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Notes 4 6382 Complex Mapping
Notes 4 6382 Complex Mapping
Fall 2023
David R. Jackson
Notes 4
Functions of a Complex
Variable as Mappings
1
A Function of a Complex Variable as a Mapping
y z v w
w = f ( z)
w w= u + iv
x= x + iy
z
x u
For example, w = z 3
2
Simple Mappings: Translations
Translation :
w= A + z
where A is a complex constant.
z w
y v
w= A + z w
z
z
x u
A
3
Simple Mappings: Rotations
Rotation :
i (α +θ )
=w e=
z iα
e iα
(re=
iθ
) re
where α is a real constant.
z w
y v
w = eiα z
z α z
x u
w
y z w v w
w = az
z
x u
5
A General Linear Transformation (Mapping) is a
Combination of Translation, Rotation, and Dilation
Linear transformation :
rotation
dilation
i (θ + Arg B )
w =+ A B ei Arg B reiθ =
A Bz =+ A + Br e
translation
where A , B are complex constants .
y z w v
w= A + Bz
Bz
z Arg B
x u
A
w
Im
z = x+ iy
r
1
θ
Re
θ w =1/ z
Points outside the unit circle get mapped to the inside of the unit circle.
Points inside the unit circle get mapped to the outside of the unit circle.
7
Simple Mappings: Inversions
Inversion :
1 1 1 −iθ
w =
= iθ
= e
z re r
Im Im
z
z= x0 + iy
1
1 Re
x0 Re 1z
1z
Inversions have a “circle preserving” property, i.e., circles always map to circles
(Straight lines are a special case where the radius of the circle is infinity.)
8
Circle Property of Inversion Mapping: Proof
1
w= (This maps circles into circles.)
z
1 1 u −v
z= ⇒ x + iy = ⇒ x= , y =
w u + iv u2 + v2 u2 + v2
Consider a circle: ( x − x0 )2 + ( y − y0 )2 =
a2
Hence
2 2
u −v u −v
2 2
+ 2 2
+ a1 2 2
+ a 2 2 2
0
+ a3 =
u +v u +v u +v u +v
J. W. Brown and R. V. Churchill, Complex Variables and Applications, 9th Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2013.
9
Circle Property of Inversion Mapping: Proof (cont.)
2 2
u −v u −v
2 2
+ 2 2
+ a1 2 2
+ a 2 2 2
0
+ a3 =
u +v u +v u +v u +v
Multiply by u2 + v2:
u2 v2
2 2 + 2 2 + a1 ( u ) + a 2 ( − v ) + a3 u 2
(+ v 2
)0
=
u +v u +v
or
( )
1 + a1 ( u ) + a2 ( −v ) + a3 u 2 + v 2 =
0
10
Circle Property of Inversion Mapping: Proof (cont.)
1 + a1 ( u ) + a2 ( −v ) + a3 u 2 + v 2 =
0 ( )
Divide by a3:
a1′ ≡ a1 / a3
(u 2
)
+ v 2 + a1′ ( u ) + a2′ ( −v ) + a0′ =
0 a2′ ≡ a2 / a3
a0′ ≡ 1 / a3
( u − u0 )2 + ( v − v0 )2 =
R2 v0 ≡ + a2′ / 2
a1′2 a2′2
R2 ≡ + − a0′
4 4
2
R =
a12
+
a22 1
− =
x02 + y02
− 2
1
=
(
x02 + y02 − x02 + y02 − a 2)=
a2
(x ) ( ) (x )
2 2 2
4a3 4a3 a3 2
+ y02 − a 2 x0 + y02 − a 2 x2 + y 2 − a2
2
2
+ y02 − a 2
2
0 0 0 0
11
Simple Mappings: Inversions (cont.)
1 1 1 −iθ
Geometrical construction of the inversion : =
w = iθ
= e
z re r
w v
θ u
z
y w v
1 z
z w= w
z
θ
x 1 θ
u
w
Shapes are not preserved!
12
Bilinear (a.k.a. Fractional or Mobius) Transformation
A + Bz
w= (A, B, C, D are complex constants)
C + Dz
Note that if D ≠ 0 ,
A + Bz A − BC D + B D ( C + Dz ) A − BC D
=w = = + B D
C + Dz C + Dz C + Dz
Steps in z ⇒ w :
1 A − BC D A − BC D
z ⇒ C + Dz ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ + B D
C + Dz C + Dz C + Dz
13
Bilinear Transformation Example: The Smith Chart
Z (d )
Let z =r + jx = where Z ( d ) =R ( d ) + jX ( d ) is the impedance at z =- d on a
Z0
transmission line of characteristic impedance Z 0 , and Γ ( d ) is the generalized
reflection coefficient :
Z ( d ) − Z0 z ( d ) −1 z −1
Γ
= (d ) = = or simply Γ
Z ( d ) + Z0 z (d ) +1 z +1
r ≡ R / Z0
x ≡ X / Z0 x Im Γ
z −1 Γ
Γ =
z z +1
r Re Γ
Normalized Reflection
impedance coefficient
plane plane
Horizontal and vertical ines (contant reactance and resistance) are mapped into circles.
• The transformation maps half the z - plane into the entire w - plane.
• The entire z - plane covers the w - plane twice.
• The transformation is said to be two - to - one.
15
Another Representation of the Squaring
Transformation
= f ( z=
w ) z=2 r 2 ei 2θ
2
y z
180o
270o 3 90o
9
2
4
1
1
360o
-360o
x
1 2 3 0o
3D plot of magnitude
-270o -90o
-180o
16
The Square Root Transformation
θ p + 2π k
iθ i
w f (=
= z ) z=
1/ 2
re=2 re 2 k 0 ,1
,= −π < θ p ≤ π
y
Note: The value of z1/2 on one branch is the
negative of the value on the other branch. v
z w
z
Second
branch w
x u
0 < θ ≤ 2π
k =1
w
Principal branch Re ≥ 0
−π < θ ≤ π
k =0
We say that there are two “branches” (i.e., values) of the square root function.
Note that for the principal branch, the square root function is not continuous on the
negative real axis. (There is a “branch cut” there.)
Principal branch
−π < θ ≤ π Re ≥ 0
k =0 1 =1
−1 =i
The principal square root is denoted as z i=
1+ i
2
1− i
Note: Re z ≥ 0 −i =
2
18
The Square Root Transformation (cont.)
θ p + 2π k
iθ i
w f (=
= z ) z=
1/ 2
re=2 re 2 k 0 ,1
,= −π < θ p ≤ π
y y
45o 225o
67.5o 3 22.5o 247.5o 3 202.5o
3 3
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
90o 270o
x x
-90o 1 2 3 0o 90o 1 2 3 180o
19
Constant u and v Contours are Orthogonal
Consider contours in the z plane on which the real quantities u ( x, y ) and v ( x, y )
are constant.
y v = constant
∇u
z w =u ( x, y ) + iv ( x, y ) = f ( z ) (analytic)
∇v
u = constant
x
The directions normal to these contours are along the gradient direction :
∂u ∂u
=∇u xˆ + ˆy
∂x ∂y
∂v ∂v
=∇v xˆ + ˆy
∂x ∂y
The gradients, and therefore the contours, are orthogonal (perpendicular) by the C. R. conditions :
C.R.
cond's
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
∂x xˆ + ∂y
∇u ⋅ ∇v = ˆy ⋅ xˆ + ˆy = ∂x xˆ + ∂y ˆy ⋅ − xˆ + ˆy =
− + =0
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x
20
Constant u and v Contours are Orthogonal (cont.)
Example: w = z 2
2
( )
w =( x + iy ) = x 2 − y 2 + i ( 2 xy )
u ( x, y=
) x2 − y 2
so
v ( x, y ) = 2 xy
Also, recall that
y
= v constant:
= xy c2
∇2u ( x, y ) =
0
∇2v ( x, y ) =
0
= x 2 − y 2 c1
u constant: =
21
Mappings of Analytic Functions are Conformal
(Angle-Preserving)
Consider a pair of intersecting paths C 1,C 2 in the z plane mapped
onto the w= u + iv plane.
y v
w = f ( z) w
z γ
Γ1
∆z2
z0
∆z1 f ′ ( z0 ) ≠ 0 β
∆w1
w0
C1 Γ2
γ ∆w2
C2 β
x u
∆w 1 ≈ f ′ ( z0 ) ∆z 1 ( ) ( )
⇒ arg ∆w 1 ≈ arg f ′ ( z0 ) + arg ∆z 1 , ∆z 1 along C1 from z0
∆w 2 ≈ f ′ ( z0 ) ∆z 2 ⇒ arg ( ∆w 2 ) ≈ arg f ′ ( z0 ) + arg ( ∆z 2 ) , ∆z 2 along C2 from z0
⇒ arg ( ∆w 2 ) − arg ( ∆w 1 ) ≈ arg ( ∆z 2 ) − arg ( ∆z 1 )
dz
Assumption : ≠0
dw
23
Constant |w| and arg(w) Contours are also Orthogonal
dz Note:
Assumption : ≠0 The constant Θ (red) and constant
dw R (green) curves are obviously
orthogonal in the w plane.
y Θ =constant v
w
z
R = constant
x u
24
The Logarithm Function
w = ln ( z )
i (θ p + 2π k )
= eiθ z e
z z=
( )
⇒ ln ( z ) = ln z + i θ p + 2π k , k = 0, ±1, ±2 ,
25
Arbitrary Powers of Complex Numbers
a
w=z (a may be complex)
Use
z z= iθ i (θ p + 2π k )
=z eln z =
e z e
aln z + ai (θ p + 2π k )
z
= a
( )ln z a
e = e= e aln z
= e
aln z iaθ p i 2π ak
e e
26
Arbitrary Powers of Complex Numbers (cont.)
2/ 3
: f ( z ) z=
Example= ( a 2 / 3) Recall :
2 2 2 i(θ p + 2π k )
ln z i θ p i 2π k z= ze
z2 / 3 = e 3 e 3 e 3 aln z iaθ p i 2π ak
za = e e e
2 2
2 ln z i θp
k= 0 k= 0 ⇒ z 2 / 3= e 3 e3
3
2 2 2
2 2 ln z i θ p i ( 2π )
k= 1 k= ⇒ z2 / 3= e 3 e3 e 3
3 3
2 2 4
2 4 ln z i θ p i ( 2π )
k 2 k= ⇒ z2 / 3
= e 3 e3 e 3
3 3
2 2 2 2
2 2/ 3 ln z i θ p i ( 2π ) 2 ln z i θ p starts
k =3 2 =
k= ⇒ z e=3 e 3 e e 3 e 3 ←
3 repeating!
2 8 2
k=4 2
k = =+ ⇒ repeats!
3 3 3
For z p/q the repetition period is k = q (if p and q have
no common factors). For irrational powers, the
repetition period is infinite; i.e., values never repeat!
27