MODULE 4

•Criteria & Standards for different Functional Buildings

• Swimming pools
• Underwater Lighting
• Sports Stadium
• Street lighting
• Commercial display lighting
• Office & Industrial lighting
 Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Swimming Pool
• The first priority of swimming pool lighting is to create a safe environment.
• To create this safety environment, we should pay attention to selection of
light fixtures and the placement of light fixtures.
• 300 lux light level is sufficient in swimming pools. In case of competitions;
500 lux or more lighting level may be required
Reflection & Glare:
• The light reaches the water surface at a lower angle than 50 degrees, creates
reflection and glare
• Correct planning must be done in design phase – to avoid glare & reflection -
does not occur when the light fixtures are placed directly on the pool
• Glare & reflection : lifeguards may not see swimmers.
• Floodlights can be directed to walls and ceilings to provide glare-free
lighting.
Dazzling effect
• Dazzling can be prevented by placing light fixtures in proper position.
• Indirect lighting are the best option to prevent the dazzling.
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Swimming Pool
• Maintenance of the lights can be very hard and expensive - Go for long life,
maintenance-free options like LED luminaires can be evaluated.
• In case of blackouts, emergency lighting system should be used for preservation of safe
lighting levels.
• In addition to general lighting, underwater lighting in the swimming pool can be used to
reduce the reflection effect and improve the lighting quality under water.
• Swimming pools are moist places. So, corrosion-resistant light fixtures should be
selected.
• In order to prevent this residual current device must be used no matter how good your
light fixtures are. This unit needs good grounding in order to work properly.
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Swimming Pool
The particularity of swimming pool lighting
1. The biggest problem that distinguishes swimming pool lighting from other lighting is
how to control the light curtain reflection on the water surface
• On the water surface of the swimming pool, the ratio of light reflection and
transmission depends on the angle of incidence of light
2. Swimming pool lighting must first provide safety for swimmers. Therefore, swimming
pool lighting must meet the following requirements:
• The service personnel must be able to clearly see the swimmers who are at risk.
This can be achieved by limiting the reflected light from the surface of the water
and having a horizontal illumination that meets the standard.
• During the swimming competition, when the athlete touches the pool, the referee
and the spectator should be able to clearly see the action of the touch pool, at the
referee can accurately determine.
• When holding large-scale events, the vertical illumination value and its uniformity
must meet the requirements of color TV broadcasting
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Swimming Pool
3. High-brightness glare on the wall must be avoided, as high-brightness walls make it
easier to create glare on the pool surface.
4. Specific requirements for light sources and lamps:
• Swimming pool lighting should use a high color rendering source. Due to the large
number of lamps, taking into account the energy-saving requirements, try to use high-
efficiency, long-life light source.
• The indoor swimming pool environment is high temperature, humid, and chemically
corroded. The swimming pool lighting should be fully sealed to prevent dust from
accumulating on the light source and the optical reflector. luminaire itself should be
protected against corrosion.
• LEDs initially are not well suited to indoor pools with reflective surfaces because they
are a point source light and are known for their high
Criteria & Standards for Underwater Lighting
 Under water lighting deals with the lighting systems placed inside
water entities like swimming pools , fountains , etc , and some times
even in smaller areas like Jacuzzis .
 This aspect of lighting mainly depends on the various physical
properties of water ( refraction , reflection etc of stand still and
moving water).
 Under water lighting also deals with the effects of lighting placed
above water , on and in water.
 In under water lighting the elements of the illuminated are appear to
have undergone a loss of color as in the bright blues turn into paler
shades and the contrast diminishes , lighting can be used to
compensate or enhance these effects.
 Underwater water lighting systems are basically used to compensate
or accentuate the above stated effects in water in coordination with
the other elements of design present in the environment of design.
Criteria & Standards for Underwater Lighting
 At What Depth Underwater Does Color Disappear?
• Red - 15ft
• orange - 25ft
• Yellow - 35-45ft
• Green - 70-75ft
 Cool light absorbed less in water than warm coloured light
Placement of fixtures in swimming pools
- Fixtures should generally be positioned 0.5 and 0.70 metres
under the water surface so that swimmers are illuminated.
- Placing fixtures on long side of pool ensures beams need to
travel less distance and cause minimum annoyance to swimmers
- Salinity: To avoid corrosion, high grade stainless steel fittings
are required for water with 0.5% to 3.5% salinity.
- Warmer water temperature in salt water pools increases risk of
corrosion.
Criteria & Standards for Underwater Lighting
Under water lighting equipment consists of :
a. L.E.D lighting fixtures
b. Spot lighting fixtures
c. Area lighting fixtures
d. Volumetric lighting fixtures etc.

L.E.D lighting
 L.E.D lighting ( light emitting diode ) is the most energy efficient lighting systems
available today but require a very expensive initial cost
 The advantages we get by using led lights is basically a very low maintenance cost
approximately 20 times lesser in terms of electricity bills
 Providing almost zero temperature changes in the water - L.E.D lights basically convert
all the energy into light unlike the normal lamps
 Long lasting
Criteria & Standards for Underwater Lighting
The Best Material
 Brass is the best choice as a material for both submerged
lights and lights that will receive a constant spray of
water.
 It is compact, will not float, and is non-porous. This last
feature is particularly important as it prevents corrosion.
 Artificial water displays are often treated with chemicals
to keep them clean and prevent algae growth. These
chemicals will quickly eat through materials such as
plastic, rubber, and even some types of steel.
 Compressed brass lighting is easily sealed and made
watertight. This ensures long life and dependable
function.
Criteria & Standards for Sports Stadium
 Stadium lighting design is mainly to meet the needs of football,
athletics, football, hockey and other sports.
 Movement of football - in the space of 10-30 meters from the
ground - necessary to maintain a certain brightness in all
directions of a certain space height.
 Light distribution in a space below 15 meters above a football
field must be very uniform.
 Most of the track and field competitions are performed within a
height of about 3 meters from the ground. The lighting of this
type of sports facilities mainly meets the requirements for
uniform light distribution on the ground.
 Sports such as javelin, discus, and hammer can reach a height of
20 meters.
 The venue lighting must meet the needs of such projects
Criteria & Standards for Sports Stadium
Stadium lighting requirements
The designer must first understand and master the stadium lighting
requirements:
 Sufficient illuminance and uniformity of illuminance,
 No glare lighting,
 Appropriate shadow effects,
 Correctness of the light source chromaticity parameters.
1. Illumination requirements
 The color television broadcast lighting should be designed with
the vertical illumination of the venue as the main index.
 The lighting of the venue must generally meet the requirements of
athletes, referees, spectators and cameras.
 Horizontal illuminance, vertical illuminance, and brightness
when the camera takes a panoramic picture must be consistent.
 Color television broadcasts require higher illuminance
Criteria & Standards for Sports Stadium
2. Illumination uniformity
 The requirement for uniformity mainly comes from the requirements of television
cameras, and disproportionate uniformity will also cause visual pain to athletes and
audiences.
 The illuminance uniformity is defined as the ratio of the minimum illuminance to the
maximum illuminance U1 on the surface, and the ratio of the minimum illuminance to
the average illuminance U2.
 Uniformity is used to control the viewing conditions on the entire site.
 U1 is good for viewing functions and U2 is good for viewing comfort.
 Horizontal illuminance: between 50-100 lux and 750 lux
 Vertical illuminance: 1000 lux and 2000 lux
Criteria & Standards for Sports Stadium
3. Brightness and glare
 Brightness and glare are important to the visual comfort of athletes and spectators
 The average horizontal illumination of the auditorium - 100lux.
 The illuminance should not be lower than 200lx / the vertical illuminance of the
auditorium near the first 12 rows (15 rows) of the competition area should not be less
than 25% of the vertical illuminance of the venue. This not only reduces the glare
 Glare is largely determined by the brightness of lighting facilities, the physical angle of
the luminaire arrangement, the area of light, the angle between the direction of the
luminaire and the normal viewing direction, the brightness of the lighting facility and its
background brightness when viewed.
 Combination of medium-beam and narrow-beam projectors is appropriately used to
solve the glare problem.
Criteria & Standards for Sports Stadium
4. Shadow effect
 Can fine-tune the floodlights, while avoiding the adverse factors that affect the lighting,
you can improve or eliminate the effects of shadows
5. Color correction
 Color correction is important for both viewers and color TV broadcasts.
 Sports lighting generally requires a color temperature of between 4000 and 6500 K
 Light source with a color temperature of 3000K-6000K can be used for TV broadcasting.
 Metal halide lamps are widely used in venue lighting, with a color temperature of 4000-
6000K which can fully meet the needs of outdoor color TV broadcasts
 LEDs have become more and more widely used in venue lighting.
Street Lighting
The main objectives of street lighting are
a) To make the traffic and obstructions on the road clearly visible in order to promote safety
and convenience.
b) To make the street more attractive
c) To increase the community value of the street.

 The principles employed for street lighting are different from that of interior lighting .
 There are no walls and ceilings which reflect or diffuse light. Hence only direct lighting
scheme can be employed.
 High level of illumination is not required – because firstly one has seldom to look
continuously at near by objects , secondly it is the impression of whole scene that is required.
 Glare is to be avoided.
 The objects in the roadway are rendered visible by being silhouetted against a relatively
bright background instead of being themselves illuminated.
Street Lighting
2 general principles are usually employed in the design of street lighting installations namely
1)diffusion principle 2) specular reflection principle

Diffusion principle :
• In this, light is directed downwards from the lamp with the intention of producing a
uniform illumination on the road surface. This is possible by use of suitably designed
reflectors.
• The filament of the lamp is almost invisible except from beneath it. This eliminates the
glare.
• The road surface has a diffusing nature due to which it diffuses some portion of the light
towards the observer. This make the road surface bright for the observer.

The illumination is calculated by using inverse square law method. Total illumination is the sum
of the illuminations from 2 lamps.
Street Lighting

Specular Reflection principle-

• In street lighting , a pedestrian expects the adjoining areas to be seen properly by
sufficient illumination ,while the vehicle drivers require to see the obstruction 25-30m
away on the road. This requirement is met by using specular reflection principle.
• When a ray of light falls on the road at a very high angle of incidence , the specular
reflection takes place.
• The angle of incidence is the angle between the incident light and the normal to the surface.
This light obtained by specular reflection gives proper brightness to the road surfaces.
Street Lighting
Figure shows an observer viewing an obstruction in the roadway.
• The rays of lamps from L2 and L1 will fall at a very high angle of incidence and will be
reflected to the observer with a fairly high efficiency therefore undergo the specular
reflection which help driver to see the obstruction quite clearly by contrast.
• The rays from L3 falls at a very small angle of incidence and will not be reflected to the
observer to any large extend and does not show the specular reflection and hence fail to
reach to vehicle driver.
• But the reflected rays due to diffusion of lamp L3 are useful for pedestrian who is very
near to the obstruction.
• So pedestrians can observe obstructions due to diffusion principle while vehicle drivers
can observe obstruction due to specular reflection principle.
Street Lighting
General requirements of street lighting
The street lighting uses low illumination hence eyes of the observer are in their most sensitive
state and hence glare must be carefully avoided. The level of illumination depends on class of
installation.

 Class A is used in road junctions , shopping centres etc provides 2 lux

 Class H is used in poorly lighted suburban areas. Class H provides 0.1lux . In poorly
lighted suburban streets, illumination level of 4 lumens/sqm is sufficient .
 An average well lighted street has Class C installation giving 5.5 lux. An average well
lighted street, will require illumination level between 8-15 lumens /sqm .
 The actual value of illumination should be decided considering the condition of the road
surface and considering wet and dry conditions of road.
 All the lamp fitting must be mounted solid so that they should not swing with breeze
Street Lighting

 In Class A installations , ie, in important shopping centres and road junctions , illumination
level of 30 lumens/sqm is required. Class A provides 2 lux

 Lamp posts should always be fixed at the junction of roads and as far as possible lamps
near large trees should be avoided.

 Types of lamps for street lighting – Mercury vapour lamp and sodium discharge lamps
have been found to have certain particular advantages for street lighting purposes – lower
power consumption for a given amount of light , which in spite of the higher cost of the
lamps, makes the overall cost of an installation with discharge lamps less than employing
filament lamps.
Street Lighting

 When street lighting is provided on both sides of the road, the poles may be staggered for
having more uniform lighting rather than mounting face to face .
 Lighting should always be provided on the outer curve of the road, so that glare is
minimum.
 On junctions , it is desirable that a central light is provided at the centre of the island.
 It is desirable that all the lamps are controlled by single switch. This switch can be arranged
with automatic (twilight) photocell type starting which comes in operation when natural
intensity comes down below a predetermined level.
 The mounting height for luminaires should be 7.5 m with a tolerance of +1.5m and -0.5m
which should be reduced to 4.5m with a tolerance of +/- 0.5m for high and very high
traffic , but no overhang is permissible.
 Spacing between luminaires should be uniform as far as possible and in the range of 29 to
31m .
Street Lighting
• A road 300m long is required to be illuminated by providing 40W fluorescent lamps. The width
of the road is 4m. Design a street lighting scheme and estimate the material required if the
scheme is to be estimated for obtaining minimum level of illumination of 0.6lux.Take CU as 0.5
When designing a street lighting scheme , to obtain a uniform level of illumination , the distance
between the 2 street light points should not be more than 35m.In the above case , consider the
length of span as 30m. Minimum level of illumination should be .6lux.

We can calculate the illumination at the minimum point B , and see if it is within the minimum limit
.
The luminous intensity of the 40W lamp, I = 2800/4Π=222.8cd
Ht of the lamp , h = 9m
Distance btw the midpoint of the span and the source d = √(15²+9²) = 17.5
CU =0.5
Illumination of point B due to the 2 light points ,
E=2Ih/d³ x CU = (2x222.8 x 9 x0.5 )/17.5³ = 0.374 lux
Street Lighting
• It is very much less than the limit . We will choose the span as 20m.
So, d=√10² + 9² = 13.45
So , the illumination at the midpoint between the 2 lamps = E = 2Ih/d³ x CU =0.824lux
This is within the limit . So the arrangement will be as
1)No. of poles =300/20 =15 ,ie, 15+1=16
2)Total load on the line = 40x16=640W
Load current =640/240 = 2.67A
3)ACSR conductor 6/1 x 2.11 mm conductor = 2 x 300 +5% for sagging and wastage = (600 x
105)/100 = 630m
4)No. of wind guys = 4
5)No. of shackle insulators = 16 x 2 = 32
6)No. 8 SWG Gi wire for earth run = 300 x 105/100 = 315m
7)Pole earthing – 4 sets
8)Eye bolt for earthing – 16Nos
Street Lighting
Schedule of materials

PCC pole 9m long No 16

Shackle insulators 500V No 32

ACSR conductor 6/1 x 2.11 mm m 630m
(squirrel)
Guy sets No 4
Guy wire 7/8SWG Kg 25kg
Earthing sets No 4
No8 SWG GI wire Kg 32kg
Street lighting fittings weather proof No 16
+40W fluorescent lamps

ICDP switch 250 V , 15A single phase No 1

pole mounted
Street Lighting
A main road 2km long and 8m wide is required to be illuminated by 85W sodium vapour lamps.
The lamps are mounted on poles 10m high , so that the minimum level of illumination is 0.8
lux. Find the number of poles required .(CU=0.5)
Consider the length of span as 30m
Luminous intensity of 85W sodium vapour lamp ,
I = 6200/4Π = 494.3cd
Height of the lamps , h = 10m
Distance between the midpoint of the length of the span and lamp d,
= √15 ²+10 ² = 17.5m
Coefficient of utilisation , CU = 0.5
Illumination at the midpoint of the span ,E=2IHxCU/d³ = 0.846lux

This is within the limit , so the length of span can be taken as 30m.
Street Lighting

• No. of poles = 2000/30 = 67+1 = 68nos

• No of street light WP sodium lamp fittings = 68
• Total load on the line = 68x85 = 5780W
• Load current = 5780/240 = 24.1A
• 2 core 10sqmm PVC insulated Copper LT Underground cable having a current carrying
capacity 40A is selected
• Length of 2core 10sqmm PVC insulated cable = 2000m +4m bend at street lighting pillar box
+4m bend at each pole = 2000+4+4x68 =2276m
• Length of 3/0.736 mm or 1.5sqmmwire for connection from cable end box to the sodium
vapour lamp = (2x10m) per pole = 20 x 68 = 1360m
• Cable end boxes = 2 x no of poles = 68x2=136
• Street light pillar box, WP with ICDP switch = 1No
Street Lighting
Schedule of materials

Steel tubular pole 10 m long No 68

2 core 10sqmm PVC insulated Cu cable M 2300m

3/0.736mm copper conductor m 1360m

Cable end boxes No 137
IC box to enclose 2 nos of cable end boxes No 68

Pole Earthing sets No 68

No8 SWG GI wire Kg 215kg
Street lighting fittings weather proof +85W No 68
sodium vapour lamps

ICDP switch 250 V , 15A single phase pole No 1

mounted +IC cut out
Street lighting panel, WP No 1
Criteria & Standards for Commercial display lighting
Functions of retail lighting
For the retailer, lighting is an essential part of ‘setting out the stall.’ Lighting has
four major roles in retail premises. They are:
 to attract attention
 to send a message to would-be shoppers about the nature of the shop
 to guide shoppers around the shop
 to display the merchandise to advantage

Approaches to retail lighting

 General lighting
 Accent lighting
 Display lighting
Criteria & Standards for Commercial display lighting
1. General Lighting
 General lighting in shops with a low budget or value for
money profile is usually provided from a regular array
of luminaires
 Range from bare fluorescent lamp battens through
recessed fluorescent louvres to pendant metal halide
globes.
 The purpose of such general lighting is to produce a
uniform illuminance over the relevant plane without
causing glare.
 May involve the use of recessed downlights, cove
lighting or suspended uplights rather than a regular
array
 The appearance of the luminaires needs to be
consistent with the style of the shop.
Criteria & Standards for Commercial display lighting
2. Accent lighting
 To provide additional illuminance on some areas so as
to emphasize specific items of merchandise and to
provide a meaningful variation in brightness and shadow
throughout the store.
 Accent lighting can guide shoppers through the shop
and draw their attention to merchandise.
 For large area wall displays, wall washing luminaires
fitted with fluorescent lamps are used
 For gondola displays, the lighting can be built into the
gondolas
 For small area accent lighting, aimable spotlights
attached to power track should be used
 Criteria & Standards for Commercial display lighting
3. Display lighting
 To gain the attention of
passersby and to make the
merchandise look attractive to
emphasize the desirable
features of specific merchandise
 Inside the store, display lighting
can be applied to merchandise
open to examination or to
merchandise in showcases.
 To gain attention by using an
appropriate combination of
brightness, colour and Description of components of display lighting
modelling.
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Office Buildings

 Lamps should have colour rendering more than 85 and glare rating not to exceed 1.5
 Preferred luminances are 80-150 cd/sqm for wall , 100-200 cd/sqm for ceiling and 100
-800 cd/sq, for task area . Reductions up to 33% can be allowed for economy.
 If it is possible , light colours should be chosen for ceiling , wall and working planes.
For optimum performance, material for interior decoration should be chosen such that
ceiling walls and working planes have reflectance of 0.7,0.5 and 0.3
 IES code 1977 and national building codes states the preferred illuminances .These
requirements are effectively met by using ceiling mounted modular pattern, fluorescent
tube fitted luminaires having louvered acrylic diffusers .Luminaires are mounted in 2 or
3 parallel rows. Such an arrangement serves to reduce glare and ceiling reflections to
minimum.
 Day light should be restricted through blinds or louvered arrangements.
 Criteria & LIGHTING
OFFICE Standards for Lighting in Office Buildings

Both interior & exterior lighting need

to achieve a reasonable uniform
illuminance in all relevant working
areas, ie illuminance across any given
task area needs to be uniform
 Office lighting design

Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Office Buildings

Uniform Vs Task lighting
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Office Buildings
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Industrial Buildings
 Multistoreyed industrial buildings : In such buildings, fluorescent lighting arranged in continuous
broken rows having tray type reflectors should be used. The distance between 2 rows should not be
more than 1.5 x h(m) and between centre of 2 consecutive luminaire should be 0.67x hm. High
intensity lamps cannot be used in such building s since colour rendering is not important.
Fluorescent tube with more output and less colour rendition can be preferred.
 Single storeyed building without skylight : for buildings of height upto 5m , trough type luminaires
mounted on ceiling or suspended from it can be used. For height above 6m , HPMV metal halide
lamps with metallic reflectors can be used.
 Single storeyed buildings with skylight:All buildings having skylight arrangements will also need
artificial lighting . This is done by industrial trough type fittings. No. Of rows of lighting
arrangements will have to be kept equal to the no of rows of skylight windows so that contrast of
artificial light in maximum daylight conditions does not affect the uniformity of illumination inside.
High intensity metal halide lamps are used.
 High bay industrial buildings – In high bay building s( buildings over 7m ht) , luminaires are to be
mounted high up to keep them clear off overhead travelling equipments or stationary apparatus of
high heights . Either dispersive or narrow beam luminaires having HPMV , metal halide of HPSV
lamps are used.