ORAL

COMMUNICATION

MODULE
 Oral Communication
The word communication is from the Latin word “communis” – common,
commonality, sharing and "communicare" which means "to impart."(transfer
information and idea). Some scholars relate the word communicate to community
Communication is part of everyone's life, people from every walk of life
communicate.

Why do people communicate?

They do so to express their feelings, opinions, aspirations, dreams, fears,
apprehensions or regrets in life.

Most important part of human interaction and learning is communication

Communication is a skill that needs to be developed. It is important to acquire

good communication skills because this will help in the success of one's career and
life in general. Without this skill, a person may not fully express what is in his/her
mind and heart, and he/she will therefore misses the essence of being human- that
is being able to communicate.

Here are other definitions of communication from varied sources:

Wilbur Schramm- Communication is a tool that makes societies possible and

distinguish human from other societies. (Every culture and ethnicity is unique
because of the language). It is the foundation of a community.

Berelson and Steiner- Communication is the transmission of information, ideas,

emotions, skills through the use of symbols, words, pictures, figures and graphs.

Martinez 2002- Communication is a two-way process by which information is

exchanged between or among individuals through a common system of symbols,
signs and behavior. Communication is a systematic process of dissemination of
information which will serve its purpose for inquiry, information, reservation and
entertainment.

In order to make it a two way process, the sender sends a message and the receiver
should send a feedback.

John Adair- Communication is essentially the ability of one person to make

contact with another and make himself or understood.

Communication is one of our basic rights and an essential factor to the quality of
our life and social being.
Nature of communication relies on the interaction and understanding of the
individual involved in the communication process.

Communication relies on the factors such as language, environment, persons and

distractions.

Oral Communication – through spoken words not ideas.

NATURE OF COMMUNICATION

1. Oral communication is a process that involves a message, sender, receiver,

and channel.
 A process means series of action or steps in order to achieve a particular end.
 Sender – source
 Message – Idea
 Channel – medium of the senders
 Receiver – decodes the message

2. Oral communication is symbolic which could be enhanced through the use

of nonverbal cues involving facial expressions, gestures, body language,
volume, tone, and pitch of the speaker's voice.

3. Oral communication is a verbal communication that uses words to share

information with others.
 Verbal communication – spoken language
 Sender – verbally transmits a message

4. Oral communication employs readily understood spoken words. It mainly

uses words to express one’s self.

5. Oral communication could be one-way or maybe two-way process.

 Linear – one way process where in the senders send a message and the
sender doesn’t feedback
 Interactive – two way process

6. Oral communication involves the flow of information from a sender to the

receiver.

7. Oral communication ensures appropriate enunciation(act of pronouncing

words) , stress and tone of voice for common understanding to take place.
 Stress on first syllable – noun
 Stress on second syllable - verb

8. Verbal communication includes sounds, words, language, and speech.

 Smallest unit of sound – phoneme
 Study of sound - phonology
 Smallest unit of language – morpheme
  Study of language - morphology
 Syntax – arrangement of words and sound in order to create a new word

The process of communication involves different elements which include sender,

message, channel, message and feedback.

1. SENDER
 The sender is also known as encoder or source of information. He/she is the
one who initiates conversation by using his or her thoughts, feeling, ideas
and attitude about a certain topic through verbal, non-verbal or written form
of communication.
 The sender’s role in the communication process is very crucial because the
clarity of the information is put on him.
 The originator of the message

2. MESSAGE
 The one being transmitted in the communication process
 The message is the element transmitted in the communication process. It can
be an idea, thought, information or feeling.
 The information being processed

3. CHANNEL
 The channel is referred to the medium or instrument used by the sender to
relay the message. Messages are sent and received via the senses.
 Examples of channels are face to face conversation, telephone calls, text
message, emails, internet, social media, radio, television, words, pictures and
music.

4. RECEIVER
 The receiver acts as the decoder of the message. He/she is the one who
receives, analyzes, understands and interprets the message. If the sender is
one half of the communication process, the receiver is the other half.
 The receiver is the person to whom the message is extended, and therefore
should free himself from any disturbances from deciphering the message
successfully.
 The other half of the communication process

5. FEEDBACK
 Reaction of the receiver in relation to the sender’s message
 The feedback is the response of the receiver in relation to the message sent
by the sender. There are two types of feedback.

A. Positive Feedback.
 A feedback is considered positive if the intended message is
achieved. Smiling, Nodding of the head, clapping of the hands and attentive
listening are examples of positive feedback.
 There is a success in communication; the goal of the sender is achieved

B. Negative Feedback
  On the other hand, if the intended message is not achieved, it is considered
as a negative feedback. Examples are frowning, knitting his forehead or
doing something else other than listening.

One factor that influences the success of the communication process

is Noise. Noise is interference or a disturbance in the communication process.
There are three (3) types of Noise. These are:

1. Physical Noise- It is an interference that is extended to both the speaker

and listener. Examples are shouts of students along the corridor, the sounds
of footsteps, the barking of dogs, loud music and your classmate talking to
you.

2. Physiological Noise-It is created by barriers within the sender or

receiver.. In other words, the body became the hindrance to communication.
Hunger, fatigue, headache and medication are examples of physiological
noise.

3. Psychological Noise- There are three (3) types of psychological Noise.

a. Pre- conceived Ideas- This happens when people think that they already
know something. Occurs when the receiver is knowledgeable of the topic
because he already has seen or witnessed the topic.

For example, Joana already mastered the different elements of communication

prior the discussion of the lesson. Because of this, she prepares to listen to music
rather than to pay attention during the discussion in class.

b. Wandering Thoughts - This happens when the speaker tells something

which is not connected to the topic. It occurs when the listener doesn’t
relate to the topic

For example, the group of Andie is talking about the upcoming music
festival. Suddenly, Marco asks about the deadline of their requirement in Oral
Communication.

c. Semantic Noise- This occurs when both speaker and listener have
different definitions on a specific term.
 The word semantic is synonymous “meaning”, the sender and the receiver
have different opinions or perspective about the topic.
 This type of noise is common and can cause an argument that’s why we
need to be diligent enough with our ideas.

For example, Karlo (an Ilocano) felt disgusted when Miriam (an Ybanag)
mentioned "takki" while he is eating.

"Life is like Communication, it’s a process. We just need to know it is.”

 Communication before was simple. People simply spoke face to face.
With time, there was advancement in terms of communicating with others. Today,
communication already became effortless. However, it also became complex.

There are four types of communication that each includes multiple

channels. But before we go on, let's make one thing clear: there is a difference
between types of communication and communication channels.

A communication channel is the actual tool we use to send information.

The type of communication is the category that the channel falls under. For
example, say you send an instant message. The type of communication is written
communication because you wrote the message. The communication channel is the
instant messaging software you used to send the message.

VERBAL COMMUNICATION/ORAL COMMUNICATION

Verbal Communication refers to any communication that happens orally

between and among individuals. This type of communication is the fastest and
easiest to understand compared to all other types of communication. Common
examples of oral communications are speeches, debates, talking to oneself,
dialogue, telephone calls and oral presentations.

Most common type of communication, it is any communication that happens

orally. Examples are discussions, chats and etc.

NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

Non- verbal communication is the way we communicate without using

words. And while your posture, hands, and eyes can’t speak, they are saying more
than you think.

Sending and receiving messages through fewer clues. It can be through

visual, auditory, tactile and kinaesthetic channels

CHARACTERISTICS:
1. No use of words
2. Culturally Determined: Some actions may be accepted in some countries
but not accepted in other.
3. Different Meaning
4. Vague and Imprecise: May be taken differently by receivers
5. It may conflict with verbal message: When you are lying, your expressions
and mannerism are betraying you
6. Largely Unconscious: Disagreement and disgust without knowing
7. Shows feelings and attitude: Non-verbal communication is more effective
in showing feelings and attitude
8. Informality
NON-VERBAL CLUES

1. KINESICS
 How the body speaks, the use of body language, sign language and etc.

2. AUDITORY
 Paralanguage (Difference in Volume, Speech and Weight)
 Example: Kristin and Kristin!

3. TACTILE/HAPTIC
 Use of touch to communicate

4. OLFACTORY
 The smell of something/someone

5. GUSTATORY
 Taste

6. OCULESICS
 The use of eyes

7. PROXEMICS
 Distance or space to communicate

8. CHRONEMICS
 Time and punctuality

Examples of non- verbal communication are listed in the chart below.

VISUAL
DEFINITION INDICATORS
ELEMENT
Facial expressions, hand
Communication through gestures
Kinesics gestures, hand
movement, posture
Study of eyes and its movement in
Oculesics Eye movements
relation to communication
A study of how people use space and
Proxemics Distance
distance in communicating
Touching behavior expressing range
Haptics Touching gestures
of feelings
Chronemics The study of time in communication Use of time
 The use of physical objects in
Objectics
communication
The physical environment reveals the
Environmental Use of physical
personality of a person affecting
factors environment
communication
Wearing of high status,
Physical The way people communicate
shabby, clean or dirty
appearance themselves communicates something
clothing

WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

Written Communication is using the written word to convey

information. The best attribute of written communication is that it can send large
amounts of information without the risk of someone forgetting because it can be
referred back to for reminders. Examples of written communication are the
messages transmitted through letters, reports, papers, books, notes, memos,
journals and newspapers.

It includes traditional pen, papers and documents. We can use social media
platforms such as SMS, Messenger and etc. Written Communication is
indispensible for example issuing legal instructions (search warrant, application
letter

VISUAL / AUDIO-VISUAL COMMUNICATION

Visual communication refers to messages that can be seen. This is useful

when presenting data or objects that are hard to describe. Examples are objects,
maps, traffic signals, advertisements, graphs, pictures and models.

It uses sounds and visuals to communicate information. It can provide more

communication accuracy between individuals. You can learn more if you involve
more senses.
“The most important thing in communication is
To hear what isn't being said.” -Peter Drucker
 Language experts believe that communication is a systematic and dynamic
process; the stream of message transmission follows an orderly flow in the
different elements of communication; therefore, it is ever- changing and ever-
moving. Communication models are concepts exemplifying the process of human
communication. There are various models of communication which depict how
communication transpires in varied instances. These models attempt to help
communicators to obtain a deeper understanding of the whole communication
process, thus improving their own communication skills. The following are the
models of communication: Linear Communication Model, Interactive Model, and
Transactional Model.

A. LINEAR MODEL
 The proponents of Linear model of communication are Claude Shannon and
Warren Weaver in 1949. But it was originally proposed by Aristotle because
he originally taught about public speaking

This model of communication is a one way process that's why it was named
linear communication. The sender sends a message with or without any effect. The
elements present in this model are sender, message, channel and receiver. The
message is decoded by the receiver. This model was designed to show the functions of
radio and telephone communications.

It is a straight line communication. There’s no means for feedback.

SENDER > MESSAGE > RECEIVER > CHANNEL

Examples of linear communication are mass media, radio and television.

ADVANTAGES

 Communication is viewed as a means of sending and receiving information.

There is no such thing as feedback so it makes it the simplest and most
quantifiable model or way of communication.
DISADVANTAGES

 One way process, speakers only speak and never listen. The receivers are not
required to feedback so the speakers don’t need to listen to the receiver’s view.
 Distorts understanding between the speaker and the listener because there is no
feedback
 Some messages are not accurately transmitted
  Assumes that communication is isolated individuals, participants may seem
isolated because they are not obliged to share a connection with each other.
Speakers only speak, listeners only need to listen

B. INTERACTIVE MODEL
This model was proposed by Wilbur Schramm in 1954.

In this model, sender channels a message to the receiver and the receiver then
becomes the sender and channels a message to the original sender. Feedback is
added as an element in the communication process. There is a connection between the
sender and a receiver, the roles are reversed when the message is decoded by the
receiver.

SENDER > MESSAGE > CHANNEL > RECEIVER > FEEDBACK

 The encoder is the source who relays the message which is shared to the
receiver, the receiver becomes the source this time making him or her the
sender. Then, the message in the form of feedback is sent to the sender.
Examples of Interactive communication are everyday conversation classroom
discussions, text messages, telephone conversation and exchange messages.

ADVANTAGES

 Speaker and listener communicate better if they have common field

of experience. Field of experiences are life experiences, attitudes, values and
beliefs that each communicator brings into an interaction and that shape how
messages are sent and received. Common knowledge and belief. The sender
and receiver must share common field of experience
 Added feedback indicates that communication is not a one way but two way
process. The person who feedbacks make it two-way and not isolated, it will be
mutual and not one-sided.
DISADVANTAGES

 Does not indicate that communications can both send and receive messages
simultaneously (at the same time). Participants will have their own limited
time in relaying their message so there might be a delay in receiving or sending
messages.
 Fails to show that communication is a dynamic process which can
change overtime. Because of the fixed position of the participants, there are no
 room for changes in the communication process. You can’t interfere or correct
someone who feedbacks at the same time.
 There is feedback but it is not simultaneous.
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL

The proponent of this model is Dean C. Barnlurd in 1970.

In this model,

Communication occurs continuously. (Simultaneously between or among

people). It is a two way process (constantly receiving /sending messages).

The elements present in this model are sender, message, channel, receiver and
feedback.

SENDER > MESSAGE > CHANNEL > RECEIVER > FEEDBACK

An example of transactional model of communication is a debate. A speaker delivers

a speech and another speaker may say “Point!” that signals that he or she may
disagree or wants to clarify something. The receiver can interfere and give his
feedback at the same time. Other examples are face-to-face meetings and
arguments.

ADVANTAGES

 Communication elements are interdependent. It depends with each other and

it becomes useless without another element. We must carefully into account,
the previous messages.
 Communication happens within systems that both communicators share.
 Takes into account the changes that happen in the communicators’ field of
personal and common experience. Can change the rules and repeat the rules
without delay of sending messages.

DISADVANTAGES

 In the presence of communication noise, the transmission channel,

reception and decoding of content may be faulty. It is chaotic especially with
 the inclusion of noise. Examples are discussing while others are talking, the
process becomes faulty because there is interference.
 It appears chaotic, ineffective. Because you are talking at the same time, some
messages may not be clearly misunderstood. Some misunderstandings may
happen, you may not understand the point of each other.
 The speech act may not achieve the desired effect.

FEATURES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION (7-C’S OF

COMMUNICATION)
 Help us to communicate successfully and effectively. They are interrelated and
connected with each other.

1. CONCISENESS
 Communicate what you want to convey in least possible words.
 Making communication straight to the point; includes only significant information.
 In making the announcement, the desired and significant is needed. Going around
the bush should be avoided.

2. CONSIDERATION
 The speaker should also consider relevant information that would cater the
recipients interest.
 Step into the shoes of others.
 Teachers and students need to ponder one ach others’ situation

3. CLARITY
 It is achieved when the speaker focuses only on a single objective in his/her
speech so as not to confuse the audience.
 It implies emphasizing on a specific message or goal at a time.
 In making an announcement, the words are audible, the purpose is well-laid and
the ideas are straight-to-the-point.

4. COMPLETENESS
 It should convey all the needed facts.
 Communication should include everything that the receiver needs to hear for
him/her to respond properly.
 Relaying information through an announcement should have all information for
both parties, the sender and the receiver.

5. CORRECTNESS
 It implies that there are no grammatical errors in communication.
 Correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the audience and
increases the credibility and effectiveness of the message.
 Gaining someone’s trust in almost all aspects of living through zero-errors.

6. CONCRETENESS
 It is supported with facts, figures, real life experiences.
 Screenshot served as the evidence of the students.

7. COURTESY
 It makes use of terms showing respect for the receiver of the message.
 The speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting the culture values
and beliefs of his/her receivers.
 Utmost reverence and admiration must be given to everyone who we communicate
to. There will be no successful and effective communication if there’s no respect.

A successful communication involves transfer and understanding of meaning of a

given message from a sender as interpreted by the receiver. It is important to know
how communication functions to avoid miscommunication and conflicts.
Communication serves its function in Regulation/ Control, Social Interaction,
Motivation, Information, and Emotional Expression.
 FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION

A. REGULATION
 Communication is used to control the participants’ behavior. This simply
means that is through communication that we can know and follow rules and
regulations or policies in the society. In general, communication may control
events, regulate encounters among people, approves and disapproves
behavior.
 Example:
 Employees are subject to company rules and regulations.
 Doctor’s prescription as to how we should take our medicine three (3) times a day
when we get sick.
 Religions all over the world have sets of laws they prescribed for their faithful.
 The traffic aide in the middle of an intersection gestures or blows his whistle to
direct the flow of vehicles and pedestrians.

B. SOCIAL INTERACTION
 Communication is used as a form of interacting with members of the
society to establish camaraderie, mutual trust, and become a significant
member of the society. It may function in shared attention with others
where there is the social aspect of interaction. It also functions to create
and maintain interpersonal communication.
 Examples:
 Conversation with friends, family, acquaintances, etc.
 During interviews. Both the interviewee and the interviewer discuss things
together.

C. MOTIVATION
 Communication can be a vehicle of motivation in some organizations
when there is clarification on what is to be done, how well a person is
doing, what can be done to improve performance. Communication can also
be done to reinforce and stimulate behaviors of a person.
 Communication is used to encourage motivation for better performance and
encourage people to become better.
 Examples:
 Employees who are given benefits or incentives for better performance.
 When the teacher asks a question and the learner is motivated to recite because
he/she can gain points when she shares his/her ideas in the class.

D. INFORMATION
 Communication is done by providing information for individuals to
make decisions, identify and evaluate choices. Information is also vital to
ensure that individuals are informed of rules and procedures to eliminate
uncertainties in the workplace.
 Examples:
 Letting someone know that there’s a secret apartment at the top of the Eiffel
Tower to someone who has not gone in Paris
 Participants in a training/seminar are learning new techniques in flower
arrangement.

E. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
  Communication provides a channel for a person to release, talk or express
his/her feelings, thereby fulfilling his or her social needs.
 Affection is amassed for everybody.
 Examples:
 Conversation with a loved one to express how you feel and what measures can
be taken to address these.
 Expressing our prayers. When we pray for those who suffered from getting
their heart broken and the like.

Effective communication takes place when there is a successful transmission of

information from one person to another. There are various types of speech context,
basically, we can distinguish between these types as Intrapersonal, Interpersonal (Dyadic
and Small Group), and Public forms of communication.
 We always talk among ourselves, groups or families. We involve ourselves in
different kinds of communication in similar ways. We employ different styles of
languages in different occasions. It is a fact that we communicate differently, in various
speech context or speech situation.

Context refers to the situation or environment involved in a communication. It

involves factors such as time, event, people involved and your relationship with your
audience.

There are two main types of speech context. These are INTRAPERSONAL OR
INTERPERSONAL.

A. INTRAPERSONAL
 Intrapersonal communication is the level of communication where a person does
“self- talking", this involves self-thoughts, feelings and perceptions about oneself
through personal life experiences.

CHARACTERISTICS:
 It is silent talking which every person is doing.
 It is communication within oneself.
 The sender and the receiver is the same.
 There is no interruption or feedback.

EXAMPLES:
 You spent the night thinking why you got a low score in your examination.
 Reflecting about your decisions in life.
 Praying, meditating and reflecting upon decisions in life

WHAT IS IT FOR?
 Clarifying ideas or analyzing situation.
 Undertaken in order to reflect upon or appreciate something.
 Increases self-awareness and mindfulness
 Hones critical thinking skills

Three aspects of Intrapersonal Communication

1. Self-Concept – self-perception or the view you have of yourself. It is the person

you THINK you are, formed in your BELIEFS and ATTITUDES.
2. Perception- perception/upbringing of the outside world is also rooted in
BELIEFS, VALUES and ATTITUDES.
3. Expectation- Future - oriented messages dealing with long – term memories,
sometimes called life scripts. These sometimes are projections of learned
relationships within the family or society.
B. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
 This is the level of communication involving two or more persons engaging in the
communication process. When there are only two persons involved in the
exchanging of messages, this is called dyadic communication. However, if there is a
 small group of people interacting to achieve a common goal, this is called small group
interaction.

CHARACTERISTICS:
 It is interactive and face-to-face communication.
 It is done between sender and receiver.
 It is a two-way communication between two or more people.
 It is a quick exchange of information.

EXAMPLES:
 You gave a feedback after the performance of a certain group.
 You shared your idea on how to improve the grades of your classmates.

TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

1. Dyad
 This is a communication that occurs between two people. It occurs when two
people are directly conversing to one another.
 A form of interpersonal communication that refers to the quantitative quality of
a communicative relationship between two people.
Examples:
 Guidance counselling
 Heart to heart talk
 Consulting with a priest

2. Small Group
 This refers to a communication that involves at least three but not more than ten
or twenty people engaging in a face-to-face interaction working to achieve a
desired goal. Its main objectives are to arrive at a consensus among the
members or to provide an agreed solution to a problem raised.
 Groups generally work in a context that is both relational and social.
Examples:
 Team Planning
 Meeting
 Discussion
 Brainstorming

ROLES IN A SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION

a. Initiator- begins the discussion, calls attention to the topic or issues to be
discussed.
b. Clarifier- gives further explanation or examples for the topic being discussed to
ensure that all participants are on the same frame of mind.
c. Energizer -provides an ice breaker to energize the participants as well as the
discussion itself.
d. Facilitator- directs the discussion in such a way that all participants will have a
chance to express their ideas.
e. Process Observer- oversees the discussion in such a way that all participants talk
and present their ideas.
f. Recorder/Time keeper- keeps the minutes of the meeting. The minutes of the
meeting entails the things that have been discussed and agreed upon by the
members of the group discussion.
 3. Public Communication
 In this level of communication, one person (who is the speaker) is engaged in
transmitting messages to the audience. There is limited feedback in this level
since this is done only by a speaker who does all the talking.
 Only a single person is a source of information and the information is received
by a large audience.
 There is no mutual feedback between the source and the receiver. This
communication is focused on the speaker.
Examples:
 Graduation Speech
 Declamation
 Debate

4. Mass Communication
 This refers to a communication that takes place through, television, radio,
newspapers, magazines, billboards, internet and other types of media.

TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE

“Speech or communication has been categorized into different style or modes.”

Speech Style relates to the degree of formality; the higher the formality, the
higher the speech style. It is the relationship of the listener to the speaker in a level of
formality. It is ranked in terms of the relationship of the sender and the receiver on a level
of formality, from the most formal to the least formal.

In the realm of communication, Mc Edwards (1968) describes register as the

product of one's conscious and unconscious selection of the topic, the organization,
the diction, vocabulary, syntax, and the imagery allowed by one's premises to
communicate one's emotions and ideas. Additionally, Martin Joos in his book, "The
Five Clocks" refers to register as speech styles. He identifies the types of speech styles
that a speaker may use, this relate to the form of language the speaker uses as
characterized by the degree of formality. These five speech style are: Frozen, Formal,
Consultative, Casual and Intimate.

A. FROZEN STYLE
 This is the highest rank in styles. It is used in very formal setting such as the
church rites. It also uses expressions which have not changed through the years.
This has the characteristics of poetry and liturgy. This style is intended to be
remembered and used in every formal setting.
 It is memorized and survived the test of time meaning it is frozen. It is traditionally
and culturally acquired.

EXAMPLE:
 Judicial sentencing
 Couples say “I do” during their wedding ceremony.
 Speech for state ceremony

B. FORMAL STYLE
 This style is used in formal situation, there is the least amount of shared background,
and the communication style is largely one way with little or no feedback from the
audience.
 It is most of the time, one-way. The speaker bursts out information, he may want to
gauge your facial expression and he wants to see the mood of the audience.
 The speaker just wants to transmit information and the feedback is not required all the
time.
 It is not as formal as frozen, this may require responses but sometimes it may not
solicit feedback at all.
 Characteristics: Planned, organized, and researched. Your input as the audience is
not required or does not affect the speaker.
 It uses verbal, the speaker wants to extend verbally. It is also non-verbal when the
speaker uses body gestures.

EXAMPLE:
 speeches
 seminars
 lectures

C. CONSULTATIVE STYLE
 This style is used in semi-formal situation; like negotiating with strangers or
colleagues, small group discussion, regular conversations in schools, companies, or
organizations.
 It is not casual but a normal style in speaking to strangers who are neither
acquaintances nor relatives.
 Active exchange of information and suggestions arise so that responses are acquired.

EXAMPLE:
 Dialogue
 Talking to a superior
 teacher- student
 doctor-patient
 expert-apprentice
 Interview

D. CASUAL STYLE

 This style is used among friends and co-workers when an informal atmosphere is
appropriated and desired such as outside the classroom where students have a chat.
 It is informal as we expect.
 The same background information but you don’t know about the deeper information
about him/her.

EXAMPLE:
 chat with a friend, classmate or acquaintance

“Thank you for doing your job” is consultative; “Thank you” is casual
Talking as a student to a teacher is consultative; Talking as a coworker to another
coworker is casual

E. INTIMATE STYLE
 This style is used in conversations between people who are very close and know
each other quite well because of having maximum of shared background
information. It can be a private conversation between two persons who know each
other extremely well.
 You know each other very much. It is extremely private

EXAMPLE:
 Conversation with close friends and family.
 heart-to-heart talk

Joo’s styles are ranked in terms of the relationship between speaker (or writer) and
listener (or reader) on a level of formality, from the most formal to the least formal.

TYPES OF SPEECH ACT

In linguistics, a speech act is defined as an utterance that has a performative function
in language and communication. This is also defined as the speaker's intention and the
effect it has on the listeners. The proponents of Speech Act Theory were Oxford
philosopher J.L. Austin who first introduced it, and was further developed by
American philosopher J.R. Searle.

Speech Act is coined because you want to avoid something which is what we call
“misunderstanding”. “Don’t merely listen to words; listen to how they are said”. It is the
level of understanding of the sender and the receiver to what is being said.

Speech Act gives the occurrence of the communication breakdown,

misunderstanding.

There are three levels of Speech Act as exemplified by J.L. Austin and J.R. Searle;
these are locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary.

1. LOCUTIONARY SPEECH ACT

 Occurs when the speaker performs an utterance (locution), which has a meaning in
the traditional sense. According to J.L. Austin, a locutionary act is the act of
making meaningful utterance, this is also known as an utterance act ; in other
words this is the act of "saying something" in the full normal sense.
 It is the statement issued by someone, and it has a traditional meaning.

2. ILLOCUTIONARY SPEECH ACT

 It is what the speaker actually meant when he/she said the message (speaker’s
intention). This is an act using a sentence to express an attitude with certain function
or force.
 J.L. Austin describes illocutionary act by "saying something, we do something.”
Davis (1994) also states that an illocutionary act can be made explicit by the use of
a performative verb formula
 Additionally, Boisvert (2014) says that sentences can be used in illocutionary acts to
warn, congratulate, complain, predict, command, apologize, inquire, explain,
describe, request, bet and adjourn.
 It is the intention of the sender, it is what he meant in saying that statement

3. PERLOCUTIONARY ACT
 It refers to the effect that the speech has on the context of the participant’s
world. This is an act which consists in the bringing about of a certain consequences
for the audience to whom the utterance is directed.
 According to Martinich (1984) a perlocutionary act is performed by saying
something, and not in saying something.
 Persuading, angering, inciting, comforting and inspiring are often perlocutionary
acts, in contrast with locutionary and illocutionary acts which are governed by
conventions; perlocutionary is not conventional but natural acts (Austin, 1995).
 It is the impact of the statement to the audience. It is the reaction of the receiver

EXAMPLES:
1. “It’s Cold”
Locutionary: utterance of the statement
Illocutionary: the speaker wants someone to turn off the air conditioner, close the door
or etc.
Perlocutionary: someone gives the speaker a sweater