MODULE 4

• Flood lighting
• Criteria & Standards for different Functional Buildings
• Hospitals
• Swimming pools
• Underwater Lighting
Flood Lighting system

• Flood lighting means flooding of large surfaces with light

from powerful projections. It is employed to serve one or
more of the following purposes.
1) Aesthetic flood lighting : It is used for enhancing the beauty
of buildings at night , ancient buildings , monuments,
churches, gardens etc.
2) Industrial and commercial flood lighting : It is used for
illuminating railway yards, art stadiums , car parking areas
etc
3) Advertising :It is used for illuminating advertisements.
• Any flood lighting is intended for displaying prominently
important buildings during dark periods of light
Flood Lighting system
Projector : Projector called flood light projector concentrates the
light from the lamp into a narrow beam.
– The most important part of a projector is its reflecting
surface. This may be of silvered glass, stainless steel or
chromium plates.
– Success of the flood lighting depends on the choice of
the suitable sites for the projectors. It has to be robust
and weather proof as it has to be installed outside.
The lamps employed in flood lighting range from special
incandescent type of 25W , which may be used to provide fill
in light to the metal halide lamps of 2000W needed to light the
top of a tall building.
Flood Lighting system
• The source of the light must be invisible to the observer and
projector must be invisible during the day time.
• There are two possible locations of projectors in practice ,
symmetrical and unsymmetrical.
• Symmetrical projectors are kept 20 to 35 m away from the
surface to be flooded and provide approximately parallel beam
having beam spread of 25 degree to 30 degree.
• When the projector cannot be located away from the building ,
then unsymmetric reflector mounted in the basement area or on
a bracket attached to the building is used which directs intense
light towards the tip of the building.
Flood Lighting system

• The projectors of flood lighting schemes are classified according to the light beam
spread
• Narrow beam projectors : Light beam with such projectors spread between 12degree
and 25 degree. They can be employed for a distance of 70m
• Medium beam projectors :Projectors with beam spread between 25degree and 40
degree. These are employed for a distance of 30-70m
• Wide angle projectors – Projectors with beam spread between 40 degree and 90
degree.They can be employed for a distance of 30m or below.
• Economically , the wide angle projectors with high wattage lamps are more
preferred than narrow beam projectors with low wattage lamps.Medium and wide
angle projectors make use of standard gas filled tungsten filament lamps of 250,500
or 1000W.
Flood Lighting system
• Flood lighting Calculations
While calculating the number of projectors required for the flood lighting, it is necessary to know
the level of illumination required
Illumination level required – The illumination level in lux (lm/sqm) required depends on the type
of the building, purpose of flood lighting, amount of reflecting light in the vicinity etc.
Waste light factor – When several projectors are illuminating a surface there is bound to be a
certain amount of overlap and also some of the light will fall beyond the area to be illuminated
. These 2 effects are taken into account by multiplying the theoretical lumens by waste light
factor .This is generally taken as 1.2 for rectangular areas and 1.5 for irregular objects like
statues.
Depreciation factor – Ratio of illumination under ideal condition to the illumination under normal
condition. This depreciation is due to the dust and dirt accumulated on the reflector surfaces.
Coefficient of utilisation – Also called the beam factor , is defined as the ratio of beam lumen to
lamp lumen.Its value lies between 0.3 and 0.5
Flood Lighting system

Number of projectors-

N=(A x E x DF x Waste light factor)/( CU x wattage of the lamp x luminous

efficiency of the lamps
N- no.of projectors
A- Area of surface to be illuminated in sqm
E-illumination level required in lm/sqm

Gross lumen required from lamps

= A x E x Waste light factor x DF / CU
Flood Lighting system

• The front of a building 45m x 20m is illuminated by 20 , 1000W lamps

arranged so that uniform illumination on the surface is obtained. Assuming a
luminous efficiency of 18 lumens/Watt, CU = 0.4 , waste light factor 1.2, DF –
1.3,Determine the illumination on the surface.
N=(A x E x DF x Waste light factor)/( CU x wattage of the lamp x luminous
efficiency of the lamps
20 = 45 x 20 x E x 1.3x 1.2/ 0.4 x 1000 x 18
E = 0.4 x 1000 x 18 x 20 /900 x 1.3 x 1.2 = 102.56 lux
Lighting system considerations for different occupancies
 The purpose of lighting scheme is that it should provide good lighting, give proper
illumination, have absence of glare .
 It depends on the kind of occupancy, type of lighting fixtures, arrangement of
fittings , size of the room , number of fittings used etc.
 Every lighting installation should serve a specific purpose.
 In the home ,lighting system should facilitate domestic activities. Decorative
arrangement can also be selected to make the interior attractive.
 In store or shop , lighting depends on the goods that are stored .
 In factory , lighting arrangements are planned to increase productivity and
improve the quality of production. Safety should be given importance.
 In offices ,glare should be minimum.
 In hospitals, good distribution of light is required .In operation theatres , minimum
glare should be taken into consideration. In case of failure of supply , alternative
arrangements should be immediately available.
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Hospitals
• Hospitals – Illumination levels required at various places will be different. Artificial
light will be required more during night.
 In patients wards, luminance for evening hours should be btw 100 to 200 lux. The
luminaires should be screened type mounted on walls rather than suspended or
ceiling mounted.
 Night lighting in wards should be screened type creating average illuminance of
0.5lux. In all service and circulation areas , it should be 0.5 – 1.0 lux.
 Patients examination room – This need general and localised lighting . Flourescent
lamps of colour 36 or 37 are suggested
 Operation theatre – general lighting is to be provided with colour 37 or 36 flourescent
tubes ,for localised lighting , specially built operation theatre luminaire multilamp
recessed type equipped with mirror reflectors to give maximum light output .
 ICU – General illuminance should be intensity controllable so that illuminance can
be varied from 0 – 300 lux.
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Hospitals
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Hospitals
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Hospitals
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Hospitals
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Hospitals
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Hospitals

Maternity Ward
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Hospitals
PHYSIOTHERAPY ROOM
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Hospitals
Operation Theatre
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Hospitals
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Hospitals
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Hospitals
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Hospitals
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Hospitals
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Hospitals
 Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Swimming Pool
• The first priority of swimming pool lighting is to create a safe environment.
• To create this safety environment, we should pay attention to selection of
light fixtures and the placement of light fixtures.
• 300 lux light level is sufficient in swimming pools. In case of competitions;
500 lux or more lighting level may be required
Reflection & Glare:
• The light reaches the water surface at a lower angle than 50 degrees, creates
reflection and glare
• Correct planning must be done in design phase – to avoid glare & reflection -
does not occur when the light fixtures are placed directly on the pool
• Glare & reflection : lifeguards may not see swimmers.
• Floodlights can be directed to walls and ceilings to provide glare-free
lighting.
Dazzling effect
• Dazzling can be prevented by placing light fixtures in proper position.
• Indirect lighting are the best option to prevent the dazzling.
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Swimming Pool
• Maintenance of the lights can be very hard and expensive - Go for long life,
maintenance-free options like LED luminaires can be evaluated.
• In case of blackouts, emergency lighting system should be used for preservation of safe
lighting levels.
• In addition to general lighting, underwater lighting in the swimming pool can be used to
reduce the reflection effect and improve the lighting quality under water.
• Swimming pools are moist places. So, corrosion-resistant light fixtures should be
selected.
• In order to prevent this residual current device must be used no matter how good your
light fixtures are. This unit needs good grounding in order to work properly.
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Swimming Pool
The particularity of swimming pool lighting
1. The biggest problem that distinguishes swimming pool lighting from other lighting is
how to control the light curtain reflection on the water surface
• On the water surface of the swimming pool, the ratio of light reflection and
transmission depends on the angle of incidence of light
2. Swimming pool lighting must first provide safety for swimmers. Therefore, swimming
pool lighting must meet the following requirements:
• The service personnel must be able to clearly see the swimmers who are at risk.
This can be achieved by limiting the reflected light from the surface of the water
and having a horizontal illumination that meets the standard.
• During the swimming competition, when the athlete touches the pool, the referee
and the spectator should be able to clearly see the action of the touch pool, at the
referee can accurately determine.
• When holding large-scale events, the vertical illumination value and its uniformity
must meet the requirements of color TV broadcasting
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Swimming Pool
3. High-brightness glare on the wall must be avoided, as high-brightness walls make it
easier to create glare on the pool surface.
4. Specific requirements for light sources and lamps:
• Swimming pool lighting should use a high color rendering source. Due to the large
number of lamps, taking into account the energy-saving requirements, try to use high-
efficiency, long-life light source.
• The indoor swimming pool environment is high temperature, humid, and chemically
corroded. The swimming pool lighting should be fully sealed to prevent dust from
accumulating on the light source and the optical reflector. luminaire itself should be
protected against corrosion.
• LEDs initially are not well suited to indoor pools with reflective surfaces because they
are a point source light and are known for their high
Criteria & Standards for Underwater Lighting
 Under water lighting deals with the lighting systems placed inside
water entities like swimming pools , fountains , etc , and some times
even in smaller areas like Jacuzzis .
 This aspect of lighting mainly depends on the various physical
properties of water ( refraction , reflection etc of stand still and
moving water).
 Under water lighting also deals with the effects of lighting placed
above water , on and in water.
 In under water lighting the elements of the illuminated are appear to
have undergone a loss of color as in the bright blues turn into paler
shades and the contrast diminishes , lighting can be used to
compensate or enhance these effects.
 Underwater water lighting systems are basically used to compensate
or accentuate the above stated effects in water in coordination with
the other elements of design present in the environment of design.
Criteria & Standards for Underwater Lighting
 At What Depth Underwater Does Color Disappear?
• Red - 15ft
• orange - 25ft
• Yellow - 35-45ft
• Green - 70-75ft
 Cool light absorbed less in water than warm coloured light
Placement of fixtures in swimming pools
- Fixtures should generally be positioned 0.5 and 0.70 metres
under the water surface so that swimmers are illuminated.
- Placing fixtures on long side of pool ensures beams need to
travel less distance and cause minimum annoyance to swimmers
- Salinity: To avoid corrosion, high grade stainless steel fittings
are required for water with 0.5% to 3.5% salinity.
- Warmer water temperature in salt water pools increases risk of
corrosion.
Criteria & Standards for Underwater Lighting
Under water lighting equipment consists of :
a. L.E.D lighting fixtures
b. Spot lighting fixtures
c. Area lighting fixtures
d. Volumetric lighting fixtures etc.

L.E.D lighting
 L.E.D lighting ( light emitting diode ) is the most energy efficient lighting systems
available today but require a very expensive initial cost
 The advantages we get by using led lights is basically a very low maintenance cost
approximately 20 times lesser in terms of electricity bills
 Providing almost zero temperature changes in the water - L.E.D lights basically convert
all the energy into light unlike the normal lamps
 Long lasting
Criteria & Standards for Underwater Lighting
The Best Material
 Brass is the best choice as a material for both submerged
lights and lights that will receive a constant spray of
water.
 It is compact, will not float, and is non-porous. This last
feature is particularly important as it prevents corrosion.
 Artificial water displays are often treated with chemicals
to keep them clean and prevent algae growth. These
chemicals will quickly eat through materials such as
plastic, rubber, and even some types of steel.
 Compressed brass lighting is easily sealed and made
watertight. This ensures long life and dependable
function.
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Office Buildings

 Lamps should have colour rendering more than 85 and glare rating not to exceed 1.5
 Preferred luminances are 80-150 cd/sqm for wall , 100-200 cd/sqm for ceiling and 100
-800 cd/sq, for task area . Reductions up to 33% can be allowed for economy.
 If it is possible , light colours should be chosen for ceiling , wall and working planes.
For optimum performance, material for interior decoration should be chosen such that
ceiling walls and working planes have reflectance of 0.7,0.5 and 0.3
 IES code 1977 and national building codes states the preferred illuminances .These
requirements are effectively met by using ceiling mounted modular pattern, fluorescent
tube fitted luminaires having louvered acrylic diffusers .Luminaires are mounted in 2 or
3 parallel rows. Such an arrangement serves to reduce glare and ceiling reflections to
minimum.
 Day light should be restricted through blinds or louvered arrangements.
 Criteria & LIGHTING
OFFICE Standards for Lighting in Office Buildings

Both interior & exterior lighting need

to achieve a reasonable uniform
illuminance in all relevant working
areas, ie illuminance across any given
task area needs to be uniform
 Office lighting design

Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Office Buildings

Uniform Vs Task lighting
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Office Buildings
Criteria & Standards for Lighting in Industrial Buildings
 Multistoreyed industrial buildings : In such buildings, fluorescent lighting arranged in continuous
broken rows having tray type reflectors should be used. The distance between 2 rows should not be
more than 1.5 x h(m) and between centre of 2 consecutive luminaire should be 0.67x hm. High
intensity lamps cannot be used in such building s since colour rendering is not important.
Fluorescent tube with more output and less colour rendition can be preferred.
 Single storeyed building without skylight : for buildings of height upto 5m , trough type luminaires
mounted on ceiling or suspended from it can be used. For height above 6m , HPMV metal halide
lamps with metallic reflectors can be used.
 Single storeyed buildings with skylight:All buildings having skylight arrangements will also need
artificial lighting . This is done by industrial trough type fittings. No. Of rows of lighting
arrangements will have to be kept equal to the no of rows of skylight windows so that contrast of
artificial light in maximum daylight conditions does not affect the uniformity of illumination inside.
High intensity metal halide lamps are used.
 High bay industrial buildings – In high bay building s( buildings over 7m ht) , luminaires are to be
mounted high up to keep them clear off overhead travelling equipments or stationary apparatus of
high heights . Either dispersive or narrow beam luminaires having HPMV , metal halide of HPSV
lamps are used.