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Section 6.1 x The Derivative 64
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Analysis
with an Introduction to Proof
5th Edition
by Steven R. Lay
slay@leeuniversity.edu
Chapter 6 – Differentiation
Solutions to Exercises
f ( x) f (1) x2 1
3. (a) Yes. lim lim lim x 1 2 and
x o1 x 1 x o1 x 1 x o1
f ( x) f (1) (2 x 1) 1 2( x 1) f ( x) f (1)
lim lim lim 2 , so f c(1) lim 2.
x o1 x 1 x o1 x 1 x o1 x 1 x o1 x 1
(b) No. lim f ( x) 1 and lim f ( x) 2 , so f is not continuous at x = 1, and therefore not differentiable at
x o1 x o1
x = 1. Also, note that the left-hand limit for the derivative is equal to – f while the right-hand limit is 3.
f ( x) f (1) x2 1 f ( x) f (1) (3 x 2) 1
(c) No. lim lim lim x 1 2 and lim lim
x o1 x 1 x o1 x 1 x o1 x o1 x 1 x o1 x 1
3( x 1) f ( x) f (1)
lim 3 . Since these one-sided limits are not equal, lim does not exist.
x o1 x 1 x o1 x 1
4. This is routine.
2 cos (1/x 2 )
8. (a) f c( x) 2 x sin (1/x 2 ) for x z 0 and f c (0) = 0.
x
2 cos (1/x 2 )
(b) 2x sin (1/x2) is bounded by 2 on [1, 1], but is not bounded on [1, 1]. Indeed, let
x
2 2 cos (1 / an2 ) 2
an . Then cos (1/an2 ) 1 for all n, an o 0, and 2(2n 1)S o f
(2n 1)S an 2
(2n 1)S
as n o f .
9. (a) Hint in book: Since f (x) is defined differently for positive and negative x, you have to use Definition 6.1.1.
f ( x) f (0) f ( x) x2
Solution: For x z 0, we have 0 d | x | o 0 as x o 0. Thus
x0 x x
f ( x) f (0)
lim x o 0 exists and is equal to zero.
x0
11. (a) If p z 0, consider a sequence (an) of rationals converging to p and a sequence (bn) of irrationals converging to p.
Then lim an p 2 z 0 lim bn. Thus limx o p f (x) does not exist and f is not continuous at p. For p = 0 we have
| f (x) f (0) | = | f (x) | d x2 o 0 as x o 0, so f is continuous at 0.
f ( x) f (0) f ( x) x2
(b) 0 d | x | o 0, so f c(0) exists and is equal to 0.
x0 x x
12. If p(x) is divisible by (x a)2, then p(x) = (x a)2 q(x) for some polynomial q(x). Then by the product rule, pc(x) =
(x a)2 q c(x) + 2(x a) q(x) = (x a)[(x a) qc(x) + 2 q(x)]. Thus x a divides pc(x).
14. h q (g q f ) is differentiable at c by two applications of the chain rule. We have [h q (g q f )]c (c) =
hc(g q f (c))(g q f ) c (c) = [hc (g( f (c)))][ hc ( f (c))][ f c (c)].
16. By the chain rule we have for any x I, (g q f )c(x) = gc( f (x)) f c(x). Since g c and f are both differentiable, so is
g c q f . Thus by the product rule, (g q f )c is differentiable and we obtain
(g q f )cc(x) = [ g c ( f (x)) f c(x)]c
= g c ( f (x)) f cc (x) + f c(x) [g cq f (x)]c
= g c ( f (x)) f cc (x) + g cc ( f (x)) [ f c (x)]2
17. (a) Each point x z c in I can be written as x = c + h, where h z 0. Since x o c iff h o 0, we have
f (x ) f (c) f (c h ) f (c)
limx l c limh l 0 .
x c h
So if one limit exists, so does the other, and they have the same value.
f (x ) f (c)
(b) Suppose limx l c k . Then
x c
f (c h ) f (c h ) f (c h ) f (c) f (c h ) f (c) ¯°
limh l 0 limh l 0 ¡
2h ¡ 2h 2h °
¢ ±
1 f (c h ) f (c) 1 f (c h ) f (c)
limh l 0 limh l 0
2 h 2 h
21 k 21 k k .
(c) Follows from part (a), since the sequence (1/n) converges to 0.
(d) For converse to (b), let f be any even function that is not differentiable at 0, such as f (x) = | x |.
°0 if x {0,1, 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ,!}
For converse to (c), define f ( x) ®
°̄1 otherwise.
Then limn o f n[ f (0 +1/n) f (0) = limn o f n[0 0] = 0, but f is not differentiable at 0. (It is not even
continuous at 0.)
19. (a) Hint in book: Note that f (x) = f (x) · f (0) for all x. What does this say about the function f ?
Solution: Since f (x) = f (x) · f (0) for all x, either f is identically 0 or f (0) = 1. The conclusion holds if f is
f (c h ) f (c )
identically zero. If f (0) = 1 and c , then by Exercise 17(a), f c(c) lim
ho0 h
f (c ) f ( h ) f (c ) f ( h) 1 f (h) f (0)
lim f (c) lim f (c) lim f (c) f c(0).
ho0 h ho0 h ho0 h0
(b) From part (a) we see that f could be identically 0. Other possibilities are f identically equal to 1,
f (x) = ex, f (x) = e2x, or f (x) = ekx, for any k . Note that this last case includes f identically equal to one
when k = 0.
1. (a) False: The interval must be closed as well as bounded. For example, f (x) = 1/x on (0, 1).
(b) False: f must be differentiable on (a, b). For example, consider f (x) = | x | on [1, 1].
(c) False: Let f (x) = x 3 on (1, 1). Then f c(0) = 0, but f (0) is not a max or min of f on (0, 1).
3. Answers in book: (a) Strictly increasing on [2, 3] and strictly decreasing on [0, 2].
(b) Maximum is f (0) = 5 and minimum is f (2) = 1.
7. Hint in book: Apply the mean value theorem to f on the interval [x, x + h].
Answer: Applying the mean value theorem to f on the interval [x, x + h], we obtain
f ( x h) f ( x ) f ( x h) f ( x )
f c(c) , where c (x, x + h).
( x h) x h
Now let D = (c – x)/h. Since x < c < x + h, we have 0 < c – x < h and 0 c x 1. Thus D (0, 1).
h
Since c = x + D h, we have f (x + h) – f (x) = h f c (x + Dh), as required.
8. (a) Suppose f c(x) t 0 x (a, b). If x1 x2 in (a, b), then by the mean value theorem c (x1, x2)
f (x2) f (x1) = f c(c)(x2 x1). Since f c(c) t 0 and x2 x1 ! 0, we have f (x2) t f (x1). Thus f is increasing on
(a, b).
Conversely, c I, if x ! c or if x c we have [ f (x) f (c)]/(x c) t 0. Hence by Exercise 5.1.14,
f ( x ) f (c )
f c(c) lim x o c t 0.
xc
(b) The proof is similar to the solution to part (a).
x f c( x) f ( x)
10. By Exercise 6 it suffices to show that g c(x) t 0 for all x (0, 1). Now g c( x) t 0 iff x f c(x) t f (x).
x2
Apply the mean value theorem to f on [0, x]. Then c (0, x) f (x) f (0) = f c(c)(x 0). That is, f (x) = f c(c) x.
Since f c is increasing, f c(c) d f c(x). Thus f (x) d x f c(x), as desired.
12. By the mean value theorem on [0, x] we have f (x) f (0) = f c(c)(x 0) for some c [0, x]. That is, f (x) = x f c(c).
Since 1 d f c(c) d 2, the result follows.
13. Hint in book: (a) and (b) Use the mean value theorem. For (c), use parts (a) and (b) and the intermediate value
theorem.
14. (a) Let g (x) = x2 sin (1/x) for x z 0 and g (0) = 0. In Exercise 6.1.6 we saw that g c(0) = 0. Now
f (x) = x + 2 g(x), so f c(0) = 1 (2)(0) = 1.
(b) For x z 0 we have f c(x) = 1 + 4x sin (1/x) 2 cos (1/x). It is easy to see that every neighborhood of 0 will
contain an interval on which f c(x) < 0. On this interval, f will be strictly decreasing.
(c) f c(x) is not positive throughout an interval containing 0.
15. (a) Given H ! 0, let G = H/(m + 1). Suppose x, y (a, b), x y, and | x y | G . Then the mean value theorem
applied to f on [x, y] implies that c (x, y) f (x) f ( y) = f c(c)(x y). Thus
§ H ·
f ( x) f ( y ) d m x y m ¨ ¸ H.
© m 1¹
Note: We used m + 1 in the denominator to be certain that we were not dividing by zero.
(b) Let f (x) = x for x (0, 1). Then f is uniformly continuous on (0, 1) since it can be extended to a
continuous function on [0, 1]. But f c(x) = 1/ 2 x is not bounded on (0,1).
17. Hint in book: Use the mean value theorem with the function g – f .
Answer: Let h = g f. Then h (0) = 0 and hc(x) t 0, x t 0. Now h (x) h (0) = hc(c)(x 0) for some c [0, x].
Thus h (x) t 0. That is, f (x) d g (x).
18. We have g (a) = g (b) = 0, so Rolle’s theorem implies that gc(c) = 0 for some c (a, b). That is,
kx kx kx
e f c(c) k e f (c) = 0. But then since e z 0, we have f c(c) = k f (c).
whenever 0 | x c | G . Let y (c, c + G ). By the intermediate value theorem, f c(x) assumes all values
between f c(c) and f c( y) for x (c, y). This contradicts the fact that all f c(x) for x (c, y) are within H of r.
(b) In Exercise 6.1.6, limx o 0 f c(0) does not exist.
1 1 1 1 1
20. ( f )c( y ) .
f c( x) 2
sec x 1 tan x 2
1 y2
m
21. f (x) = (x1/n) = h q g (x), where g (x) = x1/n and h(x) = xm. Thus
1 1 1 m 1 1 1
f c( x) hc( g ( x)) g c( x) m( x n ) m 1 ( 1n x n ) m
n
xn n xn
m 1
m
n xn r x r 1.
1 1
22. Since f q f (c) = i(c), where i is the identity, we have by the chain rule ( f )c ( f (c)) f c(c) = 1, so
1
( f 1 )c( f (c)) .
f c(c)
1/D
§ H · H
23. (a) Given H ! 0, if x, y I with | x y | ¨ ¸ , then | f (x) f ( y) | d M | x y |D M H , so f is uniformly
©M ¹ M
continuous on I.
(b) Suppose D ! 1. Let E = D 1 so that D = E + 1 with E ! 0. Then given c I,
E f ( x ) f (c ) E
| f (x) f (c) | d M x c x c and so d M x c , x I. Thus
xc
f ( x ) f (c )
f c(c) lim x o c 0, c I. Since the derivative exists and is zero on I, f is constant on I.
xc
(c) Hint in book: Consider f (x) = | x |.
Answer: Let f (x) = | x | for x (1, 1). Then | f (x) f (y) | = || x | | y || d | x y | by Exercise 3.2.6. But f is not
differentiable at x = 0.
g ( x) g ( y )
(d) Suppose | gc | d M on I. Then by the mean value theorem, x y in I c (x, y) f c(c).
x y
Thus | g (x) g ( y) | d M | x y |.
3. Answers in book: (a) 1; (b) 0; (c) 1/6; (d) 0; (e) 1; (f ) e2; (g) e; (h) 0; (i) 1; ( j) 0
sin x cos x sin x cos x
Justification: (a) lim lim 1 (b) lim lim lim 2 x cos x 0
1 2
1
xo0 x L ' H x o 0 1 x o 0
x L ' H x o 0
x x o 0
2
2
ln (1 2 x) 1 2x
(f) Let y (1 2 x)1 x . Then lim ln y lim lim 2 , so y o e2.
x o 0 x o 0 x L'H x o 0 1
ln (1 1x ) (1 1x ) 1 ( x 2 )
(g) Let y (1 1x ) x . Then lim ln y lim x ln (1 1x ) lim lim
xof xof xof 1
x
L'H xof x 2
1
lim 1 , so y o e.
xof 1 1x
§1 1 · § sin x x · cos x 1 sin x 0
(h) lim ¨ ¸ lim ¨ ¸ lim lim 0
xo0 x
© sin x ¹ xo0
© x sin x ¹ L'H xo0 sin x x cos x L'H xo0 2 cos x x sin x 2
1 § 1 ·
ln 1 1 x ¨ ¸
§ 1· 1 1 x © x2 ¹ 1
(i) lim x ln ¨1 ¸ lim lim lim 1
xo f
© x¹ x of 1x L'H x of 1 x 2 x of 11 x
xn nx n 1 n(n 1) x n 2 n!
( j) lim lim lim " lim 0
xo f ex L'H x of e x L'H x of ex L'H L'H xo f ex
4. (a) 1/3; (b) 0; (c) 0; (d) 1; (e) 0; (f) 1/3; (g) 1; (h) 1; (i) 0; ( j) er.
2
tan x x sec 2 x 1 tan 2 x 1 § sin x · 1 1
(a) lim lim lim lim ¨ ¸ by Exercise 3(a).
xo0 x3 L'H xo0 3x 2 x o 0 3x 2 xo03
© x ¹ cos x 3
2
sin x x cos x 1 0 x2 2x 2
(b) lim lim 0 (c) lim x lim lim 0
xo0 ex 1 L'H xo0 ex 1 xof e L ' H x o f ex L ' H x o f ex
cos x
ln sin x sin x § x ·
(d) lim lim 1
lim ¨ ¸ cos x 1 by Exercise 3(a).
x o 0 ln x L ' H x o 0
x © sin x ¹
x o 0
(ln x) 2 2
x ln x 2 ln x 2 x ln x 1x 1
(e) lim lim lim lim 0 (f) lim lim
xof x L'H xof 1 xof x L'H xof1 x o1 x x2
2 L ' H x o 1 2x 1 3
2
ln (1 2 x) 1 2 x 0
(g) Let y (1 2 x)1 x . Then lim ln y lim lim 0 , so y o e 0 = 1.
xof xof x L'H xof 1 1
2x
(h) Let y x . Then lim ln y lim 2 x ln x 0 by Example 6.3.10. Thus y o e 0 = 1.
x o 0 x o 0
x x ln 1 rx
( j) Let y 1 rx . Then lim ln y lim ª ln 1 rx º lim ª¬ x ln 1 rx º¼ lim
x of x of ¬ ¼ x of x of 1x
§ r ·§ 1 ·
¨ 2 ¸¨ ¸
© x ¹©1 r x ¹ r
lim lim r , so y o er.
L'H x of 1 x 2 x of 1 r x
4x 1
5. The first equality is correct, but lim x o1 is not indeterminate.
6x 5
6. Suppose limx o f f (x) = L and let H ! 0. Then M ! 0 | f (x) L | H whenever x ! M. But then 0 y 1/M,
where x = 1/y. Thus | g ( y) L | H whenever 0 y 1/M, and limx o 0 g (x) = L. The converse is similar.
8. Suppose L1 and L2 are both finite limits of f as x o f. Then given H ! 0 K ! a | f (x) L1| H/2 and | f (x) L2|
H/2 whenever x > K. But then | L1 L2| d | L1 f (x) | + | f (x) L2| H/2 + H/2 = H. Since this holds true for all
H ! 0, we must have L1 = L2. Clearly if L1 = f, then L2 = f.
10. Given H ! 0, M x ! M implies that f (x) ! | k |/H. Then for x > M, | k/f (x) | H , so limx o f k/f (x) = 0.
12. [g (b) g (a)]/[ f (b) f (a)] is the slope of the chord between ( f (a), g (a)) and ( f (b), g (b)). From the chain rule
dy dy dx
we obtain y , so that g c(c) y f c(c) is the slope of the curve at the point where t = c.
dx dt dt
13. (a) Answer in book: limx o c f (x) = f iff for every M there exists a G ! 0 such that f (x) ! M whenever x D
and 0 | x – c | G.
(b) Suppose limx o c f (x) z f. Then M G ! 0, x D with 0 | x c | G f (x) d M. In particular,
n sn D with 0 | sn c | G f (sn) d M. Then sn o c, but lim f (sn) z f. The converse is
straightforward.
f c( x)
(c) Given M , G ! 0 ! M whenever x U and 0 | x c | G . For each such x we apply the
g c( x)
f ( x) f c(cx )
Cauchy mean value theorem to obtain cx between c and x such that = > M. Thus
g ( x) g c(cx )
f ( x)
limx o c = f.
g ( x)
(d) Adapt the proof of Theorem 6.3.8.
14. Let f (x) = h(x) – h(c) and g(x) = x – c for all x in [a, b]. Then f and g are continuous on [a, b] and differentiable
on (a, b), and f (c) = g(c) = 0. Furthermore, f c(x) = hc(x) and g c(x) = 1 for all x in (a, b). We have
15. We have | f (x)| f (x) = exp [ f (x) ln | f (x)|]. From Exercise 13(d) we have,
ln f ( x) f c( x) f ( x) f ( x)
lim [ f ( x)] ª
¬ ln f ( x) º¼ lim lim lim f ( x) 0, so lim f ( x) 1.
xoc x o c 1 f ( x) x o c f c( x ) [ f ( x )]2 xoc xoc
16. The correspondence with Definition 5.1.1 is essentially contained in Theorem 5.1.14. The result for the cases
where c = f is straightforward, as is c , L = f.
1. (a) True: The first two terms of Taylor’s theorem correspond to the mean value theorem.
(b) False: They are only equal at x = x 0.
x 2 x3 x 4 x5 x 6 ec x 7 e 2 27
4. p6 ( x) 1 x . We have R6 ( x) d | 0.1876 .
2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7! 7!
6. Let f (x) = ln (1 x). Then R 3(x) d 0 and R 4(x) t 0. This implies that p4(x) d f (x) d p3(x).
9. Hints in book: (a) Use l’Hospital’s rule and Exercise 6.1.17(b); (b) Consider f (x) = x | x |.
13. (a) f c(x) = ex ! 0 for all x, so Theorem 6.2.8 implies that f is strictly increasing for all x .
c c
(b) By Taylor’s theorem, R n (1) = e /(n + 1)!. Since 0 d c d 1, 0 1 = e0 d e d e 3. The inequalities in part (b)
follow.
n !a § n! n! · 3 n !a § n! n! ·
(c) We get 0 ¨ n! n! " ¸ . Since n ! b, is an integer. But ¨ n ! n ! " ¸
b © 2 n! ¹ n 1 b © 2 n! ¹
is also an integer. The difference of these two integers is an integer between 0 and 3/(n + 1). Since n ! 3,
3/(n + 1) 3/4. Thus we have obtained an integer between 0 and 3/4.
Title: Sudenmorsian
Hiidenmaalainen tarina
Language: Finnish
Hiidenmaalainen tarina
Kirj.
AINO KALLAS
1.
2.
3.
Koska lammas oli pesty yltä sekä alta, niin piikainen sen irti
käsistänsä päästi, ja lammas kohta kuivalle kahlasi, pudistellen vettä
villoistansa, niinkuin uitettu koira.
Mutta Priidikiin oli mennyt sisälle niinkuin iili, ettei hän paikalta
päässyt, vaan hänen yhä katsoman piti.
4.
Mutta niinkuin vuorokaudessa on kaksi puolta, yksi päivänpuoli
ynnä yönpuoli toinen, samalla muotoa ovat monikahdat tosin päivän
lapset ja päivän tekoja tekevät, ja toiset taas yön lapset, jotka yön
ajatuksissa askartavat, vaan kolmansissa vaihtuu niinkuin
vuorokaudessakin yö sekä päivä. Ja kaikki tämä tutaan aikanansa,
koska koettelemus sen ilmisaattaa.
Niin kävi suuri humu ja häly näillä Hiiden hettehillä, kussa muuten
vain kurki ynnä kuovi huutaa, ja hukka ulvoo.
Niin tänä hetkenä meni häneen Daimoni, niin että hän riivattiin.
5.