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By Permission of] [W. Canning & Co.
Röntgen rays are produced when the cathode rays fall upon, and
as it were bombard, an obstacle of some kind. Almost any tube
producing cathode rays will produce also Röntgen rays, but special
forms of tube are used when the main object is to obtain these latter
rays. Fig. 38 shows a typical form of simple X-ray tube. This, like all
other tubes for X-ray work, is exhausted to a rather higher vacuum
than tubes intended for the production of cathode rays only. The
cathode C is made of aluminium, and is shaped like a saucer, its
curvature being arranged so that the cathode rays are focused on to
the anti-cathode A. The focusing as a rule is not done very
accurately, for although sharper radiographs are obtained when the
cathode rays converge exactly to a point on the anti-cathode, the
heating effect at this point is so great that a hole is quickly burned.
The target, or surface of the anti-cathode, is made of some metal
having an extremely high melting-point, such as platinum, iridium, or
tungsten. It has a flat surface inclined at an angle of about 45°, so
that the rays emanating from it proceed in the direction shown by the
dotted lines in the figure. The continuous lines show the direction of
the cathode rays. The anode is made of aluminium, and it is shown
at N. It is not necessary to have a separate anode, and the anti-
cathode may be used as the anode. In the tube shown in Fig. 38 the
anode and the anti-cathode are joined by an insulated wire, so that
they both act as anodes. The tube is made of soda-glass, as the X-
rays do not pass at all readily through lead-glass.
PLATE XIV.