Fundamentals of Structural Analysis

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 FUNDAMENTALS OF
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

5th Edition

Kenneth M. Leet, Chia-Ming Uang, Joel T. Lanning, and Anne M. Gilbert

SOLUTIONS MANUAL

CHAPTER 9:
ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
BY THE FLEXIBILITY METHOD

9-1
Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 P9.1. Compute the reactions, draw the shear and P = 36 kips

moment curves, and locate the point of A B C

maximum deflection for the beam in Figure
P9.1. EI is constant.
9ʹ 6ʹ

P9.1

ΔCO (Use Moment-Area)

1 324 17, 496
ΔCO = (9)´12 =
2 EI EI
See Table A.3
PL3 1(15)3 1125
δCC = = =
3E 3EI EI

Compatibility Equation
17496 1125
ΔC = 0; - + RC =0
EI EI
RC = 15,552 kips
RA = 36 - RC = 20.448k

1 90.72 93,312 (10.563)

θC = - (4.437) +
2 EI EI 2
291.57
θC =
EI

9-2
Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 P9.2. For the beam in Figure P9.2, compute the w = 4 kN/m

reactions, draw the shear and moment curves,

and compute the deflection of the hinge at C.
4 A B C
Use E = 29,000 ksi and I = 180 in. .
8m 2m

P9.2

ΣFy = 0: RA + RB - 4(10) = 0 \ RA = 18.5 kN()

æ10 ö
ΣMA = 0: MA + 8RB - 4(10) çç ÷÷ = 0 \ MA = 28kN.m()

( +)
çè 2 ÷ø

Deflection at C
Select RB as the Redundant

M ( x ) = -2 x 2 + 18.5 x - 28
By integration method with boundary conditions
( δ(0) = 0, θ (0) = 0 )
1 æ 2 18.5 2 ö
θ ( x ) = çç- x 3 + x - 28 x ÷÷÷
EI èç 3 2 ø
At support B, θB = 0.00178 rad. ( x = 8 m)
1 æ 8 öæ 3 ö
ΔBO tC/B = (2) çç ÷÷çç ´ 2÷÷ = 0.534 mm
3 çè EI ÷øèç 4 ø÷
Use Moment–Area Method
(Moment-Area Method)
1 æ 200 ö÷
Δ BO = t B/A = (10) çç ÷ (7.5 - 2) ΔC = (2m)(θB ) - tC/B
3 ç
è EI ø÷
ΔC = 3.026 mm ()
1 æ 8 öæ 2 ö
- (2) çç ÷÷÷çç ÷÷÷
3 èç EI øèç 4 ø
3664
= ()
EI
PL3 1(8)3 512
Δ BB = = = ()
3EI 3EI 3EI
Compatibility Equation
Δ BO - δBB RB = 0 Shear
 RB = 21.5 kN ()

Moment

9-3
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No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 P9.3. Compute the reactions and draw the shear M = 30 kN m

and moment curves for the beam in Figure P9.3.

C
EI is constant. A B
5m 5m

P9.3

Select RC as the Redundant

ΔCO
Use Moment-Area Method
æ 30 ö 1125
ΔCO = tC/A = 5 çç ÷÷ (7.5) = ()
çè EI ø÷ EI
δCC
Use Moment-Area Method
1 æ 10 öæ 20 ö 1000
δCC = tC/A = (10) çç ÷÷çç ÷÷ =
çè EI ÷øèç 3 ø÷ 3EI ( )

2
Compatibility Equation
ΔCO + δCC RC = 0
1125 1000
+ R =0 \ RC = -3.375 kN ()
EI 3EI C
ΣFy = 0 : RA + RC = 0 \ RA = 3.375 kN ()
ΣM A = 0 : M A - 30 -10 RC = 0 \ M A = -3.75kN⋅m ( )
(+ )

Shear

Moment

9-4
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No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 P9.4. Compute the reactions for the beam in w = 3 kips/ft
Figure P9.4. EI is constant. Use support B as the
redundant. A C
B
7ʹ 7ʹ

P9.4

Selecting By as the redundant, the compatibility equation is:

0 = D BO + δBB X B

Using known relations for the resulting 3 kips/ft

released structure:
MA’ MC’
wL4 300.125 L3 14.292
D BO = = , δBB = = , ΔB = 0 A C
384 EI EI 192 EI EI

Compatibility equation: ΔBO δ BBXB = By

0 = Δ BO + δBB X B = 0

-300.125 14.292
0= + XB
EI EI
X B = By = 21 kips 

From symmetry: Ay = Cy
ΣFy = 0 = -3(14) + 21 + 2 Ay
Ay = C y = 10.5 kips 

The end moments can be determined via superposition:

wL
2 By L
M A = -MC = -
12 8 3 kips/ft
(3)(14)2 (21)(14)
=- + MA= 12.25 kip-ft MC= 12.25 kip-ft
12 8
A C
M A = -12.25 kip ⋅ ft 
By =21 kips
MC = 12.25 kip ⋅ ft 
Ay =10.5 kips Cy =10.5 kips

9-5
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No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 P9.5. Compute the reactions, draw the shear and M = 60 kip ft

moment curves, and locate the point of A B C

maximum deflection for the beam in
2I I
Figure P9.5. Repeat the computation if I is
constant over the entire length. E is constant. 6ʹ 9ʹ
Express answer in terms of E, I, and L.
P9.5

Case I Variable EI
Use Moment-Area to Compute deflections
ΔCO = tC/A
30 60
ΔCO = ´6(12) + ´ 9(4.5)
EI EI
4590
ΔCO =
EI
Select RC as the Redundant
1 æ9ö 4.5
δCC = 9 çç ÷÷´6 + ´6(9 + 3)
2 çè EI ÷ø EI
1 3
+ (6) (9 + 4)
2 EI
684
δCC =
EI
Compatibility equation
ΔC = 0 = ΔCC + δCC RC
4590 684
O= + R
EI EI C
RC = -6.71kips 
M A = 60 - 6.71´15¢ = 40.65 ft ⋅ kips
RA = 6.71 kips 

Case II Constant EI

This example shows that increasing the stiffness of an indeterminate structure in the region between points A & B
produces a 35% increase in the moment at support A.

9-6
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 P9.6. Compute the reactions and draw the shear 15 kips 15 kips
and moment curves for the beam in Figure P9.6.
EI is constant. A B C

6ʹ 12ʹ 12ʹ 6ʹ

P9.6

Using Moment-Area determine Δ BO

æ 90 ö 1 æ 90 ö
Δ BO = t AB = 12 çç ÷÷÷ (12) + 6 çç ÷÷÷ 4
è EI ø 2 è EI ø
-14,040
Δ BO =
EI
PL3
δBB = See Figure 9.3
48EI
1k (36)3 972
δBB = =
48EI EI

Compatibility Equation
ΔB = 0
Δ BO + δBB X B = 0
14,040 972
- + X =0
EI EI B
X B = 14.444

9-7
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No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 P9.7. Recompute the reactions, draw the shear 15 kips 15 kips
and moment curves for the beam in Figure P9.6
if support B settles by 1.5 in.. Check and A B C
compare your answer to that obtained using
RISA-2D, and compare the change in reaction
when B settles by 0.75 in., 3.0 in. What do you
observe? 6ʹ 12ʹ 12ʹ 6ʹ

P9.6

(Assume E = 29,000 ksi and I = 100 in.4)

Selecting B as the redundant, the compatibility equation is:
Δ BO + δBB X B = Δ B

-Pa -15(6) -14,040

Δ BO = (3L2 - 4 a 2 ) = (3(36)2 - 4(6)2 ) =
24 EI 24 EI EI
(1) L3 363 972
δBB = = = 15 kips 15 kips
48EI 48EI EI
A C
Therefore:
-1.5 = Δ BO + δBB X B Ay =9.1
ΔBO
δ BBXB = By Cy =9.1
æ -14,040 972 ÷ö
-1.5 = ççç + X ÷1, 728 9.1
EI B ÷ø
5.9
è EI Shear (kips)
-1.5 + 8.37
XB =
0.58 -5.9 -9.1
X B = By = 11.8 kips
54.4 54.4
From symmetry: Ay = Cy Moment (kip-ft)
-16.7
ΣFy = 0 = -2(15) + 11.8 + 2 Ay
16
Ay = C y = 9.1 kips 
14 13.2
Reaction Magnitude (kips)

By 11.8
12
10.4
10 9.1
Using RISA to study the effect of settlement on the reactions: 8.4
8 9.2
As the settlement of B increases By decreases Ay = Cy
while Ay and Cy increase. 6

4
0 1 2 3 4
Settlement of Support B (in.)

9-8
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No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 P9.8. Determine the reactions for the beam in 0.003 rad
Figure P9.8. When the uniform load is applied, w = 4 kips/ft
the fixed support rotates clockwise 0.003 rad
and support B settles 0.3 in. Given: E = 30,000 A
2 4 C
kips/in. , I = 240 in. .
B
0.3ʺ
8ʹ 2ʹ

P9.8

Using Moment-Area determine Δ BO

RA + RB - 4 ´10 = 0
RA = 40 - 21.15 = 18.85
M A = 4 ´10 ´ 5 - 21.15´8
10 200 M A = 30.8 kip ⋅ ft
Δ BO = t BA = ´ (7.2 - 2)
3 EI
1æ 8ö 2
- çç2 ´ ÷÷´
ç
3 è EI ÷ø 4 I = 240 in 4 , E = 30,000 kips / in 2
3664 3664 (1728)
= = ´ = 0.879 ¢¢  Select RB as the Redundant
EI 30,000 240
PL3 1k (83 ) 512(1728)
δBB = = =
3EI 3EI 3´39000 ´ 240
δBB = 0.041k 
δROT = 0.003(8´12) = 0.288¢¢
Gap: Opens = .879 + 0.288
= 1.167k
Support Move = -.3
Gap = 0.867k
0.867
RB = = 21.15 kips
δBB = .041

9-9
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No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 P9.9. (a) Recompute the reactions, draw the 0.003 rad
shear and moment curves for the beam in w = 4 kips/ft
Figure P9.8 if segment AB has 1.5I. (b) Using
RISA-2D, recompute the reactions and generate A
C
the shear and moment curves when segment AB
B
has 2EI. (c) Repeat (b) if segment AB has 2.5EI. 0.3ʺ
8ʹ 2ʹ

P9.8

E = 30,000 ksi and I = 240 in.4

Selecting By as the redundant, the compatibility 0.003 rad
equation is:
A
(Δ BS + ΔBO ) + δBB X B = ΔB Δ BS

Δ BS = 0.003(8)12 = 0.288 in. B

3
8 113.78
δBB = =
3E (1.5 I ) EI δBB
Δ BO = t BA = xAM/EI B C
10(20) 2(8)
AM/EI = - = 661.33
3 3 4 kips/ft
10(20) æç 3 ö 2(8) æ 2 ö÷
ç 10 - 2÷÷ø÷ - çç ÷
3 èç 4 3 èç 4 ø÷
x= = 5.548 ft tBA = Δ BO
661.33 1.5EI
661.33 2446.05 EI
Δ BO = 5.548 = x
1.5EI EI

Therefore: 8 kip-ft

(Δ BS + Δ BO ) + δBB X B = Δ B 200 kip-ft

æ ö
çç-0.288 - 2446.05 (1728)÷÷ + 113.78 (1728) X B = -0.3
çè EI ø÷ EI
X B = By = 21.1 kips 

9-10
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No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
P9.9. Continued

MA = 31.5 kip-ft 4 kips/ft

C
A B
1.5EI EI
Ay = 18.9 kips
By = 21.1 kips
18.9
8
B
Shear (kips)
A C
-13.1

13.3
2.166 ft

Moment (kip-ft)

-8
-31.5

As I of segment AB increases the moment reaction at A increases while the vertical reaction, By, decreases.

36
33.9
Reaction Magnitude (kips and kip-ft)

34 32.7
31.5
32 30.3
30 MA
28
26
24
22 21.2 21.1 20.9 20.8
By
20
0 1 2 3
Segment AB Moment of Inertia, xI

9-11
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No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 P9.10. (a) Solve Problem P9.1 for the loading P = 36 kips
shown if support C settles 0.25 in. when the load
is applied. Use moment at support A as the A B C
2
redundant. Given: E = 30,000 kips/in. and
4
I = 320 in. . (b) Using RISA-2D, compare the
4
result if I = 640 in. .
9ʹ 6ʹ
P9.1

36 kips
Selecting Cy as the redundant, C
the compatibility equation is: A ΔC
B
(ΔCS + ΔCO ) + δCC XC = ΔC

153 1125
δCC = = δCC
3EI EI A
ΔCO = tCA = xAM/EI C
1 kip
1 324 17, 496
ΔCO = (6 + 6) 9=
2 EI EI
A B C
4
Therefore, with E = 30,000 ksi and I = 320 in. :
tCA = ΔCO
x
(ΔCS + ΔCO ) + δCC XC = ΔC
æ 17, 496 ö 1125
çç0 -
çè (1728)÷÷÷ + (1728) XC = -0.25
EI ø EI
324 kip-ft
XC = C y = 14.3 kips  MA = 109.2 kip-ft
36 kips
A
Locating maximum deflection, θ = 0: A B
ΔC
1 1 Ay = 21.7 kips
Δθ Ax = 0 = - 109.2(5.032) + 85.9(3.968) + θ=0
2 2
1 Cy = 14.3 kips
+ 14.3x + (85.9 x -14.3x 2 )
2 21.7
8
2
Shear (kips)
12.014 - 12.014 2 - 4(14.590)
-14.3
2
x = 1.37 ft 85.9
Moment (kip-ft)
With I = 640 in.4: Cy = 13.1 kip,
MA = ‒127.8 kip-ft, and x = 4.56 ft. x
-109.2
Δmax at 10.37 ft

9-12
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No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 P9.11. Assuming that no load acts, compute the P = 36 kips
reactions and draw the shear and moment curves
for the beam in Figure P9.1 if support A settles A B C
0.5 in. and support C settles 0.75 in. Given:
2 4
E = 29,000 kips/in. and I = 150 in. .

9ʹ 6ʹ
P9.1

E = 29,000 ksi, I = 150 m 4

PL3 1(153 )1728

δCC = =
3EI 3´ 29,000 ´150
δCC = 0.447

ΔCO + XC δCC = 0
0.25 + XC 0.447 = 0
XC = 0.559 kips

9-13
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No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 P9.12. Compute the reactions and draw the 18 kN
w = 4 kN/m
shear and moment curves for the beam in 3m
Figure P9.12. E is constant. A B C
D
2I hinge I

6m 3m 6m

P9.12

Evaluating the integral:

-549
ΔCO = 
EI
Indet to 1st Degree Compute δcc.
6 3 6
æ 2 x ö dx æ 2 x ö dx æ x ö dx
2 2 2
1kN ⋅ δCC = ò çç ÷÷÷ + ç- ÷ + ç ÷
è 3 ø 2 EI ò çè 3 ÷÷ø EI ò çè 3 ÷÷ø EI
Select RC as the Redundant
0 0 0

2 æ x2 ö 1
6
4 x3 x3
δCC = çç ÷÷÷
3 6
+ +
9 çè 3 ø÷0 EI 9 3EI 0 27 EI 0

28
Released structure with Redundant δCC =
EI
Compatibility Equation:
ΔC + RC δCC
ΔCO + RC δCC = 0
599 28
- + RC =0
EI EI
RC = 19.61 kN
Compute Reactions using FBD
Compute RD. Use BCD
Compute ΔCO :
dx + ΣM B = 0 = -19.61´3 + 18´6 - 9 RD
1kN ⋅ ΔCO = Σ ò M E M P
EI RD = 5.463kN
2 æç x ö dx æ 2 ö
6 3
dx
1⋅ ΔCO = ò x ç-6 x - 4 x ⋅ ÷÷÷ + ò çç- x ÷÷÷(6 x ) Shear & Moment Diagrams
3 ç
è 2 ø 2 EI ç 3 ø
è EI
0 0
3
x dx
3
æ 1 ö÷ dx
+ò - (12 x ) + ò çç- ÷ (3 + x )[12( x + 3) -18 x ]
3 EI ç
è 3ø ÷ EI
0 0
6
æ 4 x 2 ö÷ Dx
3
4 x 2 dx
3
dx
ΔCO = ò ççç-4 x 2 - ÷÷ +ò - + ò (-4 x 2 )
0
çè 3 ø÷ 2 EI 0
EI 0
EI
3
dx
+ò 2 x 2 - 6 x - 36
0
EI

9-14
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No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
P9.13. Compute the reactions and draw the hinge
shear and moment curves for the beam in
Figure P9.13. EI is constant. The bolted web
connection at B may be assumed to act as a A B C
hinge. Use the shear at hinge B as the redundant. L L
Express answer in terms of E, I, L, and w.
P9.13

Compatibility Equation Δ B. REL = 0 Use Shear at Hinge as Redundant

Δ BO + 2δBVB = 0
WL4 EL3
- + [V ] = 0
8EI 3E B
3WL
VB =
16 Load Applied to Released Structure

[ VB ] Unit Value of Redundant Applied to Released

Structure

9-15
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No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 P9.14. (a) Determine the reactions and draw the w = 2 kips/ft
shear and moment curves for the beam in A B C
Figure P9.14. Given: EI is constant, D
2 4
E = 30,000 kips/in. , and I = 288 in. .
(b) Repeat the computations if, in addition
to the applied loads, support B settles 0.5 in. 12ʹ 6ʹ 6ʹ
and support D settles 1 in.
P9.14

(a) Use RB as Redundant Geometry ΔBO = 0

0 = Δ BO + δBB [ X B ]
0 = - 0.2 + 0.115 X B

X B = 10.5k

(b.)
Redundant Applied as Force

Release Structure with Original Loads

K AY = -0.16 k
M A = -34.1ft⋅k
RBY = 6.16 k
RDY = 6 k
Release Structure w/Unit Value of RB

9-16
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No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 P9.15. (a) Compute all reactions for the beam in P = 16 kips
Figure P9.15 assuming that the supports do not
move; EI is constant. (b) Repeat computations A B C
given that support C moves upward a distance of
288/(EI) when the load is applied.
6ʹ 6ʹ 12ʹ

P9.15

Compatibility Equation:

ΔBy = 0 ⋅ ΔBO + δBB X B = 0

Virtual Work:
Using Table A.2 (Values of Product Integrals):
Select RB as the Redundant
1 æ 1 (12 - 6)2 ö÷
ΔBO = çç - ÷ (6)(72)(24)
EI çè 3 6(12)(18) ÷÷ø (a)
3168
= 
EI
PL3 1(24)3
δBB = =
48EI 48EI
288
= 
EI
Released Structure w/Applied Load
ΔBO + δBB X B = 0
-3168 288
+ ⋅ XB = 0
EI EI
X B = RB = 11k 

Remaining Reactions by Statics:


+
ΣMC = 0; 24( RA ) + 12(11k ) -18(16) = 0
RA = 6.5k  Released Structure w/Unit Value of RB
+ ΣFy = 0; RC = 11 + 6.5 -16 k = 1.5k 

(b.)
Compatibility Equation:
144
ΔBO + δBB X B = -
EI
-3168 288 -144
+ X =
EI EI B EI
X B = RB = 10.5k 

RA = 6.75k  ; RC = 1.25k 

9-17
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 P9.16. Determine all reactions and draw the w = 1 kip/ft
shear and moment curves for the beam in A
Figure P9.16. EI is constant. C
B
24ʹ 16ʹ

P9.16

Compatibility Equation:
Δ AO + δAA X A = 0
θB : From Table 9.3:
WL3 1(16)3 170.7
θB = = =
24 EI 24 EI EI
4096
Δ AO ¢
= θB (24 ) =  Select RA as the Redundant
EI

δAA : From Table A.3

Pa 2
δAA = ( L + a)
3EI
1k (24)2 7680
= (16 + 24) =  Released Structure w/applied Loads
3EI EI
Δ AO + δAA X A = 0
4096 7680
+ [XA ] = 0
EI EI
X A = RA = -0.533k 

Remaining Reactions by Statics: Released Structure w/Unit Value of RA


+
ΣM B = 0;
-0.533(24) + (1)(16 ¢)(8¢) -16 ¢ RC = 0

RC = 7.2 k 
+ ΣFY = 0;
K
-0.533 + RB + 7.2 k -1 1 (16) = 0

RB = 9.33k 

9-18
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 P9.17. (a) Assuming that no loads act in Figure w = 1 kip/ft
P9.16, compute the reactions if support B is A
constructed 0.48 in. too low. Given: E = 29,000 C
2 4
kips/in. , I = 300 in. . (b) If support B settles B
3
2
in. under the applied loads, compute the 24ʹ 16ʹ
reactions.
P9.16

(a)
Compatibility Equation:
Δ AO = -1.2 ¢¢ 
Δ AO + δAA X A = 0
δAA : From Table A.3
Pa 2 1(24)2 Select RA as the Redundant
δAA = ( L + a) = (16 + 24)
3EI 3EI
7680(1728)
= = 1.525 in/k
(29,000)(300)
Compatibility Equation:
Released Structure w/Support “B” low.
-1.2 ¢¢ + (1.525) X A = 0 X A = RA = 0.787k 
Remaining Reactions by Statics:

+
ΣM B = 0; 0.787(24) - RC (16) = 0 RC = 1.18k 
+  ΣFy = 0 RB = 1.967k  Released Structure w/Unit Value of RA
(b.) Compatibility Equations:
Δ AO1 + Δ AO 2 + δAA X A = 0 (b.)
(Load) (Settlemt)

θB : From Figure 9.3

WL3 (1)(16)3144
θB = = = 2.825(10-3 ) Rad.
24 EI 24(29000)(300)
ΔA01 = θB (24 ¢ ´12 X ) = 0.814 ¢¢  Released Structure w/Applied Load (w)

1.5
ΔA02 = -1.5 + (24 ¢) = -3.75¢¢ 
16
Compat. Equations: 0.814 ¢¢ - 3.75 + 1.525 X A = 0
X A = RA = 1.925k 
Remaining Reactions by Statics RC = 10.89k  Released Structure w/Support “B” Settled.

RB = 3.187k 

9-19
Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 P9.18. Compute the reactions and draw the 20 kN 20 kN
shear and moment curves for the beam in
Figure P9.18. Given: EI is constant. Take A B C D
advantage of symmetry and use the end moment
as the redundant.
3m 3m 3m

P9.18

θ = θE + ΔθE - D
60 60 (3)
= 0+ (1.5) +
EI EI 2
180
θ =-
EI
Use Minus Sign. Since Opposite in Direction to
Use Symmetry to Simplify
Redundant.
1. RA = RO = 20 kN
Compute α Use Moment-Area
2. M A = MO = M
Since no Horiz. Loads, Structure Indeterminate to 1º

α = θξ + Δθξ - A
Select “M” as Redundant 1 4.5
α = 0 + (4.5) =
EI EI
Compatibility EQ.
θA = 0
θ + αM = 0
-180 4.5( M )
+ =0
EI EI
M = 40 kN ⋅ M
Compute θ Use Moment-Area Shear and Moment Diagrams

9-20
Copyright © 2018 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved.
No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
p. The tongue.
4. The sting and its muscles.
The attachment of the muscles to the outer
g.
covering of the abdomen.
r. Muscles that move the sting.
s. Curved base of the sheaths that enclose the sting.
t. Poison-bag.
u. Glands connected with the poison-bag.
Honey-plates covering the muscles r, and to
v. which the
sheaths of the stings are attached at s.
**. Base of sting connecting with the poison-bag t.
Magnified view of point of sting, showing the
4*.
serrations on each side.
Three hexagonal prisms of a bee's eye
5.
(Swammerdam).
Abdominal plates of the bee, detached to show
6.
the wax-cells.
Eggs of bee, natural size, and magnified (from
7.
Reaumur)
Helminthimorphous, or apodal larva of a bee
8.
(Reaumur).
 THE APIARY;
OR,

BEES, BEE-HIVES, AND BEE-

CULTURE.
HERE are two classes of persons for whom bee-culture should
have a strong interest, and two distinct purposes for which the
pursuit may be followed. First, there is the cottager or small
farmer, who, in thousands of instances, might add considerably to
his income by bee-keeping; and, secondly, there is the man of
"retired leisure" and refinement, who, in the personal tendance of an
apiary, would find an easy and interesting occupation, and one which
could not fail to quicken his faculties of general scientific observation.
Moreover, in contemplating the wonderful skill, industry, and
prevision of his insect-artisans, the bee-keeper would find in his
apiary constant illustrations of creative wisdom.
Amongst the humbler classes in the rural districts, the neglect of
bee-keeping is to be attributed to an exaggerated idea of the trouble
needful for the care of a few hives, and also to ignorance of the
easier and more profitable methods of modern management. Many
of the wealthier country or suburban residents, also, are averse to
the personal trouble which they fancy needful in keeping an apiary;
and, perhaps, some gentlemen are more afraid than they would like
to own of that very efficient weapon of defence with which the honey
bee is provided. But the prejudices against bees are quite
unnecessary; bees are as tractable as they are intelligent, and it is
the purpose of this little book to show that bee-culture is an easy and
safe, as well as a deeply interesting, pursuit. Possibly, also, some
who do us the favour to read our detailed explanations will see how
the rural clergyman, or the benevolent landlord, who keeps an apiary
of his own, may be of signal service to his poorer neighbours in
explaining to them the mysteries of bee-keeping.
 I.—NATURAL HISTORY OF THE
INHABITANTS OF THE HIVE.
VERY hive or bee colony comprises in summer three distinct
classes of bees, each class having functions peculiar to itself,
and which are essential to the well-being of the whole
community. As each bee knows its own proper duties, they all work
harmoniously and zealously together, for the common weal. Certain
apparent exceptions to the good-fellowship of the bees will be
hereafter noticed, but those arise out of essential conditions in the
social economy of the bee community. That honey bees should live
in society, as they do in hives, is absolutely needful. A bee, in an
isolated condition, is a very helpless, delicate little creature, soon
susceptible of cold, and paralysed thereby, unless able to join her
companions before night comes on. By congregating in large
numbers, bees maintain warmth, whatever the external temperature
may be.
The three classes of bees are:—the queen-bee, with the pupæ or
embryos intended for queens; the working bees; and the drones, or
male bees.

THE QUEEN.
Appropriately styled, by German bee-keepers, the mother-bee, is
the only perfectly developed female among the whole population of
each separate colony. Thus her majesty indisputably sways her
sceptre by a divine right, because she lives and reigns in the hearts
of loving children and subjects.
Dr. Evans[2] introduces the queen-bee to our notice thus:—

"First of the throng, and foremost of the whole.

 One 'stands confest the sovereign and the soul.'"

[2] Dr. Evans—who may be styled the poet-laureate of the

bees—lived at Shrewsbury, where he practised as a physician.
His poem on bees is written with great taste and careful
elaboration, and it describes the habits of bees with a degree of
accuracy only attainable after continuous scientific observation.
The queen may very readily be distinguished from the rest of the
bees by the greater length of her body and the comparative
shortness of her wings; her legs are longer, and are not furnished
with either brushes or baskets as those of the working bee, for, being
constantly fed by the latter, she does not need those implements; the
upper surface of her body is of a brighter black than the other bees,
whilst her colour underneath is a yellowish brown;[3] her wings,
which do not extend more than half the length of her body, are
sinewy and strong; her long abdomen tapers nearly to a point; her
head is rounder, her tongue more slender, and not nearly so long, as
that of the working bee, and her sting is curved. Her movements are
measured and majestic; as she moves in the hive the other bees
form a circle round her, none venturing to turn their backs upon her,
but all anxious to show that respect and attention due to her rank
and station. Whenever, in the exercise of her sovereign will, the
queen wishes to travel amongst her subjects, she experiences no
inconvenience from overcrowding; although the part of the hive to
which she is journeying may be the most populous, way is
immediately made, the common bees tumbling over each other to
get out of her path, so great is their anxiety not to interfere with the
royal progress.
[3] Yellow Italian queens form an exception in point of colour.
See frontispiece, fig. I.
It is the chief function of the queen to lay the eggs from which all
future bees originate, the multiplication of the species being the
purpose of her existence; and she follows it up with an assiduity
similar to that with which the workers construct combs or collect
honey. A queen is estimated to lay in the breeding season from
1,500 to 2,000 eggs a-day, and in the course of one year is
supposed to produce more than 100,000 bees. This is indeed a vast
number; but when there is taken into consideration the great number
required for swarms, the constant lessening of their strength by
death in various ways, and the many casualties attending them in
their distant travels in search of the luscious store, it does not seem
that the case is over-stated.
In a Glass Unicomb Hive,—which we shall hereinafter describe,
—all the movements of the queen-bee may be traced; she may be
seen thrusting her head into a cell to discover whether it be occupied
with an egg or honey, and if empty, she turns round in a dignified
manner and inserts her long body—so long, that she is able to
deposit the egg at the bottom of the cell; she then passes on to
another, and so continues industriously multiplying her laborious
subjects. It not unfrequently happens when the queen is prolific, and
if it be an early season, that many eggs are wasted for want of
unoccupied cells; for in that case the queen leaves them exposed at
the bottom of the hive, when they are greedily devoured by the bees.
The queen-bee, unlike the great majority of her subjects, is a
stayer at home; generally speaking, she only quits the hive twice in
her life. . The first occasion is on the all-important day of her
marriage, which always takes place at a great height in the air, and
generally on the second or third day of her princess-life; she never
afterwards leaves the hive, except to lead off an emigrating swarm.
Evans, with proper loyalty, has duly furnished a glowing
epithalamium for the queen-bee thus:—

"When noon-tide Sirius glares on high,

Young love ascends the glowing sky,
From vein to vein swift shoots prolific fire,
And thrills each insect fibre with desire;
Then Nature, to fulfil thy prime decree,
Wheels round, in wanton rings, the courtier Bee;
Now shyly distant, now with bolder air,
He woos and wins the all-complying fair;
Through fields of ether, veiled in vap'ry gloom
They seek, with amorous haste, the nuptial room;
As erst the immortal pair, on Ida's height,
 Wreath'd round their noon of joy ambrosial night."

The loyalty and attachment of bees to their queen is one of their

most remarkable characteristics; they constantly supply her with
food, and fawn upon and caress her, softly touching her with their
antennæ—a favour which she occasionally returns. When she
moves about the hive, all the bees through whom she successively
passes pay her the same homage; those whom she leaves behind in
her track close together, and resume their accustomed occupations.
The majestic deportment of the queen-bee and the homage paid
to her is, with a little poetic licence, thus described by Evans:—

"But mark, of royal port and awful mien,

Where moves with measured pace the insect Queen!
Twelve chosen guards, with slow and solemn gait,
Bend at her nod, and round her person wait."

This homage is, however, only paid to matron queens. Whilst

they continue princesses, they receive no distinctive marks of
respect. Dr. Dunbar, the noted Scotch apiarian, observed a very
striking instance of this whilst experimenting on the combative
qualities of the queen-bee "So long," says he, "as the queen which
survived the rencontre with her rival remained a virgin, not the
slightest degree of respect or attention was paid her; not a single
bee gave her food; she was obliged, as often as she required it, to
help herself; and in crossing the honey cells for that purpose, she
had to scramble, often with difficulty, over the crowd, not an
individual of which got out of her way, or seemed to care whether
she fed or starved: but no sooner did she become a mother, than the
scene was changed, and all testified towards her that most
affectionate attention, which is uniformly exhibited to fertile queens."
The queen-bee, though provided with a sting, never uses it on
any account, except in combat with her sister-queens. But she
admits of no rival to her throne; almost her first act, on coming forth
from the cell, is an attempt to tear open and destroy the cells
containing the pupæ of princesses likely to become competitors.
Should it so happen that another queen of similar age does exist in
the hive at the same time, the two are speedily brought into contact
with each other, in order to fight it out and decide by a struggle,
mortal to one of them, which is to be the ruler;—the stronger of
course is victorious, and remains supreme. This, it must be admitted,
is a wiser method of settling the affair than it would be to range the
whole hive under two distinct banners, and so create a civil war, in
which the members of the rival bands would kill and destroy each
other for matters they individually have little or no concern about: for
the bees care not which queen it is, so long as they are certain of
having one to rule over them and perpetuate the community.
After perusing the description given above of the attachment of
bees to their queen, it may be easy to imagine the consternation a
hive is thrown into when deprived of her presence. The bees first
make a diligent search for their monarch in the hive, and then
afterwards rush forth in immense numbers to seek her. When such a
commotion is observed in an apiary, the experienced bee-master will
repair the loss by giving a queen: the bees have generally their own
remedy for such a calamity, in their power of raising a new queen
from amongst their larvæ; but if neither of these means be available,
the whole colony dwindles and dies. The following is the method by
which working bees provide a successor to the throne when
deprived of their queen by accident, or in anticipation of the first
swarm, which is always led by the old queen:—
They select, when not more than three days old, an egg or grub
previously intended for a worker-bee, and then enlarge the cell so
selected by destroying the surrounding partitions; they thus form a
royal cradle, in shape very much like an acorn cup inverted. The
chosen embryo is then fed liberally with a peculiar description of
nurture, called by naturalists "royal jelly"—a pungent food, prepared
by the working bees exclusively for those of the larvae that are
destined to become candidates for the honour of royalty. Should a
queen be forcibly separated from her subjects, she resents the
interference, refuses food, pines, and dies.
The whole natural history of the queen-bee is in itself a subject
that will well repay for continuous study. Those who desire to follow
it, we would refer to the complete works of Huber—the greatest of
apiarians,—Swammerdam, Bevan, Langstroth, &c. The
observations upon the queen-bee needful to verify the above-
mentioned facts can only be made in hives constructed for the
purpose, of which the "Unicomb Observatory Hive" is the best. In
ordinary hives the queen is scarcely ever to be seen; where there
are several rows of comb, she invariably keeps between them, both
for warmth and to be more secure from danger. The writer has
frequently observed in stocks which have unfortunately died, that the
queen was one of the last to expire; and she is always more difficult
to gain possession of than other bees, being by instinct taught that
she is indispensable to the welfare of her subjects.
The queen enjoys a far longer life than any of her subjects, her
age generally extending to four, or even five years. The drones,
which are mostly hatched in the early spring, seldom live more than
three or four months, even if they should escape the sting of the
executioner, to which they generally fall victims. The worker-bee, it is
now a well-ascertained fact, lives from six to eight months, in no
case exceeding the latter; so that we may reckon that the bees
hatched in April and May expire about the end of the year; and it is
those of the autumn who carry on the duties of the hive until the
spring and summer, that being the time when the greatest number of
eggs are laid. The population of a hive is very small during the
winter, in comparison with the vast numbers gathering produce in the
summer,—produce which they themselves live to enjoy but for a
short period. So that not only, as of old, may lessons of industry be
learned from bees, but they also teach self-denial to mankind, since
they labour for the community rather than for themselves. Evans, in
describing the age of bees, thus paraphrases the well known couplet
of Homer, in allusion to the fleeting generations of men:—

"Like leaves on trees the race of bees is found.

Now green in youth, now withering on the ground;
Another race the spring or fall supplies,
They droop successive, and successive rise."

THE DRONE.
 The drones are male bees; they possess no sting, are more hairy
and larger than the common bee, and may be easily distinguished by
their heavy motion, thick-set form, and louder humming. Evans thus
describes the drones:—

"Their short proboscis sips

No luscious nectar from the wild thyme's lips;
From the lime leaf no amber drops they steal,
Nor bear their grooveless thighs the foodful meal:
On others' toils, in pampered leisure, thrive
The lazy fathers of the industrious hive;
Yet oft, we're told, these seeming idlers share
The pleasing duties of parental care;
With fond attention guard each genial cell,
And watch the embryo bursting from the shell."

But Dr. Evans had been "told" what was not correct when he
sought to dignify drones with the office of "nursing fathers,"—that
task is undertaken by the younger of the working bees. No
occupation falls to the lot of the drones in gathering honey, nor have
they the means provided them by Nature for assisting in the labours
of the hive. The drones are the progenitors of working bees, and
nothing more; so far as is known, that is the only purpose of their
short existence.
In a well-populated hive the number of drones is computed at
from one to two thousand. "Naturalists," says Huber, "have been
extremely embarrassed to account for the number of males in most
hives, and which seem only a burden to the community, since they
appear to fulfil no function. But we now begin to discern the object of
Nature in multiplying them to such an extent. As fecundation cannot
be accomplished within the hive, and as the queen is obliged to
traverse the expanse of the atmosphere, it is requisite that the males
should be numerous, that she may have the chance of meeting
some one of them in her flight. Were only two or three in each hive,
there would be little probability of their departure at the same instant
with the queen, or that they would meet her in their excursions; and
most of the females might thus remain sterile." It is important for the
safety of the queen-bee that her stay in the air should be as brief as
possible: her large size and slowness of flight render her an easy
prey to birds. It is not now thought that the queen always pairs with a
drone of the same hive, as Huber seems to have supposed. The
drone that happens to be the selected husband is by no means so
fortunate as at first sight may appear, for it is a law of nature that the
bridegroom does not survive the wedding-day. Her majesty, although
thus left, a widowed, is by no means a sorrowful, bride, for she soon
becomes the happy mother of a large family. It cannot be said that
she pays no respect to the memory of her departed lord, for she
never marries again. Once impregnated,—as is the case with most
insects,—the queen-bee continues productive during the remainder
of her existence. It has, however, been found that though old queens
cease to lay worker eggs, they may continue to lay those of drones.
The swarming season being over,—that is about the end of July,—a
general massacre of the "lazy fathers" takes place. Dr. Bevan, in the
"Honey Bee," observes on this point: "The work of the drones being
now completed, they are regarded as useless consumers of the
fruits of others' labour; love is at once converted into hate, and a
general proscription takes place. The unfortunate victims evidently
perceive their danger, for they are never at this time seen resting in
one place, but darting in and out of the hive with the utmost
precipitation, as if in fear of being seized."
Their destruction is thought, by some, to be caused by their being
harassed until they quit the hive; but Huber says he ascertained that
the death of the drones was caused by the stings of the workers.
Supposing the drones come forth in May, which is the average
period of their being hatched, their destruction takes place
somewhere about the commencement of August, so that three
months is the usual extent of their existence; but should it so happen
that the usual development of the queen has been retarded, or that
the hive has by chance been deprived of her, the massacre of the
drones is deferred. In any case, the natural term of the life of drone-
bees does not exceed four months, so that they are all dead before
the winter, and are not allowed to be useless consumers of the
general store.
 THE WORKER-BEE.
The working bees form, by far, the most numerous class of the
three kinds contained in the hive, and least of all require description.
They are the smallest of the bees, are dark brown in colour, or nearly
black,[4] and much more active on the wing than are either drones or
queens. The usual number in a healthy hive varies from twelve to
thirty thousand; and, previous to swarming, exceeds the larger
number. The worker-bee is of the same sex as the queen, but is only
partially developed. Any egg of a worker-bee—by the cell being
enlarged, as already described, and the "royal jelly" being supplied
to the larva—may be hatched into a mature and perfect queen. This,
one of the most curious facts connected with the natural history of
bees, may be verified in any apiary by most interesting experiments,
which may be turned to important use. With regard to the supposed
distinctions between "nursing" and working bees, it is now agreed
that it only consists in a division of labour, the young workers staying
at home to feed the larvæ until they are themselves vigorous enough
to range the fields in quest of supplies. But, for many details of
unfailing interest, we must again refer our readers to the standard
works on bees that have already been named.
[4] Italian workers form an exception in point of colour. See
Plate I., fig. 2.

THE EGGS OF BEES.

It is necessary that some explanation should be given as to the
existence of the bee before it emerges from the cell.
The eggs (Plate II., fig. 7) of all the three kinds of bees, when first
deposited, are of an oval shape, and of a pearly-white colour. In four
or five days the egg changes to a worm, and in this stage is known
by the names of larva or grub (Plate II., fig. 8), in which state it
remains four to six days more. During this period it is fed by the
nurse-bees with a mixture of farina and honey, a constant supply of
which is given to it. The next transformation is to the nymph or pupa
form. The nurse-bees now seal up the cells with a preparation similar
to wax, and then the pupa spins round itself a film or cocoon, just as
a silkworm does in its chrysalis state. The microscope shows that
this cradle-curtain is perforated with very minute holes, through
which the baby-bee is duly supplied with air. No further attention on
the part of the bees is now requisite, except a proper degree of heat,
which they take care to keep up—a position for the breeding cells
being selected in the centre of the hive, where the temperature is
likely to be most congenial.
Twenty-one days after the egg is first laid (unless cold weather
should have retarded it) the bee quits the pupa state, and, nibbling
its way through the waxen covering that has enclosed it, comes forth
a winged insect. The eggs of drones require twenty-four days, and
those of queens sixteen days, to arrive at maturity, and are hatched
in warm summer weather, a higher temperature being necessary. In
the Unicomb Observatory Hives, the young bees may distinctly be
seen as they literally fight their way into the world, for the other bees
do not take the slightest notice, nor afford them any assistance. We
have frequently been amused in watching the eager little new-comer,
now obtruding its head, and anon compelled to withdraw into the cell
to escape being trampled on by the apparently unfeeling throng, until
at last it has succeeded in making its exit. The little grey creature,
after brushing and shaking itself, enters upon its duties in the hive,
such as the nursing before alluded to, or secreting wax, and in (say)
a week issues forth to the more laborious occupation of gathering
honey in the fields—thus early illustrating that character for industry
which has been proverbial at least since the days of Aristotle, and
which has in our day been rendered familiar even to infant minds
through the nursery rhymes of Dr. Watts.

INCREASE OF BEES.
Every one is familiar with the natural process of "swarming," by
which bees provide themselves with fresh space, and seek to plant
colonies to absorb their increase of population. But the object of the
bee-master is to train and educate his bees, and in so doing he
avoids much of the risk and trouble which is incurred by allowing the
busy folk to follow their own devices. The various methods for this
end adopted by apiarians all come under the term of the "depriving"
system, and they form part of the great object of humane and
economical bee-keeping, which is to save the bees alive instead of
slaughtering them, as under the old clumsy system. A very natural
question is often asked:—How is it that, upon the depriving system,
where our object is to prevent swarming, the increase of numbers is
not so great as upon the old plan? It will be seen that the laying of
eggs is performed by the queen only, and that there is but one queen
to each hive; so that where swarming is prevented, there remains
only one hive or stock, as the superfluous princesses are not allowed
to come to maturity. If all those princesses were to become
monarchs, or mother-bees, and to emigrate with a proportionate
number of workers, increase would be going on more rapidly; but the
old stock would be so impoverished thereby as possibly to yield no
surplus honey, whilst the swarms might come off too late for them to
collect sufficient store whereon to grow populous enough to
withstand the winter.
With bees, as with men, "union is strength;" and it is often better
to induce them to remain as one family, rather than to part numbers
at a late period of the honey-gathering season, without a prospect of
supporting themselves, and so perish from cold and hunger during
the ordeal of the winter season. Would it not in such cases have
been better for the little folk, to have kept under one roof through the
winter, and to have been able to take full advantage of the following
early spring? This is one of the great secrets of successful bee-
keeping.
Our plan of giving additional store-room will, generally speaking,
prevent swarming. This stay-at-home policy, we contend, is an
advantage; for instead of the loss of time consequent upon a swarm
hanging out preparatory to flight, all the bees are engaged in
collecting honey, and that at a time when the weather is most
favourable and the food most abundant. Upon the old system, the
swarm leaves the hive simply because the dwelling has not been
enlarged at the time when the bees are increasing. The emigrants
are always led off by the old queen, leaving either young or embryo
queens to lead off after-swarms, and to furnish a mistress for the old
stock, and carry on the multiplication of the species. Upon the
antiquated and inhuman plan, where so great a destruction takes
place by the brimstone match, breeding must, of course, be allowed
to go on to its full extent to make up for such sacrifices. Our chief
object under the new system' is to obtain honey free from all
extraneous matter. Pure honey cannot be gathered from combs
where storing and breeding are performed in the same compartment.
For fuller explanations on this point, we refer to the various
descriptions of our improved hives in a subsequent section of this
work.
There can now be scarcely two opinions as to the uselessness of
the rustic plan of immolating the poor bees after they have striven
through the summer so to "improve each shining hour." The ancients
in Greece and Italy took the surplus honey and spared the bees, and
now for every intelligent bee-keeper there are ample appliances
wherewith to attain the same results. Mr. Langstroth quotes from the
German the following epitaph, which, he says, "might be properly
placed over every pit of brimstoned bees":—

Here rests,
CUT OFF FROM USEFUL LABOUR,

A COLONY OF

INDUSTRIOUS BEES,

BASELY MURDERED

BY ITS
UNGRATEFUL AND IGNORANT
OWNER.
And Thomson, the poet of "The Seasons," has recorded an eloquent
poetic protest against the barbarous practice, for which, however, in
his day there was no, alternative:—

"Ah! see where, robbed and murdered in that pit.

Lies the still-heaving hive! at evening snatched,
Beneath the cloud of guilt-concealing night,
And fix'd o'er sulphur! while, not dreaming ill,
The happy people, in their waxen cells,
Sat tending public cares.
Sudden, the dark, oppressive steam ascends,
And, used to milder scents, the tender race
By thousands tumble from their honied dome,
Into a gulf of blue sulphureous flame!"

It will be our pleasing task, in subsequent chapters, to show "a

more excellent way."

SWARMING.
The spring is the best period at which to commence an apiary,
and swarming-time is a good starting-point for the new bee-keeper.
The period known as the swarming season is during the months of
May and June. With a very forward stock, and in exceedingly fine
weather, bees do occasionally swarm in April. The earlier the swarm,
the greater is its value. If bees swarm in July, they seldom gather
sufficient to sustain themselves through the winter, though by careful
feeding they may easily be kept alive, if hived early in the month.
The cause of a swarm leaving the stock-hive is, that the
population has grown too large for it. Swarming is a provision of
Nature for remedying the inconvenience of overcrowding, and is the
method whereby the bees seek for space in which to increase their
stores. By putting on "super-hives," the required relief may, in many
cases, be given to them; but should the multiplication of stocks be
desired, the bee-keeper will defer increasing the space until the
swarm has issued forth. In May, when the spring has been fine, the
queen-bee is very active in laying eggs, and the increase in a strong,
healthy hive is so prodigious that emigration is necessary, or the
bees would cease to work.
It is now a well-established fact that the old queen goes forth with
the first swarm, preparation having been made to supply her place
as soon as the bees determine upon the necessity of a division of
their commonwealth. Thus the sovereignty of the old hive, after the
first swarm has issued, devolves upon a young queen.
As soon as the swarm builds combs in its new abode, the
emigrant-queen, being impregnated and her ovaries full, begins
laying eggs in the cells, and thereby speedily multiplies the labourers
of the new colony. Although there is now amongst apiarians no doubt
that the old queen quits her home, there is no rule as to the
composition of the swarm: old and young alike depart. Some show
unmistakable signs of age by their ragged wings, others their
extreme youth by their lighter colour; how they determine which shall
stay and which shall go has not yet been ascertained. In preparation
for flight, bees commence filling their honey bags, taking sufficient, it
is said, for three days' sustenance. This store is needful, not only for
food, but to enable the bees to commence the secretion of wax and
the building of combs in their new domicile.
On the day of emigration, the weather must be fine, warm, and
clear, with but little wind stirring; for the old queen, like a prudent
matron, will not venture out unless the day is in every way
favourable. Whilst her majesty hesitates, either for the reasons we
have mentioned, or because the internal arrangements are not
sufficiently matured, the bees will often fly about or hang in clusters
at the entrance of the hive for two or three days and nights together,
all labour meanwhile being suspended. The agitation of the little folk
is well described by Evans:—

"See where, with hurried step, the impassioned throng

Pace o'er the hive, and seem, with plaintive song,
T' invite the loitering queen; now range the floor,
And hang in cluster'd columns from the door;
Or now in restless rings around they fly,
Nor spoil thy sip, nor load the hollowed thigh;
 E'en the dull drone his wonted ease gives o'er,
Flaps his unwieldy wings, and longs to soar."

But when all is ready, a scene of the most violent agitation takes
place; the bees rush out in vast numbers, forming quite a dark cloud
as they traverse the air.
The time selected for the departure of the emigrants is generally
between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m.; most swarms come off within an hour of
noon. It is a very general remark that bees choose a Sunday for
swarming, and probably this is because then greater stillness reigns
around. It will not be difficult to imagine that the careful bee-keeper is
anxious to keep a strict watch, lest he should lose such a treasure
when once it takes wing. The exciting scene at a bee-swarming has
been well described by the apiarian laureate:—

"Up mounts the chief, and, to the cheated eye,

Ten thousand shuttles dart along the sky;
As swift through æther rise the rushing swarms,
Gay dancing to the beam their sunbright forms;
And each thin form, still lingering on the sight,
Trails, as it shoots, a line of silver light.
High poised on buoyant wing, the thoughtful queen,
In gaze attentive, views the varied scene,
And soon her far-fetched ken discerns below,
The light laburnum lift her polished brow,
Wave her green leafy ringlets o'er the glade.
Swift as the falcon's sweep the monarch bends
Her flight abrupt: the following host descends;
Round the fine twig, like clustered grapes they close
In thickening wreaths, and court a short repose."

In many country districts it is a time-honoured custom for the

good folks of the village to commence on such occasions a terrible
noise of tanging and ringing with frying-pan and key. This is done
with the absurd notion that the bees are charmed with the
clangorous din, and may by it be induced to settle as near as
possible to the source of such sweet sounds. This is, however, quite
a mistake: there are other and better means for the purpose. The
practice of ringing was originally adopted for a different and far more
sensible object—viz., for the purpose of giving notice that a swarm
had issued forth, and that the owner was anxious to claim the right of
following, even though it should alight on a neighbour's premises. It
would be curious to trace how this ancient ceremony has thus got
corrupted from the original design.
In case the bees do not speedily after swarming manifest signs of
settling, a few handfuls of sand or loose mould may be thrown up in
the air so as to fall among the winged throng; they mistake this for
rain, and then very quickly determine upon settling. Some persons
squirt a little water from a garden engine in' order to produce the
same effect.
There are, indeed, many ingenious devices used by apiarians for
decoying the swarms. Mr. Langstroth mentions a plan of stringing
dead bees together, and tying a bunch of them on any shrub or low
tree upon which it is desirable that they should alight; another plan
is, to hang some black woven material near the hives, so that the
swarming bees may be led to suppose they see another colony, to
which they will hasten to attach themselves. Swarms have a great
affinity for each other when they are adrift in the air; but, of course,
when the union has been effected, the rival queens have to do battle
for supremacy. A more ingenious device than any of the above is by
means of a mirror, to flash a reflection of the sun's rays amongst a
swarm, which bewilders the bees, and checks their flight. It is
manifestly often desirable to use some of these endeavours to
induce early settlement, and to prevent, if possible, the bees from
clustering in high trees or under the eaves of houses, where it may
be difficult to hive them.
Should prompt measures not be taken to hive the bees as soon
as the cluster is well formed, there is danger of their starting on a
second flight; and this is what the apiarian has so much to dread. If
the bees set off a second time, it is generally for a long flight, often
for miles, so that in such a case it is usually impossible to follow
them, and consequently a valuable colony may be irretrievably lost.
 Too much care cannot be exercised to prevent the sun's rays
falling on a swarm when it has once settled. If exposed to heat in this
way, bees are very likely to decamp. We have frequently stretched
matting or sheeting on poles, so as to intercept the glare, and thus
render their temporary position cool and comfortable.
Two swarms sometimes depart at the same time, and join
together; in such a case, we recommend that they be treated as one,
by putting them into a hive as before described, taking care to give
abundant room and not to delay affording access to the super hive or
glasses. They will settle their own notions of sovereignty by one
queen destroying the other. There are means of separating two
swarms, if done at the time; but the operation is a formidable one,
and does not always repay even those most accustomed to such
manipulation.
With regard to preparations for taking a swarm, our advice to the
bee-keeper must be the reverse of Mrs. Glass's notable injunction as
to the cooking of a hare. Some time before you expect to take a
swarm, be sure to have a suitable hive in which to take it, and also
every other requisite properly ready. Here we will explain what was
said in the introduction as to the safety of moving and handling bees.
A bee-veil or dress will preserve the most sensitive from the
possibility of being stung. This article, which may be bought with the
hives, is made of net close enough to exclude bees, but open
enough for the operator's vision. It is made to go over the hat of a
lady or cap of a gentleman; it closes round the waist, and has
sleeves fastening at the wrist. A pair of photographer's india-rubber
gloves completes the full dress of the apiarian, who is then
invulnerable, even to enraged bees. But bees when swarming are in
an eminently peaceful frame of mind; having dined sumptuously,
they require to be positively provoked before they will sting. Yet there
may be one or two foolish bees who, having neglected to fill their
honey bags, are inclined to vent their ill-humour on the kind apiarian.
When all is ready, the new hive is held or placed in an inverted
position under the cluster of bees, which the operator detaches from
their perch with one or two quick shakes; the floor-board is then
placed on the hive, which is then slowly turned up on to its base, and