Iit Jee Formula Pcmshashwat Mahalka 3

IIT JEE Formulas
Maths Formulas
Part 1
Circle Formula
The formula for circle are as stated below
Description Formula
2
Area of a Circle ● In terms of radius: π𝑟
π 2
● In terms of diameter: 4
×𝑑
Surface Area of a Circle 2

π𝑟
General Equation of a The general equation of a circle with coordinates of a centre(ℎ, 𝑘),
Circle 2 2
and radius 𝑟 is given as: (𝑥 − ℎ) + (𝑦 − 𝑘) = 𝑟
Standard Equation of a The Standard equation of a circle with centre (𝑎, 𝑏), and radius 𝑟 is
Circle 2 2 2
given as: (𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑦 − 𝑏) = 𝑟
Diameter of a Circle 2 × radius
Circumference of a Circle 2π𝑟

Intercepts made by Circle 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
2
i. On 𝑥 −axis: 2 𝑔 − 𝑐
2
ii. On 𝑦 −axis: 2 𝑓 − 𝑐
Parametric Equations of 𝑥 = ℎ + 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ ; 𝑦 = 𝑘 + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ

a Circle
Tangent 2
● Slope form: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥±𝑎 1 + 𝑚
2
● Point form: 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 = 𝑎 or 𝑇 = 0
● Parametric form: 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 α + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 α = 𝑎
Pair of Tangents from a 2

𝑆𝑆1 = 𝑇
Point:
By:- Shashwat Mahalka

Length of a Tangent 𝑆1
Director Circle 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑎 for 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎
Chord of Contact 𝑇= 0
2𝐿𝑅
i. Length of chord of contact= 2 2
𝑅 +𝐿
ii. Area of the triangle formed by the pair of the
3
𝑅𝐿
tangents and its chord of contact = 2 2
𝑅 +𝐿
iii. Tangent of the angle between the pair of tangents
(
from 𝑥1, 𝑦1 = ) ( )
𝐿 −𝑅
2𝑅𝐿
2 2
iv. Equation of the circle circumscribing the triangle

𝑃𝑇1, 𝑇2 is:
(𝑥 − 𝑥1)(𝑥 + 𝑔) + (𝑦 − 𝑦1)(𝑦 + 𝑓) = 0
Condition of 2𝑔1𝑔2 + 2𝑓1𝑓2 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2
orthogonality of Two
Circles
Radical Axis ( )
𝑆1 − 𝑆2 = 0 i.e. 2 𝑔1 − 𝑔2 𝑥 + 2 𝑓1 − 𝑓2 𝑦 + 𝑐1 − 𝑐2 = 0. ( ) ( )
Family of Circles 𝑆1 + 𝐾𝑆2 = 0, 𝑆 + 𝐾𝐿 = 0
Quadratic Equation Formula

The formula for quadratic equation are as stated below
Description Formula
General form of 2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0; where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are constants and 𝑎≠0.
Quadratic Equation
Roots of equations −𝑏+ 𝑏 −4𝑎𝑐
2 2
−𝑏− 𝑏 −4𝑎𝑐
α= 2𝑎
, β= 2𝑎
Sum and Product of If α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation
Roots 2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, then
𝑏
Sum of roots, α + β =− 𝑎
𝑐
Product of roots, αβ = 𝑎
Discriminant of 2
The Discriminant of the quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 is
Quadratic equation 2
given by 𝐷 = 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐.
Nature of Roots 𝑏
● If 𝐷 = 0, the roots are real and equalα = β =− 2𝑎
.

● If 𝐷≠0, The roots are real and unequal.
● If 𝐷 < 0, the roots are imaginary and unequal.
● If 𝐷 > 0 and D is a perfect square, the roots are rational
and unequal.
● If 𝐷 > 0 and 𝐷 is not a perfect square, the roots are
irrational and unequal.
Formation of Quadratic If α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation, then
Equation with given 2
(𝑥 − α)(𝑥 − β) = 0; 𝑥 − (α + β)𝑥 + αβ = 0;
roots 2
● 𝑥 − (𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠)𝑥+ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡s=0
Common Roots 2
● If two quadratic equations 𝑎1𝑥 + 𝑏1𝑥 + 𝑐1 = 0 &
2
𝑎2𝑥 + 𝑏2𝑥 + 𝑐2 = 0 have both roots common, then
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑎2
= 𝑏2
= 𝑐2
.
● If only one root α is common, then
𝑐1𝑎2−𝑐2𝑎1 𝑏1𝑐2−𝑏2𝑐1
α= 𝑎1𝑏2−𝑎2𝑏1
= 𝑐1𝑎2−𝑐2𝑎1
Range of Quadratic 𝑏
● If − 2𝑎
not belong to [𝑥1, 𝑥2] then,
Expression
2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 in
[{ ( ) }
𝑓(𝑥)∈ 𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑓(𝑥2) , 𝑚𝑎𝑥⁡{𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑓(𝑥2)} ( ) ]
𝑏
restricted domain ● If− 2𝑎
∈[𝑥1, 𝑥2] then,
𝑥∈[𝑥1, 𝑥2]
{( ) ( )
𝑓(𝑥)∈⎡⎢ 𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑓 𝑥2 , −
⎣
𝐷
4𝑎 }, ( ) ( )
𝑚𝑎𝑥⁡{𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑓 𝑥2 , −
𝐷
4𝑎
}⎤⎥
⎦
2
Consider the quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Roots under special 𝑏
● If 𝑐 = 0, then one root is zero. Other root is− 𝑎
.
cases
● If 𝑏 = 0The roots are equal but in opposite signs.
● If 𝑏 = 𝑐 = 0, then both roots are zero.
● If 𝑎 = 𝑐, then the roots are reciprocal to each other.
● If 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0, then one root is 1 and the second root is
𝑐
𝑎
.
● If 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 = 0, then the equation will become an
identity and will satisfy every value of 𝑥.
Graph of Quadratic 2
The graph of a quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 is a
equation parabola.
● If 𝑎 > 0, then the graph of a quadratic equation will be
concave upwards.
● If 𝑎 < 0, then the graph of a quadratic equation will be
concave downwards.

Maximum and Minimum 2
Consider the quadratic expression 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
value ● If 𝑎 < 0, then the expression has the greatest value at
𝑏 𝐷
𝑥 =− 2𝑎 . The maximum value is − 4𝑎 .
● If 𝑎 > 0, then the expression has the least value at
𝑏 𝐷
𝑥 =− 2𝑎 . The minimum value is − 4𝑎 .
Quadratic Expression in The general form of a quadratic equation in two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 is
Two Variables 2 2
𝑎𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐.
To solve the expression into two linear rational factors, the
condition is ∆ = 0
[a h g]
∆= [ h b f ] =0
[g f c]
2 2 2 2
𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 − 𝑏𝑔 − 𝑐ℎ = 0 And ℎ − 𝑎𝑏 > 0. This is
called the Discriminant of the given expression.
Binomial Theorem Formula

Quick formula revision for jee mains and advanced.
Description Formula
Binomial Theorem for 𝑛 𝑛
(𝑥 + 𝑎) =nC0𝑥𝑛𝑎0 + nC1𝑥𝑛−1𝑎 + nC2𝑥𝑛−2𝑎2 + … + nCr𝑥𝑛−𝑟𝑎𝑟 + … + nCn.𝑥𝑎
positive Integral Index General terms = 𝑇𝑟+1 =nCr𝑥𝑛−𝑟𝑎𝑟
Deductions of Binomial 𝑛
● (1 + 𝑥) =nC0+ nC1𝑥 + nC2𝑥2 +nC3𝑥3 + … +nCr𝑥𝑟 + … +nCn𝑥𝑛 which is
Theorem the standard form of binomial expansion.
𝑡ℎ
General Term= (𝑟 + 1) term: 𝑇𝑟+1 =nCr
𝑟 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)……(𝑛−𝑟+1) 𝑟
𝑥 = 𝑟!
.𝑥
● 𝑛 n n
C n
C2 n 3 C
(1 − 𝑥) = 0− 1𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 + … + (− 1)
𝑟nC 𝑟
r𝑥 + … + (− 1)
𝑛n
n𝑥
𝑛C C
𝑡ℎ 𝑟n
General Term= (𝑟 + 1) term: 𝑇𝑟+1 = (− 1) . Cr
𝑟 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)……(𝑛−𝑟+1) 𝑟
𝑥 = 𝑟!
.𝑥
Middle Term in the 𝑡ℎ
expansion of(𝑥 + 𝑎)
𝑛 ● If 𝑛 is even then middle term = ( + 1) term. 𝑛
2
𝑛+1 𝑡ℎ 𝑛+3 𝑡ℎ
● If 𝑛 is odd then middle terms are ( ) and ( ) 2 2
term.
● Binomial coefficients of middle term is the greatest Binomial
coefficients

To determine a particular 𝑛
term in the expansion

α
In the expansion of 𝑥 ± ( 1
β
𝑥 ) , if 𝑥 𝑚
occurs in 𝑇𝑟+1, then 𝑟 is given
𝑛α−𝑚
by 𝑛α − 𝑟(α + β) = 𝑚 => 𝑟 = α+β
and the term
which is independent of 𝑥 then
𝑛α
𝑛α − 𝑟(α + β) = 0 => 𝑟 = α+β
.
To find a term from the 𝑇𝑟(𝐸) = 𝑇𝑛−𝑟+2(𝐵)

end in the expansion of
𝑛
(𝑥 + 𝑎)
Binomial Coefficients In the expansion of
and their properties 𝑛 2 𝑟 𝑛
(1 + 𝑥) = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑥 + … + 𝐶𝑟𝑥 + … + 𝐶𝑛𝑥
𝑛(𝑛−1)
Where 𝐶0 = 1, 𝐶1 = 𝑛, 𝐶2 = 2!
𝑛
i. 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 +……+ 𝐶𝑛 = 2
ii. 𝐶0 − 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 − 𝐶3 +……= 0
𝑛−1
iii. 𝐶0 + 𝐶2 +……= 𝐶1 + 𝐶3 +……= 2
2 2 2 2 2𝑛!
iv. 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 +……+ 𝐶𝑛 = 𝑛!𝑛!
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑛 𝑛+1
2 −1
v. 𝐶0 + 2
+ 3
+……+ 𝑛+1
= 𝑛+1
𝑛
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 (−1) .𝐶𝑛 1
vi. 𝐶0 − 2
+ 3
− 4
+……+ 𝑛+1
= 𝑛+1
Greatest term in the 𝑛

● The term in the expansion of (𝑥 + 𝑎) of greatest
𝑛
expansion of (𝑥 + 𝑎) : coefficients
= {𝑇 (𝑛+2) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑇 (𝑛+1) , 𝑇 (𝑛+3)
2
, 2 2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
● The greatest term
(𝑛+1)𝑎
= {𝑇𝑝 , 𝑇𝑝+1, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥+𝑎
= 𝑝∈𝑍 𝑇𝑞+1,
(𝑛+1)𝑎 (𝑛+1)𝑎
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥+1
𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑍 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 < 𝑥+𝑎
<𝑞+1
Multinomial Expansion If 𝑛∈𝑁 then the general terms of multinomial expansion
𝑟
(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + … + 𝑥𝑘)𝑛 is ∑
𝑟1+𝑟2+…+𝑟𝑘=𝑛
𝑛!
𝑟1!𝑟2!…𝑟𝑘!
𝑟1 𝑟2
𝑥1 . 𝑥2 ... 𝑥𝑘𝑘

Binomial Theorem for 𝑛 𝑛(𝑛−1) 2 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2) 3
(1 + 𝑥) = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 2!
𝑥 + 3!
𝑥 + …
Negative Integer Or 𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)…….(𝑛−𝑟+1) 𝑟
Fractional Indices + 𝑟!
𝑥 + …, |𝑥|< 1
𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)…….(𝑛−𝑟+1) 𝑟
𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑟!
𝑥
Part 2
Vectors Formula
The formula for vectors are as stated below
Description Formula
→ →
Position Vector If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are positive vectors of two points A and B, then
of a Point → → →
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑏 − 𝑎
→
● Distance Formula: Distance between the two points 𝐴( 𝑎 ) and
→
𝐵( 𝑏) is
→ →
→
|
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎 − 𝑏 .
→ →
| → →
𝑛 𝑎 +𝑚 𝑏 𝑎 +𝑏
● Section Formula: 𝑟 = 𝑚+𝑛
, Midpoint of 𝐴𝐵 = 2
→ → → → → → → →
Scalar Product
of Two vectors
| || | | |||
𝑎 . 𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ , where 𝑎 , 𝑏 are the magnitude of 𝑎 and 𝑏
→ →
respectively and θ is the angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏
→
● 𝑖. 𝑖 = 𝑗. 𝑗 = 𝑘. 𝑘 = 1; 𝑖. 𝑗 = 𝑗. 𝑘 = 𝑘. 𝑖 = 0 , projection of 𝑎
→ →
→ 𝑎 .𝑏
on 𝑏 = → .
→
|𝑏| →
● If 𝑎 = 𝑎1𝑖 + 𝑎2𝑗 + 𝑎3𝑘 & 𝑏 = 𝑏1𝑖 + 𝑏2𝑗 + 𝑏3𝑘 then
→ →
𝑎. 𝑏 = 𝑎1𝑏1 + 𝑎2𝑏2 + 𝑎3𝑏3.
→ →
● The angle ∅ between 𝑎 & 𝑏 is given by
→→
−1 𝑎. 𝑏
∅ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 → → , 0≤∅≤π.
→ →
| || →𝑏 |
𝑎
→ → →
● 𝑎 . 𝑏 = 0 ⇔ 𝑎 Perpendicular to 𝑏 (𝑎≠0, 𝑏 ≠0).

→ →
Vector Product ● If 𝑎 & 𝑏 are two vectors and θ is the angle between them then
of Two vectors → → → → ^ ^
● 𝑎 × 𝑏 = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ 𝑛 , where | || | → →
𝑛 is the unit vector
→ → ^
perpendicular to both 𝑎 & 𝑏 such that 𝑎, 𝑏& 𝑛 form a right
handed screw system.
→ →
|
● Geometrically 𝑎 × 𝑏 =area of the parallelogram whose two | → →
adjacents sides are represented by 𝑎 & 𝑏 .
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
● 𝑖 × 𝑖 = 𝑗 × 𝑗 = 𝑘 × 𝑘 = 0; 𝑖 × 𝑗 = 𝑘, 𝑗 × 𝑘 = 𝑖, 𝑘 × 𝑖 = 𝑗
→ ^ ^ ^ → ^ ^ ^
● If 𝑎 = 𝑎1𝑖 + 𝑎2𝑗 + 𝑎3𝑘 & 𝑏 = 𝑏1𝑖 + 𝑏2𝑗 + 𝑏3𝑘 then
→ →
𝑎× 𝑏=
→ → → → → → →
● 𝑎 × 𝑏 = 𝑜↔ 𝑎 and 𝑏 are parallel (collinear) (𝑎≠0, 𝑏≠0) i.e.
→ →
𝑎 = 𝐾 𝑏 where K is a scalar.
→ →
● Unit vector perpendicular to the plane of 𝑎 & 𝑏 is
→ →
^ 𝑎× 𝑏
𝑛= ± → → .
→ →
| 𝑎→× 𝑏|
● If 𝑎, 𝑏 & 𝑐 are the position vectors of 3 points A, B & C then the
1 → → → → → →
vector area of triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 2[𝑎 × 𝑏 + 𝑏 × 𝑐 + 𝑐 × 𝑎 ]. The
points A, B & C are collinear if
→ → → → → → →
▪ 𝑎×𝑏+𝑏×𝑐+𝑐×𝑎=0
→ →
● Area of any quadrilateral whose diagonal vectors are 𝑑1 & 𝑑2 is
given by
1 ||𝑑→ × 𝑑→ ||.
2 | 1 2|
● Lagrange’sIdentity:
→ →2 →2 →2 → →2 → → → → → → →
( 𝑎×𝑏 ) = 𝑎 | || | 𝑏 ( )
− 𝑎. 𝑏 = [(𝑎 × 𝑎 ) (𝑎 × 𝑏) ( 𝑏 × 𝑎) ( 𝑏
→ → →
Scalar Triple ● The scalar triple product of three vectors 𝑎, 𝑏 & 𝑐 is defined as:
Product → → → → → →
𝑎 × 𝑏. 𝑐 = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅| || || |
→ → →
● Volume of tetrahedron 𝑉 = 𝑎. 𝑏. 𝑐 [ ]
● In a scalar triple product the position of dot and cross can be
interchanged i.e.

→ → → → → → → →→ →→ → →→→
( →) ( → → ) → [ → →]→ [ →]→ → [
𝑎. 𝑏 × 𝑐 = 𝑎 × 𝑏 . 𝑐 Or 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 = 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 = 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
→ →
]
𝑎. (𝑏 × 𝑐) =− 𝑎. (𝑐 × 𝑏) i.e. [𝑎 𝑏 𝑐] =− [𝑎 𝑐 𝑏]
→ →
● If 𝑎 = 𝑎1𝑖 + 𝑎2𝑗 + 𝑎3𝑘; 𝑏 = 𝑏1𝑖 + 𝑏2𝑗 + 𝑏3𝑘 &
→
𝑐 = 𝑐1𝑖 + 𝑐2𝑗 + 𝑐3𝑘 then
→ → →
[𝑎. 𝑏. 𝑐] =
→ →→ → →→
● If 𝑎, 𝑏,𝑐 are coplanar↔ 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 = 0. [ ]
→ →
● Volume of tetrahedron OABC with O as origin & A(𝑎), B(𝑏) and
→ 1 → →→
C(𝑐) be the vertices = ||| 6 [𝑎 𝑏 𝑐]|||.
● The position vector of the centroid of a tetrahedron if the pv’s

→ → → → 1 → → → →
of its vertices are 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 & 𝑑 are given by 4
[𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑].
●
→ → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → →
Vector Triple
Product
( )→ ( → ) → (→ ) → ( → )
𝑎 × 𝑏 × 𝑐 = 𝑎. 𝑐 𝑏 − 𝑎. 𝑏 𝑐, 𝑎 × 𝑏 × 𝑐 = 𝑎. 𝑐 𝑏 − (𝑏. 𝑐) 𝑎 ( )
In general:(𝑎 × 𝑏) × 𝑐 ≠ 𝑎 × (𝑏 × 𝑐)
Parabola Formula
The formula for parabola are as stated below
Description Formula
Equation of The equation of parabola with focus at (𝑎, 0), 𝑎 > 0 and directrix
standard 𝑥 = − 𝑎 is given as
parabola: 2
𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥
When vertex is (0, 0) then axis is given as
𝑦 = 0
Length of latus rectum is equals to 4𝑎
Ends of the latus rectum are L(a, 2a) and L’(a, -2a).
Parametric The point (𝑥, 𝑦1) lies outside, on or inside the parabola which is given as
representation 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥
Therefore, equation of parabola now becomes,
2
𝑦1 − 4𝑎𝑥≥0
Or
2
𝑦1 − 4𝑎𝑥 < 0
Line and a 2
Length of the chord intercepted by the parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥 on the line
parabola 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 is given as

2
4
𝑚
2 (
( 𝑎 1 + 𝑚 (𝑎 − 𝑚𝑐))
Tangents to the 2
Tangent of the parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥 is given as T = 0
parabola
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 +
𝑎
𝑚
, 𝑚≠0 is the tangent of parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥 at
2
2
( 𝑎
2
𝑚
,
2𝑎
𝑚 )
Normal to the Normal to the parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥 is given as
parabola −𝑦1
2
𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 2𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑥1) at (𝑥1, 𝑦1)
A chord with a 2
The equation of the chord of parabola 𝑦 = 4𝑎𝑥 with midpoint (𝑥1, 𝑦1) is
given middle
point given as 𝑇 = 𝑆1.
Here,
𝑆1 = 𝑦1 − 4𝑎𝑥
Definite Integration Formula

The formula for definite integration are as stated below
Description Formula
Definite Integral 𝑏 𝑛
as Limit Sum ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∑ ℎ𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ)

𝑎 𝑟=1
𝑏−𝑎
Here ℎ = 𝑛
is the length of each subinterval
Definite Integral 𝑏 '
Formula Using ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎), where 𝐹 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎
the
Fundamental
theorem of
calculus
Properties of 𝑏 𝑏
Definite Integral ● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡). 𝑑𝑡

𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑎
● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 =− ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
𝑏 𝑏
● ∫ 𝑐𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)±𝑔(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐
𝑏 𝑏
● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥). 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎

𝑎 𝑎
● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥). 𝑑𝑡 This is a formula derived from
0 0
the above formula.
2𝑎 𝑎
● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
0 0
2𝑎
● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 = 0 if 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) =− 𝑓(𝑥)
0
𝑎 𝑎
● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function (i.e.,
−𝑎 0
𝑓(− 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)).
𝑎
● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 = 0 if 𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function (i.e.,
−𝑎
𝑓(− 𝑥) =− 𝑓(𝑥)).
Definite ∞
𝑑𝑥 π
Integrals ● ∫ 2 2 = 2𝑎
𝑎 𝑥 +𝑎
involving
Rational or
∞ 𝑚 𝑚−𝑛+1
irrational 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 π𝑎
Expression ● ∫ 𝑛 𝑛 = (𝑚+1)π , 0<𝑚+1<𝑛
𝑛 )
𝑎 𝑥 +𝑎 𝑛
∞ 𝑝−1
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 π
● ∫ 1+𝑥 = sin𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑝π)
, 0<𝑝<1
𝑎
∞
𝑑𝑥 π
● ∫ 2 2
= 2
𝑎 𝑎 −𝑥
∞ 2
2 2 π𝑎
● ∫ 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4
𝑎
●
Definite π
π
Integrals ● ∫ 𝑚𝑥 )𝑛𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = {0 𝑖𝑓 𝑚≠𝑛 2
𝑖𝑓 𝑚 = 𝑛 𝑚, 𝑛 positive
0
involving
integers
Trigonometric π
Functions π
● ∫ 𝑚𝑥 )𝑛𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = { 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑚≠𝑛 2
𝑖𝑓 𝑚 = 𝑛 𝑚, 𝑛 positive
0
integers
π
2𝑚
● ∫ 𝑚𝑥 )𝑛𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = { 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 2 2 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 = 𝑛
0 𝑚 −𝑛
integers

π π
2 2
π
● ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4
0 0
π π
2 2
1.3.5…….2𝑚−1 π
● ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2.4.6……2𝑚
. 2
, 𝑚 = 1, 2, …
0 0
π π
2 2
2.4.6….2𝑚
● ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 1.3.5…2𝑚+1
, 𝑚 = 1, 2, …
0 0
●
If 𝑓(𝑥) is a 𝑛𝑇 𝑇 𝑎+𝑛𝑇 𝑇
periodic ● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑛∈𝑧, ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑛∈𝑧

0 0 𝑎 0
function
with period T 𝑛𝑇 𝑇 𝑎+𝑛𝑇 𝑎
● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (𝑛 − 𝑚) ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑚, 𝑛∈𝑧, ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥
𝑚𝑇 0 𝑛𝑇 0
𝑏+𝑛𝑇 𝑎
● ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑛∈𝑧, 𝑎, 𝑏∈𝑅
𝑎+𝑛𝑇 𝑎
●
Leibnitz ℎ(𝑥)
𝑑𝐹(𝑥) ' '
Theorem If 𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡, then 𝑑𝑥
= ℎ (𝑥)𝑓(ℎ(𝑥)) − 𝑔 (𝑥)𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))
𝑔(𝑥)
Ellipse Formula
The formula for ellipse are as stated below
Description Formula
2 2
𝑥 𝑦 2 2 2
+ = 1, where 𝑎 > & 𝑏 = 𝑎 (1 − 𝑒 )
Standard 𝑎
2 2
𝑏
Equation
2
𝑏
● Eccentricity: 𝑒 = 1 − 2 ,(0 < 𝑒 < 1), Directrices:
𝑎
𝑎
𝑥= ± 𝑒
● Foci: 𝑆 = (±𝑎 𝑒, 0). Length of major axes = 2𝑎 and minor axes

= 2𝑏
'
● Vertices: 𝐴 = (− 𝑎, 0) & 𝐴 = (𝑎, 0).
2
2𝑏 2
● Latus Rectum: = 𝑎
= 2𝑎(1 − 𝑒 )

2 2 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 =𝑎
Auxiliary circle
𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ & 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
Parametric
Representation
The point P(𝑥1, 𝑦1) lies outside, inside or on the ellipse
Position of a
according as;
Point w.r.t. an
Ellipse 2 2
𝑥1 𝑦1
2 + 2 − 1 >< 𝑜𝑟 = 0.
𝑎 𝑏
2 2
𝑥 𝑦
The line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 meets the ellipse + = 1 in two points
Line and an 𝑎
2 2
𝑏
Ellipse 2 2 2 2
real, coincident or imaginary according as 𝑐 is < =or > 𝑎 𝑚 + 𝑏 .
2 2 2
Tangents ● Slope form: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥± 𝑎 𝑚 + 𝑏 , point form:
𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1
2 + 2 = 1
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
● Parametric form: 𝑎
+ 𝑏
= 1
2 2
2 2 2 2
Normal
𝑎𝑥
𝑥1
–
𝑏𝑦
𝑦1
= 𝑎 − 𝑏 , 𝑎𝑥. 𝑠𝑒𝑐θ − 𝑏𝑦. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐θ = 𝑎 − 𝑏 , ( )
2 2
(𝑎 −𝑏 )𝑚
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 − 2 2 2
𝑎 +𝑏 𝑚
2 2 2 2
𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑎 +𝑏
Director Circle
Part 3
Inverse Trigonometric Functions Formula

The formula for inverse trigonometric functions are as stated below
Description Formula
Arcsine Function Arcsine function is an inverse of sine function which is denoted by
−1
𝑠𝑖𝑛
The formula for arcsin is given as
−1 −1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 𝑥) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥), 𝑥∈[− 1, 1]

Domain of arcsin is − 1≤𝑥≤1
π π
Range of arcsin is − 2 ≤𝑦≤ 2
−1 1
Differentiation of 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) is 2
1−𝑥
Arccosine Function Arccosine function is an inverse of cosine function which is denoted
−1
by 𝑐𝑜𝑠
−1 −1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (− 𝑥) = π − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥), 𝑥∈[− 1, 1]
Domain of arccos is − 1≤𝑥≤1
Range of arccos is 0≤𝑦≤π
−1 1
Differentiation of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥) is − 2
1−𝑥
Arctangent Function Arctangent function is an inverse of tangent function which is
−1
denoted by 𝑡𝑎𝑛
−1 −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (− 𝑥) = − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥), 𝑥∈𝑅
Domain of Arctangent is − ∞≤𝑥≤∞
π π
Range of Arctangent is − 2 ≤𝑦≤ 2

−1 1
Differentiation of 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥) is 2
1+𝑥
Arc cotangent (Arc cot) Function Arc cotangent function is an inverse of cotangent function which is
−1
denoted by 𝑐𝑜𝑡
−1 −1
𝑐𝑜𝑡 (− 𝑥) = π− 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑥), 𝑥∈𝑅
Domain of Arc cotangent is − ∞≤𝑥≤∞
Range of Arc cotangent is 0≤𝑦≤π
−1 −1
Differentiation of 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑥) is 2
1+𝑥
Arc secant Function Arc secant function is an inverse of cosine function which is
−1
denoted by 𝑐𝑜𝑡
−1 −1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 (− 𝑥) = π − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑥), |𝑥|≥ 1
Domain of Arc secant is − ∞≤𝑥≤ − 1 𝑜𝑟 1 − ∞≤𝑥≤ − ∞
π
Range of Arc secant is 0≤𝑦≤π, 𝑦 ≠ 2

−1 −1
Differentiation of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑥) is 2
|𝑥| 𝑥 −1
Arc cosecant Function Arc cosecant function is an inverse of sine function which is
−1
denoted by 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐
−1 −1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (− 𝑥) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑥), 𝑥≥ 1
Domain of Arc cosecant is − ∞≤𝑥≤ − 1 𝑜𝑟 1 − ∞≤𝑥≤ − ∞
π π
Range of Arc cosecant is − 2 ≤𝑦≤ 2 , 𝑦 ≠0
−1 1
Differentiation of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑥) is 2
|𝑥| 𝑥 −1
Straight Line Formula

The formula for straight line are as stated below
Description Formulas
Distance Formula
𝑑= (𝑥1 − 𝑥2)2 − (𝑦1 − 𝑦2)2
Section Formula 𝑚𝑥2±𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2±𝑛𝑦1
𝑥= 𝑚±𝑛
;𝑦 = 𝑚±𝑛
Centroid, Incentre and Excenter

Centroid 𝐺 ( 𝑥1+𝑥2+𝑥3
3
,
𝑦1+𝑦2+𝑦3
3 )

𝑎𝑥1+𝑏𝑥2+𝑐𝑥3 𝑎𝑦1+𝑏𝑦2+𝑐𝑦3
In center 𝐼( 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
, 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
)
Excentre 𝐼1 ( −𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑥2+𝑐𝑥3
−𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
,
−𝑎𝑦1+𝑏𝑦2+𝑐𝑦3
−𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 )
Area of Triangle ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 =
1
2 |𝑥1 𝑦1 1 𝑥2 𝑦2 1 𝑥3 𝑦3 1 |
Slope formula (
Line Joining two points 𝑥1𝑦1 &(𝑥2𝑦2) )
𝑦1−𝑦2
𝑚= 𝑥1−𝑥2
Condition of collinearity of three |𝑥1 𝑦1 1 𝑥2 𝑦2 1 𝑥3 𝑦3 1 | = 0

points
Angle between two straight lines | 𝑚1−𝑚2 |

𝑡𝑎𝑛θ = | 1+𝑚 |
| 1 2 |
𝑚
| | |
Bisector of the angles between two 𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦+𝑐
=±
(𝑎 𝑥+𝑏 𝑦+𝑐 )
lines 2
𝑎 +𝑏
2
𝑎 +𝑏
'2 '2
Condition of Concurrency For three lines 𝑎1𝑥 + 𝑎2𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0, 𝑖 = 123 is

|𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 | = 0
A pair of straight lines through origin 2 2
𝑎𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 = 0
If θ is the acute angle between the pair of straight lines, then 𝑡𝑎𝑛θ
| 2 ℎ2−𝑎𝑏 |
= | (𝑎+𝑏 ) |
| |
Two Lines: ' ' '

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 Two lines
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
a. Parallel if ' = 𝑏' ≠ 𝑐'
𝑎
| 𝐶1−𝐶2 |
b. Distance between two parallel lines= | |
| 𝑎 +𝑏 |
2 2
' '
c. Perpendicular: 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 = 0
A point and line | 𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑦 +𝑐 |

a. Distance between point and line=| 1 2 1 2 |
| 𝑎 +𝑏 |
b. Reflection of a point about a line:
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑎𝑥1+𝑏𝑦1+𝑐
𝑎
= 𝑏
=− 2 2 2
𝑎 +𝑏
c. Foot of the perpendicular from a point on the line is
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑎𝑥1+𝑏𝑦1+𝑐
𝑎
= 𝑏
=− 2 2
𝑎 +𝑏

Indefinite Integration formula
The formula for indefinite integration are as stated below
If f & g are functions of x such that 𝑑

' ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑐⟺ 𝑑𝑥
{𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑐} = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) then,
Here, c is called the constant of integration
Standard Formula: 𝑛 (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)

𝑛+1
● ∫ (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑛+1)
+ 𝑐, 𝑛≠ − 1
𝑑𝑥 1
● ∫ 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
= 𝑎
ln 𝑙𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑎𝑥+𝑏 1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
● ∫𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑒 +𝑐
𝑝𝑥+𝑞
𝑝𝑥+𝑞 1 𝑎
● ∫𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑃 ln𝑙𝑛 𝑎
+ 𝑐, Here 𝑎 > 0
1
● ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑑𝑥 =− 𝑎
cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
1
● ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
1
● ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
ln 𝑙𝑛 sec 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
1
● ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
ln 𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
1
● ∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
1
● ∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑑𝑥 =− 𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
● ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ) + 𝑐
or ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( π
4
+
𝑥
2 )+ 𝑐

𝑥
● ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 ) + 𝑐 or ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
+ 𝑐
or ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 ) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
● ∫ 2 2
= 𝑎
+𝑐
𝑎 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
● ∫ 2 2 =− 𝑎 𝑎
+𝑐
𝑎 +𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
● ∫ 2 2
=− 𝑎 𝑎
+𝑐
|𝑥| 𝑥 +𝑎
= 𝑙𝑛 ⎡⎢𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑎 ⎤⎥ + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 2 2
● ∫ 2 2
𝑥 +𝑎 ⎣ ⎦
= 𝑙𝑛 ⎡⎢𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑎 ⎤⎥ + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 2 2
● ∫ 2 2
𝑥 −𝑎 ⎣ ⎦
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
● ∫ 2 2 = 2𝑎
𝑙𝑛 || 𝑎−𝑥 || + 𝑐
𝑎 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎
● ∫ 2 2 = 2𝑎
𝑙𝑛 || 𝑥+𝑎 || + 𝑐
𝑥 −𝑎
2
2 2 𝑥 2 2 𝑎 𝑥
● ∫ 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑥 +𝑎 + 2 𝑎
+𝑐
( )
2 2 2
2 2 𝑥 2 2 𝑎 𝑥+ 𝑥 +𝑎
● ∫ 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑥 +𝑎 + 2
𝑙𝑛 𝑎
+𝑐
( )
2 2 2
2 2 𝑥 2 2 𝑎 𝑥+ 𝑥 −𝑎
● ∫ 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑥 −𝑎 − 2
𝑙𝑛 𝑎
+𝑐
Integration by substitutions '

If we substitute 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡, then 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
Integration by part
∫(𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) ∫(𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥 − ∫
( 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
(𝑓(𝑥))∫(𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
)

Integration of type 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
∫ 2 ,∫ 2
, ∫ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐
𝑏
Make the substitute 𝑥 + 2𝑎
=𝑡
Integration of trigonometric 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑎+𝑏𝑥
𝑜𝑟∫ 𝑎+𝑏𝑥
𝑜𝑟 ∫ 𝑎𝑥 +𝑏sin𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 +𝑐𝑥
functions
Here we put tan 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑎+𝑏sin𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑜𝑟∫ 𝑑𝑥/(𝑎 + 𝑏 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ) 𝑜𝑟∫ 𝑎+𝑏sin𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 +𝑐cos𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑥
Here we put tan 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
=𝑡
Integration of type 2
𝑥 +1
∫ 4 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +𝐾𝑥 +1
Here 𝑘 is any constant

2 1
So, we divide numerator and denominator by 𝑥 and put 𝑥∓ 𝑥
=𝑡
Application of Derivatives Formula

The formula for application of derivatives are as stated below
Description Formula
'
Equation of tangent and normal ● (
Tangent at (𝑥1, 𝑦1) is given by 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑓 𝑥1 𝑥 − 𝑥1 , ) ( )( )
here the 𝑓'(𝑥1) should be real
● And normal at (𝑥1, 𝑦1) is given by 𝑦 − 𝑦1 =− ( ) 𝑓 𝑥1
'
( )
1
(𝑥 − 𝑥1)
'
( )
, here the 𝑓 𝑥1 should be non-zero and real.
Tangent from an external point Given a point 𝑃(𝑎, 𝑏) which does not lie on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥),
then the equation of possible tangents to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥),
passing through (𝑎, 𝑏) can be found by solving for the point of
contact Q.
' 𝑓(ℎ)−𝑏
𝑓 (ℎ) = ℎ−𝑎

And equation of the tangent is
𝑓(ℎ)−𝑏
𝑦−𝑏= ℎ−𝑎
(𝑥 − 𝑎)
Length of tangent, normal, 1

● 𝑃𝑇 = |𝑘| 1+ is the length of the tangent
subtangent, subnormal 𝑚
2
2
● 𝑃𝑁 = |𝑘| 1 + 𝑚 is the length of normal
𝑘
● 𝑇𝑀 = || 𝑚 || is the length of the subtangent
● 𝑀𝑁 = |𝑘𝑚| is the length of subnormal
Angle between the curves Angle between two intersecting curves is defined as the acute
angle between their tangents (or normal) at the point of
intersection of two curves. So,
| 𝑚1−𝑚2 |
tan 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ = | 1+𝑚 |
| 1 2 |
𝑚
Rolle’s Theorem: If a function f defined on [a, b] is

● continuous on [a, b]
● derivable on (a, b) and
● f(a) = f(b),
● then there exists at least one real number c between a and b
(a < c < b) such that f’(c) = 0
Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem If a function f defined on [a, b] is

(LMVT): (i) Continuous on [a, b] and (ii) derivable on (a, b)
then there exists at least one real numbers between a and b (a < c
< b) such that
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
𝑏−𝑎
= 𝑓'(𝑐)
Formulae of Mensuration ● Volume of a cuboid = 𝑙𝑏ℎ
● Surface area of cuboid = 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏ℎ + ℎ𝑙)
3
● Volume of cube = 𝑎
2
● Surface area of cube = 6𝑎
1 2
● Volume of a cone = 3
π𝑟 ℎ

● Curved surface area of cone = π𝑟𝑙 (𝑙 = 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
● Curved surface area of a cylinder = 2π𝑟ℎ
2
● Total surface area of a cylinder = 2π𝑟ℎ + 2π𝑟
4 3
● Volume of a sphere = 3
π𝑟
2
● Surface area of a sphere = 4π𝑟
1 2
● Area of a circular sector = 2
𝑟 θ, here θ is in radian
● Volume of a prism = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)×(ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
● Lateral surface area of a prism
= (𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒) × (ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
● Total surface area of a prism
= (𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)×2(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)
1
● Volume of a pyramid = 3
(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)×(ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
● Curved surface area of a pyramid
1
= 2
(𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)×(𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)
Part 4
Sequence & Series

The formula for sequence and series are as stated below
Description Formula
An arithmetic progression (A. P) 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, …, 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 is an
A. P.
Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of
an A. P.,
𝑡ℎ
then 𝑛 term = 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑

The sum of first 𝑛 terms of A. P. 𝑛 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2
[2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] = 2
[𝑎 + 𝑙]
𝑡ℎ
𝑟 term of an A. P. when sum of first r terms is given is
𝑡𝑟 = 𝑆𝑟 − 𝑆𝑟 − 1
Properties of A. P. ● If a, b, c are in A. P. ⇒2𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑐 & if a, b, c, d

are in A. P. ⇒𝑎 + 𝑑 = 𝑏 + 𝑐
● Sum of the terms of an A.P. equidistant from the
beginning & end = sum of first & last term.
Arithmetic Mean If three terms are in A.P. then the middle term is called the
A.M. between the other two, so if a, b, c are in A.P., b is
A.M. of a & c.
n – Arithmetic Means between two number
If a, b are any two given numbers & 𝑎, 𝐴1, 𝐴2,...., 𝐴𝑛, 𝑏 are
in A.P. then 𝐴1, 𝐴2,... 𝐴𝑛 are the
n A.M.’s between a & b.
𝑏−𝑎
𝐴1 = 𝑎 + 𝑛+1
2(𝑏−𝑎) 𝑛(𝑏−𝑎)
𝐴2 = 𝑎 + 𝑛+1
, …, 𝐴𝑛 = 𝑎 + 𝑛+1
𝑛
∑ 𝐴𝑟 = 𝑛𝐴 where 𝐴 is the single A.M. between 𝑎 & 𝑏.
𝑟=1
Geometric Progression 2 3 4
𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 , 𝑎𝑟 , 𝑎𝑟 , …, is a G.P. with a as the first term & 𝑟
as a common ratio.
𝑡ℎ 𝑛−1
● 𝑛 term = 𝑎𝑟
● Sum of the first 𝑛 terms i.e.,
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = { (𝑟−1 ) , 𝑟≠1 𝑛𝑎,
𝑎 𝑟 −1
𝑟=1
Harmonic Mean ● If a, b, c are in H.P., b is the H.M. between a & c,

2𝑎𝑐
then 𝑏 = 𝑎+𝑐
● H.M. of 𝑎1, 𝑎2 ... 𝑎𝑛 is given by
1
=
1 ⎡1 + 1
+…+
1 ⎤
𝐻 𝑛 ⎢𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎𝑛 ⎥
⎣ 1 ⎦
Relation between means: 2

𝐺 = 𝐴𝐻, 𝐴. 𝑀. ≥𝐺. 𝑀. ≥𝐻. 𝑀.
● 𝐴. 𝑀. = 𝐺. 𝑀. = 𝐻. 𝑀. if 𝑎1 = 𝑎2 = 𝑎3 = … = 𝑎𝑛
Important Results 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
● ∑ (𝑎𝑟 ± 𝑏𝑟) = ∑ 𝑎𝑟 ± ∑ 𝑏𝑟
𝑟−1 𝑟−1 𝑟−1

𝑛 𝑛
● ∑ 𝑘 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑘 ∑ 𝑎𝑟
𝑟−1 𝑟−1
𝑛
● ∑ 𝑘 = 𝑛𝑘 where 𝑘 is constant
𝑟−1
𝑛
𝑛(𝑛+1)
● ∑ 𝑟=1+2+3+…+𝑛= 2
𝑟−1
𝑛
2 2 2 2 2 𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
● ∑ 𝑟 =1 +2 +3 + … +𝑛 = 6
𝑟−1
𝑛 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 𝑛 (𝑛+1)
● ∑ 𝑟 =1 +2 +3 + … +𝑛 = 4
𝑟−1
Hyperbola Formula
The formula for hyperbola are as stated below
Description Formula
2 2
Standard Equation 𝑥 𝑦 2 2 2
2 − 2 = 1 where 𝑏 = 𝑎 (𝑒 − 1)
𝑎 𝑏
Foci: 𝑆≡(±𝑎𝑒, 0)
𝑎
Directrices: 𝑥 = ± 𝑒
Vertices: 𝐴≡(±𝑎, 0)
2
2
Latus Rectum 𝑙 =
2𝑏
𝑎
= 2𝑎 𝑒 − 1 ( )
2 2
Conjugate Hyperbola 𝑥
−
𝑦
=1
2 2
𝑎 𝑏
2 2
𝑥 𝑦
2 + 2 =1
𝑎 𝑏
Are conjugate hyperbolas of each
Auxiliary Circle 2 2 2
𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑎
Parametric Representation 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ and 𝑦 = 𝑏 tan 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ
2 2
Position of A point w.r.t hyperbola 𝑥1 𝑦1
𝑠1 ≡ 2 − 2 − 1≥𝑜𝑟 < 0
𝑎 𝑏
(
According to the point 𝑥1, 𝑦1 lies inside on or outside the curve )
Tangents 2 2 2
Slope form: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥± 𝑎 𝑚 − 𝑏
𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1
Point Form: at the point 𝑥1, 𝑦1 is ( ) 𝑎
2 − 2
𝑏
=1
𝑥sec𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ 𝑦tan𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ
Parametric form: 𝑎
− 𝑏
=1

2 2
Normal: 2 2 2 2
● At the point 𝑃 𝑥1, 𝑦1 is ( ) 𝑎𝑥
𝑥1
+
𝑏𝑦
𝑦1
=𝑎 +𝑏 =𝑎 𝑒
● At the point 𝑃(𝑎 sec 𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ , 𝑏 tan 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ ) is
𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦 2 2 2 2
sec𝑠𝑒𝑐 θ
+ tan𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ
=𝑎 +𝑏 =𝑎 𝑒
● Equation of normal in term of its slope 𝑚 is
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥± ( 2 2) 2
𝑎 +𝑏 𝑚
𝑎 −𝑏 𝑚
Asymptotes 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
𝑎
+ 𝑏
= 0 and 𝑎
− 𝑏
=0
2 2
𝑥 𝑦
Pair of asymptotes: 2 − 2 =0
𝑎 𝑏
●
Rectangular Or Equilateral Hyperbola 2
● 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 eccentricity is 2
● Vertices: (±𝑐±𝑐)
● Foci: ± 2𝑐, ± 2𝑐
● Directrices: 𝑥 + 𝑦 = ± 2𝑐
● Latus Rectum 𝑙 = 2 2𝑐 = 𝑇. 𝐴. = 𝐶. 𝐴.
𝑐
● Parametric equation 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 , 𝑡ϵ𝑅 − {0}
● Equation of the tangent at 𝑃 𝑥1, 𝑦1 = ( ) 𝑥
𝑥1
+
𝑦
𝑦1
=2
𝑥
● Equation of the tangent at 𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑡
+ 𝑡𝑦 = 2𝑐
● Equation of the normal at
3
𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑥𝑡 − 𝑦𝑡 = 𝑐 𝑡 − 1 (4 )
● Chord with a given middle point as
(ℎ, 𝑘) = 𝑘𝑥 + ℎ𝑦 = 2ℎ𝑘

Physics Formulas
Part 1
Uniform Circular Motion Formula

The formula for uniform circular motion are as stated below
Description Formula
The formula for Angular Δθ = ω Δ𝑡,
Distance is Where t is time, ω is angular speed and θ is angular distance.
The formula for linear 𝑣 = 𝑅ω

velocity is given by Where speed and R is radius and ω is angular speed.
The formula for 2

𝐴𝑐 = 𝑣 /𝑅,
Centripetal Acceleration
is given by Where R is the radius and v is the velocity.
2
𝐴𝑐 = ω 𝑅
Where R is the radius and ω is angular speed
2 2
𝐴𝑐 = 4π ν 𝑅
Where R is the radius and ν is the frequency
Average Angular θ2−θ1 ∆θ

ω𝑎𝑣 = 𝑡2−𝑡1
= ∆𝑡
Velocity
Instantaneous angular 𝑑θ
ω= 𝑑𝑡
Velocity
Average Angular ω2−ω1 ∆ω
α𝑎𝑣 = 𝑡2−𝑡1
= ∆𝑡
acceleration
Instantaneous angular 𝑑ω 𝑑ω
α= 𝑑𝑡
=ω 𝑑θ
acceleration
→ → →
Relation between 𝑣 = 𝑟ω 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = ω × 𝑟
speed and angular
velocity
Tangential acceleration 𝑑𝑉 𝑑ω 𝑑𝑟
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡
=𝑟 𝑑𝑡
=ω 𝑑𝑡
2
Radial or normal or 𝑎𝑟 =
𝑉
=ω 𝑟
2
centripetal acceleration 𝑟
→
Angular Acceleration → 𝑑ω
α= 𝑑𝑡
( 𝑁𝑜𝑛 − 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
2
Normal reaction of road 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ +
𝑚𝑣
on a concave bridge 𝑟

2
Normal reaction on a 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠θ −
𝑚𝑣
convex bridge 𝑟
Skidding of vehicle on a 𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 ≤ μ𝑔𝑟

level road
Skidding of an object on μ𝑔
ω𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
a rotating platform 𝑟
2
Bending of Cyclist 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ =
𝑣
𝑟𝑔
2
Banking of road 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ =
𝑣
without friction 𝑟𝑔
2
Banking of Road with 𝑉
=
μ+𝑡𝑎𝑛θ
friction 𝑟𝑔 1−μ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ
1 1
Maximum also
minimum safe speed on 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ⎡
⎣ ( 𝑟𝑔(μ+𝑡𝑎𝑛θ)
1−μ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ )
⎤
⎦
2
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ⎡
⎣ ( 𝑟𝑔(𝑡𝑎𝑛θ−μ)
1+μ𝑡𝑎𝑛θ )⎤
⎦
2
a banked frictional road
Alternating Current Formula

The formula for alternating current are as stated below
Description Formula
AC and DC current
A current that changes its direction periodically is called alternating current

(AC). If a current maintains its direction constant it is called direct current
(DC).

Root Mean square Root mean square of a function from 𝑡1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡2 is defined as
Value
𝑡2
2
∫𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑡𝑖
𝑓𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑡2−𝑡1
Power consumption in Average power consumed in a cycle

2π
AC Circuit ω
1 𝑃𝑑𝑡 1
= 𝑇
∫ 2π = 2
𝑉𝑚𝐼𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑠ϕ
0 ω
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚
= . . 𝑐𝑜𝑠ϕ = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠ϕ
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠ϕ Is known as the Power Factor.
Impedance 𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑧= 𝐼𝑚
= 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
1
𝐿 Is called inductive reactance and is denoted by 𝑋𝐿. ω 𝐶
Is called
capacitive reactance and is denoted by 𝑋𝑐.
Purely Resistive Circuit
𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛ω𝑡
𝐼= 𝑅
= 𝑅
= 𝐼𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛ω𝑡
𝑉𝑚
𝐼𝑚 = 𝑅
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑅
2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
< 𝑝 >= 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠ϕ = 𝑅
Purely Capacitive Circuit
𝑉𝑚
1
𝐼= ω𝑐
𝑐𝑜𝑠ω𝑡
𝑉𝑚
= 𝑋𝑐
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ω𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑠ω𝑡
1
𝑋𝑐 = ω𝐶
And is called capacitive reactance.

π
𝐼𝑐 Leads by 𝑉𝑐 by 2
, Diagrammatically it is represented as
0
Since, ϕ=90 , < 𝑝 >= 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠ϕ = 0
Ampere’s Circuital Law

The formula for Ampere’s circuital law are as stated below
Description Formula
Ampere’s circuital law
∫ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = µ°𝐼
−15 −2
Here µ°= permeability of free space=4π×10 𝑁𝐴
B = Magnetic field
I = enclosed electric current by the path
Ampere’s law (integral

form) ∫ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑠 = µ°𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑
𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑= enclosed current by the surface
Field of a µ°𝐼
𝐵= 2π𝑟
current-carrying wire:
Field of a solenoid 𝐵𝐿 = µ°𝑁𝐼

Here N: number of turns in the solenoid
Field inside a thick wire
∫ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑠 = µ°𝐼
And
𝑟
𝐵 = µ°𝐼 2
2π𝑅
Field of the toroid µ°𝑁𝐼

𝐵= 2π𝑟

Force between two µ°𝐼𝐴𝐼𝐵
𝐹𝐴 = (2π𝑟)
parallel current carrying 𝐵
wires 𝐼𝐴,𝐼𝐵 = Current carrying by wires A and B
Capacitance Formula
The formula for capacitance are as stated below
Description Formula
Capacitance of a 𝑄
𝐶= 𝑉
parallel plate
Here, C is the capacitance of the capacitor, Q is the charge
capacitor in terms
stored and V is the potential difference between the plates.
of charge and
potential difference
Capacitance of a ε0𝐴
𝐶= 𝑑
parallel plate
capacitor in terms Here, ε0 is the permittivity of free space and its value is
of surface area and −12 −3 −1 4 2
8. 854×10 𝑚 𝑘𝑔 𝑠 𝐴 , A is the surface area of the plates
distance between and d is the distance between the plates.
the plates
Capacitance of a To find the formula for capacitance of a spherical capacitor we
spherical capacitor will use the gauss’s law.
derivation Let the charge on the spherical surface be 𝑄, the radius of
smaller sphere be 𝑟𝑎 and radius of the bigger sphere be 𝑟𝑏.
Using gauss’s law, we can write:
→ → 𝑄
∮ 𝐸⋅𝑑𝐴 = ε0
2
(
𝐸 4π𝑟 )= 𝑄
ε0
𝑄
𝐸= 2
4πε0𝑟
𝑄
𝑉= 4πε0𝑟
The potential
difference between
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑏 =
𝑄
4πε0 (
𝑟𝑏−𝑟𝑎
1
𝑟𝑎
−
1
𝑟𝑏 )
the plates 𝑄
= 4πε0 𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑏
Therefore, the capacitance will be:

𝑄 𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑏
𝐶= 𝑉𝑎𝑏
= 4πε0 𝑟𝑏−𝑟𝑎

Energy stored in 1 2
● 𝑈= 2
𝐶𝑉
capacitor 2
𝑄
● 𝑈= 2𝐶
𝑄𝑉
● 𝑈= 2
Here, U is the energy, C is the capacitance, V is the potential
difference and Q is the charge stored.
Energy density of 1 2
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = εε𝐸
2 0 𝑟
capacitor
In vacuum:
1 2
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = ε𝐸
2 0
Here, ε0 is the permittivity of free space, ε𝑟 is the relative
permittivity and E is the electric field.
Capacitance per 2πε0

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ =
unit length of a 𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝑏
𝑎
cylindrical capacitor Here, ε0 is the permittivity of free space, b is the radius of outer
cylinder and a is the radius of inner cylinder.
Electric field The formula for electric field intensity between the plates is
intensity given as:
σ 𝑉
𝐸= ε = 𝑑
0
Here, σ is the surface charge density, V is the potential

difference and d is the distance between plates.
Redistribution of Let us assume a capacitor with capacitance 𝐶1 with initial

charge when two charge 𝑄1 and capacitor with capacitance 𝐶2 with initial charge
charged capacitors
are connected in 𝑄2.
parallel The final charge on capacitor with capacitance 𝐶1 will be:
' 𝐶1
𝑄1 = 𝐶1+𝐶2 (𝑄1 + 𝑄2)
final charge on capacitor with capacitance 𝐶2 will be:
' 𝐶2
𝑄2 = 𝐶1+𝐶2 (𝑄1 + 𝑄2)
Equivalent 1 1 1 1 1
𝐶𝑒𝑞
= 𝐶1
+ 𝐶2
+ 𝐶3
+…+ 𝐶𝑛
capacitance when
capacitors are Here, 𝐶𝑒𝑞 is the equivalent capacitance and 𝐶1, 𝐶2, 𝐶3 are the
connected in series capacitance of the capacitors.

Equivalent 𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + …𝐶𝑛
capacitance of the
capacitors
connected in
parallel
( )
𝑡
Charging of −τ
𝑞 = 𝑞0 1 − 𝑒
capacitor
Here, q is the charge on the capacitor at time t, τ is the time
constant and 𝑞0 is the charge on the capacitor at steady state.
𝑡
Discharging of −τ
𝑞 = 𝑞0𝑒
capacitor
Here, q is the charge on the capacitor at time t, τ is the time
constant and 𝑞0 is the charge on the capacitor at steady state.
Part 2
Centre of Mass Formula
The formula for centre of mass are as stated below
Description Formula
Centre of mass of The centre of mass of the system will be:
→ → → →
a system with n →
𝑟𝑐𝑚 =
(𝑚1𝑟1+𝑚2𝑟2+𝑚3𝑟3+…+𝑚𝑛𝑟𝑛)
number of masses 𝑚1+𝑚2+𝑚3+…+𝑚𝑛
situated on a line → → →
here, 𝑚1, 𝑚2, 𝑚3 are the masses situated at 𝑟1, 𝑟2, 𝑟3
at different
positions respectively.
Centre of mass of Let the masses 𝑚1, 𝑚2, 𝑚3, 𝑚𝑛 be placed at coordinates
a system with n
number of masses
( )( )(
𝑥1, 𝑦1 , 𝑥2, 𝑦2 , 𝑥3, 𝑦3 , 𝑥𝑛, 𝑦𝑛 )( )
situated on a 2D So, we will find the centre of mass for x and y axis respectively
plane using the formula:
𝑚 𝑥 +𝑚2𝑥2+𝑚3𝑥3+…+𝑚𝑛𝑥𝑛
𝑟𝑥 = 1 1𝑚 +𝑚 +𝑚 +…+𝑚 1 2 3 𝑛
𝑚1𝑦1+𝑚2𝑦2+𝑚3𝑦3+…+𝑚𝑛𝑦𝑛
𝑟𝑦 = 𝑚1+𝑚2+𝑚3+…+𝑚𝑛

( )
The centre of mass of the system will be: 𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦 .
Centre of mass of The centre of mass of a uniform rectangular plate of length L and
a rectangular breadth B is given as:
plate 𝐵
𝑟𝑥 = 2
𝐿
𝑟𝑦 = 2
Centre of mass of The centre of mass of a uniform triangular plate is given by the
a triangular plate formula:
ℎ
𝑟𝑐 = 3
Where, h is the height of the plate.
Centre of mass of The centre of mass of a semi-circular ring is given as:

a semi-circular 2𝑅
𝑟𝑦 = π
ring
𝑟𝑥 = 𝑂
Here, R is the radius of the semi- Circle.
Centre of mass of The centre of mass of a semi-circular disc is given as:

a semi-circular 4𝑅
𝑟𝑦 = 3π
disc
𝑟𝑥 = 𝑂
Centre of mass of The centre of mass of a hemispherical shell is given as:

a hemispherical 𝑅
𝑟𝑦 = 2
shell
𝑟𝑥 = 𝑂
Centre of mass of The centre of mass of a solid hemisphere is given as:

a solid 3𝑅
𝑟𝑦 = 8
hemisphere
𝑟𝑥 = 𝑂
Here, R is the radius of the hemisphere.
Centre of mass of The centre of mass of a circular cone is given as:

a circular cone ℎ
𝑟𝑦 = 4
Here, h is the height of the cone.

Centre of mass of The centre of mass of a hollow circular cone is given as:
a hollow circular ℎ
𝑟𝑦 = 3
cone
Here, h is the height of the cone.
Circular Motion
The formula for circular motion are as stated below
Description Formula
Average angular θ2−θ1
ω𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑡2−𝑡1
velocity
Here, θ2 is the angle at time 𝑡1, and θ1 is the angle at time 𝑡1.
Average angular ω2−ω1
α𝑎𝑣 = 𝑡2−𝑡1
acceleration
Here, ω2 is the angular frequency at time 𝑡2 and ω1 is the
angular frequency at time 𝑡1.
Tangential 𝑑𝑉
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡
acceleration
Here 𝑑𝑉 is the change in velocity over time 𝑑𝑡.
𝑑ω
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑡
Here, r is the radius, 𝑑ω is the change in angular frequency over
time 𝑑𝑡.
2
Centripetal 𝑎𝑐 =
𝑣
acceleration 𝑟
2
or 𝑎𝑐 = ω 𝑟
Here, v is the linear velocity, r is the radius and ω is the angular
frequency.
2
Normal reaction 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ +
𝑚𝑣
on a body moving 𝑟
on a concave Here, m is the mass, g is the gravitational acceleration, θ is the

bridge angle, v is the linear velocity and r is the radius of the bridge.
2
Normal reaction 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ −
𝑚𝑣
on a convex 𝑟
bridge Here, m is the mass, g is the gravitational acceleration, θ is the

angle, v is the linear velocity and r is the radius.
Safe velocity of a 𝑣𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 ≤ μ𝑔𝑟
vehicle on a level
Here, 𝑣𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 is the safe velocity, µ is the coefficient of friction, g is
road
the gravitational acceleration and r is the radius.

2
Banking angle 𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ =
𝑣
𝑟𝑔
Here, θ is the banking angle, v is the linear velocity, r is the radius
of the curve and g is the gravitational acceleration.
Centrifugal force 2
𝑓 = 𝑚ω 𝑟
Here, f is the centrifugal force, m is the mass, ω is the angular
velocity and r is the radius.
Conical pendulum 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
𝑇 = 2π 𝑔
Here, L is the length of the pendulum, θ is the angle made by the
string with the vertical and g is the gravitational acceleration.
De Broglie Wavelength Formula

The formula for de broglie wavelength are as stated below
Description Formula
De Broglie ℎ
λ= 𝑚𝑣
wavelength ℎ
Or λ =
2𝑚𝐾𝐸
Here, λ is the de Broglie wavelength, h is the Plank’s constant, m is the mass, v
is the velocity, KE is the kinetic energy.
2
Radius of electron in 𝑟𝑛 =
𝑛
𝑎0
hydrogen like atoms 𝑍
Here, 𝑟𝑛 is the radius of nth orbit, 𝑎0 is a constant whose value is
−10
0. 529×10 𝑚 and z is the atomic number.
Speed of electron in 𝑍
𝑣𝑛 = 𝑛
𝑣0
hydrogen like atoms
Here, Z is the atomic number, n is the orbit and 𝑣0 is a constant whose value is
6
2. 19×10 𝑚/𝑠.
2
Energy in nth orbit 𝐸𝑛 = 𝐸1 ·
𝑍
2
𝑛
Here, 𝐸𝑛 is energy of the nth orbit, 𝐸1 is the energy of the 1st orbit and its value
is − 13. 6 𝑒𝑉, 𝑍 is the atomic number and n is the number orbit.
Wavelength 1 ⎡1 1 ⎤
corresponding to = 𝑅⎢ 2 − 2 ⎥
λ ⎢ 𝑛1 𝑛2 ⎥
spectral lines ⎣ ⎦
Here, λ is the wavelength, R is the Rydberg constant and its value is
7 −1
1. 097×10 𝑚 .
Values of n for different series.
Lyman series: 𝑛1 = 1; 𝑛2 = 2, 3, 4, …
Balmer series: 𝑛1 = 2; 𝑛2 = 3, 4, 5, …

Paschim series:𝑛1 = 3; 𝑛2 = 4, 5, 6, …
Minimum ℎ𝑐
λ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑉0
wavelength for x
12400 −10
rays Or λ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉0
× 10 𝑚
here, λ𝑚𝑖𝑛 is the minimum wavelength, h is the plank’s constant, c is the speed
of light, e is the charge of an electron and 𝑉0 is the accelerating voltage.
Radius of nucleus 1/3

𝑅 = 𝑅0𝐴
−15
Here, R is the radius of the atom, 𝑅0 is a constant whose value is 1. 1×10 𝑚
, A is the mass number of the atom.
Number of nuclei −λ𝑡

𝑁 = 𝑁0𝑒
during a radioactive
decay here, N is the number of nuclei at time t, 𝑁0 is the initial number of nucleus
and λ is the decay constant.
Half-life of a 0.693
𝑇1/2 = λ
radioactive sample
Here, 𝑇1/2 is the half-life period and λ is the decay constant.
Average life 𝑇1
𝑇𝑎𝑣 = 2
0.693
here, 𝑇𝑎𝑣 is the average life and 𝑇1/2 is the half- life period.
Part 3
Current Electricity
The formula for current electricity are as stated below
Description Formula
Formula for current ∆𝑞
● 𝐼= ∆𝑡
∆𝑞 𝑑𝑞
● 𝐼= ∆𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡
Here, ∆𝑞 is the charge flown through the circuit and ∆𝑡 is
the time in which the charge has flown.
Electric current in a 𝐼 = 𝑛𝐴𝑒𝑉𝑑
conductor(wire) λ
𝑣𝑑 = τ

Here, n is the number of free electrons, A is the area of
conductor, e is the charge of an electron, 𝑉𝑑 is the drift
velocity, λ is the linear charge density and τ is the
relaxation time.
Potential difference 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
using ohm’s law Here, V is the potential difference, I is the current flowing
through the conductor and R is the resistance offered by
the conductor.
Resistance in terms 𝑅 = ρ𝑙
𝐴
of resistivity
Here, ρ is the resistivity of the material of the conductor, l
is the length of the conductor and A is the area of cross
section of the conductor.
Change in 𝑅 = 𝑅0(1 + α∆𝑇)
resistance due to Here, R is the resistance, 𝑅0 is the initial temperature, α is
temperature
the temperature coefficient of the resistivity and ∆𝑇 is the
change in temperature.
Electric power 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼
Here, P is the power, V is the potential difference and I is
the current.
Also,
2
𝑃 =𝐼 𝑅
2
𝑉
𝑃= 𝑅
Heat energy 𝐻 = 𝑉𝐼𝑡
released due to also
current 2
𝐻 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑡
2
𝑉
𝐻= 𝑅
𝑡
Here, H is the heat released in joules, V is the potential
difference, R is the resistance, I is the current and t is the
total time the current was flowing through the conductor.
Equivalent 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + … + 𝑅𝑛
resistance when Here, 𝑅𝑒𝑞 is the equivalent resistance, 𝑅1, 𝑅2, 𝑅3 are the
resistors are
connected in series resistance of the resistors.
Equivalent 1 1 1 1 1
𝑅𝑒𝑞
= 𝑅1
+ 𝑅2
+ 𝑅3
+…+ 𝑅𝑛
resistance when

resistors are
connected in
parallel
Potential difference
when cells are
ε
𝑟
𝐸𝑒𝑞 = 1 1 1
ε ε
( ε
+ 𝑟 + 𝑟 +…+ 𝑟1
1
2
2
3
3
𝑛
𝑛
)
1
𝑟
+ 𝑟 + 𝑟 +…+ 𝑟
connected in 1 2 3 𝑛
parallel Here, ε1, ε2, ε3 are the emf of the cells and 𝑟1, 𝑟2, 𝑟3 are
the internal resistance of the cells.
Ammeter using To measure the maximum current I using a galvanometer,

galvanometer we need to connect a shunt resistance in parallel with the
galvanometer.
The value of the resistance is calculated as:
𝐼𝑔𝑅𝑔
𝑆= 𝐼
Here, S is the value of shunt resistance, 𝐼𝑔is the current
through galvanometer, 𝑅𝑔 is the resistance of the
galvanometer and I is the maximum current to be
measured.
Voltmeter using To measure a potential difference using a galvanometer,
galvanometer we need to connect a series resistance with it.
The value of the resistance that needs to be connected is:
𝑉
𝑅𝑠 = 𝐼 − 𝑅𝑔
𝑔
Here, V is the maximum potential difference to be

measured, 𝐼𝑔 is the current through galvanometer and 𝑅𝑔
is the resistance of the galvanometer.
Electric Current Formula

The formula for electric current are as stated below
Description Formula
Electric current 𝐼 = 𝑞/𝑡 = 𝑛𝑒/𝑡
Where I= strength of current; q-charge; t- time
Resistance 𝑉
𝑅= 𝑖
and
𝐼
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐺 = 𝑅
Where
𝑉 − 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒,

𝑖 − 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡,
ρ𝑙 ρ𝑙
𝑅= 𝐴 = 2
π𝑟
Where , 𝑅 − 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒;
ρ − 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 ,
𝑙 − 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒,
𝐴 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒
Variation of resistance 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅°[1 + α(𝑡)]

with the temperature 𝑅𝑡−𝑅°
→α = 𝑅°(𝑡)
𝑙°∁
(𝑅1−𝑅2)
α= 𝑅1(𝑡2−𝑡1)
𝑙 °∁
Here,
R = resistance at temperature 𝑡°∁
𝑅° = resistance at temperature 0°∁
α = temperature coefficient of resistance
Conductivity Reciprocal of resistivity.
1
σ= ρ
Where - σ -conductivity, ρ -resistivity
Terminal voltage Case-1: When battery is delivering current
𝐸
𝑉 = 𝐸 − 𝑖𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑖 = 𝑅+𝑟
Where
𝑉 -terminal P.d, 𝐸 - emf of the cell, 𝑟 -internal resistance of the cell, 𝑅 −
external resistance.
Case 2: when battery is charging

𝑉 = 𝐸 + 𝑖𝑟
Kirchhoff’s laws Kirchhoff’s First laws:
∑ 𝑖 = 0 at any junction.
Kirchhoff’s second law:
∑ 𝑖𝑅 = 0 in a closed circuit.
Metre Bridge 𝑥 𝑙1 𝑥 𝑙1
1. = ⇒ =
𝑅 𝑙2 𝑅 (100−𝑙1 )
Where 𝑥 - unknown resistance of given wire, R-resistance in the
resistance box, 𝑙1-balancing length from left end of the bridge to Jockey.
2
𝑥𝐴 π𝑟
2. ρ = 𝑙
=𝑥 𝑙
Where ρ -Resistivity of the wire,
𝑥 -resistance of wire,
A - area of cross section of the wire,
𝑙 -length of the wire.
Potentio Meter Emf of cell in the secondary circuit

𝐸𝑠 = 𝐼ρ𝑙

𝐸1 𝑙1
1. Comparison of emf’s of two cells: 𝐸2
= 𝑙2
Where 𝐸1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸2-emf of the first and second cell, 𝑙1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙2- the
balancing lengths of individual cells respectively.
(
𝑅 𝑙1−𝑙2 )
2. 𝑟 = 𝑙2
Electromagnetic Induction Formula

The formula for electromagnetic induction are as stated below
Description Formula
Magnetic Flux The magnetic flux through a plane of area 𝑑𝐴 placed in a uniform
magnetic field B is given as
→ →
ϕ = ∫ 𝐵∙𝑑𝐴
When the surface is closed, then magnetic flux will be zero. This is due to
magnetic lines of force are closed lines and free magnetic poles is not
exist
Electromagnetic First Law: Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes with
Induction: Faraday’s Law time, an induced emf is generated in the circuit that lasts as long as the
change in magnetic flux continues.
Second Law: According to this law, the induced emf is equal to the
negative rate of change of flux through the circuit.
𝑑ϕ
𝐸 = − 𝑑𝑡
Lenz’s Law The direction of induced emf or current in the circuit is in such a way that
it opposes the cause due to which it is produced. Therefore,
𝑑ϕ
𝐸 = − 𝑁( 𝑑𝑡 )
Induced emf Induced emf is given as
𝑑ϕ
𝐸 = − 𝑁( 𝑑𝑡
)
ϕ1− ϕ2
𝐸 = − 𝑁( 𝑡
)
Induced Current Induced Current is given as
𝐸 𝑁 𝑑ϕ 𝑁 ϕ1− ϕ2
𝐼= 𝑅
= 𝑅
( 𝑑𝑡
)= 𝑅
( 𝑡
)
Self - Induction Change in the strength of flow of current is opposed by a characteristic of

a coil is known as self-inductance.
It is given as ϕ = 𝐿𝐼
Here, L = coefficient of self - inductance
Magnetic flux rate of change in the coil is given as
𝑑ϕ 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝑡
= 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 =− 𝐸
Mutual - Induction Mutual – Induction is given as

𝑑(𝑁2ϕ2 𝑑𝑙1
𝑒2 = 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑀 𝑑𝑡

Therefore,
µ0𝑁1𝑁2𝐴
𝑀= 𝑙
Part 4
Electromagnetic Induction Formula

The formula for electromagnetic induction are as stated below
Description Formula
Magnetic Flux The magnetic flux through a plane of area 𝑑𝐴 placed in a uniform magnetic
field B is given as
→ →
When the surface is closed, then magnetic flux will be zero. This is due to
magnetic lines of force are closed lines and free magnetic poles is not exist
Electromagnetic First Law: Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes with time,
Induction: Faraday’s Law an induced emf is generated in the circuit that lasts as long as the change
in magnetic flux continues.
Second Law: According to this law, the induced emf is equal to the
negative rate of change of flux through the circuit.
𝑑ϕ
𝐸 = − 𝑑𝑡
Lenz’s Law The direction of induced emf or current in the circuit is in such a way that it
opposes the cause due to which it is produced. Therefore,
𝑑ϕ
𝐸 = − 𝑁( 𝑑𝑡 )
𝑑ϕ
𝐸 = − 𝑁( 𝑑𝑡
)
ϕ1− ϕ2
𝐸 = − 𝑁( 𝑡
)
𝐼= 𝑅
= 𝑅
( 𝑑𝑡
)= 𝑅
( 𝑡
)
Self - Induction Change in the strength of flow of current is opposed by a characteristic of a
coil is known as self-inductance.
It is given as ϕ = 𝐿𝐼
Here, L = coefficient of self - inductance
Magnetic flux rate of change in the coil is given as
𝑑ϕ 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝑡
= 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 =− 𝐸
𝑑(𝑁2ϕ2) 𝑑𝑙1
𝑒2 = 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑀 𝑑𝑡

Therefore,
µ0𝑁1𝑁2𝐴
𝑀= 𝑙
Electromagnetic Waves
The formula for electromagnetic waves are as stated below
Description Formula
Gauss’s law for 𝑄
electricity ∮ 𝐸⋅𝑑𝐴 = ε0
Here, E is the electric field, A is the area, Q is the charge

and ε0 is the permittivity of free space.
Gauss’s law for
magnetism ∮ 𝐵⋅𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝐵 is the magnetic field and A is the area.

Faraday’s law 𝑑Φ𝐵
∮ 𝐸⋅𝑑𝑙 =− 𝑑𝑡
Here, E is the electric field, l is the length of the conductor,

Φ𝐵 is the magnetic flux and t is the time.
Ampere- Maxwell 𝑑Φ𝐵
law ∮ 𝐵⋅𝑑𝑙 = µ0𝑖 + µ0ε0 𝑑𝑡
Here, B is the magnetic field, l is the length of the

conductor, µ0 is permeability of free space, 𝑖 is the current
flowing through the conductor, ε0 is the permittivity of
free space, Φ𝐵 is the magnetic flux and t is the time.
Speed of light in 𝑐 = 1/ µ0ε0

vacuum
Electrostatics Formula
The formula for electrostatistics are as stated below
Description Formula
Electrostatic force → 1 𝑞1𝑞2 ^
𝐹= 4πε0 → 2
𝑟
between two-point 𝑟||
charges

Here, ε0 is the permittivity of free space, 𝑞1 𝑞2 are the point charges and r
is the distance between the charges.
→
Electric field → 𝐹
𝐸= 𝑞0
→
Here, 𝐹 is the electrostatic force experienced by test charge 𝑞0.
Electric field due to a 𝐾𝑄𝑥
𝐸𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = 3
uniformly charged ring (𝑅 +𝑥2)

2 2
Here, K is the relative permeability, Q is the charge on the ring, x is the

perpendicular distance from the ring to the point at which the electric field
is to be calculated and R is the radius of the ring.
Electric field due to a σ ⎡ 𝑥 ⎤
uniformly charged disc 𝐸= 2ε0⎢1 − 2 2 ⎥
⎣ 𝑅 +𝑥 ⎦
Here, σ is the surface charge density, ε0 is the permittivity of free space, x
is the perpendicular distance from the centre of the disk and R is the radius
of the disk.
Work done by external The work done by an external force in bringing a charge q from potential
force 𝑉𝐵 to 𝑉𝐴 is:
(
𝑊 = 𝑞 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝐵 )
Electrostatic potential 𝑈 = 𝑞𝑉
energy Here, q is the charge and V is the potential.
Electrostatic energy 1 𝑞1𝑞2

𝑈= 4πε0 𝑟
here 𝑞1𝑞2 are the charges and r is the distance between the charges.
Electric potential at a 1 𝑞
𝑉= 4πε0 𝑟
point due to a point
charge
Dipole moment The formula for calculating electric dipole moment is
→ →
𝑝 = 𝑞𝑑
Here q is the magnitude of the charge and d is the distance between the
charges.
Potential at a point due The potential at a point due to a dipole is given as:
to dipole 1 𝑝 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
𝑉 = 4πε 2
0 𝑟
Here, p is the dipole moment and θ is the angle made by the line joining
the point and the centre of the dipole with the line joining the charges and
r is the distance from the point at which the potential is to be calculated
and the line joining the charges.
→ → →
Torque experienced by τ=𝑝×𝐸
dipole due to electric → →
field here, 𝑝 is the dipole moment and 𝐸 is the electric field.

Friction Formula
The formula for friction are as stated below
Description Formula
Force due to kinetic The formula for calculating the force due to kinetic friction is:
friction 𝐹𝑘 = µ𝑘𝑅
here, 𝐹𝑘 is the force due to kinetic friction, µ𝑘 is the coefficient
of kinetic friction and R is the normal reaction force on the
body on which the force is acting.
If the body is lying on levelled plane, then the normal force is
given as:
𝑅 = 𝑚𝑔
Here m is the mass and g is the gravitational acceleration.
When the body is lying on a plane that is at some angle θ with
the horizontal then the normal reaction force on the body is
given as:
𝑅 = 𝑚𝑔𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
Force due to static The formula for calculating the force due to static friction is:
friction 𝐹𝑠 = µ𝑠𝑅
here, 𝐹𝑠 is the force due to static friction, µ𝑠 is the coefficient
of static friction and R is the normal reaction force on the
body.
Part 5
Linear Momentum Formula

The formula for linear momentum are as stated below
Description Formula
Linear Momentum 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
p is linear momentum, m is mass and v is velocity

Conservation of 𝑚1𝑢1 + 𝑚2𝑢2 = 𝑚1𝑣1 + 𝑚2𝑣2
momentum Where
P = Momentum,
m = Mass and
u,v= velocity
Elastic Collision 𝑚1𝑣1𝑖 + 𝑚2𝑣2𝑖 = 𝑚1𝑣1𝑓 + 𝑚2𝑣2𝑓

Where i = initial and f = final
Inelastic collision (
𝑚1𝑣1𝑖 + 𝑚2𝑣2𝑖 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2𝑓 )
Force (from Newton’s 𝐹 = 𝑚×𝑎
second law) 𝑑𝑝
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡
Momentum in terms of 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
kinetic energy 2 2 2
𝑝 =𝑚 𝑣
2 1 2
𝑝 = 2𝑚( 2 𝑚𝑣 )
2
𝑝 = 2𝑚𝐾
Here, K = kinetic energy
Dimensional Formula of 1 1 −1
[𝑀 𝐿 𝑇 ]
Momentum
Geometrical Optics Formula

The formula for geometrical optics are as stated below
Description Formula
Laws of Reflection of The incident ray, refracted ray, and normal always lie on the same plane.
light Snell’s law
According to the Snell’s law
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑟
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Here,
i = angle of incidence
r = angle of reflection
Relative refractive index The Relative refractive index is given as

𝑐
𝑛= 𝑣
here,
n = refractive index
c = speed of light in vacuum
v = speed of light in medium

Lateral Shift
Lateral Shift is given as

𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑖−𝑟)
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 = 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑟
Normal shift on a single The normal shift on a single surface is given as
surface 1
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 = 𝑡(1 − 𝑛
)
Relation between The relation between refractive index and critical angle is given as
refractive index and 1
𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐
critical angle
Refraction through a
prism
The refractive index of a prism is given as

𝑛 =
(
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎+ 2
δ
)
𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
Lens maker formula for Lens maker formula for thin lenses is given as
thin lenses
= (𝑛 − 1)⎡⎢ 𝑅 − ⎤
1 1 1
𝑓 𝑅2 ⎥
⎣ 1 ⎦
Power of lens Power of lens is given as
1
𝑃= 𝑓
Equivalent focal length 1 1 1
𝑓
= 𝑓1
+ 𝑓2
of combination of two
thin lenses
Heat And Thermodynamics Formula

The formula for heat and thermodynamics are as stated below
Description Formula
Kirchhoff’s Law 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦
= 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦

Conduction Rate of flow of heat in conduction is determined as
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡
=− 𝐾𝐴 𝑑𝑥
● K = thermal conductivity
● A = area of cross-section
● dx = thickness
● dT = temperature difference
Newton’s law 𝑑θ
𝑑𝑡
= (θ − θ0)
of cooling
● Here,
● θ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 θ0 = temperature corresponding to object and surroundings.
Temperature 9
𝐹 = 32 + 5
×𝐶
scales
𝐾 = 𝐶 + 273. 16
● F = Fahrenheit scale
● C = Celsius scale
● K = Kelvin scale
Ideal Gas 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇

equation ● Here,
● n = number of moles
● P = pressure
● V = Volume
● T = Temperature
Van der Waals 𝑛 2

(𝑝 + 𝑎( 𝑉 ) )(𝑉 − 𝑛𝑏) = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
equation
𝑛 2
● 𝑎( 𝑉 ) = correction factor for intermolecular forces
● nb = correction factor for molecule size

● n = number of moles
● T = Temperature
● V = Volume
● p = pressure
Thermal Linear Expansion

expansion
𝐿 = 𝐿0(1 + α∆𝑇)

Area Expansion
𝐴 = 𝐴0(1 + β∆𝑇)
Volume Expansion
𝑉 = 𝑉(1 + γ∆𝑇)
Relation α β γ
1
= 2
= 3
between α, β
and y for the
isotropic solid
Stefan- 4
𝑢 = σ𝐴𝑇 (Perfect black body)
Boltzmann’s 4
law 𝑢 = 𝑒σ𝐴𝑇 (Not a perfect black body)
● here,
−8 2 4
● σ = Stefan’s constant = 5. 67×10 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 / 𝑚 𝐾
𝑢
● 𝐴
= energy flux
● e = emissivity
Thermal Thermal resistance is given as

resistance to 𝑅=
𝐿
𝐾𝐴
conduction
● K = material’s conductivity
● L = plane thickness
● A = plane area
Hooke's Law Formula

The formula for Hooke’s law are as stated below
Description Formula
Formula for Hooke’s Law 𝐹 =− 𝑘𝑥
Where F = force, k = constant and x =
displacement
Note: Hooke’s law can be expressed in the form
of stress and strain.
According to Hooke’s law 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∝ 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

That is,
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝐾×𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
Where K is the proportionality constant
Formula for Stress 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (σ) = 𝐹/𝐴

Where,

F is the restoring force, and
A is the cross-section area
Formula for Strain 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 (ε) = Δ𝐿/𝐿

Where,
Δ𝐿= Change in length and
L = original length
SI unit of Stress 2
𝑁/𝑚
Young’s Modulus (Y) 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑌= 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝑙/𝐴
𝑌= ∆𝑙/𝑙
Shear Modulus 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑌= 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝑙/𝐴
𝑌= ∆𝑥/ℎ
Inductance Formula
The formula for inductance are as stated below
Description Formula
Inductance 𝐿=𝜇𝑁2𝐴/𝑙
Where
𝐿 - inductance in Henry(H)
𝜇 - permeability (𝑊𝑏/𝐴. 𝑚)
𝑁 - number of turns in the coil
𝐴 - area encircled by the coil
𝑙 -length of coil(m)
Induced voltage in a coil (V) The voltage induced in a coil (V) with an inductance of
L is given by
𝑉=𝐿 𝑑𝑖/𝑑𝑡
Where,
𝑉 = voltage(volts)
𝐿 - inductance value(H)
𝑖 -the current is(A)
𝑡 -time taken (s)
Reactance of inductance The reactance of inductance is given by:

𝑋=2𝜋𝑓𝐿
Where,
Reactance is 𝑋 in ohm
The frequency if 𝑓 in Hz
Inductance is 𝐿 in Henry(H)
Magnetic Flux The magnetic flux through a plane of area 𝑑𝐴

placed in a uniform magnetic field B is given as

→ →
When the surface is closed, then magnetic flux

will be zero. This is due to magnetic lines of force
are closed lines and free magnetic poles is not
exist

𝐼= 𝑅
= 𝑅
( 𝑑𝑡
)= 𝑅
( 𝑡
)
𝑑(𝑁2ϕ2 𝑑𝑙1
𝑒2 = 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑀 𝑑𝑡
Therefore,
µ0𝑁1𝑁2𝐴
𝑀= 𝑙
Part 6
Faraday’s Law Formula

The formula for Faraday’s law are as stated below
Description Formula
Faraday’s first law The first law of Faraday’s electromagnetic induction explains that when a
wire is kept in a field that experiences a constant change in its magnetic
field, then an electromagnetic field is developed. This phenomenon of
development of the electromagnetic field is called an induced emf.
Faraday’s second law 1. It states that the emf induced in a conductor is equivalent to the rate at
which the flux is linked to the circuit changes.
𝜀=−𝑑𝜙/𝑑𝑡
Where, 𝜀 = the emf or electromotive force
𝜙 = the magnetic flux
2. If there are N number of turns in the coil then the total magnetic induction
in a coil is represented as

𝜀=−𝑁 𝑑𝜙/𝑑𝑡
Magnetic flux It is the integral (sum) of all of the magnetic fields passing through
infinitesimal area elements 𝑑𝐴.
→ →
Φ𝐵 = ∫ 𝐵∙𝑑𝐴
The magnetic flux The component of the magnetic field passing through that surface. The
through a surface magnetic flux through some surface is proportional to the number of field
lines passing through that surface. The magnetic flux passing through a
surface of vector area A is
Φ𝐵 = 𝐵 · 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
Lenz’s Law The direction of induced emf or current in the circuit is in such a way that it
opposes the cause due to which it is produced. Therefore,
𝐸 =− 𝑁 𝑑𝑡 ( )
𝑑ϕ

𝑑ϕ
𝐸 = − 𝑁( 𝑑𝑡 )
ϕ1− ϕ2
𝐸 = − 𝑁( 𝑡
)
Magnetic Flux The magnetic flux through a plane of area 𝑑𝐴 placed in a uniform magnetic
field B is given as
→ →
Fluid mechanics & Properties of Matter Formula

The formula for fluid mechanics and properties of matter are as stated below
Description Formula
Pressure 𝐹
𝑃= 𝐴
For hydraulic press:
𝐴
𝐹= 𝑎𝑓
Here, P is the pressure, F is the force applied on bigger piston with
area A and f is the force on the smaller piston with area a.
Angle made by 𝑎0
𝑡𝑎𝑛 θ = 𝑔
liquid surface
when the here, θ is the angle made by the liquid surface with the horizontal,
container 𝑎0 is the acceleration of the container and g is the gravitational
experiences an acceleration.
acceleration
Continuity According to the equation of continuity, the product of velocity

equation and the area of cross section at any section in a tube is constant.

𝑎1𝑣1 = 𝑎2𝑣2
here, 𝑎1 𝑣1 are the area of cross section and velocity of fluid at
section 1 and 𝑎2 𝑣2 are the area of cross section and velocity of
the fluid at section 2.
Bernoulli’s According to Bernoulli’s equation the total energy of liquid flowing
equation through a tube is constant throughout the tube.
2
𝑃 𝑣
ρ𝑔
+ 2𝑔
+ 𝑍 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Here, 𝑃 is the pressure, ρ is the density of the fluid, g is the
gravitational acceleration, v is the velocity of the fluid and Z is the
potential head.
( ) is called velocity or
2
The term ( ) 𝑃
ρ𝑔
is called pressure head,
𝑣
2𝑔
kinetic head and Z is called the potential head.
Speed of efflux 2𝑔ℎ

𝑣= 2
𝐴2
1− 2
𝐴1
Here, v is the velocity, g is the gravitational acceleration, h is the

height, 𝐴2 is the area of hole and 𝐴1 is the area of the vessel.
Stress 𝐹
σ= 𝐴
here, σ is the stress, F is the force and A is the area.
Strain ∆𝐿
ε= 𝐿
here, ε is the strain, ∆𝐿 is the change in length, and L is the initial
length.
Young’s modulus σ
𝐸= ε
Or
𝐹𝐿
𝐸= 𝐴∆𝐿
here, 𝐸 is the young’s modulus, F is the force, L is the initial length,
A is the area of cross section and ∆𝐿 is the change in length.
Stoke’s law 𝐹 = 6πη𝑟𝑣

Here, F is the drag experienced by the sphere, r is the radius of the
sphere, η is the viscosity of the fluid and v is the velocity of the
sphere.
( )
2
Terminal velocity 𝑣=
2 𝑟 (ρ−σ)𝑔
9 η

Here, r is the radius of the sphere, ρ is the density of the sphere, σ
is the density of the fluid, g is the gravitational acceleration and η
is the viscosity of the fluid.
Magnetic Effect of Current Formula

The formula for magnetic effect of current are as stated below
Description Formula
Magnetic field due to Magnetic field due to a moving point charge is given as
→ →
a moving point → (
µ0𝑞 𝑣×𝑟 )
charge 𝐵= 3
4π𝑟
µ0 = permeability of free space
Biot Savart’s Law
𝐼 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
𝑑𝐵∝ 2
𝑟
Magnetic field due to
a straight wire
The magnetic field due to a straight wire is given as

µ0𝐼
𝐵= 4π𝑟 (𝑠𝑖𝑛θ1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ2)

an infinite straight
line
µ0 𝐼
𝐵 = 2π𝑟
a circular loop
At Axis
2
µ0 (𝑁𝐼𝑅 )
2 2 3/2
2(𝑅 +𝑥 )
At centre
µ0𝑁𝐼
𝐵= 2𝑟
Magnetic field on the
axis of a solenoid
µ0𝑁𝐼
𝐵= 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠θ1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ2)
Ampere's Law → →
∮ 𝐵 • 𝑑𝑙 = µ0𝑙
Magnetic field due to 𝐵 = 0, 𝑟 < 𝑅

a long cylinder And
µ0𝑁𝐼
𝐵= 2𝑟
, 𝑟≥𝑅
→ → →
Magnetic force
acting on a moving
𝐹 = 𝑞 𝑣×𝐵 ( )
point Charge
→ → →
Magnetic force
acting on a
𝐹 = 𝐼 𝑙×𝐵 ( )
current-carrying

Magnetic Moment of 𝑀 = 𝑁𝐼𝐴
a current carrying
loop
→ → →
The torque acting on τ=𝑀×𝐵
a loop
Magnetic field due to µ0 𝑚
𝐵 = 2
single pole 2π𝑟
Magnetic field on the µ0 2𝑀
𝐵 = 3
axis of the magnet 4π𝑟
Magnetic field on the µ0 𝑀
𝐵 = 3
equatorial axis of the 4π𝑟
magnet
Magnetic field at the µ0 𝑀 2
𝐵 = 3 [√(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ)]
point P of the 4π𝑟
magnet
Part 7
Wave Formula Part 1

Electromagnetic wave equations are given as below
Description Formula
Gauss’s Law 𝑄
for electricity ∮ 𝐸. 𝑑𝑎 = ϵ0
Gauss’s Law
for Magnetism ∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝐴 = 0
Faraday’s Law 𝑑ϕ
∮ 𝐸. 𝑑𝑙 =− 𝑑𝑡
Ampere-Maxw 𝑑ϕ𝐸
ell Law ∮ 𝐵. 𝑑𝑙 = µ0ϵ0 𝑑𝑡
Speed of Light 1
𝑐=
in Vacuum µ0ϵ𝑜

Speed of light 1
𝑣=
μϵ
in medium
Relation
between 𝐸0
𝐵0
=𝑐
Electric and
Magnetic field
Wave Formula 2
The formula for wave are as stated below
Description Formula
2 2
General ∂𝑦
=𝑣
2 ∂𝑦
2 2
Equation of ∂𝑡 ∂𝑥
Wave Motion
Wave number 2π ω −1
𝑘= λ
= 𝑣
(𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑚 )
Phase of a It is the difference in phases of two particles at any time t.
Wave 2π
∆ϕ = λ ∆𝑥
Speed of 𝑇
𝑣 = µ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
Transverse
Wave Along a μ = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
String / Wire
Power Average Power (P)
Transmitted 2 2 2
𝑃 = 2π 𝑓 𝐴 μ𝑣
Along The 𝑣 =velocity
String By a Sine Intensity
Wave 𝑃 2 2 2
𝐼 = 𝑆 = 2π 𝑓 𝐴 ρ𝑣
Longitudinal ϵ = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡(ω𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥)
Displacement
of Sound Wave
Pressure Excess ∂ϵ
𝑃𝑒𝑥 =− 𝐵 ∂𝑥
during
= (𝐵) 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (ω𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥)
travelling
Where B is the Bulk Modulus
sound wave
𝑃𝑒𝑥 is the excess pressure

Speed of 𝐸
𝐶=
Sound ρ
Here, E is elastic modulus
ρ is the density of medium
Loudness of 𝐼
10 ( 𝐼0
) 𝑑𝐵
Sound
Intensity at a 𝑃
𝐼= 2
distance r from 4π𝑟
a point Source
Interference of (
𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑚1𝑆𝑖𝑛 ω𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥1 + θ1 )
Sound Wave 𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑚2 𝑆𝑖𝑛(ω𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥2 + θ2)
The Result is the sum of all the pressure.
2 2
𝑃0 = 𝑝𝑚 + 𝑝𝑚 + 2𝑝𝑚 𝑃𝑚2𝑐𝑜𝑠ϕ
1 2 1
For ϕ = 2π𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, => 𝑃𝑜 = 𝑃𝑚 + 𝑃𝑚

1 2
constructive
Interference
For destructive ϕ = (2𝑛 + 1)π 𝑎𝑛𝑑 => 𝑃𝑜 = |𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑚 |
1 2
interference
Close Organ 𝑣 3𝑣 5𝑣 (2𝑛+1)𝑣
𝑓 = 4𝑙 , 4𝑙 , 4𝑙 , …. 4𝑙
Pipe
Open organ 𝑣 2𝑣 𝑛𝑉
𝑓 = 2𝑙 , 2𝑙 , … 2𝑙
pipe
Beats Beats Frequency=𝑓1 − 𝑓2
Doppler’s Law The Observed Frequency,
𝑓 =𝑓
'
( ) 𝑣−𝑣0
𝑣−𝑣𝑠
Apparent Wavelength,
' 𝑣−𝑣𝑠
λ = λ( 𝑣
)
Wave Optics Formula

The formula for wave optics are as stated below
Description Formula
The path ∆𝑑 = 𝑑2 − 𝑑1
difference of ∆𝑑 is the path difference

two coherent
Waves
The Path ∆𝑑 = 𝑘. λ
difference of ∆𝑑 is path difference
two coherent λ is the wavelength
waves:
Interference
Maximum
The path (2.𝑘+1). λ

∆𝑑 = 2
difference of
∆𝑑 is path difference
two coherent
λ is the wave length
waves:
Interference
Minimum
Thin-film 2𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑟 = (𝑛 + 1/2)λ

interference: t is film thickness
Constructive n is refractive index
(maximum) 𝑟 is refraction angle
λ is wave length
Thin-Film 2𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 = 𝑛λ.

interference: t is film thickness
destructive n is refractive index
(minimum) 𝑟 is refraction angle
λ is wave length
Radii of 𝑟 = 𝑘. 𝑅. λ or 𝑟=
((2.𝑘+1).𝑅.λ)
2
Newton’s Ring
r is the radius
R is the radius of curvature
λ is the wavelength
2
Light 𝑙=
𝑑
Diffraction 4.λ
I is the distance from obstacle
d is the obstacle size
λ is wavelength

Diffraction 𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛θ = 𝑘λ
grating: d is the lattice constant
maximum θ is the diffraction angle
(bright stripes) λ is the wavelength
Diffraction 𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑛θ = (𝐾 + 1/2)λ

grating (dark
stripes) d is the lattice constant
ϕ is the diffraction angle
λ is the wavelength
Work Power and Energy Formula

The formula for work power energy are as stated below
Description Formula
Work done is 𝑊 = 𝐹×𝑑
given by F is the force
d is the displacement
Kinetic 1 2
𝐾. 𝐸 = 2
𝑚𝑣
Energy
m is the mass of the body.
v is the velocity of the body
Potential 𝑃. 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
Energy m is the mass of the body in kg
h is the height of the body in meters
g is the acceleration due to gravity
Power 𝑊
𝑃= 𝑡
W is the work done by the body
t is the time
→ →
𝐹.𝑑𝑠 → →
𝑃= 𝑑𝑡
= 𝐹. 𝑉
Conservative 𝑑𝑢
𝐹 =− 𝑑𝑟
Forces

Work-Energy 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ∆𝐾
theorem Where
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 is the sum of all forces acting on the object
∆𝐾 is the change of kinetic energy
Kinetic Theory Formula

The formula for kinetic theory are as stated below
Description Formula
Boltzmann’s 𝑛𝑅
𝑘𝐵 = 𝑁
Constant
𝑘𝐵 = Boltzmann’s constant
R = gas constant
n = number of moles
N = number of particles in one mole
Total 3
𝐾. 𝐸 = 2
(𝑛𝑅𝑇)
translational
R = gas constant
Kinetic Energy
n = number of moles
of Gas
T = absolute temperature
Maxwell
distribution
law
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 > 𝑉 > 𝑉𝑝

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = RMS speed
𝑉𝑝 = most probable speed
V = average speed
RMS Speed 3𝑘𝑡 3𝑅𝑡
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑚
= 𝑀
R = universal gas constant
T = absolute temperature
M = molar mass

Average → 8𝑘𝑡 8𝑅𝑡
𝑣= =
Speed π𝑚 π𝑀
Most 2𝑘𝑡 2𝑅𝑡

𝑣𝑝 = =
probable 𝑚 𝑀
speed
Pressure of 1 2
𝑝 = 3
ρ𝑣 𝑟𝑚𝑠
ideal gas
Equipartition For each degree of freedom
of energy 1
𝐾= 2
𝑘𝐵𝑇
For f degree of freedom
𝑓
𝐾= 2
𝑘𝐵𝑇
𝑘𝐵 = Boltzmann’s constant
T = temperature of gas
Internal For n moles of an ideal gas, internal energy is given as
Energy 𝑓
𝑈 = 2 (𝑛𝑅𝑇)
Kinetic Theory of Gases Formula

The formula for kinetic theory of gases are as stated below
Description Formula
Boltzmann’s 𝑛𝑅
𝑘𝐵 = 𝑁
Constant
● 𝑘𝐵 is the Boltzmann’s Constant
● R is the gas Constant
● n is the Number of Moles
● N is the Number of Particles in one mole (the
Avogadro number)
Total
Translational
𝐾. 𝐸 = ( )𝑛𝑅𝑇3
2
● n is the number of moles
K.E of Gas
● R is the Universal gas Constant
● T is the absolute Temperature
Maxwell 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 > 𝑉 > 𝑉𝑝

Distribution ● 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 is the RMS speed
Law
● V is the Average Speed.

● 𝑉𝑝 is the most probable speed
RMS Speed ( 8𝑘𝑡 3𝑅𝑇

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = =
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠) 𝑚 𝑀
● R is the universal gas constant.
● T is the absolute temperature.
● M is the molar mass.
Average → 8𝑘𝑡 8𝑅𝑇

𝑣= =
Speed π𝑚 π𝑀
Most 2𝑘𝑡 2𝑅𝑇

𝑉𝑝 = =
Probable 𝑚 𝑀
Speed (𝑉𝑝 )
The Pressure 1 2
𝑃= 3
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
of Ideal Gas
● P is the density of molecules
Equipartition 1
𝐾= 2
𝐾𝐵𝑇 for each degree of freedom
of Energy
K=( )𝐾 𝑇 for molecules having f degrees of freedom
𝑓
2 𝐵
● 𝐾𝐵 is the Boltzmann’s Constant
● T is the Temperature of the gas
Internal
Energy
𝑈= ( )𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑓
2
● For n moles of an ideal Gas.

Part 8
Lenz's Law Formula
The formula for Lenz’s law are as stated below
Description Formula
Magnetic Flux
The magnetic flux through a plane of
area dA placed in a uniform magnetic
field B is given as
ϕ=B∙dA
When the surface is closed, then

magnetic flux will be zero. This is due
to magnetic lines of force are closed
lines and free magnetic poles is not
exist.
Lenz’s Law The direction of induced emf or

current in the circuit is in such a way
that it opposes the cause due to which
it is produced. Therefore,
E = -N(dϕ/dt)

E = -N(dϕ/dt)
E = -N((ϕ1- ϕ2)/t)
Induced Current
Induced Current is given as
I = E/R = N/R(dϕ/dt) = N/R((ϕ1- ϕ2)/t)
Change in the strength of flow of

current is opposed by a characteristic
Self – Induction
of a coil is known as self-inductance.
It is given as ϕ=LI
Here, L = coefficient of self –
inductance
Magnetic flux rate of change in the
coil is given as
dϕ/dt = Ldl/dt = −E
Mutual – Induction
Mutual – Induction is given as
e2 = (d(N2 ϕ2)/dt = M (dl1)/dt
Therefore,
M = (μ0 N1N2A)/l

Chemistry Formulas
Part 1
Enthalpy Formula
The formula for enthalpy are as stated below
Description Formula
Enthalpy H = U + pV
U = Internal energy of system
p = Pressure of system
V = Volume of system
For change in ● At isobaric condition:

Enthalpy (ΔH) When Δp=0;
ΔH= 𝐶𝑃 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1)
● At isochoric condition:
When ΔV=0;
ΔH= 𝑄𝑉 + 𝑉Δ𝑝
● At isothermal condition:
When ΔT=0;
ΔH= 0
● At Adiabatic condition:
When Q=0;
ΔH = 𝐶𝑃 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1)
Enthalpy change of a ∆𝐻𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐻𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 − 𝐻𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠

reaction ∆𝐻° = 𝐻°𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 − 𝐻°𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
= 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ∆𝐻 − 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑐
= 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ∆𝐻 − 𝑒𝑥𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑐
Enthalpy of Reaction The enthalpy of reaction can be given as:-
from Enthalpies of
Formation ∆𝐻°𝑟 = ∑ 𝑣𝐵∆𝐻°𝑓,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 − ∑ 𝑣𝐵∆𝐻°𝑓,𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑣𝐵 is the stoichiometric coefficient

Estimation of Enthalpy
of a reaction from bond
Enthalpies
∆𝐻°𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = ∆𝐻°𝑓,𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 − Δ𝐻°𝑓, 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
Resonance energy ∆𝐻°𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = ∆𝐻°𝑐, 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 − Δ𝐻°𝑓,𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙

Entropy Formula
The formula for entropy are as stated below
Description Formula
Entropy 𝐵 𝑑𝑞
𝑟𝑒𝑣
∆𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = ∫ 𝑇
𝐴
Entropy calculation 𝑇2 𝑉2
∆𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 𝑛𝑐𝑣𝑙𝑛 𝑇1
+ 𝑛𝑅. 𝑙𝑛 𝑉1
for an ideal gas
Also
𝑇2 𝑉2
∆𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 𝑛𝑐𝑃𝑙𝑛 𝑇1
+ 𝑛𝑅. 𝑙𝑛 𝑉1
if the reaction of the

process is known then ∆𝑆𝑟𝑥𝑛 = ∑ ∆𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 − ∑ ∆𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
we can find ∆𝑆𝑟𝑥𝑛 by
∆𝑆𝑟𝑥𝑛 – refers to the standard entropy values
using a table of
ΣΔ𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 = refers to the sum of the Δ𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠
standard entropy
ΣΔ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 – refers to the sum of the Δ𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
values
Gibbs free energy 𝐺𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 𝐻𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 − 𝑇𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
Atomic Mass Formula

The formula for atomic mass are as stated below
Description Formula
Atomic Mass Atomic Mass = Mass of protons + Mass of neutrons + Mass of electrons
Mass Number Mass number = no. of protons + no. of neutrons
Relative atomic mass 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑅𝐴𝑀 = 1
2
×𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚
Specific gravity 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 4°𝐶
Absolute density 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠

𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑃𝑀
ρ= 𝑅𝑇
Vapor density 𝑑𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑃𝑀 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑀𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑀𝑔𝑎𝑠

𝑉. 𝐷. = 𝑑𝐻
= 𝑅𝑇
𝑃𝑀 𝐻2
= 𝑀𝐻
= 2
2 2
𝑅𝑇

∴𝑀𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 2 𝑉. 𝐷.
Molarity 𝑤×1000
𝑀 = (𝑀𝑜𝑙. 𝑤𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒)×𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑙
Molality 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 1000×𝑤1

𝑚= 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
×1000 = 𝑀1×𝑤2
Mole fraction ( )
● 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥1 =
𝑛
𝑛+𝑁
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑥2) =

𝑁
● 𝑛+𝑁
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 1
% Calculation: 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑚
● % 𝑤/𝑤 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑚
×100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑚
● % 𝑤/𝑣 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑙
×100
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑙
● % 𝑣/𝑣 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
×100
●
Derived conversion ● Mole fraction of solute into molarity of solution
𝑥2ρ×1000
𝑀 = 𝑥1𝑀1+𝑀2𝑥2
● Molarity into mole fraction

𝑀𝑀1×1000
𝑥2 = ρ×1000−𝑀𝑀2
● Mole fraction into molality

𝑥2×1000
𝑚= 𝑥1𝑀1
● Molality into mole fraction

𝑚𝑀1
𝑥2 = 1000+𝑚𝑀1
● Molality into molarity

𝑚ρ×1000
𝑀 = 1000+𝑚𝑀2
● Molarity into molality

𝑀×1000
𝑚= 1000ρ−𝑀𝑀2
Here 𝑀1 and 𝑀2 are molar masses of solvent and solute

ρ is density of solution
𝑀 is molarity
𝑚 is molality
𝑥1 is mole fraction of solvent
𝑥2 is mole fraction of solute
Average atomic mass 𝑎1𝑥1 + 𝑎2𝑥2 + ......+ 𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑛
𝐴𝑥 = 100
Mean molar mass 𝑀1𝑛1 + 𝑀2𝑛2 + .....𝑀𝑛𝑛𝑛

𝑀𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑛1+𝑛2+....𝑛𝑛

Normality 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
● 𝑁= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
● 𝑁 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦×𝑣. 𝑓
At equivalence point ● 𝑁1𝑉1 = 𝑁2𝑉2

● 𝑛1𝑀1𝑉1 = 𝑛2𝑀2𝑉2
▪
Oxidation Number
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Equivalent weight 𝐸= 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
Concept of number of 𝑊𝑡 𝑊 𝑊
● No. of equivalents of solute = 𝐸𝑞. 𝑤𝑡.
= 𝐸
= 𝑀/𝑛
equivalents
● No. of equivalents of solute = No. of moles of solute ×v.f.
Measurement of 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 6

● 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
× 10
Hardness
Atomic Structure Formula

The formula for atomic structure are as stated below
Description Formula
Planck’s Quantum ℎ𝑐
Energy of one photon = ℎ𝑣 = λ
Theory
Photoelectric effect: 1 2
ℎ𝑣 = ℎ𝑣0 + 2
𝑚𝑒𝑣
Bohr’s Model for ℎ

● 𝑚𝑣𝑟 = 𝑛 = 2π
Hydrogen like atoms 𝐸1 2 −18 𝑧
2 2
𝑧
● 𝐸𝑛 =− 2 𝑧 =− 2. 178×10 2 𝐽/𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 =− 13. 6 2 𝑒𝑉
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
2 4
−2π 𝑚𝑒
● 𝐸1 = 2
𝑛
2 2 2
𝑛 ℎ 0.529×𝑛 °
● 𝑟𝑛 = 𝑍
× 2 2 = 𝑍
𝐴
4π 𝑒 𝑚
2 6
2π𝑧𝑒 2.18×10 ×𝑧
● 𝑣= 𝑛ℎ
= 𝑛
𝑚/𝑠
De-Broglie wavelength ℎ ℎ
λ= 𝑚𝑐
= 𝑝
(For photon)
Wavelength of emitted
photon
1
λ
= 𝑅𝑍
2
( 1
𝑛1
2 −
1
2
𝑛2 )

Number of photons 𝐸 = 𝑛ℎν
emitted by a sample of Where n is the number of photons emitted
H atom h is the Planck's constant
ν is the frequency
Heisenberg’s ℎ
● ∆𝑥. ∆𝑝 > 4π
uncertainty principle ℎ
● 𝑚∆𝑥. ∆𝑣≥ 4π
ℎ
● ∆𝑥. ∆𝑣≥ 4π𝑚
Quantum Number ● Principle quantum number - (𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…∞)

𝑛ℎ
● Orbital angular momentum of electron in any orbit = 2π
● Azimuthal quantum number (𝑙) = 0, 1, 2, 3, …(𝑛 − 1)
● Magnetic quantum number (m)=-l,…..-1,0,1…..+l
● Spin quantum number (s)=+½ , -½
● Number of orbitals in subshell = 2𝑙 + 1
● Maximum number of electrons in particular
subshell = 2(2𝑙 + 1)
ℎ
● Orbital angular momentum 𝐿 = 2π 𝑙(𝑙 + 1) = ℏ 𝑙(𝑙 + 1)
ℎ
● ℏ= 2π
Molar Mass Formula
The formula for molar mass are as stated below
Description Formula
Molar mass 𝑚
M= 𝑛
M is the molar mass,
m is the mass of a substance (in grams),
n is the number of moles of a substance.
Molar mass of an Molar mass = Molar mass constant × Relative atomic mass
element
molar mass from ∆𝑇𝑓
M= 𝐾𝑓
colligative properties
data
When elevation of Δ𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾𝑏𝑚
boiling point is given m= 1000 ×w2 / w1 × M2
Δ𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾𝑏× 1000 ×w2 / w1 × M2
When depression of Δ𝑇𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓𝑚

freezing point is given Δ𝑇𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓× 1000 ×w2 / w1 × M2

Molarity 𝑤×1000
𝑀 = (𝑀𝑜𝑙. 𝑤𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒)×𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑙
Molality 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 1000×𝑤1

𝑚= 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
×1000 = 𝑀1×𝑤2
Average atomic mass 𝑎1𝑥1 + 𝑎2𝑥2 + ......+ 𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑛

𝐴𝑥 = 100
Mean molar mass 𝑀1𝑛1 + 𝑀2𝑛2 + .....𝑀𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑀𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑛1+𝑛2+....𝑛𝑛
Stoichiometry Formula
The formula for stoichiometry are as stated below
Relative atomic mass 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑅. 𝐴. 𝑀) = 1 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓
12
×𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚
Density 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 4 𝐶
For Gases: 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 ( 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 )= 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑃𝑀
=> ρ = 𝑅𝑇
𝑑𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑃𝑀 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑀𝑔𝑎𝑠
Vapor density 𝑉. 𝐷.. = 𝑑𝐻
= 𝑃𝑀𝐻
𝑅𝑇
= 𝑀𝐻
2
2 2
𝑅𝑡
𝑀𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 2 𝑉. 𝐷
Molarity (M): 𝑤×1000

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑀) = (𝑀𝑜𝑙. 𝑤𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒)×𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑙
Molality (m): 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑊1

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
×1000 = 1000 𝑀1𝑊2
% Calculation 𝑤 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑚

% 𝑤
= 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑚 ×100
𝑤 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑚
% 𝑣
= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑙
×100
𝑣 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑙
% 𝑣
= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
×100
Average/ Mean atomic 𝑎1𝑥1+𝑎2𝑥2+…+𝑎𝑛𝑋𝑛

𝐴𝑥 = 100
mass:
Mean molar mass or 𝑛1𝑀1+𝑛2𝑀2+…𝑛𝑛𝑀𝑛

𝑀𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑛1+𝑛2+𝑛3+…𝑛𝑛
molecular Mass
Normality (N) 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑁) = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚( 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠)

Measurement of 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝐶0
3 6
𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑝𝑚= 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 × 10
Hardness
Molarity in mole 𝑀𝑀1×1000

𝑥2 = ρ×1000−𝑀𝑀2
Fraction
Mole Fraction into

molality
𝑚= ( 𝑥2×1000
𝑥1𝑀1 )
Molality into mole 𝑚𝑀1
𝑥2 = 1000+𝑚𝑀1
fraction
Molality into molarity 𝑚ρ×1000

𝑀= 1000+𝑚𝑀2
Relation between 𝑀×1000

𝑚= 1000ρ−𝑀𝑀1
molarity and molality
Where ρ is the density of solution in (gm/mL).
𝑀1 is molecular weight of solute
m is the molality and M is the molarity
Y-Map
Part 2
Thermodynamics Formulas
The formula for thermodynamics are as stated below
Description Formula
Various processes in Isothermal process: T = constant
Thermodynamic dT = 0
ΔT = 0
Isochoric process: V = constant
dV = 0
ΔV = 0
Isobaric process: P = constant
dP = 0

ΔP = 0
Adiabatic process: q = 0
or the heat exchange with surrounding is zero
Sign convention When work is done on the system: Positive

When work is done by the system: Negative
Laws of ● 1st law of Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics ∆𝑈 = (𝑈2 − 𝑈1) = 𝑞 + 𝑤
● 2nd law of Thermodynamics
∆𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒= ∆𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚+ ∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 > 0
This equation is for spontaneous processes.
● 3rd law of Thermodynamics
S – S0 = 𝑘B ln𝛀
𝑆 is the entropy of the system.
𝑆0 is the initial entropy.
𝑘𝐵 denotes the Boltzmann constant.
Ω refers to the total number of microstates that are
consistent with the system’s macroscopic configuration.
Law of Equipartition 𝑓
𝑈= 2
𝑛𝑅𝑇
Energy 𝑓
Δ𝐸 = 2
𝑛𝑅(Δ𝑇)
Where, 𝑓 is degrees of freedom for that gas.
Total heat capacity ∆𝑞 𝑑𝑞
𝐶𝑇 = ∆𝑇
= 𝑑𝑇
Molar heat capacity Δ𝑞 𝑑𝑞
𝐶 = 𝑛Δ𝑇 = 𝑛𝑑𝑇
γ𝑅 𝑅
𝐶𝑝 = γ−1 𝐶𝑣 = γ−1
Specific heat capacity ∆𝑞 𝑑𝑞
𝑆 = 𝑚∆𝑇 = 𝑚𝑑𝑇
Application of 1st Law ΔU = ΔQ + ΔW
of Thermodynamics ⇒ ΔW = - P ΔV (∴ ΔU = ΔQ - PΔV)
Isothermal Reversible
expansion/compressio
𝑊 =− 𝑛𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛 ( ) 𝑉𝑓
𝑉𝑖
n of an ideal gas
Reversible/irreversible Since 𝑑𝑉 = 0
isochoric processes So, 𝑑𝑊 =− 𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑡. 𝑑𝑉 = 0
Reversible isobaric (
𝑊 = 𝑃 𝑉 𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 )
process
Adiabatic reversible γ−1 γ−1
𝑇2𝑉2 = 𝑇1𝑉1
expansion
Reversible work 𝑃2𝑉2−𝑃1𝑉1 (
𝑛𝑅 𝑇2−𝑇1 )
𝑊 = γ−1
= γ−1
Irreversible Work 𝑃2𝑉2−𝑃1𝑉1 (
𝑛𝑅 𝑇2−𝑇1 )
𝑊 = γ−1
= γ−1 ( ) ( )
= 𝑛𝐶𝑣 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 =− 𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑉2 − 𝑉1

𝑃1𝑉1 𝑃2𝑉2
Use 𝑇1
= 𝑇2
Gaseous State Formula

The formula for gaseous state are as stated below
Description Formula
Temperature
conversion from 𝐶−0 𝐾−273
100−0
= 373−273
Celsius to Kelvin
Temperature
conversion from Kelvin 𝐾−273 𝐹−32
373−273
= 212−32
to Fahrenheit
Boyle’s Law and 𝐴𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒,
Measurement of 1
𝑉∝ 𝑃
pressure
𝑃1𝑉1 = 𝑃2𝑉2
Charles Law At constant pressure,

𝑉1 𝑉2
𝑉∝𝑇 𝑂𝑟 𝑇1
= 𝑇2
Gay-Lussac’s Law At constant Volume,

𝑃1 𝑃2
𝑃∝𝑇 𝑇1
= 𝑇2
Temp on absolute Scale
Ideal gas Equation 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇

𝑤 𝑑
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚
𝑅𝑇 𝑜𝑟 𝑃 = 𝑚 𝑅𝑇 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑚 = 𝑑𝑅𝑇
Dalton's Law of Partial 𝑛1𝑅𝑇 𝑛2𝑅𝑇

𝑃1 = 𝑉
, 𝑃2 = 𝑉
Pressure:
Total Pressure=𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + …
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
Average Molecular 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑛1𝑀1+𝑛2𝑀2+𝑛3𝑀3

𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
= 𝑛1+𝑛2+𝑛3
mass of gaseous
mixture
Graham’s Law 1
Rate of Diffusion 𝑟∝ ; d= density of gas
𝑑

𝑟1 𝑑2 𝑀2 𝑉.𝐷2
𝑟2
= = = 𝑉.𝐷1
𝑑1 𝑀1
( ) (𝑣 − 𝑛𝑏) = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
2
Van der wall’s Equation 𝑎𝑛
𝑃 + 2
𝑣
Where
‘P’ is the pressure
‘a’ and ‘b’ are the gas constants
‘V’ is the molar volume
‘R’ is the universal gas constant
‘T’ is the temperature
‘n’ is the number of moles
Relation between 𝑉𝑐 = 3𝑏
molar volume (V) and
gas constant (b)
Relation between 𝑎
𝑃𝑐 = 2
Pressure (P) and gas 27𝑏
constant (a) and (b)

Relation between 8𝑎
𝑇𝑐 = 27𝑅𝑏
temperature (T) and
gas constant (b)
Kinetic Theory of Root mean Square speed
Gases 3𝑅𝑇
𝑈𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑀
Molar mass be in kg/mole
Average speed
𝑈𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑈1 + 𝑈2 + 𝑈3 + …𝑈𝑁
8𝑅𝑇 8𝐾𝑇
𝑈𝑎𝑣𝑔 = π𝑀
= π𝑚
K is Boltzmann Constant
Most Probable Speed
2𝑅𝑇 2𝐾𝑇
𝑈𝑀𝑃𝑆 = 𝑀
= 𝑚
Chemical Equilibrium Formula

The formula for chemical equilibrium are as stated below
Description Formula
At Equilibrium: 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
∆𝐺 = 0
𝑄 = 𝐾𝑒𝑞
Equilibrium constant ( 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐾𝑓

𝐾 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 𝐾𝑏
𝐾):

Equilibrium constant in 𝐾𝑓 𝑐
[𝐶] [𝐷]
𝑑
𝐾𝑏
= 𝐾𝑐 = 𝑎 𝑏
terms of concentration [𝐴] [𝐵]
(𝐾𝑐):
Equilibrium constant in [𝑃𝐶]𝑐[𝑃𝐷]𝑑

terms of partial 𝐾𝑝 =
[𝑃𝐴]𝑎[𝑃𝐵]𝑏
pressure (𝐾𝑝):
𝑐 𝑑
Equilibrium constant in 𝑋𝐶𝑋𝐷
terms of mole fraction 𝐾𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑏
𝑋𝐴𝑋𝐵
(𝐾𝑥):
Relation between 𝐾𝑝 & ∆𝑛
𝐾𝑝 = 𝐾𝑐. (𝑅𝑇)
𝐾𝑐:
Relation between 𝐾𝑝 & ∆𝑛
𝐾𝑝 = 𝐾𝑥(𝑃)
𝐾𝑥: 𝐾2
log 𝑙𝑜𝑔 =
∆𝐻 ⎡ 1 − 1 ⎤
𝐾1 2.303 𝑅 ⎢𝑇 𝑇2 ⎥
⎣ 1 ⎦
Here ∆𝐻 = Enthalpy of reaction
between equilibrium °
∆𝐺 =− 2. 303 𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝐾
constant & standard
free energy change
𝑐 𝑑
Reaction Quotient(Q): 𝑄=
[𝐶] [𝐷]
𝑎 𝑏
[𝐴] [𝐵]
Degree of Dissociation 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

α= 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
(α):
Vapor Pressure of 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑂 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑠

𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐻𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑂 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
Liquid:
Thermodynamics of ∆𝐺 = ∆𝐺° + 2. 303 𝑅𝑇𝑄

Equilibrium:
Van't Hoff equation 𝐾1

log 𝑙𝑜𝑔 =
∆𝐻° ⎡ 1 − 1 ⎤
𝐾2 2.303 𝑅 ⎢𝑇 𝑇1 ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦
Ionic Equilibrium Formula

The formula for ionic equilibrium are as stated below
Description Formula
Ostwald Dilution Law: ● Dissociation constant of weak acid 𝐾𝑎 , ( )

+ − 2
𝐾𝑎 = [ 𝐻𝐴
𝐻 ][𝐴 ] [𝐶α][𝐶α] 𝐶α
= 𝐶(1−α)
= 1−α
2
● If α≪1, then 1 − α≅1 or 𝐾𝑎 = 𝑐α
𝐾𝑎
α= 𝐶
= 𝐾𝑎×𝑉
● Similarly for a weak base,
𝐾𝑏
α= 𝐶
Higher the value of 𝐾𝑎/𝐾𝑏, stronger is the acid/base
Acidity and pH scale ● 𝑝𝐻 =− log 𝑎 +

𝐻
+
Here 𝑎 + is the activity of 𝐻 ions = molar concentration
𝐻
for dilute solution
● 𝑝𝐻 =− log 𝐻[ +] − [𝐻+] = 10−𝑝𝐻−𝑝𝑂𝐻
● 𝑝𝑂𝐻 =− log[𝑂𝐻 ] [𝑂𝐻 −] = 10
𝑝𝐾𝑎
● 𝑝𝐾𝑎 =−log 𝐾𝑎 𝐾𝑎 = 10
−𝑝𝐾𝑏
● 𝑝𝐾𝑏 =− log 𝐾𝑏 𝐾𝑏 = 10
●
pH Calculations of ● Strong acid solution:
Different Types of −6
If concentration is greater than 10 𝑀
Solutions: +
In this case 𝐻 ions coming from water can be neglected,
−6
If concentration is less than 10 𝑀
+
In this case 𝐻 ions coming from water cannot be
neglected
● Strong base solution:
−
Using similar method as in part (a) calculate first [𝑂𝐻 ]
+ − −14
and then use [𝐻 ] × [𝑂𝐻 ] = 10
●
pH of mixture of two ● Number of H+ ions from I-solution = 𝑁1𝑉1
strong acids: ● Number of H+ ions from II-solution = 𝑁2𝑉2
𝑁1𝑉1+𝑁2𝑉2
[𝐻+] = 𝑁 = 𝑉1+𝑉2
●
pH of mixture of two 𝑁1𝑉1+𝑁2𝑉2
strong bases:
[𝑂𝐻−] = 𝑁 = 𝑉1+𝑉2
●
pH of mixture of a ● if 𝑁1𝑉1 > 𝑁2𝑉2, then the solution will be acidic in nature.
strong acid and a So,
strong base: 𝑁1𝑉1−𝑁2𝑉2
[𝐻+] = 𝑁 = 𝑉1+𝑉2

● If 𝑁2𝑉2 > 𝑁1𝑉1, then the solution will be basic in nature.
So,
𝑁2𝑉2−𝑁1𝑉1
[𝑂𝐻−] = 𝑁 = 𝑉1+𝑉2
+ − 2
pH of a weak 𝐾𝑎 = [ []𝐻𝐴] =
𝐻 [𝑂𝐻] 𝐶α
acid(monoprotic) 1−α
solution: If α≪1⇒(1 − α)≈1

2
𝐾𝑎≈𝐶α
𝐾𝑎
α= 𝐶
Here α < 0. 1 𝑜𝑟 10%
Relative Strength of 𝑘𝑎 𝑐1
𝑐1α1
two acids: [𝐻+]𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝐼 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 = = 1
[𝐻+] 𝑓𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑐2α2 𝑘𝑎 𝑐2

2
Hydrolysis of [
For 𝑁𝑎3𝑃𝑂4 = 𝐶 ]
polyvalent anions or 𝐾𝑎1 × 𝐾ℎ3 = 𝐾𝑤
cations
𝐾𝑎2 × 𝐾ℎ2 = 𝐾𝑤
𝐾𝑎3 × 𝐾ℎ1 = 𝐾𝑤
Generally, pH is calculated only using the first step hydrolysis
2
𝐶ℎ 2
𝐾ℎ1 = 1−ℎ
≈𝐶ℎ
𝐾ℎ1 − 𝐾𝑤×𝐾𝑎3
ℎ= 𝑐 [
⇒ 𝑂𝐻 ] = 𝑐ℎ = 𝐾ℎ1×𝑐 ⇒ [𝐻+] = 𝐶
2[
𝑝𝐾𝑤 + 𝑝𝐾𝑎3 + log 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐶 ]
1
∴𝑝𝐻 =
Buffer Solution: ● Acidic Buffer: e.g., 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 and 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎 (weak

acid and salt of its conjugate base)
[𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
𝑝𝐻 − 𝑝𝐾𝑎 + log 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑑]
● Basic Buffer: e.g., 𝑁𝐻4𝑂𝐻 + 𝑁𝐻4𝐶𝑙 (weak base and salt
of its conjugate acid)
[𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑡]
𝑝𝑂𝐻 = 𝑝𝐾𝑏 + log 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒]
Solubility Product: 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦

𝐾𝑠𝑝 = (𝑥𝑠) (𝑦𝑠) = 𝑥 . 𝑦 . (𝑠)
●
Charles's Law
The formula for Charle’s law are as stated below

Charles’ law is 𝑉1 𝑉2
𝑉α 𝑇 or 𝑇1
= 𝑇2
,
expressed as
Where V1 and V2 are initial and final volume and 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 are
initial and final temperatures.
Derivation of Charles’ 𝑉α 𝑇
𝑉
law 𝑇
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑘
𝑉1 𝑉2
𝑇1
= 𝑘 −−−−− (𝐼) and 𝑇2
= 𝑘 −−−−− (𝐼𝐼)
Where 𝑉1 and 𝑇1 are initial volume and temperature and 𝑉2 and

𝑇2 are the final volume and temperature.
Equating equations (I) and (II),

𝑉1 𝑉2
𝑇1
= 𝑇2
= 𝑘
Hence, we can generalize the formula and write it as:
(𝑉1) (𝑉2)
(𝑇1)
= (𝑇2)
Gay-Lussac’s Law At constant volume,

𝑃∝ 𝑇
𝑃1 𝑃2
𝑇1
= 𝑇2
Ideal gas Equation 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇

𝑤
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚
𝑅𝑇 𝑂𝑟 𝑃𝑚 = 𝑑𝑅𝑇
Boyle’s Law At Constant Temperature
1
𝑉∝ 𝑃
𝑃1𝑉1 = 𝑃2𝑉2
Amagat’s Law of 𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 + … 𝑉𝑛
partial volume
Part 3
Electrochemistry Formula
The formula for electrochemistry are as stated below

Description Formula
Gibbs Free energy ● Δ𝐺 =− 𝑛𝐹𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
change 0 0
● ∆𝐺 =− 𝑛𝐹𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
Nernst Equation 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑚𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑄 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
0
∆𝐺 = ∆𝐺 + 𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛 𝑄
0
∆𝐺 =− 𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛 𝐾𝑒𝑞
0 𝑅𝑇
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − 𝑛𝐹
𝑙𝑛 𝑄
0 2.303𝑅𝑇
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − 𝑛𝐹
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑄
0 0.0591
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − 𝑛
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑄
● At chemical equilibrium
∆𝐺 = 0; 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 0
0
𝑛𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
log 𝐾𝑒𝑞 = 0.0591
0 0.0591
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝑛
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐾𝑒𝑞
● For an electrode:
0 2.303𝑅𝑇 𝑛+
𝐸 𝑛+ =𝐸 𝑛+ − 𝑛𝐹
𝑙𝑜𝑔 1/[𝑀 ]
𝑀 /𝑀 𝑀 /𝑀
Concentration Cell 𝐸°𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 0

● Electrolyte Concentration cell
2+
(eg., 𝑍𝑛(𝑠)/𝑍𝑛 (𝑐1)||𝑍𝑛2+(𝑐2)/𝑍𝑛(𝑠) ):
0.0591 𝐶2
𝐸= 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐶1
● Electrode Concentration Cell

+
( )
(e.g., 𝑃𝑡, 𝐻2 𝑃1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 /𝐻 (1 𝑀) /𝐻2(𝑃2 𝑎𝑡𝑚)/𝑃𝑡):
0.0591 𝑃1
𝐸= 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑃2

Faraday’s law of ● First law:
electrolysis: The amount of chemical reaction (w) is proportional to the
quantity of electricity passed (q) through the electrolyte.
𝑤∝𝑞
𝑤 = 𝑧𝑞
𝑤= 𝑍
Here 𝑍 is Electrochemical equivalent of substance
● Second law:
𝑊∝𝐸
𝑊
𝐸
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑊1 𝑊2 𝑊𝑛
𝐸1
= 𝐸2
= …= 𝐸𝑛
𝑊 𝑖×𝑡×𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝐸
= 96500
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑
×100
Conductance: 1
● 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
1
● Specific conductance or conductivity: 𝐾 = ρ
Here, 𝐾 is specific conductance

𝐾×1000
● Equivalent conductance: λ𝐸 = 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐾×1000
● Molar conductance: λ𝑚 = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑙
● 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒× 𝑎
Application of 0
● Calculation of λ𝑀 of weak electrolytes:
Kohlrausch law 0 0 0 0
λ𝑀 (𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻𝐼) = λ𝑀 (𝐶𝐻 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎) + λ𝑀 (𝐻𝐶𝑙) − λ𝑀 (𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙)
3 3
● To calculate degree of dissociation of a weak electrolyte

𝑐
λ𝑚 𝑐α
2
α= 0 ; 𝐾𝑒𝑞 = 1−α
λ𝑚

● Solubility of sparingly soluble salt & their 𝐾𝑠𝑝
𝑐 ∞ 1000
λ𝑀 = λ𝑀 = 𝑘× 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
2
𝐾𝑠𝑝 = 𝑆
● Transport Number:
µ𝑐
𝑡𝑐 = ⎡⎢ µ +µ ⎤ , 𝑡 = ⎡ µ𝑎 ⎤
⎥ 𝑎 ⎢ µ +µ ⎥
⎣ 𝑐 𝑎⎦ ⎣ 𝑎 𝑐⎦
● Here 𝑡𝑐 is Transport Number of cation and 𝑡𝑎 is the transport
number of anion.
Ideal Gas Equation Formula

The formula for ideal gas are as stated below
Description Formula
Ideal gas law is PV=nRT
expressed as: where,
P is the pressure
V is the volume
n is the amount of substance
R is the ideal gas constant.
Derivation of Ideal Ideal gas law combines three laws:

gas law ● Boyle’s Law: V∝1/P
● Charles' Law: V∝T
● Avogadro’s Law: V∝n
Combining these above three Equation we get

𝑛𝑇
𝑉∝ 𝑃
The above equation shows that volume is proportional to the
number moles and the temperature while inversely proportional to
the pressure.
This expression can be rewritten as follows:
𝑅𝑛𝑇
𝑉 = 𝑃
Multiplying both sides of the equation by P to Clear off the fraction,
We get
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
The Above equation is known as the ideal Gas Equation.
Molar From of 𝑚
𝑛= 𝑀
, m= total mass of the gas, M=Molar mass
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇

𝑚
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 ρ = 𝑉
,
𝑚
𝑝𝑉 = 𝑀
𝑅𝑇 ,
𝑚 𝑅𝑇 𝑅
𝑝 = 𝑉 𝑀
, 𝑝 = ρ 𝑀
𝑇
Combined Gas law 𝑃1𝑉1 𝑃2𝑉2

𝑇1
= 𝑇2
can be Stated as
If we want to use N 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑁𝑘𝑏𝑇
number of
molecules instead
of n moles, we can
write the ideal gas
law as
The energy 3
𝐸= 2
𝑛𝑅𝑇
possessed by the
gas is in the kinetic
energy of the
molecules of the
gas
Avogadro's
Constant
Avogadro’s Constant (NA) is the ratio of the total number of
molecules (N) to the total moles (n).
𝑁 𝑁
𝑁𝐴 = 𝑛
= 𝑃𝑉
𝑅𝑇
Diffusion Formula
The formula for diffusion are as stated below
Description Formula
Diffusion Formula 𝑄𝑠 =− 𝐷𝑠 𝑑𝑠/𝑑𝑥
Where 𝑄𝑠 is the rate of movement of matter, momentum or energy
through a unit normal area.
− 𝐷𝑠 is the diffusion coefficient.
𝑑𝑠/𝑑𝑥 is the gradient of mass,momentum or energy in the medium.
Graham’s Law 1
Rate of diffusion 𝑟∝
𝑑
D= Density of Gas
𝑟1 𝑑2 𝑀2 𝑉.𝐷2
𝑟2
= = = 𝑉.𝐷1
𝑑1 𝑀1

( ) (𝑉 − 𝑛𝑏) = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
2
Van der Waals 𝑎𝑛
𝑃 + 2
Equation 𝑉
Critical Constant 𝑎 8𝑎
𝑉𝑐 = 3𝑏, 𝑃𝑐 = 2 , 𝑇𝑐 = 27𝑅𝑏
27𝑏
1
Graham’s Law for 𝑟𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝐴 (𝑀 ) 2
comparison 𝑟𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝐵
= 𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝐵 1
(𝑀𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝐴) 2
between two
Gases
De-Broglie’s Formula
The formula for De-Broglie are as stated below
Description Formula
The de-Broglie’s λ = h/mv,
Equation Where λ is wavelength, h is Planck's constant, m is the mass of a
particle, moving at a velocity v.
Derivation of ● Plank’s quantum theory relates the energy of an

De-Broglie’s electromagnetic wave to its wavelength or frequency.
equation ℎ𝑐
𝐸 = ℎ𝑣 = λ
……. (1)
Einstein related the energy of particle matter to its mass and
Velocity, as
2
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 .......... (2)
As the Smaller particle exhibits dual nature, and energy being the
same, de Broglie Equation as
ℎ𝑐 2 ℎ
𝐸= λ
= 𝑚𝑣 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, λ
= 𝑚𝑣
This is the momentum of a particle with its wavelength and this
equation is known as De-Broglie’s Equation.
De-Broglie’s ℎ ℎ ℎ
λ = 𝑚𝑣
= 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚
= 𝑝
Wavelength
●
𝑛ℎ ℎ
𝑚𝑣 = 2Π𝑟
𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑣𝑟 = 𝑛 × ( 2Π )
Relation between
de Broglie Equation
and Bohr’s
Hypothesis of
Atom:
The thermal de Broglie wavelength (λth) is approximately the

Thermal De-Broglie average de Broglie wavelength of the gas particles in an ideal gas at
Wavelength the specified temperature.

ℎ
λ𝑡ℎ =
2π𝑚𝑘𝑏𝑇
where,
h = Planck constant,
m = mass of a gas particle,
𝑘𝑏 = Boltzmann constant,
T = temperature of the gas,
ℎ
λ =
2𝑚𝐾
De Broglie’s in
terms of kinetic
energy

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IIT JEE Formulas

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