Ibn Tofail University Semester 4

Faculty of Letters Advanced Composition and

English Studies Introduction to Research
Kenitra Dr. H. Brigui

Data-Collection
Data collection is the best way to get information about a group or population. To collect
suitable data, a suitable population is needed. To carry out fieldwork, a researcher needs to
decide upon the population that is going to be under study. Certainly, because of the
impossibility of having access to all members of the population, a researcher has to choose a
sample, a subset of the population that best represents the members of a group. This
representative sample allows making generalizations about the population from the sample
used. There are two types of sampling, random and non-random.

Random Sampling is a scientific form of sampling. It is also known as systematic,

scientific or probability sampling. It provides sample units with equal chance to take part in
the research. Non Random Sampling suggests that not every item of the population has a
chance to be included in the research as participants need to have some specific criteria to be
part of the research subjects.

Data Collection Instruments

Every fieldwork involves data collection through different instruments, but one of the
problems facing the researcher is to determine the most appropriate methods for collecting
data. There are some researchers who make use of many different techniques to gather
primary data. Observation, interviews and questionnaires are the three widely known methods
of data collection in research.

1- Observation

Observation is undoubtedly necessary to any fieldwork. As a research instrument, it

entails watching, recording and even joining the people under study in their activities. There
are two methods of observation, non-participant and participant observation. While the former
requires the researcher to play the role of a passive observer, the latter necessitates the
observer to be active.

In non-participant observation, the researcher observes the people under investigation

without taking part in the situation being studied. It involves observing and recording the
behaviour of individuals from a distance. The observer has not to interact or communicate
with them. This observational method can be covert or overt. When it is covert, the subjects
observed should not be aware that they are being observed. When it is overt, the subjects of
observation are aware of being observed. Unlike participant observation, non-participant
observation does not require personal involvement or the active participation of the researcher
in the behaviour being studied.

Participant observation requires the researcher to get along with people well, for he/she
remains in contact with informants over a long period of time. This technique enhances both
rapport with the members of the community being studied and the quality of the data being

1
obtained. It does not depend on hearsay but on actual facts and behaviour of the people of
concern. It obviously provides the best means of obtaining a valid picture of social reality. It
is an advantageous technique since it allows observation of non-verbal behaviour as well.

2 Interviews

Interviewing is a technique on which researchers depend to obtain information about

people’s attitudes, opinion, behaviour, beliefs, motives and feelings. It involves oral
questioning of respondents and establishes rapport with them, especially if the interview is
personal1. Interviews, which can be face-to-face, by telephone or e-mail, take a number of
forms: structured, unstructured and semi-structured.

The Structured Interview

In a structured interview, the interviewer prepares a set of carefully worded questions.

The order is predetermined for legitimate reason. It is the interviewer who sets the agenda. It
gives similar closed questions which may control the freedom of the interviewee who
sometimes has forced-choice answers. This method is mainly used by the researcher who has
enough knowledge of the people or culture under study. The structured interview is easier to
prepare, manage, analyse and compare. However, it has a validity problem since it contains
limited responses, and the informants might be forced to choose the response or responses
which do not reflect their true feelings and ideas about an issue

The Unstructured Interview

The unstructured interview takes the form of a spontaneous conversation. It avoids a

specific leading set of questions asked in the highly structured interview and involves less
control. It is also less formal and has no strict guidelines. The interviewer has no
predetermined questions; he/she asks non-leading questions on a general topic, which allows
the interviewee to respond freely. This type is used in the initial stages of the research and
intends to let the interviewer get the needed information by asking broad questions. It is
considered to be the best way to voice people’s views, opinions, feelings and experiences as it
affords more a relaxed research atmosphere; however, it is proved to be time-consuming since
its information is vague, which makes the respondents waste time while choosing what is
more relevant and important to include in their response.

The Semi-Structured Interview

Between these two extremes, the structured and the unstructured, lies the semi-structured
interview. It is a guided conversation with prepared, but open, set of questions. Being simple,
the questions of a semi-structured interview should stick to the logical order of questions to
make the discussion flow. It is relatively informal and used to offer the interviewer the
opportunity to explore a predetermined topic. The interviewer has his own concerns but he is
more flexible to give the interviewee the opportunity to question or deviate. Like the
unstructured interview, it is time-consuming and difficult to analyse.

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Tips on using interviews

- Before conducting any interview, think about the number of subjects, time and place and
duration of the interview.

- Think of the content of the interview: what questions? how many questions? how to
sequence them?

- The more the interview lasts, the more artificial it becomes.

- Begin with non-controversial issues. Ask first about facts (demography questions),
descriptions (knowledge questions) then feelings (emotional questions).

- The wording of questions should be simple and clear.

- All the interviewees have to answer in their own words. Never influence them by
predetermined questions.

- Ask one question at a time. Do not use yes or no questions. Do not use leading questions
(interviewees should not be aware of what the desirable answer is). Use WH- questions to
seek deeper for answers.

- Don’t make the subject feel stupid and ignorant through telling them (I don’t understand
what you say/ It is not clear..), but ask another question for elaboration.

- Neutrality and rapport are important regarding the content of what is being said. Keep
comment, agreement or disagreement to oneself.

- Respect the interviewees and maintain a friendly atmosphere. To maintain control, the
interviewer has to know exactly what he wants to know and stop highly verbal responses, for
example using ‘let me stop you here’ ‘let me interrupt you here’.

- The interview data are to be analyzed qualitatively through knowing which patterns emerged
during the interview, and should be illustrating by quotations from the actual interviews.

3 Questionnaires

Being one of the most widely used social research techniques, questionnaires allow the
collection of a range of information from a large number of respondents. It could be
administered to a group of respondents at the same time in a very short period of time. It is a
written instrument to collect answers to a series of written questions. During the distribution
of the questionnaires, the researcher should not modify the questions or add explanations
because respondents must be given the same questions in a fixed order. They are also asked to
complete them by themselves. In questionnaires, the questions, which must be simple, short,
concise and unambiguous, can be closed or open.

Closed Questions

Closed questions generally take the form of a multiple-choice question. They are also
called fixed-choice questions since they require a choice in a number of suggested answers.

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The respondent is asked to choose between two or more alternatives. Limiting the respondent
to the set of alternatives offered, the closed question could be dichotomous including two-way
questions or liker-type scale. Two-way questions, offer the respondent to select one of the
two alternatives such as yes/no, good/bad and for/against. Likert-type scale investigates how
strongly the respondent agrees with a statement rating the answers in terms of a scale. It is
meant to assess the respondent’s attitude toward a statement having to choose one of the
suggested answers such as strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree or strongly disagree.

Though it does not give the opportunity to the respondent to qualify and develop
his/her answers, this type of questions nonetheless has many advantages. Besides providing a
high level of control to the researcher, it is easier to quantify, classify and analyse. It also
involves minimal effort, time and thought for the respondent and greater uniformity of
response. It is proved to be useful if the questionnaire is long and good if the motivation of the
respondents is low. It also avoids problems of interpreting the handwriting of the respondent.

Open-Ended Questions

Open-ended questions are not a predetermined set of questions which allows the
respondent to choose the most appropriate answer among the given alternatives. Nevertheless,
they allow the respondents to compose their own answers rather than choosing between a
number of given answers. They give them the opportunity to express an opinion or attitude
without being influenced by the researcher. This opportunity is also given in closed-question
questionnaires. Usually, to the end of a good questionnaire, an open question is given to ask
the respondent to provide the researcher with some of his/her suggestions, opinions and ideas
for changes or improvements.

Unlike closed questions, open questions require more time to quantify, classify and
analyse. They also require more work, thought and time from the respondent. This type
necessitates the responses to be reported accurately. They are more likely to provide valid
data since respondents can clarify what they mean in their own words and elaborate their
ideas. They give the respondent the opportunity to answer in any way he/she wishes.

Semi open-ended Questions

They are a compromise between open and closed questions. This type of questions
necessitates the respondent to answer a set of yes/no questions, and then to justify his/her
answers through open questions.

Questionnaires are more useful when the respondents remain anonymous. They are
also believed to be more objective than interviews, especially if the researcher is not present
when the respondent answers the questions. They are advantageous in terms of accessibility
and economy as they are a practical and an inexpensive way of gathering data. They are
generally used when the resources are limited and data are needed on a large numbers of
people. Yet, they are restricted to literate people only. However, in the interview survey, the
interviewer can write the illiterate respondents’ answers.

Tips on using questionnaires

- While designing a questionnaire, these are some basic questions to ask:

1- what is exactly what I want to find out? (Objectives should be focused).

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 2- Am I asking the right questions to find the information I want?
3- What do I need to find out? What questions can enable me to achieve my objectives?
4- How am I going to get the information I want? Am I trying the right strategies and
instruments?
5- What kind of pattern of result I am going to get?

-The questionnaire should not be too long to avoid response fatigue.

-The questionnaire should be adjusted to the personal concerns.
- No sophisticated vocabulary, no jargon should be used, just short and simple words.
- Avoid negation and ask one question at a time
-Avoid emotionally loaded, leading questions (those that contain hints), and offensive
questions.
- Start with easy questions
- You need to have different question sections
- Confidentiality and anonymity of respondents must be ensured
- Personal contact is very important
- A well organized questionnaire is the one that gives you the information you need, and it
also has to be economous in words and space.
- A good questionnaire should be acceptable by the subjects, motivate them, should not be too
long and not beyond their conceptual level.

* Strength of questionnaire:
- It enables to ask a large sample, and thus draw generalizations. Results are easily coded and
analyzed.
* Weeknesses of questionnaire:
- One can handle little control on the quality of the answer.
- There are no opportunities for elaborations (no whys).

To have a more profound knowledge of the group being studied and more reliable
data, some researchers make use of methodological pluralism, also called triangulation by
means of using more than two research instruments combining both quantitative and
qualitative approaches.

Writing the research paper: An outline

1- Abstract: It is a synopsis of the paper in which we include the purpose, data

collection (how), and main findings. It is about 300 words, so use words judiciously.
2- Introduction: What the research is about. Make a clear formulation of the purpose of
the study, its rationale (why the topic is important to choose), its genesis, the main
research approach (experimental, quantitative…), The research questions, and/or
hypotheses, the context of the investigation =plan of the paper.
3- Literature review: The substantive literature that is relevant to the area of research,
Findings and issues raised. Its aim is to put the researcher in context.
4- Methodology: To give a description of the main aims of the study (exact copy of the
purpose, research questions and hypotheses stated in the introduction). Background
details, research methods used for data collection (supporting the use of the chosen
instruments and design). To describe instruments in full details (how they were

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 constructed, how many items, why, giving examples from actual instrument to be
reader friendly). To describe the pilot study if done. Administration of instruments.
Whom you administered to? When? Where? how many? how long? which sampling
procedures? which sampling demographics (number/gender), participants and
response rate? Data analysis (to define the coding and the scoring/rating. To talk
about validity and reliability of the instruments.
5- Findings: The presentation of the analysis that highlights the significant patterns that
strike you as a researcher. Was it as you expected or contrary to your expectations?
To run order, comment and reactions to the findings. To link the findings to the data
that was described in the other mentioned studies in the review of the literature
chapter. To discuss and interpret (to provide an account of the finding, to justify and
interpret, to speculate ‘why’: (‘one reason might be…./ another may be…./ as X
said:’….’)

6- Conclusion: To provide the purpose again, research questions and main findings.
What did we know that we didn’t know before? How the findings have contributed to
knowledge and understanding? To state the limitations of the study. To state the
implications of findings, and implications for further research.

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Ibn Tofail University Semester 4
Faculty of Letters Advanced Composition and
English Studies Introduction to Research
Kenitra Dr. H. Brigui

Reference Marking
- Plagiarism

A research paper should be properly documented. When you borrow material to support your
arguments, you should acknowledge it, otherwise, it is considered plagiarized. Even if you paraphrase
the author’s ideas in your own words and style, you are still obliged to cite it by providing the
complete bibliographical information. It is a dangerous misconception to believe that once you have
restructured the original idea or sentence, it automatically becomes yours. However, idiomatic
expressions, common knowledge, or general matter-of-fact statements such as “the sun rises in the
east” or “Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in 1804,” need not be documented.
The MLA (Modern Language Association) and APA (American psychological Association)
documentation styles use in-text citations instead of footnotes and endnotes. At the end of your essay,
report, or research paper, cite only the works you have read and actyally quoted. Provide all the
necessary bibliographical information and follow closely the steps indicated below concernign the
arrangement of entries, making sure your punctuation is accurate. Your entries must be arranged
alphabetically.
MLA style is more commonly used in literature research papers, while APA style is more commonly
used in linguistics research papers. ‘Bibliography’ or ‘References’ are the terms used when using
APA, while with MLA, it is called ‘works cited’.

- In-text references

Also called paranthetical citations, in-text referneces can be done in three ways. The two books
referred to below are Understanding Second Language Acquisition by Ellis, and Ibsen’s novel A
Doll’s House of which Nora is the main character.

1- You introduce the author before the quotation. The quote will support the previous sentence
that occurs before it.

APA i- According to Ellis (1985), “second language acquisition is………..” (P. 357).
ii- Nora admits that she is “ QUOTE” (Ibsen, 1994, p. 78)

MLA i- According to Ellis, “second language acqusition is………….” (357).

ii- Nora admits that she is “QUOTE” (Ibsen 78).

2- Here you begin with a statement that you will support by means of a quote preceded by a
colon.

APA i- Many definitions were provided to highlight that concept: “second langauge
acquisition is …………” (Ellis, 1985, p. 357).
ii- Nora thinks that her life should no more go on in the same way: “QUOTE”
(Ibsen, 1994, p. 78).

MLA i- Many definitions were provided to highlight that concept: “second langauge
acquisition is” (Ellis 357).
ii- Nora thinks that her life should no more go on in the same way: “QUOTE” (Ibsen
78).

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 3- In the third way of integrating quotations, a part of the quote is used within your sentence.

APA i- It is clear that “second language acquisition is………” (Ellis, 1985, p.357).
ii- Nora think that her life is “QUOTE” (Ibsen, 1994, p.78).

MLA i- It is clear that “second language acquisition is………” (Ellis 357).

ii- Nora think that her life is “QUOTE” (Ibsen 78).

Bibliography in APA format:

Books
-The basic entry for a book:

Johnson, O. (1912). Stover at Yale. New York: Frederick A. Stokes.

-Book with two or three authors :

 Two authors

Hanson, H. & Bigghel, C. C. (1997). Red sails in the sun room. Dubuque, IA: Stewart
Deconstruction.

 Three authors

Meyers, L., Hildebrand, R., & Hildebrand, M. Jr. (1970). Reflections on Luther's Small
Catechism. Omaha, NE: Mt. Olive.

-Book with four or more authors :

Bobbe, N., Karel, T., Hea, D., & Dahl, S. (1986). Twelve tone music and the rural saxophone quartet
in mid-western immigrant Czech communities. Tulsa, OK: Prairie Sooner.

-Book credited to an editor rather than an author :

Craig, B. F. & Gross, M. F. (Eds.). (1991). Where the porridge bird builds its nest: Humour of the 60s
counterculture. London: Baffin.

-Corporate author :

Duhl Computers. (2002). Troubleshooting the MBVC operating system and its peripheral devices.
Boston: Grinderpress.

-Government publication (book or pamphlet) :

U. S. Census Bureau. (2002). Statistical abstract of the United States: 2002 (122nd ed.). Washington,
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

U. S. Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service. (2002). Your federal income tax for
individuals(IRS Publication No. 17). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

-Two part title :

8
Furth, L. (1987). Going home: My journey to grandfather's Poland. Bridgeport, CT: Stramm Books.

-Reference book :

Kuhn, T. (2001). An atlas of New Dakota (Rev. ed.). Chicago: Hiram-Scottsdale House.

-Edited reference book:

Wiggins, W. A. (Ed.). (1997). A dictionary of organic chemistry. (4th ed.) Sidney: Nova Australia
Press.

-Article/Chapter/Entry from a reference book:

Jameson, J. (1997). Ethanol. In W. A. Wiggins (Ed.). A dictionary of organic chemistry. (4th ed., pp.
232-239) Sidney: Nova Australia Press.

-Poem/Essay/Short story in an anthology/collection :

 Poem

MacGowan, S. (1987). Belfast bombsite. In S. L. Fingers (Ed.). An Irish Punk Poetry

Anthology (pp. 117-118). Donegal: Culchie Press.

 Translation (of short story)

Eichendorff, J. (1994). Concerning the life of a good-for-nothing. In M. Jones (Ed.), R. Furst

(Trans.). Short Fiction of the German Romantic Century (pp. 23-118). New York: Blue
Flower Press. (Original work published 1826).

-Chapter in an edited book

Riving, I. W. (1996). The mythology of Old Low Norse among the inhabitants of northern Minnesota.
In T.L. Keynes & C. T. Cummings (Eds.), Saga: Threads of the Scandinavian heritage of the Upper
Midwest (pp. 57-89). Eau Claire: Fjord-Faerling.

-Book from a series

Gustavson, W. J. & Clocke, C. (2001). Bromine in everyday life. (The halogens unmasked: Vol. 3).
Boston: Distillation Press.

Journals: Articles in Periodical Literature

-The basic entry for an article found in a journal :

Coltrane, K. (1998). If the river was whiskey: The use of metaphor in the lyrics of rural American
blues singers.The American Musicologist, 17, 237-253.

-Journal articles with multiple authors (parallels books with multiple authors, for
example ...):

Wiggard, C. T. & Frump, I. B. (1992). Clinical trials of methadone in a Chicago halfway house. New
Dakota Pharmacology Review, 19, 221-257.

9
  Continuous page numbering

Johnson, W. B. T. (1997). Bear necessities: Basic business survival strategies in bad times. New
Dakota Studies in Economics and Business Management, 47, 778-794.

 Page numbering by issue

Johnson, W. B. T. (1994). Business cycles in third world economies. Greininger Business Review,
13(5), 17-33.

-Popular magazines :

Twiggel, E. J. (1991, March 26). Operation Desert Storm abates. New York Mercury Weekly, 177, 14-
15.

-Article from a newspaper :

Lavelle, M. C. (1991, April 16). Lake Fred floods: IRS involvement suspected. Pomona Gazette,
B2, B7-B8.

-Unsigned article from a newspaper:

Bomber plant to close in April. (1948, February 29). The Takoma Herald, A3.

-Book review:

Lechner, D. L. (Fall, 1980). [Review of the book Crimean Gothic: Analysis and etymology of the
corpus. (Studia linguistica et philologica, 6.)]. Michigan Germanic Studies, 6, 265-270.

Electronic Materials: subscription databases and online

publications
-Article from a subscription database :

Halsey, J. Q. (1997). The DNA of glass. Phenomicon Physical Science Review, 22(3), 19-31.
Retrieved May 30, 2002, from DzwonKwest DigiPlus database.

-Article published (and available) only online:

Laufer, B. & Hill, M. (2000). What lexical information do L2 learners select in a CALL dictionary and
how does it affect word retention? Language Learning & Technology, 3(2), 58-76. Retrieved October
22, 2001, from http://llt.msu.edu/vol3num2/laufer-hill/index.html

-Internet Website:

Banks, M.D. (Ed.). (2003, May 6). The Conn Company Archives. Retrieved July 21, 2003, from The
University of South Dakota, National Music Museum: America's Shrine to Music Web site:
http://www.usd.edu/smm/connarch.html

-Book available online:

10
London, J. (1998, January). The iron heel. Retrieved July 29, 2003, from Project Gutenberg Web site:
ftp://sailor.gutenberg.org/pub/gutenberg/etext98/irnhl10.txt. (Original work published 1907).

Works Cited in MLA format:

Books
-The basic entry for a book:

Johnson, Owen. Stover at Yale. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1912.

-Book with two or three authors :

 Two authors

Hanson, Hjalmar and C. Clive Bigghel. Red Sails in the Sun Room. Dubuque, IA: Stewart
Deconstruction, 1997.

 Three authors

Meyers, L., Hildebrand, R., & Hildebrand, M. Jr. (1970). Reflections on Luther's Small
Catechism. Omaha, NE: Mt. Olive.

-Book with four or more authors :

Bobbe, Nicholas, et al. Twelve Tone Music and the Rural Saxophone Quartet in Mid-Western
immigrant Czech Communities. Tulsa, OK: Prairie Sooner, 1986.

-Book credited to an editor rather than an author :

Craig, Becky Forrest and Michelle Forrest Gross, ed. Where the Porridge Bird Builds Its Nest:
Humour of the 60s Counterculture. London: Baffin, 1991.

-Corporate author :

Duhl Computers. Troubleshooting the MBVC Operating System and its Peripheral Devices. Boston:
Grinderpress, 2002.

-Government publication (book or pamphlet) :

U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002. 122nd ed. Washington: GPO,
2002.

U. S. Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service. Your Federal Income Tax for
Individuals. IRS Pub. 17. Washington: GPO, 2002.

-Two part title :

Furth, Lois. Going Home: My Journey to Grandfather's Poland. Bridgeport, CT: Stamm, 1987.

-Reference book :

11
Kuhn, Theodore. An Atlas of New Dakota. Rev. ed. Chicago: Hiram-Scottsdale, 2001.

-Edited reference book:

Wiggins, William A, ed. A Dictionary of Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. Sidney: Nova Australia, 1997.

-Article/Chapter/Entry from a reference book:

Jameson, Jeffrey. "Ethanol." A Dictionary of Organic Chemistry. Ed. Willian A. Wiggins. 4th ed.
Sidney: Nova Australia, 1997.

-Poem/Essay/Short story in an anthology/collection :

 Poem

MacGowan, Seamus. "Belfast Bombsite." An Irish Punk Poetry Anthology. Ed. Stephen L.
Fingers. Donegal: Culchie, 1987: 117-88.

 Translation (of short story)

Eichendorff, Joseph. "Concerning the Life of a Good-for-nothing." 1826. Trans. Richard

Furst. Short Fiction of the German Romantic Century. Ed. Maximillian Jones. New York:
Blue Flower, 1994: 23-118.

-Chapter in an edited book

Riving, Ivan Wallenz. "The Mythology of Old Low Norse Among the Inhabitants of
Northern Minnesota." Saga: Threads of the Scandinavian Heritage of the Upper
Midwest. Ed. Thomas L. Keynes and Charles Taylor Cummings. Eau Claire: Fjord-
Faerling, 1996. 57-89.

-Book from a series

Gustavson, Wayne J. and Carl Clocke. Bromine in Everyday Life. The Halogens Unmasked 3. Boston:
Distillation, 2001.

Journals: Articles in Periodical Literature

-The basic entry for an article found in a journal :

Coltrane, Karl. "If the River was Whiskey: The Use of Metaphor in the Lyrics of Rural American
Blues Singers."The American Musicologist 17 (1998): 237-53.

-Journal articles with multiple authors (parallels books with multiple authors, for
example ...):

Wiggard, Carol T. and Ignatius B. Frump. "Clinical Trials of Methadone in a Chicago Halfway
House." New Dakota Pharmacology Review 19 (1992): 221-57.

 Continuous page numbering

12
Johnson, Walter Bigghes Treyne. "Bear Necessities: Basic Business Survival
Strategies in Bad Times." New Dakota Studies in Economics and Business
Management 47 (1997): 778-94.

 Page numbering by issue

Johnson, Walter Bigghes Treyne. "Business Cycles in Third World

Economies." Greininger Business Review 13.5 (1994): 17-33.

-Popular magazines :

Twiggel, Elmira J. "Operation Desert Storm Abates." New York Mercury Weekly 26 Mar. 1991: 14-
15.

-Article from a newspaper :

Lavelle, Maurice Christian. "Lake Fred Floods: IRS Involvement Suspected." Pomona Gazette 16 Apr.
1991: B2+.

-Unsigned article from a newspaper:

"Bomber Plant to Close in April." Takoma Herald 29 Feb. 1948: A3.

-Book review:

Lechner, David L. Rev. of Crimean Gothic: Analysis and Etymology of the Corpus (Studia Linguistica
et Philologica, 6), by MacDonald Stearns. Michigan Germanic Studies 6: (Fall, 1980): 265-70.

Electronic Materials: subscription databases and online

publications
-Article from a subscription database :

Halsey, Jennifer Q. "The DNA of Glass." Phenomicon Physical Science Review 22.3 (1997): 19-
31.DzwonKwest DigiPlus. New Dakota State U Lib., Amberg. 30 May 2002
<http://www.dkdigiplus.com/kwestdesk>.

-Article published (and available) only online:

Laufer, Batia and Monica Hill."What Lexical Information Do L2 Learners Select in a CALL
Dictionary and How Does It Affect Word Retention?" Language Learning & Technology 3.2 (2000):
58-76. 22 Oct. 2001 <http://llt.msu.edu/vol3num2/laufer-hill/index.html>.

-Internet Website:

The Conn Company Archives. Ed. Margaret Downie Banks. 6 May 2003. National Music Museum:
America's Shrine to Music, The University of South Dakota. 21 July 2003.
<http://www.usd.edu/smm/connarch.html>.

-Book available online:

13
London, Jack. The Iron Heel. [New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1907]. Jan. 1998. Project Gutenberg. 29
July 2003. <ftp://sailor.gutenberg.org/pub/gutenberg/etext98/ irnhl10.txt>.

Reference:

APA and MLA Examples. Retrieved March 5, 2004, from Richard Stockton College Library. Web site
http://intraweb.stockton.edu/eyos/library/content/Static/Citation_Workshop/Citations-Index.htm

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