform counter-intelligence activities under the control of a particular agency such as police or military.
2. PENETRATION INFORMANTS

 are recruited, selected, and trained to disguise or to use an assumed identity for the purpose of gaining the
trust of the intelligence target in order to gather information.
3. FULL-TIME INFORMANTS

 Who are available for counterintelligence missions at all times and who may derive the major part of their
income from their work as informants of the police or military.
4. DOUBLE AGENTS

 Who are simultaneously employed by two "opposing groups" or intelligence agencies with one of the
agencies being aware of his dual role.
5. DUAL AGENTS

 who are simultaneously and independently employed by two or more "friendly intelligence" agencies or
units and do not show preference to either office or group of individuals. These agents are normally
motivated by material gain or monetary reward and will be working with two different groups of people.
SURVEILLANCE

 It is a clandestine and continued watching of persons, places, or objects to obtain information concerning
the activities and identifies individuals or criminals.

 It is an act of carefully watching someone or something especially in order to prevent or detect a crime, and
is mostly done by the police or military.
11 TERMS USED IN SURVEILLANCE
1. PRE SURVEILLANCE CONFERENCE- a conference held among the team members of the police
intelligence unit before surveillance is conducted.
2. SURVEILLANCE PLAN - refers to the outline or blueprint as to how the surveillance is conducted.
3. TARGET AREA - refers to the area of operation of surveillance activities.
4. SUBJECT OF SURVEILLANCE - the person, place, or object being watched.
 5. LOG -refers to the chronological record of activities that the subject had or took place in the target area .
6. SURVEILLANT - the person who does the surveillance or who maintains watch.
7. CONVOY - an associate of the subject who follows the subject in an attempt to detect surveillance.
8. CONTACT - any person with whom the subject speaks, to whom he passes articles, or from whom he
receives article
9. DECOY -is a person or object used by the subject in an attempt to escape the eyes of a surveillant.
10. MADE-the surveillant is being recognized as the surveillant by the subject or convoy
11. LOST- when the surveillant does not know the whereabouts of his subject. The subject is lost when the
subject eluded him.
TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE
1. FIXED SURVEILLANCE

 Also known as stakeout.

 It is conducted when a person, object, or activity being watched is not expected to move from one
area. The surveillant may however, move from one vantage (position) point to another in the
immediate area. According to Methods
2. MOVING SURVEILLANCE

 Also known as tailing or shadowing.

 A moving surveillance is conducted when a person, object or activity being watched moves from
one place to another.
a. OPEN TAIL/SURVEILLANCE - also termed as "rough surveillance". The subject is most
likely aware of the surveillance
b. CLOSE TAIL/ SURVEILLANCE - the subject is kept under constant surveillance also
termed as "tight surveillance". The aim is not to lose the subject even at the risk of being
"made".
c. LOOSE TAIL/SURVEILLANCE-refers to the tailing commonly employed if the
surveillant wants to remain undetected.
3. AERIAL SURVEILLANCE

 this type of surveillance is done using helicopters or other aerial devices.

 This is commonly employed in areas that is not accessible to foot or vehicle surveillance
4. TECHNICAL

 this surveillance involves or uses communications and electronic eavesdropping devices such as
wiretaps, tracking devices, beepers and electronic hardware's gadgets system and equipment in
information gathering.
a. AUDIO ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE - this refers to the employment of bugging or
wiretapping devices
i. BUGGING -is eavesdropping any communication or conversation with the aid of
any bug devices. Bug is a form of electronic device placed in an establishment to
record, receive or transmit conversation.
ii. WIRETAPPING - is the interception of communication lines such as telephone or
cellphone lines in order to listen or record conversation.
b. EAVESDROPPING - is the act of listening secretly to any conversation which is within
the same premise as the person who intends to listen to the conversation.
CASING

 The process of inspecting places to determine its suitability for operational use.

 Also known as Reconnaissance. Sometimes, it is called the surveillance of places or buildings.

Casing could be done either.
2 TYPES OF CASING
 1. EXTERIOR CASING - it is an observation of the whole or immediate areas, building or installation,
possible exits and approaches, types of vicinity that may possibly be of help to any intelligence or
counterintelligence operations.
2. INTERIOR CASING - inspection of the different parts of the building or any structure which includes but
not limited to the different rooms within the building.
5 METHODS OF CASING
1. PERSONAL RECONNAISSANCE - personal reconnaissance of an area is the most effective method.
2. MAP RECONNAISSANCE - A map reconnaissance alone may not be sufficient but it can produce a
certain amount of usable information.
3. RESEARCH -Such information can be acquired through research such as local newspapers, periodicals,
public bulletins, telephone and city directories, radio and television broadcasts, and other available
references
4. PRIOR INFORMATION -Your unit will have on file reports from other activities within your unit, and
also from other intelligence units that may provide you with information.
5. HEARSAY - This type of information is usually gained by the person operating in the area of performing
the casing job. Some hearsay information may be gained by discreet questioning of the people in the area.
COVER

 Is the means by which an individual, group or organization conceals the true nature of its activities, and/or
its existence from the observer.

 By "outside elements" is meant for those not having the "need-to-know," An undercover is a person with a
cover.
2 FUNCTIONS OF COVER
1. OFFENSIVE -Gives access to the target and facilitates the achievement of clandestine objectives.
2. DEFENSIVE- This is utilized to prevent detection on clandestine activities of the any undercover agent or
intelligence collection agencies.
3 ESSENTIAL USES OF COVER
1. Maintains secrecy of operations against enemy intelligence;
2. Maintains secrecy of operations against friendly agencies not having the "need to know";
3. Pursues successful accomplishment of the mission.
4 TYPES OF COVER
1. NATURAL COVER - using true or actual personal background to fit the purpose of undercover operation.
2. ARTIFICIAL COVER-a cover using biographical data adopted for a fictitious purpose
3. COVER WITHIN A COVER- use of secondary cover in case of compromise which necessitates the
admission of a lesser crime. (PLAN A OR B)
4. MULTIPLE COVER- adoption of any cover identity wished, as wished by the undercover agent.
3 NUMEROUS HAZARDS TO COVER
1. STATIC OR DORMANT OPPOSITION- examples: cigarette vendors, tricycle drivers, road maintenance
and the like.
2. IN-HOSTILE ACTIVE OPPOSITION- examples: friendly forces who do not have the "need-to-know".
3. HOSTILE ACTIVE OPPOSITIONS - refers to the enemy intelligence activities or forces.

3 CRITERIA FOR COVER

1. Simple
2. Adequate
3. Economical
ORGANIZATIONAL COVER
  An account consisting of biographical data which when adopted by an individual will assume the
personality he wants to adopt.

DOCUMENT OF THE COVER

 It is documents which should be in the personal possession of the undercover investigator and those which
should be on file in official and private offices in connection with some phase of the assumed background.
UNDERCOVER OPERATION

 is a form of investigative technique whereby undercover agent assume another identity or conceals his
official identity in order to infiltrate the ranks of criminal syndicates.
UNDERCOVER AGENT

 the police, law enforcement agencies and intelligence collection units are routinely involved in undertaking
undercover operations.
ALIAS

 a fictitious name of a person a pseudonym

BACKSTOP

 refers to falsified documents and materials prepared by an undercover to make his cover story credible.
SAFE HOUSE

 refers to a safe place where the investigator or his informants meet for briefing and debriefing purposes.
COURIER

 refers to the person who carries information to another person.

DROP

 refers to a secure place where the agents or informants give their message to the other agents.
2 TYPES OF DROP
1. DEAD DROP –the agents merely leaves a message.
2. LIVE DROP – the courier hands over the message directly to the agent.
5 TYPES OF UNDERCOVER ASSIGNMENTS
1. DWELLING ASSIGNMENT- the undercover agent establishes residency in or near the dwelling which
houses the suspect .
2. WORK ASSIGNMENT -places the undercover agent in a type of employment where he can observe the
activities of the subject at his place of work.
3. SOCIAL ASSIGNMENT - requires the undercover agent to frequent places of entertainment and
amusement known to be habitually visited by target personalities and their associates .
4. MULTIPLE ASSIGNMENTS - An undercover is given a task of covering two or more of the above
specific assignments simultaneously.
5. PERSONAL CONTACT ASSIGNMENT OR "ROPE JOB"- the undercover agent is required to develop
friendship and trust with the target personality for purposes of obtaining information or evidence.
DIRECT

 This is the employment and utilization of special agents in a particular undercover operation.
INDIRECT

 This is the employment and utilization of controlled informants relative with the collection of useful
information.
COVER STORY

 A biographical account, true or fictional or a combination of truth or fiction which portrays the undercover
investigators' past history and current status.

TYPES OF COVER STORY

 1. NATURAL COVER STORY-story using actual background data with minor adjustments to fill and/or fit
the situation.
2. ARTIFICIAL COVER STORY - using biographical data which are invented for the purpose.
3. COMBINATION OF TRUE AND FALSE PERSONAL DATA
COVER SUPPORT

 Agents in target areas with a primary mission of supporting the cover story
TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION

 means that the crime incident happens within the area or place that a certain police station holds or covers.
POLICE STATION

 refers to the office of local police that has a jurisdiction within the area.
POLICE BLOTTER

 is an 18 x 12 log book with hard bound cover that contains of all crime incidents or VAWC case.
VAWC

 means Violence Againts Women And Children

 Act of 2004 or RA 9262

CRIME SCENE

 also known as the "treasure island in criminal investigation or a place or venue. It is because several pieces
of evidences can be found in the crime scene which relevant to the solution of the case.
CRIME INCIDENT

 refers to the occurrence of a certain crime.

TYPES OF CRIME SCENES AS TO LOCATION
1. INDOOR CRIME SCENE

 the offender committed the crime in an enclosed place

 indoor scene is generally less susceptible to environmental loss and deleterious change.
2. OUTDOOR CRIME SCENE

 it is located in an open area

 outdoor crime scene is the most vulnerable to loss, contamination and damaging effects on biological
evidence in a short period of time.
3. CONTINUING/RUNNING CRIME SCENE OR CONVEYANCE

 is a means of transportation

 it has a mixed location from indoor to outdoor or vice versa or continuing outdoor alone.
CRIME SCENE

 Its processing is a very crucial part in the investigation of crime incidents.

INVESTIGATION TEAM MEMBERS
a. Team Leader
b. Asst. Team Leader/Investigator Recorder
c. Photographer/ Photographic Log Recorder
d. Evidence Recovery Personnel/ Custodian
e. Sketcher/Composite Illustrator/Artist Cher/Composite Illustrator/Artist
10 INVESTIGATING TEAM SEVERAL EQUIPMENT Police line
1. Evidence bag 2. Camera

3. Video camera 4. Investigator's tickler (contains the following)

 5. Evidence tag 6. Measuring device

7. Voice recorder 8. Gloves

9. Evidence bottles/vials 10. Fingerprint Kit

8 DUTY DESK OFFICER

1. Record the time it was reported
2. Get the identity of the caller/complainant
3. Get the place of the incident
4. Get the nature of the incident
5. Get the number of victim/s
6. Record a brief synopsis of the incident
7. Direct the nearest mobile car/beat patrollers or the nearest police precinct to act as first responder equipped
with "police line" to secure the place of incident a camera
8. Inform the duty investigator (preferably one team of investigators).
DUTIES OF THE FIRST RESPONDER

 Those who are on patrol are commonly regarded as the first responder as they are those who are employed
in the community with the end purpose of crime prevention.
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

 There are certain personnel duties and responsibilities which are necessary in almost any major search
operation.
TEAM LEADER

 Responsible in receiving the crime scene from the local police investigator. Ensure safety of the personnel
as well as the victims and offenders caught in the scene and secure the crime scene from an unauthorized
person.
PHOTOGRAPHER AND PHOTOGRAPHIC LOG RECORDER

 Photographs the entire area before it is entered, the victims, suspects or offenders arrested in the area,
crowd, and vehicles and the entire scene with overall, medium and close-up coverage, using measurement
scale when appropriate. Photographs all evidence before collection.
SKETCHER/ SKETCH PREPARER DIAGRAM

 Immediate area of scene and orient diagram with sketch. Set forth major items of evidence on sketch .
Designate and label areas to be searched and advise team leader and all other search members of
nomenclature for designated areas.
EVIDENCE RECOVERY PERSONNEL

 Have significant evidence photographed before it is collected. Keep team leader always applause of
significant evidence located.Initials and dates all evidence turn it over to the evidence recorder/custodian,
after noting where the items were located.
EVIDENCE RECORDER/CUSTODIAN

 Prepares evidence recovery log and accomplish chain of custody of evidence. Conducts packaging,
preservation, and transportation of collected evidences to the crime laboratory.
2 INVESTIGATION PROCEDURE AT THE CRIME SCENE
1. UPON ARRIVAL AT THE CRIME SCENE
 Receive the crime scene from the first responder
 Photograph and/ or video the entire crime scene
2. RECORDING
 The investigator begins the process of recording pertinent facts and details of the investigation the moment
he arrives at the crime scene.
MAC
1. MUTILATE - meaning do not remove anything from the crime scene.
2. ALTER -do not change anything in the crime scene
 3. CONTAMINATION - do not add anything to the crime scene
TRANSIENT EVIDENCE

 are those evidence which when not collected at appropriate time may diminish or lose its value such as
urine, blood semen etc.
FRAGILE EVIDENCE

 are those evidence which may be broken if collected inattentively.

5 METHOD OF CRIME SCENE SEARCH
1. STRIP METHOD -In this method, the area is blocked out in the form of a rectangle. The 3 Searchers A, B,
and C, proceed slowly at the same pace along paths parallel to one side of the rectangle.
2. DOUBLE STRIP OR GRID METHOD - is a modification of the Strip Search Method. Here, the rectangle
is traversed first parallel to the base then parallel to a side.
3. SPIRAL SEARCH METHOD -This is done when the area to be searched is circular in nature. In this
method, the 3 searchers follow each other along the path of a spiral, beginning on the outside and spiraling
in toward the center.
4. ZONE SEARCH METHOD -This is best applicable in crime scene covering a wider range. In this method,
1 searcher is assigned to each subdivision of a quadrant, and then each quadrant is cut into another set of
quadrants.
5. WHEEL SEARCH METHOD -This method is applicable in circular areas similar with the spiral method.
The searchers gather at the center and proceed outward along radii or spokes. The procedure should be
repeated several times depending on the size of the circle and the number of searchers.
COLLECTION OF EVIDENCE

 refers to the actual gathering and lifting of evidence from the crime scene to the custody of the appropriate
office.
3 COLLECTION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
1. COLLECTION OF LIQUID SUBSTANCES/BLOOD
2. COLLECTION OF DRIED BLOOD
3. COLLECTION OF WET BLOOD IN CLOTHING
MARKING OF EVIDENCE

 refers to the process of identifying and recognizing any objects in the crime scene by way of placing a letter
symbol or number.
TAGGING OF EVIDENCE

 is the process of labeling the physical evidence by way of placing appropriate evidence tags containing the
description of the item, the date and the initial of the collecting officer.
PRESERVING THE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

 Perishable materials should be preserved along the way or the preservation is in order to reach the court in
the same physical condition as when they were collected from the crime scene.
PHOTOGRAPHING THE CRIME SCENE

 Crime scene photography is one of the most important duties that the crime scene investigator performs.
SKETCH

 is the graphic representation of the scene of the crime with complete measurements of the relative distances
of relevant objects and conditions.
CRIME SCENE SKETCHES

 are one of the foundations of crime scene investigation.

4 MAIN TYPES OF SKETCHES
1. floor plan
2. ketches elevation drawing
3. exploded view
4. perspective drawings
2 GENERAL KINDS OF SKETCH
1. ROUGH SKETCH. - It is made by the investigator at the crime scene which is full of important details.
 2. SMOOTH/FINISHED SKETCH - this sketch is one that is finished and drawn to scale from the
information provided in the rough sketch.
FLOOR PLAN/ BIRD'S EYE VIEW SKETCH

 the simplest and the most common one used in diagramming crime scene.
CROSS PROJECTION/EXPLODED

 is a sketch that uses the combination of the floor plan and four elevation views (the walls) of the room.
ELEVATION DRAWING/SKETCH

 this elevation sketch depicts a side, front or rear of the exterior of a structure or one of the interior walls in a
room used when the vertical, rather than horizontal plane is of interest.
4 TYPES OF MEASUREMENTS
1. TRIANGULATION METHOD - An object is located by drawing two straight lines from two fixed points
creating a triangle. The triangulation method is useful in an outdoor situation.
2. COORDINATE/ ANGULAR OR RECTANGULAR COORDINATES METHOD - this method uses two
walls in a room as fixed points, from which distances are measured at right angles. the baseline could be the
wall, or drawn as a mathematical center of a room.
3. BASELINE METHOD -a straight line is established from one fixed point to another fixed point. Using one
end of the line as a starting point, an object can be located by measuring along either side of the baseline at
a right angle to the object.
4. COMPASS POINT METHOD/POLAR COORDINATES- a protractor is used to measure the angle
between the two lines.
INVESTIGATIVE REPORT WRITING

 is the reduction of facts into writing in line with the investigation conducted by any law enforcement
agencies
INVESTIGATIVE REPORTING

 is an objective statement of the investigator's findings. It is an official record of information relevant to the
investigation which the investigator submits to his/her superior
COMMUNICATION

 the use of language, spoken or written, to exchange ideas or transfer information.

REPORT

 a detailed account of an event, situation, etc., usually based on observation or inquiry.

REPORTING

 knowingly passing along information to someone else.

REPORT WRITING

 is a communication that lends itself to a useful tool for people in a free society to express their thoughts and
ideas and to obtain what they need or want.
FACT

 anything which either through careful observation or investigation, has been proven to exist as to have
happened.
NOTE TAKING

 a brief notation concerning specific events that are recorded while fresh in your mind and used to prepare a
report.
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER

 the arrangement of events and/or actions in order by the time of their occurrence.
INVESTIGATION

 is the collection of facts to accomplish the 3 fold aims: to identify the suspect; to locate the suspect; and to
provide evidence of his guilt.
INVESTIGATOR /OFFICER
  any law enforcement personnel belonging to the duly mandated Law Enforcement Agencies (LEA) tasked
to enforce RA 9208 such as officers, investigators and agents of the PNP and NBI.
GOOD INVESTIGATION REPORT
1. ACCURACY - the report should be a true representation of the facts. Information both favorable and
unfavorable to the suspect should be included. Information should be verified by statements of other
witnesses and by reference to official records or to reliable sources.
2. COMPLETENESS - the question of (five) 5 W's and one (1) H should be answered.
3. BREVITY-irrelevant or unnecessary materials should be omitted.
4. FAIRNESS-the investigator should take the facts as he finds them, and if ever he has theories, it must be
consistent with these facts.
5. FORM AND STYLE - the arrangement of the materials present should be in a manner which will make the
report easy to read. The report should be written in a third person, the investigator referring to him/herself
as "the investigator"
6. CLARITY- the language and format of a report are simple and to the point.
7. SPECIFIC-use of specific words that bring the reader close to first-hand experience
8. TIMELINESS-completion of report promptly.
BASIC TYPES OF INVESTIGATION REPORT
1. SPOT REPORT -is an immediate initial Investigative or incident report addressed to Higher Headquarters
pertaining to the commission of the crime, occurrence of natural or man-made disaster or unusual incidents
involving loss of lives and damage to properties.
2. PROGRESS REPORT -is an accounting of the actions or series of actions undertaken in relation to an
ongoing investigation of a case.
3. AFTER OPERATION REPORT -is a report that may be rendered after any successful police operation
that leads to the arrest of any member or some members of a syndicated crime group.
4. FINAL REPORT -is a thorough, in-depth and lengthy account regarding an investigation into an incident
or case as mandated by higher authorities to establish a determination of the truth and/or how far it could be
determined based on the facts and circumstances with the appropriate recommendation for the proper
course/s of action/s to be made.

There is nothing impossible

to whom will try.