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114 Chapter 8 Atomic Physics
Chapter 8
1. The first two electrons are in the 1s subshell and have 0 , with ms 1/ 2 . The third
electron is in the 2s subshell and has 0 , with either ms 1/ 2 or 1/ 2 . With four
particles there are six possible interactions: the nucleus with electrons 1, 2, 3; electron 1
with electron 2; electron 1 with electron 3; or electron 2 with electron 3. In each case it is
possible to have a Coulomb interaction and a magnetic moment interaction.
4. In the first excited state, go to the next higher level. In neon one of the 2p electrons is
promoted to 3s, so the configuration is 2 p5 3s1 . By the same reasoning the first excited
state of xenon is 5 p5 6s1 .
7. From Figure 8.4 we see that the radius of Na is about 0.16 nm. We know that for single-
Ze2
electron atoms E . Therefore
8 0 r
8 0 rE 4 2 0.16 nm 5.14 eV
Ze e 2 2 0 rEe e 1.14e .
e 2
e 1.44 eV nm
8. Using the n, , m , ms notation, the first four electrons (in the 1s and 2s orbitals) have
quantum numbers 1,0,0, 1/ 2 and 2,0,0, 1/ 2 . The remaining two electrons are in
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 8 Atomic Physics 115
the 2p orbital with n = 2 and 1 . By Hund's rules, we want the total spin angular
momentum, S , to be maximized, so ms 1/ 2 or ms 1/ 2 , and the total angular
momentum, L, should be maximized, so the possibilities are 2,1,1, 1/ 2 , 2,1,0, 1/ 2
or 2,1,1, 1/ 2 , 2,1, 0, 1/ 2 .
9. (a) count the number of electrons, 9; F, or use Table 8.2
(b) count the number of electrons, 12: Mg
(c) filled 3p shell: Ar
10. Ag: Kr 4d 10 5s1 , Hf: Xe 4 f 14 5d 2 6s 2 , Sb: Kr 4d 10 5s 2 5 p3 where the bracket
represents a closed inner shell. For example, Kr represents
1s 2 2s 2 2 p6 3s 2 3 p6 4s 2 3d 10 4 p6 .
2 S 1
12. J ranges from L S to L S or 2,3, 4 . Then in spectroscopic notation LJ , we
have three possibilities: 3 F2 , 3 F3 , or 3 F4 . The ground state has the lowest J value, or 3 F2 .
With n = 4 the full notation is 4 3 F2 .
13. For indium (In) there is a single electron in the 5p subshell. Therefore S 12 and
2S 1 2 . Because that electron is in the p subshell we have L 1 . The possible J values
range from L S to L S , which in this case gives J = 1/2 or J = 3/2. Therefore the
possible states are 2 P1/2 and 2 P3/2 , with 2 P1/2 being the ground state. The full notation is
5 2 P1/2 .
14. No spin-orbit interaction requires either a closed subshell (S = 0), which occur in He, Be,
Ne, Mg, Ar, and Ca or L = 0 which we have in H, Li, Na, and K. (It is the 1st excited
state of the alkali metals which accounts for the splitting in the alkali metal spectra with
the visible transition begin from the 2nd excited state to the first in Na for example.)
15. In the 4d state 2 and s 1/ 2 , so j = 5/2 or 3/2. As usual m 0, 1, 2 . The value of
m j ranges from j to j so its possible values are 1/ 2 , 3 / 2 , and 5 / 2 . As always
ms 1/ 2 . The two possible term notations are 4D5/2 and 4D3/2 .
16. 1 S0 : S 0, L 0, J 0 2
D5/2 : S 1/ 2, L 2, J 5 / 2
5
F1 : S 2, L 3, J 1 3
F4 : S 1, L 3, J 4
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publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
116 Chapter 8 Atomic Physics
19. The 1s subshell is filled, and there is one 2s electron. Therefore L = 0 (which gives the S
in the middle of the symbol). The single unpaired electron gives S = 1/2 or 2S 1 2 .
With L = 0 and S = 1/2 the only possible value for J is J = 1/2.
20. Ga has a ground state configuration with a filled 3d shell and 4s 2 4 p1 . The single
unpaired electron gives S = 1/2, so 2S 1 2 . The unpaired electron is in a p subshell, so
L = 1, for which the symbol is P. Then J L S which is 1/ 2 or 3/2, but the 1/2 state has
a slightly lower energy. Therefore the symbol is 4 2 P1/2 .
hc hc 1 1
21. E 1240eV nm
3
7.334 10 eV.
1 2 766.41 nm 769.90 nm
As in Example 8.8 the internal magnetic field is
B
mE
9.109 1031 kg 7.334 103 eV
63.4 T
e 1.602 1019 C 6.582 1016 eV s
22. By the selection rules L 1 , S 0 , J 0, 1 , no transitions are allowed between
the pictured levels. The selection rule S 0 prohibits singlet triplet transitions.
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 8 Atomic Physics 117
23. The 2s to 1s transition is forbidden by the L 1 selection rule. The two lines result
from the transitions from the two 2p levels to the 1s level.
E 31
2.95 104 eV .
m 9.109 10 kg
25. The ground state in He is a singlet, so an excited state may be a singlet or triplet, and the
behavior of Ca ( 4s 2 ) and Sr ( 5s 2 ) must be the same. Al has a 3s 2 3 p1 configuration. The
single unpaired electron gives S 1/ 2 and 2S 1 2 , which is a doublet.
26. The minimum angle corresponds to the maximum value of J z and hence the maximum
Jz mj j
value of m j , which is m j j . Then cos . Solving for
J j j 1 j j 1
1
j we find j 1 2.50 5 / 2 .
1
cos2
dq Ze Zev I Zev
27. I From the Biot-Savart Law, B 0 0 2 . With the
dt 2 r / v 2 r 2r 4 r
L
assumption that the orbit is circular, the angular momentum is L mvr , so v and
mr
ZeL ZeL 1
B 0 3 where we have used the fact that 0 2 . The directions of
4 mr 4 0 mc r
2 3
c 0
the vectors follow from the right-hand rule.
eS eS Ze2 S L
28. Using the fact that g = 2 we have s g and thus V ·B .
4 0 m2c 2 r 3
s s
2m m
29. (a) In order to use the result of the previous problem, we need to know the directions of
S and L . The electron has S 1/ 2 , so S 3 / 4 and the angle S makes with the
1/ 2
+z-axis is cos 1
54.7 or 125.3 .
3/ 4
With L 1 we have L 2 and the vector L can have three possible orientations,
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publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
118 Chapter 8 Atomic Physics
2 cos 35.3
3
S L 2
. Then using r 5a0 for a 2p electron (see Chapter 7
4
Problem 40), we have
1.44 eV nm 1240 eV nm
2
e2 2
V 1.2 105 eV . The difference
4 0 m c r 4 2 5.11105 eV 5 0.0529 nm
2 2 3 2 3
between spin-up and spin-down states is twice this amount, or 2.4 105 eV, which is just
over half the measured value.
(b) The two possibilities are j = 1/2 and j = 3/2. The difference between these two is
Z 4
4
2 2
V mc 2
2n 3 2 1 1 2 3 1
2
2
4
1
3
5.1110 eV
137
2 2
4.53 105 eV
5
2 2 2 1 1 2 3 1
2
2
which gives a more accurate result.
30. In Example 8.10, it was shown that the normal Zeeman effect is expected when the total
spin S = 0. The normal Zeeman effect is due to the interaction of the external magnetic
field and the orbital angular momentum, which is true for all levels. If S is not zero, then
the anomalous effect is expected. Thus the two effects are not expected in the same atom.
B
31. L 2S and J L S Using the equation in the problem, we have
av
B L 2S L S J
J2
Now L 2S L S L2 2S 2 3L S and using J L S we have
J 2 L2 S 2 S 2 L2
L 2S L S 3J
2
J J L2 S 2 2L S so L·S and .
2 2
B 3J 2 S 2 L2
Therefore av J . With B defined to be in the +z-direction,
2J 2
B B 3J 2 S 2 L2 3J 2 S 2 L2
V av B J z . As usual J z mJ , so V B BmJ .
2J 2 2J 2
Now the vector magnitudes are J 2 j ( j 1) 2
, S 2 s(s 1) 2
, and L2 ( 1) 2
so we
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publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 8 Atomic Physics 119
33. (a) L 0 , S J 1/ 2 ; g 1
1/ 2 3 / 2 1/ 2 3 / 2 1 1 2
2 1/ 2 3 / 2
(b) L 1 , S 1/ 2 , and J 3 / 2 ; g 1
3 / 2 5 / 2 1/ 2 3 / 2 1(2) 1 1 4
2 3 / 2 5 / 2 3 3
(c) L 2 , S 1/ 2 , and J 5 / 2 ; g 1
5 / 2 7 / 2 1/ 2 3 / 2 2(3) 1 1 6
2 5 / 2 7 / 2 5 5
34. Computing the g factors: 2 G9/2 : L 4 , S 1/ 2 , and J 9 / 2 ;
g 1
9 / 211/ 2 1/ 2 3 / 2 4(5) 1 1 10
2 9 / 2 11/ 2 9 9
2
H11/2 : L 5 , S 1/ 2 , and J 11/ 2 ;
g 1
11/ 213 / 2 1/ 2 3 / 2 5(6) 1 1 12
2 11/ 2 13 / 2 11 11
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publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
120 Chapter 8 Atomic Physics
35. 3 P1 : L 1 , S 1 , and J 1 ; g 1
1 2 1 2 1(2) 1 1 3
2 1 2 2 2
3
D2 : L 2 , S 1 , and J 2 ; g 1
2 3 1 2 2(3) 1 1 7
2 2 3 6 6
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publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 8 Atomic Physics 121
37. As in the preceding problem we have g 4 / 3 for the 2 P3/2 state and V 43 B BmJ . The
states are split by mJ 1 and so the energy difference between two adjacent states is
E 43 B B .
For Al we consider the two 3p electrons outside the closed subshell. As above, the
triplet state S 1 will have lowest energy. The 3p electrons have 1 so we can have
L 0,1,or 2 . Again using the antisymmetrization of the wave function requires the m
values for the electrons forming the S 1 state to be unequal. The largest allowed L is
therefore 1. Finally the smallest J will be 0. So in spectroscopic notation we have 33 P0 .
2 S 1
40. (a) LJ is standard spectroscopic notation. For 2 L 3/2 , reading from the notation, J =
3/2 and 2S + 1 = 2, so S = 1/2. The “D” implies that L = 2. This is permitted, because in
this case J = L − S. With J = 3/2, the possible values of Jz are / 2 and 3 / 2.
(b) With J = 3/2, the quantum number mJ ranges from −3/2 to +3/2. The minimum angle
is achieved when mJ = 3/2. In this case
Jz mJ 3/ 2
cos 3/ 5
J J J 1 3/ 2 5 / 2
Thus θ = 39.2°.
41. Co has a ground state configuration 3d74s2. By Hund’s rules there are two pairs of d-
electrons and three unpaired ones, so S = 3/2 and 2S + 1 = 4. The unpaired electrons have
m 0, 1, 2, so the total angular momentum is L = 3, indicating the symbol F. The
maximum value of J is L + S = 3 + 3/2 = 9/2. Therefore the full term symbol is 4F9/2.
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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