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Full download Applied Statistics in Business and Economics 4th Edition Doane Solutions Manual all chapter 2024 pdf
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Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation
Chapter 8
Sampling Distributions and Estimation
32
8.1 a. = =
n 4
32
b. = =
n 16
32
c. = =
n 64
The standard error is reduced by half.
Learning Objective: 08-1
Learning Objective: 08-4
24
8.2 a. = =
n 9
24
b. = =
n 26
24
c. = =
n 144
The standard error is reduced by half.
Learning Objective: 08-1
Learning Objective: 08-4
15
b. 1.96 = 1000 1.960 or (990.2, 1009.80).
n 9
8-1
Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation
1
c. 1.96 = 50 1.960 or (49.608, 50.392).
n 25
Learning Objective: 08-5
0.005
b. 1.96 = 4.035 1.96 or (4.03304, 4.03696).
n 25
c. In either case, we would conclude that our sample came from a population that did not
have a population mean equal to 4.035.
Learning Objective: 08-5
1.25
8.6 a. = 0.3125
16
1.25
b. 25 1.645 = 25 0.514 or (24.486, 25.514)
16
Learning Objective: 08-1
Learning Objective: 08-5
0.006
8.8 a. .9480 1.96 = .9480 .002 or (.9460, .9500)
35
b. Our sample size is greater than 30 so as we take random samples of 35, our distribution
will approach normal. It is bell-shaped with a mean of .9480 and standard deviation of
.001014.
c. Central Limit Theorem
Learning Objective: 08-3
Learning Objective: 08-5
8-2
Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation
3
8.10 a. 24 1.645 = 24 1.56 or (22.44, 25.56)
10
8
b. 125 2.576 = 125 4.12 or (120.88, 129.12)
25
1.2
c. 12.5 1.96 = 12.5 0.333 or (12.167, 12.833)
50
Learning Objective: 08-5
0.15
8.11 a. 2.4 1.645 = 2.4 0.0823 or (2.3177, 2.4823)
9
0.15
b. 2.4 1.96 = 2.4 0.098 or (2.302, 2.498)
9
0.15
c. 2.4 2.576 = 2.4 0.1288 or (2.2712, 2.5288)
9
d. As the confidence increases, the interval gets wider. In order to be more confident one
has to give up some precision.
Learning Objective: 08-5
5
8.12 a. 37 1.645 = 37 2.1237 or (34.8763, 39.1237)
15
5
b. 37 1.96 = 37 2.5304 or (34.4696, 39.5304)
15
5
c. 37 2.576 = 37 3.3256 or (33.6744, 40.3256)
15
d. As the confidence increases, the interval gets wider. In order to be more confident one
has to give up some precision.
Learning Objective: 08-5
40
8.13 a. 270 1.96 = 270 15.68 or (254.32, 285.68)
25
40
b. 270 1.96 = 270 11.09 (258.91, 281.09)
50
40
c. 270 1.96 = 270 7.84 (262.16, 277.84)
100
d. Width decreases as n increases.
Learning Objective: 08-4
Learning Objective: 08-5
8-3
Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation
50
8.14 a. 850 1.96 = 850 9.8 or (840.2, 859.8)
100
100
b. 850 1.96 = 850 19.6 or (830.4, 869.6)
100
200
c. 850 1.96 = 850 39.2 or (810.8, 889.2)
100
d. The confidence interval gets wider as increases.
Learning Objective: 08-5
1.25
8.15 21.0 1.96 = 21.0 0.775 or (20.225, 21.775)
10
Learning Objective: 08-5
8.16 a. The shape of the distribution will be close to normal because our sample size is greater
than 30 (n = 40).
14.5
b. 36.4 2.576 = 36.4 5.9059 or (30.4941, 42.3059)
40
Learning Objective: 08-3
Learning Objective: 08-5
0.000959
8.17 0.2731 2.576 = 0.2731 0.0003245 or (0.2727755, 0.2734245)
58
Learning Objective: 08-5
s 3
8.18 a. x t = 24 1.9432 = 24 2.2034 or (21.7966, 26.2034).
n 7
s 6
b. x t = 42 2.8982 = 42 4.0987 or (37.9013, 46.0987).
n 18
s 14
= 119 5.4286 or (113.5714, 124.4286).
c. x t = 119 2.0518
n 28
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
Note: t values are found using the Excel formula =T.INV.2T(1−cc, d.f.) where cc is the
confidence level. For a. this would be =tinv(1-.90, 6). The t values can also be found
using Appendix D.
8-4
Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation
8.20 a. Appendix D = 2.021, Excel =T.INV.2T (.05, 40) = 2.0211. z-score is 1.96
b. Appendix D = 1.990, Excel =T.INV.2T (.05, 80) = 1.9901. z-score is 1.96
c. Appendix D = 1.984, Excel =T.INV.2T (.05, 100) = 1.984. z-score is 1.96
All are fairly close to 1.96. Larger samples mean larger degrees of freedom which means
the t-distribution is closer to normal.
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
20
8.21 a. d.f. = 9, t = 2.262, 270 2.262 = 270 14.306 or (255.694, 284.306)
10
20
b. d.f. = 19, t = 2.093, 270 2.093 = 270 9.36 or (260.64, 279.36)
20
20
c. d.f. = 39, t = 2.023, 270 2.023 = 270 6.397 or (263.603, 276.397)
40
d. The confidence interval width decreases as n increases.
Learning Objective: 08-4
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
s 27.79
8.23 a. t.025 =T.INV.2T(.05,20) = 2.086, x t = 45.66 2.0860 or (33.01, 58.31).
n 21
b. The confidence interval could be made narrower by increasing the size of the sample
or decreasing the confidence level.
Learning Objective: 08-4
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
8-5
Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation
s 3.6492
8.24 a. x t = 19.875 1.753 = 19.875 1.5993 or (18.2757, 21.4743).
n 16
Note: t values are found using the Excel formula =tinv(1-cc, n-1) where cc is the
confidence coefficient. For a. this, this would be = tinv(1-.90, 15). They can also be
found using Appendix D.
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
s 78.407
8.25 x t = 812.5 3.1058 or (742.20, 882.80).
n 12
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
s 17541.8
8.26 a. x t = 24520 2.2622 = 24520 12548.9 or (11971.1, 37068.9).
n 10
b. Increase the sample size or decrease the confidence level.
Learning Objective: 08-4
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
Change margin to 12548.648 and interval to (11971.4, 37068.6)
s 4.3716
8.27 a. 1. x t = 85 2.2622 or (81.873, 88.127).
n 10
s 8.127
2. x t = 88.6 2.2622 or (82.787, 94.414).
n 10
s 3.712
3. x t = 76 2.2622 or (73.345, 78.655).
n 10
b. Confidence intervals 1 and 2 overlap. The scores on exam 3 are very different than the
first two. There was a decrease in the average exam score on the third exam.
c. Here the standard deviation is not known, so use the t-distribution.
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
(1 − ) .50(1 − .50)
8.28 a. = = .0913
n 30
(1 − ) .20(1 − .20)
b. = = .0566
n 50
(1 − ) .10(1 − .10)
c. = = .0300
n 100
(1 − ) .005(1 − .005)
d. = = .0032
n 500
Learning Objective: 08-1
Learning Objective: 08-7
8-6
Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation
8.29 a. Yes, nπ = 25×.50 = 12.5 and n(1−π) = 25×.50 = 12.5. Both are greater than 10.
b. Yes, nπ = 60×.20 = 12 and n(1−π) = 60×.20 = 48. Both are greater than 10.
c. No, nπ =.08×100 = 8 < 10.
Learning Objective: 08-1
Learning Objective: 08-7
8.30 The confidence level for most polls is assumed to be 95%. Use z.025 = 1.96
(1 − ) .50(1 − .50)
a. 1.96 =1.96 = .1386
n 50
(1 − ) .50(1 − .50)
b. 1.96 =1.96 = .0694
n 200
(1 − ) .50(1 − .50)
c. 1.96 =1.96 = .0439
n 500
(1 − ) .50(1 − .50)
d. 1.96 = 1.96 = .022
n 2000
Learning Objective: 08-7
8-7
Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation
N −n 450 − 10 n 10
8.38 a. FCPF = = = .9899, = = .0222 .05 . Yes, the population can
N −1 450 − 1 N 450
be considered effectively infinite.
N −n 300 − 25 n 25
b. FCPF = = = .959, = = .0833 .05 . No, the population cannot
N −1 300 − 1 N 300
be considered effectively infinite.
N −n 1800 − 280 n 280
c. FCPF = = = .9192, = = .1556 .05 . No, the population
N −1 1800 − 1 N 1800
cannot be considered effectively infinite.
Learning Objective: 08-8
n 90
8.39 = = .09 .05 . Use the FPCF.
N 1000
N −n 15 1000 − 90
a. For 90% confidence use z.05 = 1.645. x z ,50 1.645 ,
n N −1 90 1000 − 1
50 ± 2.482 or [47.518, 52.482]
N −n 15 1000 − 90
b. For 95% confidence use z.025 = 1.96. x z ,50 1.96 ,
n N −1 90 1000 − 1
50 ± 2.958 or [47.042, 52.958]
N −n 15 1000 − 90
c. For 99% confidence use z.005 = 2.576. x z ,50 2.576 ,
n N −1 90 1000 − 1
50 ± 3.887 or [46.113, 53.887]
Learning Objective: 08-8
8-8
Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation
n 1200
8.40 = = .21 .05 . Use the FPCF.
N 5800
a. For 90% confidence use t.05 with d.f. = 1199. t = 1.646.
s N −n 0.2 5800 − 1200
x t ,3.7 1.646 ,
n N −1 1200 5800 − 1
3.7 ± 0.0085 or [3.6915, 3.7085]
b. For 95% confidence use t.025 with d.f. = 1199. t = 1.962.
s N −n 0.2 5800 − 1200
x t ,3.7 1.962 ,
n N −1 1200 5800 − 1
3.7 ± 0.01 or [3.69, 3.71]
c. For 99% confidence use t.005 with d.f. = 1199. t = 2.5799.
s N −n 0.2 5800 − 1200
x t ,3.7 2.5799 ,
n N −1 1200 5800 − 1
3.7 ± 0.0133 or [3.6867, 3.7133]
Learning Objective: 08-8
n 500
8.41 = = .22 .05 . Use the FPCF. For a 90% confidence level use z.05 = 1.645.
N 2300
p (1 − p ) N − n 245
pz ,p= = .49,
n N −1 500
.49(1 − .49) 2300 − 500
.49 1.645
500 2300 − 1
.49 ± .033 or [.457, .523]
Learning Objective: 08-8
2
z (1.96)(7,500)
2
z (1.96)(10)
2 2
8-9
Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation
2
z (1.96)(2.5)
2
(b − a ) (51.96 − 43.89)
8.48 a. Assume a normal distribution. We can estimate = = = 1.345 .
6 6
2
(1.96)(1.345)
b. n = = 27.7982 and our sample size is rounded up to 28.
.5
Learning Objective: 08-9
−2.326
2 2
z
8.50 a. We can use π =.5. n = (1 − ) = .5(.5) = 2,164.11 . Round the sample
E .025
size up to 2,165. Using Megastat: >CONFIDENCE INTERVAL/SAMPLE
SIZE>SAMPLE SIZE p and just plug in the values for E, p, and confidence level.
8-10
Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation
2 2
z 1.96
8.52 a. We can use π =.5. n = (1 − ) = .5(.5) = 600.25 . Round the sample size
E .04
up to 601. Using Megastat: >CONFIDENCE INTERVAL/SAMPLE SIZE>SAMPLE
SIZE p and just plug in the values for E, p, and confidence level.
b. Sampling method: Direct observation because you can easily see this around campus.
Learning Objective: 08-9
2 2
z 1.96
8.53 a. n = (1 − ) = .5(.5) = 2401 . No need to round up. Using Megastat: 2401.
E .02
b. Sampling method: Random sample via telephone or Internet survey possibly stratifying
by age.
Learning Objective: 08-9
2 2
z 1.96
8.54 a. We can use π =.5. n = (1 − ) = .5(.5) = 2, 401 and our sample size is
E .02
2,401. Using Megastat: >CONFIDENCE INTERVAL/SAMPLE SIZE>SAMPLE
SIZE MEAN and just plug in the values for E, p, and confidence level.
b. It would be nearly impossible to check all wireless routers in San Francisco.
Learning Objective: 08-9
8-11
Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation
s 5.31
8.60 a. x t = 10.36 2.045 = 10.36 1.9826 or (8.3774, 12.3426). Using Megastat:
n 30
<CONFIDENCE INTERVALS/SAMPLE SIZE<CONFIDENCE INTERVAL - MEAN
and then plug in the mean, standard deviation, n, and confidence level. Also select "t"
instead of "z" because we do not have the population variance.
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
8.61 a. Because the diameter is continuous there will always be slight variation in values from
nickel to nickel.
s 0.001886
b. x t = 0.834343 2.8453 = 0.834343 0.001171 or (0.833172, 0.835514)
n 21
From Megastat: (.8332, .8355)
c. The t distribution assumes a normal population, but in practice, this assumption can be
relaxed, as long as the population is not badly skewed. We assume that here.
2
z
d. Use n= to estimate the sample size. z = 2.576 so n = 95
E
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
Learning Objective: 08-9
s .1320
8.62 a. x = 3.3048, s = .1320. x t = 3.3048 1.833 = 3.3048 .0765 or (3.2283,
n 10
3.3813). Using Megastat: <CONFIDENCE INTERVALS/SAMPLE
SIZE<CONFIDENCE INTERVAL MEAN and then plug in the mean, standard
deviation, n, and confidence level. Also select "t" instead of "z" because we do not
have the population variance.
8-12
Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation
2
(1.645)(.1320)
2
z
b. n= = = 52.3886 and our sample size is rounded up to 53.
E .03
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
Learning Objective: 08-9
s 10.3087
8.63 x t = 34.538 1.7823 = 34.538 5.096 or (29.442, 39.634)
n 13
From Megastat: (29.4427, 39.6342)
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
N −n 1591 − 20
8.64 a. FCPF = = = .994 .
N −1 1591 − 1
n 20
b. = = .0126 .05 . Yes, the population can be considered effectively infinite.
N 1591
Learning Objective: 08-8
N −n 187 − 25
8.65 a. FCPF = = = .9333 .
N −1 187 − 1
n 25
b. = = .134 .05 . No, the population cannot be considered effectively infinite.
N 187
Learning Objective: 08-8
s 170.3784
8.66 a. x t = 346.5 2.093 = 346.5 79.7386 or (266.7614, 426.2386). Using
n 20
Megastat: <CONFIDENCE INTERVALS/SAMPLE SIZE<CONFIDENCE
INTERVAL - MEAN and then plug in the mean, standard deviation, n, and confidence
level. Also select "t" instead of "z" because we do not have the population variance.
2
(1.96)(170.3784)
2
z
b. n = = = 278.7926 so our sample size is rounded up to 279.
E 20
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
Learning Objective: 08-9
s 1.351
8.67 a. x t = 19.969 2.1315 = 19.969 0.720 or (19.249, 20.689).
n 16
From Megastat: (19.249, 20.689)
b. Fuel economy can also vary due to tire pressure and weather. There may be more than
sampling variability contributing to differences in sample means.
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
8-13
Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation
s 3.9265 187 − 25
8.68 a. x t = 8.636 1.711 = 8.636 1.2539 or (7.3821, 9.8899).
n 25 187 − 1
z (1.645)(3.9265)
2 2
s 27.793
8.69 a. x t = 45.664 2.086 = 45.664 12.651 or (33.013, 58.315). Because the
n 21
sample size is greater than 5% of the population size, if we use the FCPF = .9165 the
confidence interval is (34.0690, 57.2590).
2
z
b. Use n = with z = 1.96 to get n = 119.
E
(21 − 1)27.7932 (21 − 1)27.7932
c.
2
, 452.122 2 1610.783 or 21.26 < σ < 40.14
34.170 9.591
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
Learning Objective: 08-9
Learning Objective: 08-10
s 97.0535
8.70 a. x t = 3278.7222 2.110 = 3278.7222 48.2678 or (3230.4544,
n 18
3326.9900). Using Megastat: <CONFIDENCE INTERVALS/SAMPLE
SIZE<CONFIDENCE INTERVAL - MEAN and then plug in the mean, standard
deviation, n, and confidence level. Also select "t" instead of "z" because we do not
have the population variance.
2
(1.96)(97.0535)
2
z
b. n = = = 90.4637 and our sample size is rounded up to 91.
E 20
c. The line chart shows a decrease in the number of steps over time.
8-14
Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation
s 1.0953
8.71 a. x t = 29.53 2.0639 = 29.53 0.452 or (29.078, 29.982).
n 25
From Megastat: (29.078, 29.982)
2
z
b. Use n = with z = 1.96 to get n = 116.
E
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
Learning Objective: 08-9
s 12.3322
8.74 x t = 80.4167 1.796 = 80.4167 6.3938 or (74.02, 86.81).
n 12
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
s 13.21
8.75 a. x t = 52.74 2.0227 = 52.74 4.225 or (48.515, 56.965).
n 40
From Megastat: (48.515, 56.965)
b. The distribution is more likely to be skewed to the right with a few CDs having very
long playing times.
2
z
c. Use n = with z = 1.96 to get n = 75.
E
Learning Objective: 08-5
Learning Objective: 08-6
Learning Objective: 08-9
8-15
Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation
8.76 a.
Uniform Normal
Distribution: Distribution:
(b − a)2 b−a
= =
12 6
Chromium (.69 − .47) 2 .69 − .47
= = .0635 = = .0367
12 6
Barium (.019 − .004)2 .019 − .004
= = .0043 = = .0025
12 6
Fluoride (1.17 − 1.07)2 1.17 − 1.07
= = .0289 = = .0167
12 6
Learning Objective: 08-1
z (2.33)(.5)
2 2
2 2
z 1.96
8.80 n = (1 − ) = .5(.5) = 96.04 and our sample size is rounded up to 97 . Using
E .10
Megastat: <CONFIDENCE INTERVALS/SAMPLE SIZE<SAMPLE SIZE p and
then plug in the values for E, p, and confidence level.
Learning Objective: 08-9
8-16
Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation
p(1 − p) .29(.71)
8.81 a. p z = .29 ± 1.96 = (.258, .322)
n 787
b. Yes, np = 228.23 and n(1–p) = 558.77 which are both greater than 10.
Learning Objective: 08-7
p(1 − p ) .235(.765)
8.82 a. p = 47 / 200 = .235 . p z = .235 1.96 = .235 .0588 or (.1761,
n 200
.2938). Using Megastat: <CONFIDENCE INTERVALS/SAMPLE
SIZE<CONFIDENCE INTERVAL p and then plug in the values for p, n, and
confidence level.
b. We can assume normality because np = (200)(.235) = 47 10 and n(1−p) = (200)(1–
.235) = 153 10 .
2 2
z 1.96
c. n = (1 − ) = .235(.765) = 431.6398 and our sample size is rounded up to
E .04
432.
Learning Objective: 08-7
Learning Objective: 08-9
p(1 − p) .664(.336)
8.83 p = 83 /125 = .664 . p z = .664 1.645 = .664 .069
n 125
or (.595, .733)
Learning Objective: 08-7
p(1 − p) .58(.42)
8.84 pz = .58 ± 1.645 = .58 .0120 = (.568, .592).
n 4581
Learning Objective: 08-7
p(1 − p) .5(.5)
8.85 a. Margin of error = ± z = ± 1.96 = ± .035. Must assume π = .5 and 95%
n 787
confidence.
b. Margin of error would be greater if subgroup consisted of only males because the sample
size is now smaller.
Learning Objective: 08-4
Learning Objective: 08-7
8-17
Chapter 08 - Sampling Distributions and Estimation
p(1 − p) .46(.54)
8.87 a. p = 98/213 = .46, p z = .46 ± 1.96 = (.393, .527)
n 213
b. Normality assumption holds. np = 98 and n(1−p) = 115
Learning Objective: 08-7
.5(1 − .5)
8.90 a. Margin of error = 1.96 = .0205
2277
p(1 − p) .44(1 − .44)
b. p z = .44 1.645 = .44 .0171 or (.4229, .4571)
n 2277
c. Because the interval falls below .5 we would conclude that it is unlikely 50% of the
voters approve of the President’s performance.
Learning Objective: 08-7
.5(1 − .5)
8.91 a. Margin of error = 1.96 = .04 Assume that p = .5 and a 95% confidence level.
600
Learning Objective: 08-7
2 2
z 1.96
8.93 a. n = (1 − ) = .5(.5) = 384.16 Round the sample size up to 385.
E .05
2 2
z 1.96
b. n = (1 − ) = .5(.5) = 1536.64 , n would increase to 1537
E .025
Learning Objective: 08-10
8-18
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lehet, mint én, mondja rá Julius. – Ó, Lassen kövérebb, mint
akármelyiktek is, mondja Lars Manuelsen, egyik se ér fel vele! Lars
Manuelsen tovább bolyongott egyik csoporttól a másikig és mind az
járt a fejében: hogy Willatz a földbirtokos, ma este megérkezett, de
sok kereskedelmi utazónak volt több pénz a zsebében, mint neki.
Lelkemre mondom, hogy így van. Egy muzsikus, olyan, mint egy
kóbor komédiás. Bezzeg Lassen! Itt járt, ezen a helyen és itt játszott,
mikor még kis gyermek volt. Az emberek Larsnak hívták és ezeket
az utakat rótta a lába, a szeme pedig itt nyugodott ezeken a
szakadékokon és sziklákon. A szülőháza még most is fönnáll, öreg
apja és anyja laknak benne. Milyen szép volt mindezt végiggondolni
– Lassennel kapcsolatban.
A postahajó fölszedte a horgonyt és elindult. Késő éjszakára vált
az idő. A rakodóparton ott áll még vagy tíz láda, valamennyit a boltos
Pernek címezték, de Theodor nem mutatkozott sehol, nyilván azért,
mert csak tíz ládáról volt szó, nem pedig legalább is százról. Julius
találkozott Kornelius boltiszolgával és azt mondta neki: Itt vannak a
fésük, érkezett vagy tíz láda. – Ökör! mondta Kornelius dühösen.
De késő éjszaka Holmengraa úr mégis kijött a szobájából.
Ugylátszik, vágya támadt a szabad levegő után, csakúgy, mint más
embernek és este, mikor mindenki a kikötőben szorongott és
elhagyottak voltak az utak, Holmengraa úr is elősétált valahonnan.
Isten tudja, honnan jött, lassú léptekkel bandukolt hazafelé…
7.