Environmental Studies Notes Updated (1)

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Environmental Studies- Notes Updated
Environmental Studies (Bengaluru Central University)
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SAI VIDYA FIRST GRADE COLLEGE, RAJANUKUNTE, BENGALURU.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
SYLLABUS
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES:
Multidisciplinary nature of Environmental studies Scope and importance of environment
Sustainable development and their concepts.
UNIT 2: ECOSYSTEM:
What is Ecosystem? Structure and functions of ecosystem. A) Forest ecosystem B) Grassland
ecosystem C) Desert ecosystem D) Aquatic ecosystem [Pond/lake; Rivers/Streams;
Marine/Ocean] Energy flow in an ecosystem Food chain; Types of food chain; Food web and
Ecological succession.
UNIT 3: NATURAL RESOURCES:

What is Resource? Types of resources Land Resource: land use pattern or change in India,
Land degradation, Soil erosion and Deforestation. Causes and impacts due to mining, Dams
and their effects to tribal people. Water Resource: Use and over exploitation of surface and
ground water, Floods, Droughts. Conflicts over water [ Inter-state and Inter-national ].
Energy Resource: Sources of energy, Renewable and Non-renewable source of energy.
Alternative source of energy.
UNIT 4: CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY:

Definition? Types or levels of Biodiversity: Genetic, Species and Ecosystem diversity. Bio-
geographical classifications of Biodiversity in India. Hot spots of Biodiversity. Endangered
and Endemic flora and fauna in India. Man wildlife conflicts. Bio-diversity conservation
methods: In-situ and Ex-situ conservation. Values or service of Biodiversity.
UNIT 5: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION:

Definition? Types of pollution. Causes, effects and controlling measures of Air, Noise/Sound,
Water, Land/Soil, Radioactive pollution. Nuclear hazards and health risks: Bhopal gas
tragedy, Chernobyl disaster, Fukushima daiichi. Solid waste management: Classifications,
effects of solid waste. Solid waste management process, Disposal method.
UNIT 6: ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND PRACTICES:

Climate change, Global warming, Ozone layer depletion, Acid rain. Environmental Laws:
Environment protection Act Air(prevention and control of pollution) Act Water(prevention
and control of pollution) Act Wildlife protection Act Forest conservation Act International
agreements: Montreal and Kyoto protocol Tribal population and their rights.
UNIT 7: HUMAN COMMUNITIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT:

Human population growth: Impacts on environment, Human health and welfare Resettlement
and Rehabilitation of project affected persons; case studies Disaster management: Floods,
Earthquake, Cyclones and Landslides. Environmental movements: Chipko, Silent valley and
Bishnois of Rajasthan. Environmental ethics: Role of Indian and other religions and
Prof. Manjunatha S, Assistant Professor. Page 1

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cultures in environmental conservation. Environmental communication and Public awareness,

case studies (CNG Vehicles in Delhi).
UNIT 8: FIELD WORK:
Value of a Tree: 50 years
1. It generates about 53 laksh worth of oxygen to environment.

2. It facilitates about 6.4 lakhs worth soil erosion control.
3. It is helpful to control about 10.5 lakhs worth of Air Pollution.
4. Besides it provide about 5.3 lakhs worth of shelter to birds and animals.
5. Finally it recycles about 6.4 lakhs worth of nutrients in soil.
TOTAL=33.9 Lakhs

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UNIT –I
Introduction to Environmental Studies
Definition :
Environmental is defined as <An immediate Surrounding of an organism or species= The
term <Environmental Science= was coined by <Dr. Rex. N. Olinaires=
Components / Levels of Environment :

There are four components or levels of environment.
1. Lithosphere:
The lithosphere consist of excess of silica, manganese, phosphate and other minerals. In this
lithosphere the formation of desert and ocean by all minerals.
The outer layer of earth is called 8crust9, The mid part of earth is called 8Mantle9,
The lower region of earth is called 8core9 core again divided into
inner core and outer core9.
Inner core lies behind the mantle and outer core lies behind inner core.
2. Atmosphere:
In Greek 8Atmos9 means Air it raises upto 1000 km from the earth surface. It contains ozone
layer and it protest all from harmful ultra violet radiations.
3. Hydrosphere:
Hydro = water (H2O).
Our earth consists of 71% of water out of this 97% of water are sea water or estuaries.
Remaining 3% of water are fresh water. All life are depends upon fresh water sources like
Rivers, Streams, Lakes, wells, Ponds etc.
4. Biosphere:
The term of Biosphere was named by the Geologist Sir Edward Suess in the year 1857.
Bio means life, it includes all kinds of life. 35000 varieties of plants and 1,10,000,000
varieties of animals are present.
Multi disciplinary nature of o Environmental Studies / Enivornmental studies related to

other subject
1. Environment Studies related to Geography:
Here we study about earth, soil, water, minerals, Rocks, Types of Rocks etc.. There are three
types of Rocks
a) Igneous Rocks Ex: Granite's, Agate, Augenite etc
b) Sedimentary rocks Ex: Pebbles, Marbles, Sediments etc
c) Metamorphic Rocks Ex: Limestone, Talcum Powder, Chalk piece etc..
2. Environment Studies related to Chemistry:

Here we studied about the Chemical reactions, Chemical composition the PH level of water
soil etc.. the pH level of Drinking water is 6.5 to 7.5.
3. Environment Studies related to Botany:

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Here we studied about plants, their age, growth, Development, their Photosynthesis process
etc.
4. Environment Studies related to Zoology:
Here we studied about Animals, including Birds, organizations etc. it represents the life style,
Natural Habitat their behavior, hunting method, migration etc..
5. Environmental studies related to Bio Technology:
Here we studied about, DNA, RNA, Gene technology, Seed Bank, germination of seeds,
Gigantism of all species, dwarfism of all species etc..
6. Environment Studies related to Political Science:
It includes, Indian Constitution Foundation law9s and duties, Human rights woman and child
welfare programmers.
7. Environment Studies related to History:
Here we study about Ancient Civilization, Their struggles, sculpture in the environment etc.
8. Environment Studies related to Micro- Biology:
Here we study about micro organization present in the environment.
Sustainable Development:
Development of Resource, Properties, things, Monuments etc to our next or future generation
without damage or destruction are known as sustainable development.
Concepts:
1. To make Afforestation.
2. To control plastics and other hard substance.
3. To avoid all kinds of pollution.
4. To implement eco friendly vehicles like, solar vehicles, Bicycles etc…
5. To grow more medicinal plants.
6. To control garbage and debris in water resources.
7. Reduce the use of vehicles
8. To control modern urbanization.

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UNIT –II
ECO SYSTEM
Definition :
It deals with the study of interrelationship between biotic and Abiotic factors. The term Eco-
System was coined by the botanist A.G Tansley in the year 1935.
Structure and functions of Eco System :

1. Biotic Factors
2. Abiotic Factors
1. Biotic factors :
All living beings, it includes three factors
a) Producers
b) Consumers
c) Decomposers
2. Abiotic factors :
Non living beings, it includes
a) Water
b) Air
c) Light
d) Temperature
e) Soil
f) Climate
Forest Eco – System :

Types of Forests
1. Coniferous forest Ex : Amazon forest
2. Temperate Rainfall forest Ex: Chirapoonji, Agumbe etc..
3. Temperate Decidous forest Ex: Bandipura, Nagarahole etc..
Forest Eco system :

1. Biotic factos :
All living beings. there are three categories,
a) Producers :
Produces are those, which prepare their own food and except sunlight they do not depends on
others. Ex: Plants / Herbs / Medicinal plants etc.
b) Consumers :
Consumers are those, which directly or indirectly depends upon producers for their food.
There are three types of consumers;
i) Primary consumers:
Primary consumes are those, which only depends on producers for their food (Herbivores)
Ex: Deer/Rabbit/ Hare/Bison etc.

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ii) Secondary Consumers:

Secondary consumers are those which depends on primary consumers for their food (Middle
carnivores) Ex: Fox/ wolf / Hyena etc.
iii) Tertiary Consumers:
Tertiary consumers are those, it depends either secondary consumers or primary consumers
for their food. (Top carnivores) Ex: Lion/Tiger/Leopard/Bear
etc.
c). Decomposer:
Decomposer are those, which converts organic substance into inorganic substance in soil
through Micro Organic.(By releasing a chemical called 8Ethyliminoalane9) Ex: Termites /
Bacteria / Earthworm etc..
2. Abiotic factors:
Non- living beings. It includes,
a) Water:
Water is an universal solvent because most of the substance dissolved in water. Life cannot
exist without water.
b) Air:
Air is a mixture of gas. It is helpful for respiration to all kinds of life.
c) Light:
Sun is the major source of light, it is helpful for the development of plants by photosynthesis
process.
d) Temperature:
i) Minimum Temperature: if the weather is too cold.
ii) Optimum Temperature: if the weather is in normal condition.
iii) Maximum temperature: if the weather is too hot.
e) Soil:
Soil is a texture. It includes all minerals and fertility with
nutrients. It is essential for decomposing process.
f) Climate:
There are four seasons
i) Spring season
ii) Summer season
iii) Autumn season
iv) Winter season
Grassland Eco-System :
There are 5 types of grasslands regions in India.
1. Terai Grassland :
It locates in River Ganges and Brahmaputra Valley region.
2. Bhugyal Grassland:

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It is high attitude alpine grassland in Uttarakhand. It is also known as nature9s own garden.
3. Khazziar Grassland:
It locates in Himalayan region, Himachal Pradesh and in dense forests.
4. Bunny Grassland:
It locates in edges of dessert ran of Kutch, Gujarat. It is also known as rich wildlife
Biodiversity.
5. Shola Grassland:
It locates in south Indian regions specially found in higher altitude hill regions of the Nilgiris,
Kanyakumari, Western Ghats of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu.
A. Biotic factors :
All Living beings. There are three categories,
1. Producers:
Producers are those, which prepare their own food and except sunlight it do not depends on
others. (Autotrophs) Ex: Grass / Herbs / shrubs etc..
2. Consumers:
Consumers are those which directly or indirectly depends upon producers for their food.
Consumer is off three types.
i) Primary Consumers: Primary consumers are those, which only depends upon producers for
their food. (herbivores). Ex: Grasshopper/Moths/Insects etc.
ii) Secondary Consumers : Secondary consumers are those, which depends on primary
consumers for their food.(middle carnivores). Ex: Snake/ Frog/ Monitor lizard etc..
iii) Tertiary Consumer: Tertiary consumers either depends on secondary consumers nor
primary consumers for their food (Top carnivores). Ex: Eagle/ Hawk / vulture etc.
3. Decomposer :
Decomposer are those, which converts organic substance into inorganic substances in soil
through Micro organisms. Ex: Termites / Bacteria / Earthworm etc..
B. Abiotic factors:
a) Water: Water is an universal solvent, because most of the substances dissolved in water.
Life cannot exist without water.
b) Air:
Air is a mixture of gas it is essential for refrigeration.
c) Light:
Sun is the major source of light it is essential for photosynthesis process in plants.
d) Temperature:
i) Minimum 3 if the weather is too cold.
ii) Optimism 3 if the weather is in normal condition.
iii) Maximum3 if the weather is too hot.
e) Soil:
Soil is texture, it includes all minerals, nutrients and rich in fertility. It is also essential for
decomposing process of dead and decomposing organisms.
f) Climate:
i) Spring season

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ii) Summer season

iii) Autumn season
iv) Winter season.
Aquatic Eco-System :
1. Lake / Pond Eco – System:
A. Biotic factors :
There are three biotic factors.
a) Producers:
Produces are those, which prepare their own food and except sunlight, they do not depends
on others. Ex: Algae / Phytoplanktons etc.
b) Consumers:
Consumer in off three types:
Primary consumes are those, which only depends on producers for their food. (Herbivores)
Ex: Frog/ Snail/ Crab etc.
ii) Secondary Consumers:
Secondary consumers are those, which depends on primary consumers for their food (Middle
carnivores) Ex: Small fishes.
iii) Tertiary Consumers:
for their food. (Top carnivores) Ex: Large fishes.
c) Decomposer:
Decomposer are those, which converts organic substance into inorganic substances in water
through Micro orgsnisms. Ex: Bacteria / Fungus etc.
B. Abiotic factors:
a) Water
b) Air

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c) Light
d) Temperature
e) Climate
(Here we should not write soil)
2. River / Stream Eco- System:
A) Biotic factors:
a) Producers:
Produces are those, which prepare their own food and except sunlight they do not depends on
others. Ex: Algae / Phytoplanktons etc.
b) Consumers:
Consumer is off three types:
It only depends on producers for their food. (Herbivores) Ex: Snails / Prawns / Crab etc..
ii) Secondary consumers:
carnivores) Ex: Small and Big Fishes.
iii) Tertiary consumers:
for their food. (Top carnivores) Ex: Crocodiles/ Swans etc.
c) Decomposers:
through Micro organisms. Ex: Bacteria / Fungus etc.
B) Abiotic factors:

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f) Water
g) Air
h) Light
i) Temperature
j) Climate:
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Winter
Ocean Ecosystem:
A) Biotic factors:
a) Producers:
Produces are those, which prepare their won food and except sunlight they do not depends on
others. Ex: Zoo planktons / Algae etc.
b) Consumers:
Consumer is off three types:
It only depends on producers for their food. (Herbivores) Ex: Turtle / Prawns/ Crabs etc.
ii) Secondary consumers:

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carnivores) Ex: Small and Big Fishes.
iii) Tertiary consumers:
for their food. (Top carnivores) Ex: Shark / Whales/ Dolphins etc.
c) Decomposers:
through Micro organisms. Ex: Bacteria / Fungus etc..
B) Abiotic factors:
a) Water
b) Air
c) Sunlight
d) Temperature
e) Climate:
Energy flow in an Eco-System
1. Sun is the major source of energy.

2. The energy flow in an eco-system is always unidirectional.
3. Amount of energy at each tropic level in an eco-system, goes on decreasing form.
4. According to 1stlaw of Thermo dynamic 3 <Energy can neither be created nor be
destroyed=.
5. The organism that can take energy from inorganic sources and fix it into energy such
molecules are called as autotrophs and the process in known as photosynthesis.
6. The energy get transformed from lower tropic level to upper tropic level.

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7. Convention of organic form into inorganic form in soil / water is called decomposing
process.
8. About 57% of energy is striking towards the atmosphere.
9. About 35% of energy is striking towards the earth surface.
10. Remaining 8% of energy striking towards plant surface in the form of photosynthesis.
Food Chain:
The flow of energy transfer from producer to primary, secondary and tertiary consumers and
to decomposers at different tropic level is called food chain.
Ex:
a) Forest Ecosystem: Plants 3 Rabbit 3 Fox -Lion3 Termites
b) Grass land Ecosystem: Grass 3 Grass hopper 3 Snake 3 Hawk- Earthworm
c) Lake / pond Ecosystem: Algae 3 Crab 3 Small fishes 3 Large fishes 3 Bacteria
d) Ocean Ecosystem: Zoo planktons 3 Turtle 3 Large Fishes 3 Shark / Whale 3 Bacteria /
Fungus.
e) River eco 3system Phyto planktons 3 Frog 3 Large fishes 3 Crocodile 3 Fungus.
Types of Food Chain:

There are two types
1. Grazing food chain or predator food chain :
This good chain commences with green plants (producers) and proceeds to herbivores to
carnivores. Ex: Solar radiation 3 Grass / plants 3 Grasshopper or Deer 3 Snake / Fox / hawk /
Lion
2. Detritus food chain :

It is also called as saprophytic good chain. It commence from dead and decaying organic
matter of plants and animals. Ex: Dead Animal / Birds 3 Termites / Bacteria
Food Web:
The inter linking or inter connection of different food chains or different eco system present
in a particular regions is called food web. Every kind of food is eaten by different kinds of
organisms.

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Ecological Succession:
In a successive orientation of in progressive formation, the old plants and animals cames to
exist with new environment and changes or alter their life style, conditions, behavior along
with new plants and animals is called Ecological succession.
Hult (1885) Coined the term Ecological Succession.
Causes of Ecological succession:

There are three causes.
1. Initial cause : Initial cause are Forest fire, Soil erosion etc..
2. Continuous cause: Continuous causes are Competition/ Migration/ War/ Struggle/ Hunting
etc..
3. Stability cause: Stability causes like stable in environment. Such as rocks, soil.

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UNIT –III
NATURAL RESOURCE
Definition :
The necessities that are required for the service of mankind / life is known as resource.
The term resource was named by Prof. Zimmermann.
Types of Resource :
1. Land resource
2. Forest resource
3. Water resource
4. Energy resource
5. Food resource
1. Land Resource :
Land resource is another important vital resource as it is used for many purpose.
Our country covers 2.5% of the total available land resource.
Uses of Land Resource:
1. It is mainly used for cultivation purpose.
2. It is used for Mines.
3. For industries and factories.
4. For residential purpose
5. For all the construction
6. For School and colleges
7. For Hospitality.
8. For Research station etc..
Land use change / land use pattern in India:

India consists of about 329 million hectares of land. Out of these only 306 million hectares of
land were surveyed and researched. Remaining 23 million hectares of land could not or
unable to research, because such places are very thick forests, few hot deserts and bushy
areas etc..
In India (2011 Census)

a. About 68 millions hectare of land was forest resource.
b. About 43 million hectare of land were bifurcated as cities, towns, villages etc..
c. About 25 million hectare of land were yellow soil, means no fertility.
d. About 11 million hectare of land was grass land.
e. About 18 million hectare of land was considered as waste land.
f. Finally about 141 million hectare of land were utilizing as agricultural lands.
Land degradation:
Loss of Minerals fertility and loss of potential and physical strengths leads to land
degradation.

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Causes / Reasons:
1. By excess of Mining
2. By rapid urbanization
3. By over digging of land
4. By landslides, earthquakes etc
5. By using high amount of pesticides
6. By dumping buildings wastes on earth. .
7. By harming underground level.
8. By the settlement of plastics inside the earth.
9. By deforestation.
10. By making homes and buildings on hilly region.
Effects :
1. It reduces the minerals.
2. It decreases the nutrients in soil.
3. It reduces the potential strengths of soil.
4. It collapse the natural resinous.
5. Lands become barren.
6. It decreases the yield of crops.
7. Few disease may occur like cholera skin allergy etc..
8. Increase in temperature.
Controlling measures :
1. To control rapid urbanization.
2. Avoid the excess construction of buildings.
3. To control plastics.
4. To make afforestation.
5. To control excess of mines.
6. To avoid digging of land.
7. To improve the fertility of soil.
Soil Erosion:
Removal of top most or upper most layer of soil by man-made activities or by few natural
disasters leads to soil erosion.
There are three types of soil erosion.
1. Sheet Erosion :
Eroding of soil only on upper surface of soil like sheet or slope like structure. Ex: By heavy
winds or by rainfall.
2. Rill Erosion :
Eroding of soil on both upper and lower surface region of soil by ring, curvy or stream like
structure. Ex: By Hurricanes, Rain on Hills.
3. Gully Erosion :
Eroding of soil both on upper and lower surface region of soil like tiny channels in all
surface. Ex: By landslides, Earthquake, volcanoes etc.

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Causes of Soil Erosion:

1. By growing same crops in Agriculture fields.
2. By using high amount of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture fields.
3. During floods and Hurricanes.
4. By destroying forests.
5. By blasting crackers and explosives.
6. Due to urbanization.
7. By tar road and cements.
8. Due to excess of mining.
9. By plastic brings and settlement of plastics inside the soil.
10. By over garaging of animals.
Effects:
1. It reduces the fertility of Soil.
2. It damages the vegetation.
3. It affects the crops.
4. Reduction in nutrients.
5. Loss of minerals.
7. By acquiring few diseases like soil pollution allergies.
8. It affects water resource.
Controlling Measures:
1. To implement crop rotation method in agricultural fields.
2. To control rapid urbanization.
3. To control excess of mines.
4. To clear al debris on soil.
5. To control over digging of land.
6. To control plastic burning.
7. Avoid the high amount of pesticides and fertilizers used in agricultural areas.
8. To control explosives and fire crackers.
Deforestation:
Reckless cutting of trees and destroying of forests by humans is called deforestation.
Causes / Reasons:
1. Due to rapid urbanization.
2. By excess of population growth.
3. By expansion of agricultural field along with forest.
4. Due to expansion of Highways and Roadway in forest.
5. By hunting and poaching of animals.
6. By industrial development.
7. By timber extraction.

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8. By rubber industries.
9. By acquiring forest lands by rural peoples.
10. By making resort and cottages inside forest.
11. By forest fire.
12. Also w1by bush fire.
Effects:
1. Decrease in Rain.
2. It collapses vegetation.
3. Lands become barren.
4. I affects the nutrients in soil
5. Leads to soil erosion
6. It affects birds and animals by loss of shelter.
7. It also affects the life styles of tribal people.
8. It collapses natural eco system.
10. Leads to global warming.
11. It promotes less fertility by in soil
12. Depletion of ground water.
1. To avoid forest fire and bush fire.
2. To control resorts and cottages in forests.
3. To control hunting and poaching of animals.
4. To avoid the cutting of trees in forest.
5. To control the extraction of timber.
6. To control the rapid urbanization.
7. To avoid strictly the expansion of Roads and highways.
8. To control the vehicles entering during night time.
Desertification:
The place having the rainfall of below 25 cm and ultimately the land converted
into a desert like condition due to loss of fertility in soil is called desertification.
Causes / Reasons
2. By land degradation.
3. By overgrazing of domestic animals.
4. Due to less rainfall.
5. Due to increase in temperature.
6. By drought and volcanoes.
7. By excess of mining.
8. Improper cultivation practices in agricultural fields.

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Effects:
1. It affects vegetation.
2. Global warming may occur.
3. Decreases rainfall.
4. Disease may occur like skin disease, skin rashes etc..
5. Psoriasis may occur.
6. Destruction of species in an ecosystem.
7. It collapses the minerals.
8. It affects nutrients in soil.
2. Avoid over grazing.
3. To contest global warming.
4. Reclamation of soil.
5. Following scientific cultivation technique.
6. Restoring the soil moisture.
7. To control excess o mines.
8. To grow more plants and trees.
Dams and their effects to Tribal people:

Uses of Dams:
1. It is essential for modern lifestyle areas.
2. It helps to store the water in huge content.
3. It helps to supply water for all residential areas.
4. It also helpful to factories and industries.
5. It helps to generate Hydro Electricity.
6. It also helpful to secrete water during drought conditions.
7. It improves water canals and rivers.
8. It also helps to give water to neighboring states / countries.
9. It controls excess of floods.
10. It improves water holding capacity in ground water.
Dams effects to Tribal people:

1. It collapses the forest resource.
2. Tribal people may lose their shelter.
3. Tribal people may suffer from their natural lifestyle.
4. Tribal people may eager to change their places.
5. Tribal people may suffer from food.
6. They severely suffer from mental sickness.
Use and Over – Exploitation of Surface and Ground Water

Uses of Water:
1. For agricultural practices.

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2. For industrial purpose.

3. For domestic use.
4. Recreation purpose (water, parks, water fountains etc.)
5. For mining.
6. For farmers and poultry.
7. For other purpose like garage, hospitality, school and colleges etc.
Per capita Natural water resources:

The present capita availability of natural water in India per annum is 1820 cubic meter
Purpose of using water Water used by person per day in litre.

1. For drinking 2.5 ltr / day
2. For cooking 4.5 ltr / day
3. For washing utensils 13.6 ltr / day
4. For bathing 27.3 ltr / day
5. For washing clothes 13.6 ltr / day
6. For toilet 27.3 ltr / day
7. For others 18.5 ltr / day
Over Utilization of Surface and ground water resource:

1. By population explosion
2. By extensive modern agricultural practice.
3. Due to rapid industrialization.
4. By modern urbanization.
5. By tourism and recreation.
6. By wasting water in gardening and parks.
7. Due to construction of excess of buildings.
8. By polling water in cunning the buildings.
9. By wasting water in poultry and in farming.
10. By washing vehicles.
11. By over digging of ground water.
12. By wasting water in toilets, cinema halls, street taps, water tanks etc..
Usage of water in main cities in India

Main Cities Person using water per day in litre
1. Bengaluru 190 ltr / day
2. Delhi 160 ltr / day
3. Chennai 160 ltr / day
4. Hyderabad 205 ltr / day
5. Lucknow 190 ltr / day
6. Mumbai 320 ltr / day
7. Kolkata 190 ltr / day
8. Pune 275 ltr / day

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Flood:
Overflow of run-off water or rain water in large areas due to sudden
increase in the water level is called flood.
Causes / Reasons:
1. Due to Heavy Rainfall.
2. By melting of Ice.
3. Due to deforestation.
4. By acquiring empty lake areas for buildings.
5. By collapsing water canals and lakes.
6. Due to less number of dams.
7. By rapid urbanization.
8. By damaging rive and wells.
9. Due to unscientific drainage facilities.
10. By excess of debris segregate in dams, water canals etc..
Effects:
1. It collapses the villages.
2. It may cause natural vegetation.
3. Loss of agricultural crops.
4. It affects pure water.
5. It may cause few diseases like malaria, dengue, chikoon gunya etc..
6. It collapses huts and small homes.
7. It kills few humans.
8. It also effects to birds and animals.
Controlling measures:
1. By construction heavy dams.
2. Increases the height of dams.
3. To clean water canals and lakes.
4. By scientific method of drainage.
5. Flood detect by RADAR technology.
6. To open temporary medical units in flood affected area.
7. To avoiding pushing and standing water.
8. To give Foods, medicines to affected properly.
Drought:
Any Biographical area leads to prolonged condition of very less rainfall or continuous
absence of rain leads to drought.
Causes / Reasons:
1. Due to absence of Rain
3. By overgrazing of animals

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4. By modern urbanization.
5. By ozone layer depletion.
6. Due to increase in temperature.
7. By over utilization of water.
8. By poor soil management.
9. Due to more humidity.
10. Also by excess of human population.
Effects:
1. It collapses the vegetation.
2. It decreases the water holding capacity.
3. Reduction in ground water level.
4. Death of humans and animals or birds due to scarcity of water.
5. It may cause disease like plague, malnutrition etc..
6. Spread of infectious disease.
7. Crops may fail to yield.
8. Lands become barren
9. Destruction of eco system stability.
10. Soil loss its fertility.
2. To control population
3. Limit usage of water
4. Proper utilization of surface and ground water.
5. To grow more plants, tress and medical plants.
6. By adopting rain water, harvesting and ground water recharge technique.
Conflicts Over water:

The conflicts over water happens during the distribution of water to relevant states or
countries.
TMC : Thousand Million Cubic Centimeters
Cusec : Cubic Feet per second (28.317 litres per second)
a. Inter states water conflicts

1. River Cauvery :
Karnataka > Tamilnadu > Kerala and
Pondicherry 2. River Krishna
Maharashtra > Karnataka > Andhra Pradesh.
3. River sutlez 3Yamuna
Punjab and Haryana
4. River Yamuna
East Rajasthan to Uttar Pradesh and Delhi.
5. River Godawari

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Andhra Pradesh > Karnataka

6. River Mahadayi
Maharashtra > Goa and Karnataka
b. International water conflicts :
1. River Indus 3 Sutlej India and Pakistan
2. River Nile:
3. River Brahmaputra
China and India
4. River Sindhu
India > Pakistan and Afghanistan
Energy Resources:
Energy is a capacity to do work. Energy used in various sources like
industry, factory, domestic purpose science and technology etc..
Source of Energy:
There are two main sources.
1. Commercial source of Energy:
The energy slapped by commercially is known as commercial source of energy.
Ex:
a) Coal: The annual production of coal in India is 2,40,748 million tones / year.
b) Oil and petroleum : The annual production of oil and petroleum in India is 1700 million
tones / year.
c) Natural Gas : The annual production is 500 billion cubic meter / year.
2. Non – Commercial source of energy:
The energy shaped with non 3 commercially is known as Noncommercial source of energy.
Ex:
a) Fuel wood: The annual production of fuel wood in India is 223 million tones / year.
b) Agricultural waste: The annual production of agriculture waste in India is 65 million tones
/ year.
c) Dried Dung: The annual production of dried dung in India is 73 million tones / year.
Energy Resources Unit in Percentage (%)

1. Petroleum 39.5%
2. Coal 30.3%
3. Natural gas 19.6%
4. Hydro energy 6.7%
5. Atomic energy 3.9%
Renewable and Non-Renewable Source of Energy

1. Renewable source of energy :
a) Solar Energy:
i) It is used to generate electricity.
ii) It is used in few vehicles like solar bus, solar car etc..
iii) It is used in Boiling water

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b) Hydro Energy :
i) Used to generate Hydro Electricity.
ii) Used to produce power supply.
iii) Used mainly in domestic purpose.
c) Wind Energy:
i) Used to measure the speed and the direction of winds.
ii) Used to generate electricity
iii) Used to fetch water in agricultural fields.
d) Tidal waves energy :

i) By using waves of sea to generate electricity.
ii) It requires low maintenance.
iii) It do not produce green house gas.
e) Geo- thermal Energy :

i) The Energy harvested from the earth internal heat.
ii) The energy is free of cost.
2. Non 3 Renewable source of Energy :
The energy which cannot be used or generate once its use.
Ex:
a. Fuels :
i. Petrol: it doesn9t easily evaporate, it is brown red colors.
ii. Diesel: it easily evaporates, it is algal green color.
iii. Kerosene: used in kitchen, used in boiling, used in lamps.
iv. White kerosene: used as a fuel in Aeroplane, Jets,
Helicopters etc.. Also used in watch repairs.
b. Few minerals like
i. Coal
ii. Platinum etc.
Alternative source of Energy:

1. Ethanol :
a. It is used as an additional source in petrol.
b. It is easily dissolved in water.
2. Ethyl Alcohol :
a. Used in Beverages, Hot drinks and in phenyl9s
b. Also used in Forensic laboratories.
3. L.P.G : <Liquefied petroleum Gas=
a. Used in Kitchen to cook.
b. Also used in few vehicles as fuel.
c. Mainly used in Laboratories, Factories and in industry.

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4. Hydrogen:
a. It is used as a fuel in Rocket.
b. To provide electric energy.
5. Nitrogen:
a. Used in all instant food pockets milk and milk products, coffee or tea powder to maintain
the quality of the food.
b. Used as a Air in few vehicle tyres.
Circulation of Air:
Atmosphere circulation is the large 3 scale movement of air by which heat is distributed on
the surface of earth.
The earth9s atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the large scale structure of
its circulation remains constant.
The wind belts and the jet streams girdling the planet are steered by three connection
cells.
a. The Hadley cells (Trade winds)
b. The Ferrell cells (Prevailing westerlies)
c. The polar cells (Polar easterlies).

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UNIT – IV
CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
Definition:
Biodiversity is defined as <Variety and Variability among living entities and which the
ecological complexes they occur=.
The term biodiversity was named by E.O Wilson in 1985.
Importance of Biodiversity:
1. Biodiversity improves all the natural resource.
2. It balances all the eco 3 system.
3. It develops the plants and grass land.
4. It maintains the pollution by various hazardous things.
5. It improves bio-geo chemical cycle like 8water cycle9, 8carbon cycle9, 8nutrient cycle9,
8oxygen cycle9 etc..
6. It gives a good nature and environment.
7. It gives a good shelter to all birds and animals.
8. It helps for our sustainable life style.
9. It improves ground water level.
10. It also improves nutrients and fertility in soil.
Levels or types of Biodiversity:

There are three levels or types of Bio diversity.
1. Genetic diversity :
The variation that exists among different individuals by a gene or genetic diversity is Bio
diversity.
Ex:
1. Paddy (Oryza Sativa)
There are 40,000 paddy varieties in India.
2. Mango
There are 1500 mango varieties in India.
2. Species diversity :
The variation that exists among different species by different individuals in an biodiversity.
Ex:
a. Felis Cat :
Panther Leo 3 Lion
Panther Tiger 3 Tiger
Panthera Leopard 3 Leopard etc…
This entire species are cat family.
b. Aves / Birds :
Ostrich, Great Indian Bustard, kiwi, Indian, Roller, Hen etc..
3. Eco- System diversity :
The variation that exists among different eco 3 system in bio diversity.
Ex: Food Chain, Water Cycle, Ecological Pyramid etc.

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Bio Geographical Classification / Zones of Bio Diversity in India:

There are 10 classification / zones of Biodiversity
1. Trans – Himalayan region :
Places: it comprises
a. Ladakh Mountains in Jammu & Kashmir.
b. Lahoule spithi in Himachal Pradesh.
Flora [Plants]: Pine, Tree, Deodar Tree, Babob Tree etc..
Fauna [Animals/Birds]: Snow leopard, Musk deer, Kingfisher, Albatrus, Flemingo, Sambar
etc..
2. The Himalayan region :
Places: It comprises eastern, western and central Himalayas.
Flora [Plants]: Deodar tree, Camphor Tree, Caster Tree, Acacia etc.
3. The Gangetic plains :
Places: It Comprises, eastern Rajasthan to Uttarapradesh, Bihar and west Bengal.
Flora: Banyan Tree, Acacia, Peepal tree, Terai grass land, Tamarind tree etc..
Fauna: Crocodile, Hippopotamus, Swan, Duck, crane, fishes etc..
4. The North –Eastern region :
Places: Brahmaputra Valley, Assam Hills, Meghalaya etc..
Flora: Bamboo, tea plants, jock fruits, KhajJiyar grassland, Peepal tree etc..
Fauna: Elephants, sloth bear, wild boar, Fox, wolf, Rhinoceros, Crane, Egyptian Plower bird,
cattle egrets.
5. The Desert
Zone : Places:
a. Thar Desert in Rajasthan.
b. Gulf / Runn of Kutch in Gujarath.
Flora:Dates, Cactus, Bunny Grasslands, Thorns, Shorea trees etc..
Fauna: Desert cats, Camel, Side winder snakes etc..
6. The Semi – Arid Zone :
The area contributes between desert and Deccan plate.
Places: Punjab plains and Gujarath Gir Forest.
Flora: Orange, Lemon, Gooseberry, Shorea, Gulmohar tree, thorn, trees etc..
Fauna: Lion, Leopard, Varanus, Wood pecker, Vultures, Hawks, Deer, Bison etc.
7. The Deccan Plateau:
The area contributes between desert and Deccan plateau.
Places: Nagpur in Madhya Pradesh. Odissa, Central Highlands etc..
Flora: Banana, Banyan Tree, Teak wood, Tamarind, Avenue Tree
Fauna: Elephants, Wolf, Hyena, Eagle, Pigeon, Leopard, Wild cats, Wild buffalo etc.
8. The Western Ghats:
Places : It starts from River Tapti from Gujarath 3 Maharashtra 3 Goa-Karnataka
Kerala and ends at Kanyakumari, Tamilnadu.
Flora : Nilgiri9s, Neem, Mango, Gauva, Gooseberry, Jamun, Avenues, Banyan etc..
Fauna : Tiger, Elephant, Deer, peacocks, Leopard, Monkey9s, Fox, Wild boar, Porcupine,
Hawk, Nightingale, Indian roller etc..
9. The Costal Zones :

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Places : 1) Arabian Sea 2) Bay of Bengal

Flora : Palm Tree, Coconut Tree, Papaya, Arecanut etc..
Fauna : Fishes, Turtle, Whales, Shark, Molluscan etc..
10. The Islands :
Places : 1. Andaman & Nicobar Island 2. Lakshadweep Islands
Flora : Mangroves, Pepper, Cloves, Cinnamon, Cardamom, gingerly Seeds etc.
Fauna: Viper Snake, Anaconda, Lion 3 tailed Macaque, Spoon billed birds, Golden Langur
etc.
Endangered and Endemic Species in India:

A species is said to endangered when its number are reduced severely that it faces the danger
of becoming extinct.
IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 3 Red Data Book
Flora – Plants
Fauna 3 Animals and Birds
a) Endangered Flora (plants)

1. Indian Snake root - (Rauwolfia Serpentina)
2. Fly catcher - (Drosera Indica)
3. Demon flower or pitcher plant - (Nephenthese khasiana)
4. Holy bead Tree - (Elaecorpus Gatritus / Munronii)
5. White Meranti Tree - (Shorea Roxburghi)
6. Rain / Umbrella Tree - (Samania Saman)
b) Endangered Fauna (Animals/Birds) :

i) Birds:
1. Sarus Crane -
2. Owl -
3. Whooping crane
4. Great Indian Bustard
5. Peacock
ii) Animlas:
1. Tiger
2. Asiatic Lion
3. Pangolin
4. Orangutan
5. Malabar Tree Toad
6. Gharial
7. Sea horse
8. Grizzly bear
9. Slender Loris
10. Red crown roofed turtle
11. Indian Rhinoceros
12. King cobra

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India as a mega diversity Nation:

India is one of the 12 th Mega Bio Diversity nations across the world. 70% of total area of the
country surveyed by biodiversity. Over all 6% of Global species are found in India. The total
number of lining species identified in our country is more than 12,28,000 and above.
Some of the distribution of species in some major groups of Flora and fauna in India.
1. There are nearly 5,10,000 varieties of inspects found in India. Ex: Bed bug, Grass hopper,
Cricket, spider etc.
2. More than 2,500 varieties of fishes found in India. Ex: Catla, Goldfish, Bangadi, Salmon
fishes etc.
3. Nearly 1,225 varieties of birds in India. Ex: Indian roller, Crocodile bird, Pigeon,
Nightingale etc..
4. There are 19,400 varieties of flowering plants found in India. Ex: Gulmohar, Mariegold,
Jasmine, Hibiscus, Rose, Tulip etc..
5. Nearly 1,135 varieties of Non-flowering plants found in India. Ex: Bamboo, Grass,
Kingferns, Horse tail, Touch me not plant etc..
6. There are 6,500 varieties of algae found in India. Ex: Blue green algae, Red algae, Brown
algae etc..
7. Nearly 14,500 varieties of fungus found in India. Ex: Mushroom, Yeast, Moulds etc..
8. There are 2,021 varieties of lichens found in India. Ex: Usnea, Permalia etc..
9. There are 456 varieties of reptiles found in India. Ex: Varanus, Monitor Lizard, Crocodiles,
Chameleon, Salamander etc..
10. Nearly 210 varieties of amphibians found in India. Ex: Frog, Turtle, Snail, Water snakes
etc..
11. There are 45,000 varieties of wild plants found in India. Ex: Banyan, Tamarind, Mango,
Peepal, Sandalwood, Avenue tree etc..
12. Nearly 390 varieties of Mammals found in India. Ex: Elephant, Lion, Bat, Fox, Cow etc..
13. More than 390 varieties of Sharks and Whales found in India. Ex:
a) Shark : Basking Shark, Killer shark, Hunter shark, Tiger shark etc…
b) Whales : Blue whale, Sperm whale, Melon 3 Headed whale, Humpback whale , Fin whale
14. There are 300 varieties of Medical plants found in India. Ex: Neem, Peepal, Holy basil,
Tinospora Cordifolia, Indian Snake root etc..
15. Nearly 3000 varieties of crustaceans found in India. Ex: Scorpions, Crabs, Shrimps, Sea
shells, Xancus etc..
16. More than 3000 different species varieties used as.
a) Edible oil- Sunflower, Groundnut, Gingelly seeds etc…
b) Colouring reagent - Saffron, Turmeric etc…
c) For Soaps and Powders 3 Sandal, Jasmine, Neem etc..
HOT SPOTS OF BIODIVERSITY:

Any Bio Geographical area having 0.5% of world plant species such places are called Hot
Spots.
British Ecologist <Norman Myer= named the term Hot Spot in 1988.

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There are 35 Hot Spots in the World.

a) World Hot Spots region :
1. Mediterranean Pine oak woodland North America.
2. California Floristic: Pacific coasts of North America.
3. Carrabean Islands: Gulf of Mexico.
4. Europe: Mediterranean Basin.
5. Central Asia: Mountains of Central Asia.
South America
6. Atlantic forest.
7. Tropical andies
8. Valdivia forests
9. Cerrado
South America
10. Guinea forest
11. Madagascar Islands
12. Cape town
13. Part of Indian Ocean Islands.
14. Succulent Karoo
15. Coastal forests
16. Horn of Africa
South Africa
17. India
18. Nepal
19. Myanmar
20. Sir Lanka
21. Bhutan
East Asia
22. Japan
23. China- Mountains
South – East Asia

24. East Melanesian Islands.
25. Philippines
26. Eastern Australian Temperate forests.
27. New zealand
28. New Caledonia
Asia Pacific
29. Wallacea
30. South west Australia
31. Polynesia 3 Micronesia

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West Asia
32. Irano 3 anotolian
33. Caucasus
34. Iraq
35. Qatar
b) India’s Hot Spots region :

There are four (4) Hot Spots region in India.
1. The Eastern Himalayas
2. The Western Ghats
3. Indo 3 Burma
4. Sundaland.
Man Wild life Conflicts:

The resultant of negative impacts and inter nations between wild animals and human is a
Biodiversity leads to man wildlife conflicts.
Reasons:
1. Due to implementation of electric fence around the agricultural field.
2. By over utilization of forest resources.
3. By acquiring forest lands.
4. Due to illegal entry of humans into forests.
5. The female tiger attacks on humans to protect their cubs.
6. By rapid urbanization.
7. Due to hunting and poaching of animals.
8. To arrange entertaining programmers inside the forest.
9. To tease wildlife is their territories.
10. Due to over speed of vehicles inside national parks and in wild sanctuaries.
Conflicts:
1. In Sambalpur - Orissa-
More than 195 people killed by wild elephants. For its retaliation the villagers killed 98
elephants and badly injured 30 wile elephants.
2. In Sunderban forest West Bengal around 100 people killed by Bengal Tigers. For its
retaliation people killed merely 30 tigers.
3. During 1978-1991 in Gujarat 28 people killed by Asiatic lions.
4. During 1989-1994 is Bihar and U.P 48 people killed by cloth bear, for its retaliation,
people killed 13-15 cloth bears.
5. During 1989-1994 in south Indian states, more than 242 peoples killed & injured by temple
elephants.
6. In western ghatts region so mamny people killed and affected by snake bites
Biodiversity Conservation methods of types:

To conserve all kinds of species in biodiversity area.

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a. The entire economically important organism in protected area should be

identified and conserved.
b. There should be sustainable utilization of resources.
c. To control hunting and poaching of wild species.
d. The over exploitation of useful products of wild life should be prevented.
e. To give public awareness regarding the biodiversity and eco system.
f. Environmental laws should be strictly followed.
Conservation Methods or Types:

There are two types of methods of Biodiversity conservation.
1. In - Situ Conservation.
2. Ex 3 Situ Conservation.
1. In - Situ Conservation (within Habitat):
Conservation of wild species, nature resource etc in their natural
Surroundings without destruction in a biodiversity is called In Situ conservation.
Ex: a. National parks
b. Wild life sanctuaries.
c. Bird sanctuaries
Advantages of In Situ Conservation

a. The Flora (Plants) and Fauna (Birds and animals) live in natural habitat without human
interference.
b. The life cycle of the organism and their evolution progress in a natural way.
c. In- Situ conservation provides the required green cover and its associated benefits to our
environment.
d. It balance the eco system
e. Also helpful to tribal people.
2. Ex – Situ Conservation (Above Habitat) :

Conservation of wild species, resource in outer areas without destruction is called Ex 3 Situ
Conservation.
Ex: a. Zoological Gardens
b. Botanical Gardens
c. Aquariums
d. Gene bank
Advantages of Ex-Situ Conservation:

a. It is useful for declining population of species.
b. It helps to protect all kinds of wild animals from threat.
c. Threatened species are breeded in captivity and then released in natural habitat.
d. Also useful for conduction research and scientific on different species.
Values of Services of Bio Diversity:

Values or service can be defined as the worth / Price / wealth withrespect to human beings.

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There are 9 values or service in Biodiversity,

1. Consumptive use value /services:
The value used for our daily consumption or for service in a Biodiversity Ex: a) Food b)
Water c) Fuels d) Drugs and Medicines
2. Productive use values / services :
The value made by species and their products to production service. Ex: a. Silk from silk
worm b. Wool from sheep c. wax from honey bee
3. Social Value / Service :
The Value associated with few religious and social beliefs in biodiversity. Ex: Holy Basil,
Neem Tree, Peepal Tree
4. Ethical Values / Services :
The value or service with few ethics and morality in a bio diversity. Ex: a) To Conserve
nature b) Do not hunt animals
5. Aesthetical Value / service:
The value associated with beautiful nature and environment is a biodiversity.
Ex: a) Amazon Forest b) Macel Picchu etc
6. Optional Value / Service:
The value or service only with few options in a biodiversity. Ex: a) To protect Endangered
and Endemic species. b) To Control Pollution.
7. Legal Values / Service:
The value associated with few legal acts and rules to save bio diversity and species Ex:
a) Wildlife protection Act (1972 ) b) Forest Conservation Act (1980) c) Environment
Protection Act (1986)
8. Economic Value / Service :
The value mode with species for economic concern and services in the biodiversity. Ex: a)
Sandalwood b) comb, pistol, Guns made by Elephant Tusk c) Window curtains, clothes made
by Tiger, 1 Giraffe9s Skin.
9. Eco- System Value / Services.
The Value concern with eco system to bio diversity service. Ex: a)Nutrient Cycles b) Water
cycle c) Oxygen cycle etc.

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UNIT - V
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
According to E.P Odum pollution can be defined as any undesirable change occur through
physically, chemically and biologically in the environment.
Pollutants:
Any Substance which cause pollution are called pollutant.
Ex: SO2 - Sulphur Dioxide
NO2 - Nitrous Oxide
Dust, Saw Dust, Carbon, Plastic etc..
Source of Pollution :
There are two sources of pollution
1. Natural pollution
a. Earthquake
b. Flood
c. Cyclones
d. Tsunami
2. Man Made Pollution
a. Air Pollution
b. Water pollution
c. Noise Pollution
d. Sound pollution
e. Soil pollution
f. Thermal pollution
g. Radio 3 active pollution
Air Pollution:
Any undesirable change occur through physically, chemically and biologically by air in
environment is called Air Pollution.
Causes / Reasons :
a. Due to excess of vehicles emission
b. By burnings of fuels
c. Due to forest fire
d. By excess of automobile exhaust
e. Due to release of industrial smog
f. By volcanic eruption
g. By crackers and explosives
h. Burning of fuel wood etc..
Effects :
a. It affects ozone layer
b. Severe respiration problem may occur
c. The particulars matters block the stomata of the plants.

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d. It decrease the fresh air in environment.

e. It affects bronchial nerves
f. It is also effects birds and animals.
g. Few air borne disease may occur.
h. Coughing and sneezing occurs randomly.
1. Avoid excess of vehicles to control carbon 3 monoxide (CO)
2. To control excess of smog released by industries.
3. Adopting new engines and machines in Industries.
4. To Control forest fire.
5. Do not burn plastic to avoid the release of dioxins to atmosphere.
6. to avoid crackers and explosives.
7. By using Eco- friendly vehicle to control emission.
8. Increase the height of chimney9s is industries & in factories.
Water Pollution:
Any undesirable change occur through physically, chemically and biologically by
contamination of water and in water is called water pollution.
Causes / Reasons
a. By releasing wastes through ditches into rivers.
b. Due to release of industrial effluents and chemicals into the water.
c. By washing animals inside rivers.
d. By washing vehicles inside rivers.
e. Due to oil spill by ships and boats.
f. By unscientific method of fishing.
g. By discharging faecus into rivers.
h. By release to toxic minerals into water.
i. By throwing wastes and other hard substance and plastics into sacred waters.
j. By also throwing dead bodies of humans and animals into water.
Effects :
a. The polluted water may cause health affects.
b. It may damage oesophagial glands liver and kidney.
c. The heavy metals like lead, cadmium etc in water may cause death to aquatic life.
d. Oil spill affect the water and also fisheries.
e. The polluted waters also cause typhoid cholera and amoebic dysentery.
f. Arsenic in water may turn the color of teeth and skin from white to yellow.
g. It also cause throat pain and lungs.
a. To control the sewage water mixed into river and streams.
b. To avoid unscientific method or fishing.

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c. To control the industrial discharge.

d. To avoid the washing of vehicles and animals in waters.
e. To control the settlement of plastics and other hard substance in water.
f. To control oil spill of ships and boats.
g. Avoid the toxic minerals discharge into rivers.
h. Do not dump or throw dead bodies of humans and animals.
Noise pollution / Sound Pollution:

The term noise or sound pollution defined as an unwanted sound in a wrong place at a wrong
time.
Causes :
a. By vehicle horn
b. Due to excess of vehicles
c. By over 3 digging machines
d. By large machines in industries
e. By fire crackers
f. By household thing like mixer grinder T.V, Radio, Loud, Speaker etc…
g. By Orchestra
h. By musical instruments.
i. By excess of mining.
j. By automobile industries.
Effects :
a. It affects Hear damage
b. Mental stress
c. Head ache
d. It may cause heart attack
e. It also affect to ear drum if the noise level is high.
f. Also cause mental disorder.
Controlling Measures :
a. To control large industries.
b. To hear T.V, Radio, Songs in low volume
c. Reduce the decibel of vehicle horns.
d. Should adopt acoustics in school, colleges and in hospitals.
e. To grow more bamboo plants to control excess of sound.
f. Workers should wear protective equipment in factories.
Soil Pollution:
Any undesirable change occur through physically, chemically and biologically in soil or in
land leads to soil pollution.
Causes / Reasons:

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a. By using excess of fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural lands.

b. By rapid urbanization.
c. Due to release of chemicals by industries.
d. By excess of cement and tar.
e. By forest fire.
f. Due to excess of mines.
g. By overgrazing by domestic animals.
h. Due to acid rain.
i. By fire crackers and exposures.
j. By settlement of plastic and toxic metals in soil.
k. By growing same crops in agricultural areas.
Effects:
a. Less yield of crops
b. Loss of vegetation
c. Soil loss its fertility
d. Absence of nutrients in soil
e. Absence of minerals in soil
f. Absence of rain
g. It also affects ground water table.
h. It also affects to de composers.
a. Reduce the usage of fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural lands.
b. To control modern urbanization.
c. To grow more medical plants.
d. Avoid crackers and explosives.
e. To control excess of mines.
f. Strictly ban the plastics and other toxic metals.
g. To control the discharge of chemicals by industries and factories.
h. Improve the fertility of soil by crop rotation method.
Thermal Pollution:
Release of hot wastes and hot water by heat industries leads to thermal pollution.
Causes / Reasons:
a. By brick and cement industries.
b. By minis
c. By automobile industries.
d. Due to release of chemicals
e. By atomic research station
f. By burning fuel wood.
Effects

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a. It affects skin
b. Loss of hair
c. Physical and mental stress.
d. Increase in temperature.
e. Ozone layer depletion.
Controlling measures
a. Workers should wear safety and protective dress in working areas.
b. To control minis.
c. Safety precaution must taken in research station.
d. To control hot chemicals.
Radioactive Pollution:
Due to release of Radioactive substances by various sources leads to Radioactive pollution.
Causes / Reasons:
a. By atomic research station
b. By android and iphones
c. Due to towers and mobile towers.
d. By radiation industries.
e. By radiums in clock and in photo frame.
Effects
a. New radiological disorder may occur
b. It mainly affect to pregnant women.
c. Child may birth like neurological symptoms.
d. It cause internal organ defects.
e. Also leads to skin irritation and eye damage.
a. Avoid mobile towers on terrace.
b. Data should be in permissible limit
c. Radiation industries should be far away from residential areas.
d. Strictly prohibit the entry of children and old aged people to atomic research areas.
e. Mobile phones, android, iphones etc… should keep far away during sleep houses.
Nuclear Hazards:
Risk or danger to human health or the environment exposed by the radiation emanating from
the atomic nucleus in called Nuclear Hazards. Benjamin K Sovacool has reported that
worldwide there have been 99 accidents at nuclear power plant.
The major nuclear accidents :

1.Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984)
2. Chernobyl Disaster (1986)

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3. Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (2011)
Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984)

Bhopal gas tragedy or Bhopal gas disaster is also considered as world9s worst disaster.
It happens on December 2 & 3, 1984 in Bhopal, Madhyapradesh.
It was caused by the accident release of about 40 tons of MIC (Methyl Iso- Cyanate) to the air
from union carbide India Limited., a pesticide manufacturing plant.
Reason:
a. During water washing the water leakage enters into tank contains about 410 tons of MIC.
b. Due to exothermic reaction the Toxic gas acquired entire atmosphere
Effects:
a. Lot of people loss their life.
b. Respiration problem
c. Lung disorder
d. Nerve damage
e. Skin disorder
f. Leaves get barren
g. Death of animal and birds. After disaster:
a. The CEO of UCIL arrested
b. Compensation given to affected people and death family.
c. Lot of medical unit open
d. Corpse collected and dumped in Narmada river.
e. The accused relevant to disaster were arrested.
f. The plant finally seized and restricted to peoples.
The Chernobyl disaster (1986):

This disaster happens in 26th of April 1986 in Keiv City Ukraine.
The accident took lives of 30 people immediately and vast evacuation of 135000 people
within 20 mile radius of the power plant.
Causes of the Accident :
This accident happened while testing of RBMK reactor. (Reactor Bolshoy Moshchnosti
Kanalniy).
<It is a class of graphite moderated nuclear power reactor designed and built by the Soviet
Union.
1. Design fault in RBMK reactor.
2. A violation of procedures.
3. Breakdown of communication
4. Lack of a safety culture in power plant.
Effects :
1. There is a huge increase in Thyroid cancer in Ukrainian children (below 15 years old).

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2. there has been an increase in psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, mental
stress etc..
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (2011)

The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster was a series of equipment failure, nuclear meltdowns
and release of radio active materials at the Fukushima nuclear power plant following the
Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami on 11 March 2011.
Solid waste Management :

Solid Waste:
Any unusable things, trash or garbage thrown by household, Mining, commercial areas,
Agricultural areas etc. .is called solid waste.
Ex: Old News paper, Glass Pieces, Slaughter waste, Plastic etc..
Solid Waste Management :

Solid waste management is a term used to refer to the process of collecting and treating solid
wastes.
Sources :
1. Municipal Solid waste
House waste, Apartment waste, commercial waste like, hotels, markets, schools, colleges,
Hospitals, Garden waste, street waste etc..
2. Industrial Waste
Chemicals, mining waste, paper waste, brick waste etc..
3. Agriculture waste
Fertilizers, pesticides residues, empty tins and gunny bags.
4. Waste from Natural disaster :
Floods, Earthquakes, forest fire, landslides etc..
Classification of Solid Waste:

1. Biodegradable waste :
Ex: Fruits and vegetable waste, food waste etc..
2. Non Biodegradable waste :
Ex: Plastics, Metals, Polythene etc..
3. Toxic waste
Ex: Chemicals, Medical waste like syringes, used needles, blood coated
cottons, scissors, empty syrup bottles etc..
4. Non 3 toxic waste:
Ex: Old news papers, hairs, nails, books, stationary items etc..
5. Bio- medical waste:
Ex: Human organs, Dissected Animal organs, Spirit etc..
Effects of Solid waste :

1. It causes Air pollution

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2. It collapse Ground water

3. Major Health problems
4. When burning plastics, it release dioxins.
5. When burning garbage, it release methane gas
6. It also destroy aesthetic surrounding.
7. it may cause water pollution.
8.The garbage consists of rats,mouse, insects may cause plague,Malaria
Solid waste management process :

1. Collection method : Wet waste and Dry waste.
2. Garbage bins
3. Waste collected in pull cart vehicle
4. Block collection
5. Krebsite collection
6. Segregated in plant
Disposal of Solid Waste :

1. Open dumping
2. Landfill
3. Sanitary landfill
4. Incineration
5. Composting
6. Volume reduction ( 4R Technique : Re-use, Reduce, Recycle, Refuse)

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UNIT – 6
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND PRACTICES
Climate change:
The primary cause of climate change is the burning of fossil fuels, such as oil and coal, which
emits greenhouse gases into the atmosphere4primarily carbon dioxide. Other human
activities, such as agriculture and deforestation, also contribute to the proliferation of
greenhouse gases that cause climate change.
What are the effects of climate change?

Even small increases in Earth9s temperature caused by climate change can have severe
effects. The earth9s average temperature has gone up 1.4° F over the past century and is
expected to rise as much as 11.5° F over the next. That might not seem like a lot, but the
average temperature during the last Ice Age was about 4º F lower than it is today.
Rising sea levels due to the melting of the polar ice caps (again, caused by climate change)
contribute to greater storm damage; warming ocean temperatures are associated with stronger
and more frequent storms; additional rainfall, particularly during severe weather events, leads
to flooding and other damage; an increase in the incidence and severity of wildfires threatens
habitats, homes, and lives; and heat waves contribute to human deaths and other
consequences.
Global Warming?
Global warming is the slow increase in the average temperature of the earth9s atmosphere
because an increased amount of the energy (heat) striking the earth from the sun is being
trapped in the atmosphere and not radiated out into space.
The earth9s atmosphere has always acted like a greenhouse to capture the sun9s heat, ensuring
that the earth has enjoyed temperatures that permitted the emergence of life forms as we
know them, including humans.
Without our atmospheric greenhouse the earth would be very cold. Global warming,
however, is the equivalent of a greenhouse with high efficiency reflective glass installed the
wrong way around.

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What Causes Global Warming?

There are three positions on global warming:
(1) that global warming is not occurring and so neither is climate change.
(2) that global warming and climate change are occurring, but these are natural, cyclic events
unrelated to human activity; and
(3) that global warming is occurring as a result primarily of human activity and so climate
change is also the result of human activity.
Green house effect:

The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon. Due to wrong human activities such as
clearing forests, burning fossil fuels, releasing industrial gas in the atmosphere, etc., the
emission of greenhouse gases is increasing. Thus, this has, in turn, resulted in global
warming.
What are the most important greenhouse gases(GHGs)?

The most common and most talked about greenhouse gases is CO2 or carbon dioxide. In fact,
because it is so common, scientists use it as the benchmark or measure of things that warm
the atmosphere.
Methane, another important GHG, for example, is 28-36 times as warming as CO2 when in
the upper atmosphere (USEPA GWP 3 Global Warming Potential 3 estimate over 100 years),
therefore, 1 ton of methane = 28-36 tons eCO2 or CO2 equivalents.
The most commonly discussed GHGs are:

o CO2 or carbon dioxide is produced any time something is burned. It is the most common
GHG, constituting by some measures almost 55% of total long-term GHGs. It is used as a
marker by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, for example, because of its
ubiquity.
Methaneor CH4 is produced in many combustion processes and also by anaerobic
decomposition, for example, in flooded rice paddies, pig and cow stomachs, and pig manure
ponds.
1. Nitrous oxide in parean(laughing gas), NO/N2O or simply NOx is a byproduct of fertilizer
production and use, other industrial processes and the combustion of certain materials.
• Fluorinated gaseswere created as replacements for ozone depleting refrigerants, but have
proved to be both extremely long lasting and extremely warming GHGs. They have no
natural sources, but are entirely man-made.
• or SF6[Sulphur hexa fluoride] is used for specialized medical procedures, but primarily in
what are called dielectric materials, especially dielectric liquids. These are used as insulators
in high voltage applications such as transformers and grid switching gear.

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Effects of green house gases:

Greenhouse gases have far-ranging environmental and health effects. They cause climate
change by trapping heat, and they also contribute to respiratory disease from smog and air
pollution. Extreme weather, food supply disruptions, and increased wildfires are other effects
of climate change caused by greenhouse gases.
The major causes of the greenhouse effect are:
• Burning of Fossil Fuels. Fossil fuels are an important part of our lives.
• Deforestation.
• Farming.
• Industrial Waste and Landfills.
• Global Warming.
• Depletion of Ozone Layer.
• Smog and Air Pollution.
• Acidification of Water Bodies.
Why it is called greenhouse effect.?

The process is called the greenhouse effect because the exchange of incoming and outgoing
radiation that warms the planet works in a similar way to a greenhouse.
Acid rain:
Acid rain, or acid deposition, is a broad term that includes any form of precipitation with
acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall to the ground from the atmosphere
in wet or dry forms. This can include rain, snow, fog, hail or even dust that is acidic.
Causes of Acid Rain:

The causes of acid rain can be both natural and man-made. Both volcanoes and decaying
vegetation release gases that result in the formation of acid rain. However, the majority of
gases come from man-made sources, such as fossil fuel combustion.
In the United States, around two-thirds of sulfur dioxide and one-quarter of nitrogen
oxides in the atmosphere are released from electric power generation due to burning fossil
fuels. The exhaust from vehicles also releases both gases into the air, so the more vehicles,
the more risk of acid rain.
Effects of Acid Rain:

Overall, the environment and its inhabitants are adapted to survive within a certain acidity
level. When acid rain falls, it can dramatically alter the acidity level of the habitat and cause a
great deal of damage to the living and non-living things within.
Acid rain can negatively affect human health by creating particles in the air that can cause
respiratory problems or make breathing more difficult. Acid rain can also cause building
materials to decay more rapidly and paint more likely to peel. The acidity also wears down
stone statues, making them appear older and reducing their value.
Ozone layer depletion:

Ozone means:

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Ozone(O3) is a highly reactive gas composed of three oxygen atoms. It is both a natural and a
man-made product that occurs in the Earth's upper atmosphere. (the stratosphere) and lower
atmosphere (the troposphere). Depending on where it is in the atmosphere, ozone affects life
on Earth in either good or bad ways
Ozone depletion:
Ozone depletion occurs when chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons gases formerly found
in aerosol spray cans and refrigerants4are released into the atmosphere (see details below).
CFCs and halons cause chemical reactions that break down ozone molecules, reducing
ozone's ultraviolet radiation-absorbing capacity.
Ozone layer depletion causes increased UV radiation levels at the Earth's surface, which is
damaging to human health. Negative effects include increases in certain types of skin
cancers, eye cataracts and immune deficiency disorders. UV rays also affect plant growth,
reducing agricultural productivity.
Controlling measures of ozone depletion:

Avoid the consumption of gases dangerous to the ozone layer, due to their content or
manufacturing process. ...
1. Minimize the use of cars.
2. Do not use cleaning products that are harmful to the environment and to us
3. Banning the use of ozone depletion substance like CFC, HFC, Freons etc
4. By use Eco-friendly vehicles like; electric vehicles, solar bus, bicycles etc.
5. To ban fire crackers and explosives.
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS:
1. Wildlife protection Act – 1972:
Objectives of the Wild Life Protection Act:
To prohibit hunting of wild animals; birds, etc. and impose punishment for violating the
same. The schedules give absolute protection to certain species and these cannot be infringed
on any account. To provide security to animals that are not in danger of becoming extinct.
CHAPTER - I [PRELIMINARY SECTIONS]: 1. Short title, extent and commencement. 2.

Definitions.

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CHAPTER - II [AUTHORITIES TO BE APPOINTED OR CONSTITUTES UNDER THE

ACT]:
3. Appointment of Director and other officers.
4. Appointment of Life Warden and other officers.
5. Power to delegate. 5A. Constitution of the National Board for Wild Life. 5B. Standing
Committee of the National Board. 5C. Functions of the National Board.
6. Constitution of State Board for Wild Life.
7. Procedure to be followed by the Board.
8. Duties of State Board for Wild Life.
CHAPTER - III [HUNTING OF WILD ANIMALS]:

Prohibition of hunting. Hunting of wild animals to be permitted in certain cases, Grant of
permit for special purposes.
CHAPTER IIIA PROTECTION OF SPECIFIED PLANTS :

Prohibition of picking, uprooting, etc. of specified plant. Grants of permit for special
purposes. Cultivation of specified plants without licence prohibited. Dealing in specified
plants without licence prohibited.
CHAPTER IV PROTECTED AREAS Sanctuaries, Declaration of sanctuary, Protection to

sanctuaries. Prohibition of entry into sanctuary with weapon, Ban on use of injurious
substances. Natioanl Parks: Declaration of National Parks. Power of Central Government to
declare areas as sanctuaries or National Parks.
CHAPTER IV 3 A: CENTRAL ZOO AUTHORITY AND RECOGNITION OF ZOOS

SECTIONS:
Constitution of Central Zoo Authority, Term of office and conditions of service of
Chairperson and members, etc. Functions of the Authority, Procedure to be regulated by the
Authority. Grants and loans to Authority and Constitution of Fund.
CHAPTER IV 3 B: NATIONAL TIGER CONSERVATION AUTHORITY:

Definitions, Constitution of National Tiger Conservation Authority, Term of office and
conditions of service of members, Officers and employees of Tiger Conservation Authority,
Powers and functions of Tiger Conservation Authority, Procedure to be regulated by Tiger
Conservation Authority. Grants and loans to Tiger Conservation Authority and Constitution
of Fund.
CHAPTER IV 3 C: TIGER AND OTHER ENDANGERED SPECIES CRIME CONTROL

BUREAU: Constitution of Tiger and other Endangered Species Crime Control Bureau.
Powers and functions of the Wildlife Crime Control Bureau.
CHAPTER 3 V: TRADE OR COMMERCE IN WILD ANIMALS, ANIMAL ARTICLES

AND TROPHIES:

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Declarations, Immunity in certain cases, Inquiry and preparation of inventories. Certificate of

ownership. Regulation of transfer of animal, etc. Dealings in trophy and animal articles
without licence prohibited.
CHAPTER V-A: PROHIBITION OF TRADE OR COMMERCE IN TROPHIES, ANIMAL

ARTICLES, ETC., DERIVED FROM CERTAIN ANIMALS:
Definitions, Prohibition of dealings in trophies, animal articles, etc., derived from scheduled
animals.
CHAPTER 3 VI: PREVENTION AND DETECTION OF OFFENCES:

Power of entry, search, arrest and detention. Penalties, Certain conditions to apply while
granting bail, Attempts and abetment. Punishment for wrongful seizure.
CHAPTER VII MISCELLANEOUS:

Officers to be public servants, Protection of action taken in good faith. Reward to persons.
Reward by State Government.
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT- 1986:

Objectives:
The Environment (Protection) Act was enacted in the year 1986. It was enacted with the main
objective to provide the protection and improvement of environment and for matters
connected therewith. The Act is one of the most comprehensive legislations with a pretext to
protection and improvement of the environment.
Scope and commencement of the Act

The Environment Protection Act, 1986 extends to whole India and it came into
force on 19th November.
Section 2 of the Environmental protection Act, 1986 (EPA) deals with some of the
information about the definition of the Act and these definitions are as follows:
<Environment= the word environment includes water, air, land and also the inter-relation
between their existence. It also includes human beings and other living creatures such as
plants, micro-organisms and property.
<Environmental Pollutants= means any substance in solid, liquid or gaseous form which in
consideration is injurious to the health of living beings.
<Handling= means any substance which is in the relation of being manufactured, processed,
collected, used, offered for sale or like of such substance.
<Environmental Pollution= includes the presence of environmental pollutants in the

environment. <Hazardous substance= includes the substance or the preparation by which the
physical-chemical property is liable to harm the human beings or other living creatures such
as plants, microorganisms and the property.

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<Occupier= is in the relation of factory or any other premises which means a person who has
control over the affairs of it.
Power of the Central government for measures to protect and improve the Environment
It is the power vested in the central government that they can take any reasonable and valid
steps and measures for the purpose of the protection and improvement of the quality of the
environment.
Power to give direction

The central government in the exercise of powers designated by the Act can issue the
directions in writing to any of the person or any officer. They shall be bound to comply with
these given directions.
The powers to issue directions will include the power to direct which are as follows:
(i) The direction of closure, prohibition or the regulation of any industry and its operational
process.
(ii)direction for the stoppage or regulation of the supply of electricity, including any other
services.
Prevention, Abatement and Control of Environmental Pollution

Section 7of the Environment Protection Act 1986 suggest that no person in the country shall
be carrying any of the activity or operation in which there is a large emission of gases or
other substances which may lead to excess environmental pollution.
Section 8 provides that any person who is handling the hazardous substance needs to comply
with the procedural safeguards. If the emission is to a very large extent or is apprehended
through an accident, the person responsible for it is obliged to mitigate from that place in
order to reduce the environmental pollution.
Penalty for the Contravention of Rules and orders of this Act

As it was stated earlier that the most important goal of the environmental protection act is to
provide for the punishment of the offence of endangering the human environment, safety and
health.
Section 15states that any person who is not complying to the provisions stated in this act and
its failure or contravention will make him liable and punishable as the following:
1. In terms of imprisonment up to the extension of the time span of five years.
2. With fine which may extend to the term of one lakh rupee.
3. Or the liable person has to deal with both of the punishments.
4. If the contravention of the offence that continues for one year, the punishment can extend
up to seven years.
Offences by the Companies and the Governmental Departments:

Section 16 of the Environmental Protection Act, 1986 explains the principle of vicarious
liability of the Incharge person such as directors, Managers and secretary etc for if the
offence is committed by any company.

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Bars to the jurisdiction:

The Act has barred the civil court to entertain any proceedings in respect of any action taken
by the central government. Most of the cases in India, pertaining to Environmental Law have
to come before the courts in the form of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) and can be filed in
High Courts and Supreme Courts.
Conclusion:
Though many other Acts related to Environment have been introduced to the Indian
legislature but the Environment Protection Act, 1986 has been drafted to cover all the aspects
and problems of environment and hence, it is said to be beneficial to understand the
provisions related to an environment specifically.
Water[prevention and control of pollution] Act-1974:

An Act to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution and the maintaining or
restoring of wholesomeness of water, for the establishment, with a view to carrying out the
purposes aforesaid, of Boards for the prevention and control of water pollution, for conferring
on and assigning to such Boards powers.
CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY SECTIONS 1. Short title, application and commencement 2.

Definitions.
CHAPTER II THE CENTRAL AND STATE BOARDS FOR PREVENTION AND

CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION 3. Constitution of Central Board 4. Constitution of
State Boards 5. Terms and conditions of service of members 6. Disqualifications 7. Vacation
of seats by members 8. Meetings of Board 9. Constitution of Committees 10. Temporary
association of persons with Board for particular purposes 11. Vacancy in Board not to
invalidate acts or proceedings 11A. Delegation of powers to Chairman 12. Member-Secretary
and officers and other employees of Board
CHAPTER III JOINT BOARDS

13. Constitution of Joint Board 14. Composition of Joint Boards 15. Special provision
relating to giving of directions.
CHAPTER IV POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF BOARDS 16. Functions of Central Board

xxiv SECTIONS 17. Functions of State Board 18. Powers to give directions.
CHAPTER V PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION 19. Power of

State Government to restrict the application of the Act to certain areas 20. Power to obtain
information 21. Power to take samples of effluents and procedure to be followed in
connection therewith 22. Reports of the result of analysis on samples taken under Section 21
23. Power of entry and inspection 24. Prohibition on use of stream or well for disposal of
polluting matter, etc. 25. Restrictions on new outlets and new discharges 26. Provision
regarding existing discharge of sewage or trade effluent 27. Refusal or withdrawal of consent
by State Board 28. Appeals 29. Revision 30. Power of State Board to carry out certain works

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31. Furnishing of information to State Board and other agencies in certain cases 32.
Emergency measures in case of pollution of stream or well 33. Power of Board to make
application to Courts for restraining apprehended pollution of water in streams or wells 33A.
Power to give directions.
CHAPTER VI FUNDS, ACCOUNTS AND AUDIT 34. Contribution by Central

Government 35. Contribution by State Government 36. Fund of Central Board 37. Fund of
State Board xxv SECTIONS 37A. Borrowing powers of Board 38. Budget 39. Annual Report
40. Accounts and Audit.
CHAPTER VII PENALTIES AND PROCEDURE 41. Failure to comply with directions
under sub-section (2) or subsection (3) of section 20, or orders issued under clause (c) of
subsection (1) of section 32 or directions issued under sub-section (2) of section 33 or section
33A 42. Penalty for certain acts 43. Penalty for contravention of provisions of section 24 44.
Penalty for contravention of Section 25 or section 26 45. Enhanced penalty after previous
conviction 45A. Penalty for contravention of certain provisions of the Act 46. Publication of
names of offenders 47. Offences by companies 48. Offences by Government Departments 49.
Cognizance of offences 50. Members, officers and servants of Board to be public servants.
CHAPTER VIII MISCELLANEOUS51. Central Water Laboratory 52. State Water

Laboratory 53. Analysts 54. Reports of analysts 55. Local authorities to assist 56.
Compulsory acquisition of land for the State Board 57. Returns and reports xxvi SECTIONS
58. Bar of Jurisdiction 59. Protection of action taken in good faith 60. Overriding effect 61.
Power of Central Government to supersede the Central Board and Joint Boards 62. Power of
State Government to supersede State Board 63. Power of Central Government to make rules
64. Power of State Government to make rules.
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 :

An Act to provide for the conservation of forests and for matters connected therewith or
ancillary or incidental thereto. 1) This Act may be called the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
(2) It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
Constitutional Mandate and Forest Conservation:

The Constitution (forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976has introduced a new directive
principle of the state policy-article 48-Aand a fundamental duty under Article 51-A (g)for the
protection and improvement of the environment including forests.
Article 48-A: protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and
wildlife 3 the state shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard
the forests and wildlife of the country.
Article 51(g)states that it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the
natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife and to have compassion for
living creatures.
Legislative Action:

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The first statute on the subject was the Indian Forest Act, 1865. It was repealed and replaced
by The Indian forest act, 1927. The present Act i.e. The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980was
passed with a view to check deforestation. This act covers the aspects left out by the act of
1927. It aims at putting a restriction on the de-reservation of forests or the use of forest-land
for non-forest purposes.
Objects and Reasons of the Forest Conservation Act:

Deforestation causes ecological imbalance and leads to environmental deterioration.
Deforestation had been taking place on a large scale in the country and it had caused
widespread concern. The act seeks to check upon deforestation and de-reservation of forests.
Restriction on the de-reservation of forests or use of forest-land for non-forest purposes:
Section 2 of the Act deals with a restriction on the de-reservation of forests or the use of
forest-land for non-forest purposes. It provides that anything contained in any other law for
the time being in force in a state, no state government or any other authority shall make,
except with prior approval of the central government, any order directing
a) That any reserved forest declared under any law for the time being in force in that state or
any portion, shall cease to be reserved.
b) That any forest land or any portion thereof may be used for any non-forest purpose.
c) That any forest land or any portion may be cleared of trees which have grown naturally in
that land or portion, for the purpose of using it for re-afforestation.
The term 8non-forest purposes9 implies the breaking up or cleaning of any forest-land or
portion of forest land for
a) The cultivation of tea, coffee, spices, rubber, palms, oil-bearing, plants, or medicinal
plants,
b) Any purposes other than re-afforestation,
But does not include any work related to conservation, development, and management of
forests and wildlife.
Rulemaking Power:
Power to make rules for carrying out the provisions of this act is vested with the central
government. Every such rule shall be laid down before each house of the parliament for a
period of 30 days.
Appeals:
The appeal from the decision of any authority under this Act shall lie to the National Green
Tribunal. Any aggrieved person may file such appeal.
Penalties:
Penalty for contravention of the provisions of this Act- section 3-Aof this act provides that
whoever contravenes or abets the conservation of any of the provision of section 2, above
mentioned shall be punishable with simple imprisonment for a period, which may extend to
fifteen days.

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INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS:
MONTREAL PROTOCOL:
The Montreal Protocol, finalized in 1987, is a global agreement to protect the stratospheric
ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances
(ODS).
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (the Montreal Protocol)
is an international agreement made in 1987. It was designed to stop the production and import
of ozone depleting substances and reduce their concentration in the atmosphere to help
protect the earth's ozone layer.
Parties: As of 23 June 2015, all countries in the United Nations, the Cook Islands, Holy See,
Niue as well as the European Union have ratified the original Montreal Protocol (see external
link below), with South Sudan being the last country to ratify the agreement, bringing the
total to 197.
The Montreal Protocol sits under the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone
Layer (the Vienna Convention). The Vienna Convention was adopted in 1985 following
international discussion of scientific discoveries in the 1970s and 1980s highlighting the
adverse effect of human activity on ozone levels in the stratosphere and the discovery of the
8ozone hole9. Its objectives are to promote cooperation on the adverse effects of human
activities on the ozone layer.
16 September is International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer. It celebrates the
anniversary of the day the Montreal Protocol came into effect.
The Montreal Protocol is widely considered as the most successful environment protection
agreement. It sets out a mandatory timetable for the phase out of ozone depleting substances.
This timetable has been reviewed regularly, with phase out dates accelerated in accordance
with scientific understanding and technological advances.
The Montreal Protocol sets binding progressive phase out obligations for developed and
developing countries for all the major ozone depleting substances, including
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons and less damaging transitional chemicals such as
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).
The Montreal Protocol targets 96 ozone depleting chemicals in thousands of applications
across more than 240 industrial sectors. In 2016 the Montreal Protocol also became
responsible for setting binding progressive phase down obligations for the 18 main
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
The Montreal Protocol has been further strengthened through six Amendments, which have
brought forward phase out schedules and added new substances to the list of substances
controlled under the Montreal Protocol. The Amendments are:
London 1990
Copenhagen 1992
Vienna 1995
Montreal 1997
Beijing 1999
Kigali 2016

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The Protocol includes provisions related to Control Measures (Article 2), Calculation of
control levels (Article 3), Control of trade with non-Parties (Article 4), Special situation of
developing countries (Article 5), Reporting of data (Article 7), Non-compliance (Article 8),
Technical assistance (Article 10) The parties to the Protocol meet once a year to make
decisions aimed at ensuring the successful implementation of the agreement. These include
adjusting or amending the Protocol, which has been done six times since its creation.
KYOTO PROTOCOL:
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement that aimed to manage and reduce carbon
dioxide emissions and greenhouse gases. The Protocol was adopted at a conference in Kyoto,
Japan, in 1997 and became international law on February 16, 2005.
The Kyoto Protocol operationalizes the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change by committing industrialized countries and economies in transition to limit and
reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in accordance with agreed individual targets.
It was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on December 11, 1997, and entered into force on February
16, 2005. The detailed rules for the implementation of the Protocol were adopted at COP 7 in
Marrakesh, Morocco, in 2001, and are referred to as the <Marrakesh Accords.= Its first
commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012.
Specifically, under the Protocol and during the first commitment period, the industrialized
countries had committed to reduce, during the period 2008312, the emissions of six gases
responsible for global warming, namely carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and hexafluoride sulfur, at least by 5% compared to
1990 levels. In this context, EU member states pledged to reduce their emissions by 8%
during this period.
In Doha, Qatar, on December 8, 2012, the Kyoto Protocol was amended in order to
include13:

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• new commitments of its Parties for the period 2013320;

• a revised list of GHGs to be reported in the second commitment period; and
• amendments to several articles of the Kyoto Protocol that required to be updated for the
second commitment period.
During the second commitment period, Parties committed to reduce the GHG emissions by at
least 18% below 1990 levels in the 8-year period from 2013 to 2020; however, the
composition of Parties in the second commitment period is different from the first. The
Protocol offers three market-based mechanisms to its Parties to achieve their targets.
Specifically, the
Kyoto mechanisms are13:
• International Emissions Trading. Emissions trading, as set out in Article 17 of the Kyoto
Protocol, allows countries that have emission units to spare4emissions permitted them but
not <used=4to sell this excess capacity to countries that are over their targets. Thus, a new
commodity was created in the form of emission reductions or removals. Since carbon dioxide
is the principal GHG, people speak simply of trading in carbon. Carbon is now tracked and
traded like any other commodity. This is known as the <carbon market=.
CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY:

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is the international legal instrument for "the
conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and
equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources" that
has been ratified by 196 nations.The Convention has three main goals: the conservation of
biological diversity (or biodiversity); the sustainable use of its components; and the fair and
equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.
PREAMBLE:
Article 1. Objectives
Article 2. Use of Terms
Article 3. Principle
Article 4. Jurisdictional Scope
Article 5. Cooperation
Article 6. General Measures for Conservation and
Sustainable Use Article 7. Identification and Monitoring
Article 8. In-situ Conservation
Article 9. Ex-situ Conservation
Article 10. Sustainable Use of Components of Biological Diversity
Article 11. Incentive Measures
Article 12. Research and Training
Article 13. Public Education and Awareness
Article 14. Impact Assessment and Minimizing Adverse
Impacts Article 15. Access to Genetic Resources
Article 16. Access to and Transfer of technology
Article 17. Exchange of Information
Article 18. Technical and Scientific Cooperation

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Article 19. Handling of Biotechnology and Distribution of its Benefits

Article 20. Financial Resources
Article 21. Financial Mechanism
Article 22. Relationship with Other International
Conventions Article 23. Conference of the Parties
Article 24. Secretariat
Article 25. Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological
Advice Article 26. Reports
Article 27. Settlement of Disputes
Article 28. Adoption of Protocols
Article 29. Amendment of the Convention or
Protocol Article 30. Adoption and Amendment of
Annexes Article 31. Right to Vote
Article 32. Relationship between this Convention and Its
Protocols Article 33. Signature
Article 34. Ratification, Acceptance or Approval
Article 35. Accession
Article 36. Entry Into Force
Article 37. Reservations
Article 38. Withdrawals
Article 39. Financial Interim Arrangements
Article 40. Secretariat Interim Arrangements
Article 41. Depositary
Article 42. Authentic texts
Annex I. Identification and Monitoring
Annex II - Part 1. Arbitration
Annex II - Part 2. Conciliation
BIOSPHERE RESERVE:
Biosphere reserves promote solutions reconciling the conservation of biodiversity with its
sustainable use. They are learning areas for sustainable development. Biosphere Reserves in
India are as under:
Name of Biosphere Reserves States
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (2000) Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka
Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve (2001) West Bengal
Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve (2001) Tamil Nadu
Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (2004) Uttarakhand
Simlipal Biosphere Reserve (2009) Odisha
Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve (2009) Madhya Pradesh
Nokrek Biosphere Reserve (2009) Meghalaya
Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve (2012) Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh
Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve (2013) Great Nicobar
Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve (2016) Kerala and Tamil Nadu

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Khangchendzonga National Park (2018) Sikkim
The World Network of Biosphere Reserves, currently comprising 669 sites/regions

designated by UNESCO in 120 countries since 1976, is a unique global network explicitly
linking sustainable development and biodiversity conservation. While the core area(s) and
sometimes buffer zone(s) of all biosphere reserves (BRs) comprise protected areas as
recognized by IUCN, the outer transition area, where most of the inhabitants of BRs live,
cannot be regarded as a protected area 3 often, these transition areas include towns and cities.
Biosphere Reserves involve local communities and all interested stakeholders in

planning and management. They integrate three main "functions":
Conservation of biodiversity and cultural diversity
Economic development that is socio-culturally and environmentally sustainable Logistic
support, underpinning development through research, monitoring, education and training
These three functions are pursued through the Biosphere Reserves' three main zones:
Core Areas
It comprises a strictly protected zone that contributes to the conservation of landscapes,
ecosystems, species and genetic variation
Buffer Zones
It surrounds or adjoins the core area(s), and is used for activities compatible with sound
ecological practices that can reinforce scientific research, monitoring, training and education.
Transition Area
The transition area is where communities foster socio-culturally and ecologically sustainable
economic and human activities.
TRIBAL POPULATION AND RIGHTS:

A tribe is a group of people who live and work together in a shared geographical area. A tribe
has a common culture, dialect and religion. The tribe is usually headed by a chief. A tribal
society is a group of tribes organized around kinships. Tribes represent a part in social
evolution between bands and nations.
As the tribal people had no legal rights over their land, it became easier for non-tribal people
to acquire their land. ... These people live under the continuous threat of being ousted from
their homes. They do not have any legal right and the only legal protection they have is the
due process of law.
Provisions of the Act:

Definitions under the act
<Community forest resource= means customary common forest land within the traditional or
customary boundaries of the village or seasonal use of landscape in the case of pastoral
communities, including reserved forests, protected forests and protected areas such as
Sanctuaries and National Parks to which the community had traditional access;

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<Critical wildlife habitat= means such areas of National Parks and Sanctuaries where it has
been specifically and clearly established, case by case, on the basis of scientific and objective
criteria, that such areas are required to be kept as inviolate for the purposes of wildlife
conservation as may be determined and notified by the Central Government in the Ministry of
Environment and Forests after open process of consultation by an Expert Committee.
<Forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes= means the members or community of the Scheduled
Tribes who primarily reside in and who depend on the forests or forest lands for bona fide
livelihood needs and includes the Scheduled Tribe pastoralist communities.
<Forest land= means land of any description falling within any forest area and includes
unclassified forests, under marcated forests, existing or deemed forests, protected forests,
reserved forests, Sanctuaries and National Parks.
<Minor forest produce= includes all non-timber forest produce of plant origin including
bamboo, brushwood, stumps, cane, tussar, cocoons, honey, wax, lac, tendu or kendu leaves,
medicinal plants and herbs, roots, tubers and the like;
Types of rights under the act are:

2. Right to hold and live in the forest land under the individual or common occupation for
habitation or for self-cultivation for livelihood by a member or members of a forest dwelling
Scheduled Tribe or other traditional forest dwellers;
3. Community rights such as nistar, by whatever name called, including those used in
erstwhile Princely states, Zamindari or such intermediary regimes;
4. The right of ownership, access to collect, use, and dispose of minor forest produce(
includes all non-timber forest produce of plant origin) which has been traditionally collected
within or outside village boundaries;
5. Other community rights of uses of entitlements such as fish and other products of water
bodies, grazing (both settled or transhumant) and traditional seasonal resource access of
nomadic or pastoralist communities;
6. Rights including community tenures of habitat and habitation for primitive tribal groups
and pre-agriculture communities;
7. Rights in or over disputed lands under any nomenclature in any State where claims are
disputed;
8. Rights for conversion of Pattas or leases or grants issued by any local council or any State
Govt. on forest lands to titles;
9. Rights of settlement and conversion of all forest villages, old habitation, unsurveyed
villages and other villages in forest, whether recorded, notified or not into revenue villages;
10. Right to protect, regenerate or conserve or manage any community forest resource which
they have been traditionally protecting and conserving for sustainable use;
11. Rights which are recognised under any State law or laws of any Autonomous Dist.
Council or Autonomous Regional Council or which are accepted as rights of tribals under any
traditional or customary law of the concerned tribes of any State;
12. Right of access to biodiversity and community right to intellectual property and
traditional knowledge related to biodiversity and cultural diversity;
13. Any other traditional right customarily enjoyed by the forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes
or other traditional forest dwellers, as the case may be, which are not mentioned in clauses-

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1 to 11, but excluding the traditional right of hunting or trapping extracting a part of the body
of any species of wild animal.
Constitutional Safeguards for ST’s:

I. Educational & Cultural Safeguards:
Art. 15(4):- Special provisions for advancement of other backward classes(which cludes
STs);
Art. 29:- Protection of Interests of Minorities (which cludes STs);
Art. 46:- The State shall promote, with special care, the educational and economic interests of
the weaker sections of the people, and in particular, of the Scheduled Castes, and the
Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation,
Art. 350:- Right to conserve distinct Language, Script or Culture;
Art. 350:- Instruction in Mother Tongue.
II. Social Safeguard

Art. 23:- Prohibition of traffic in human beings and beggar and other similar form of forced
labour;
Art. 24:- Forbidding Child Labour.
III. Economic Safeguards

Art.244:- Clause(1) Provisions of Fifth Schedule shall apply to the administration & control
of the Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in any State other than the states of Assam,
Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura which are covered under Sixth Schedule, under Clause (2)
of this Article.
Art. 275:- Grants in-Aid to specified States (STs&SAs) covered under Fifth and Sixth
Schedules of the Constitution.
IV. Political Safeguards

Art.164 (1):- Provides for Tribal Affairs Ministers in Bihar, MP and Orissa;
Art. 330:- Reservation of seats for STs in Lok Sabha;
Art. 337- Reservation of seats for STs in State Legislatures;
Art. 334:- 10 years period for reservation (Amended several times to extend the period.);
Art. 243:- Reservation of seats in Panchayats.
Art. 371:- Special provisions in respect of NE States and Sikkim
V. Service Safeguards (Under Art.16 (4), 16(4A), 164(B) Art.335 and Art. 320(40)

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UNIT - VII
HUMAN COMMUNITIES AND ENVIRONMENT
Population:
A population is a number of all the organisms of the same group or species who live in a
particular geographical area and are capable of interbreeding.
Global human population growth is around 75 million annually, or 1.1% per year. The global
population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7 billion in 2012.
Population-growth:
The <population growth rate= is the rate at which the number of individuals in a population
increases in a given time period as a fraction of the initial population. Specifically, population
growth rate refers to the change in population over a time period, often expressed as a
percentage of the number of individuals in the population at the beginning of that period. This
can be written as the formula:
Population growth rate=P(t2)−P(t1)P(t1)population growth rate=P(t2)−P(t1)P(t).

1. Population size: the number of individuals in the population
2. Population density: how many individuals are in a particular area
3. Population growth: how the size of the population is changing over time.
Poverty is believed to be the leading cause of overpopulation. A lack of educational
resources, coupled with high death rates leading to higher birth rates, result in impoverished
areas seeing large booms in population.
There was a decrease in per capita food availability despite an increase in production. Poor
distribution of food resulting to hunger and deaths. Shortage in medical facilities and
services. Problems with power shortage and distribution.
Overpopulation is caused by a number of factors. Reduced mortality rate, better medical
facilities, depletion of precious resources are few of the causes which result in
overpopulation. ... A direct result of this has been the increased lifespan and the growth of
the population.
These are the leading causes:

Poverty. Poverty is believed to be the leading cause of overpopulation Poor Contraceptive
Use Child Labor, Reduced Mortality, Rates Fertility ,Treatment, Immigration Lack of Water
Lower Life Expectancy.
Exponential and logistical population growth: When resources are unlimited, populations
exhibit exponential growth, resulting in a J-shaped curve. When resources are limited,
populations exhibit logistic growth. In logistic growth, population expansion decreases as
resources become scarce, leveling off when the carrying capacity of the environment is
reached, resulting in an S-shaped curve.
Logistical population growth: Human population growth rate is measured as annual average
growth rate. Average annual growth rate (%)= (P2-P1/P1*N) * 100 Where, P1 = Population
size in previous Census P2 = Population size in present Census N = No of years between two
Census.

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Growth rate depends on several factors:

1. Rate of Birth (Fertility):
(a) Birth Rate: Number of babies produced per 1000 individuals.
(b) Total Fertility Rate: Average number of children that would be born to women in her
lifetime.
(c) Replacement Level: Number of children a couple must produce to replace themselves.
• It is always higher than 2.0. Since some children die before reaching reproductive
age.
Mortality • Death Rate per thousand individuals. • Reduction in mortality rate because of
industrial revolution, Improved personal Hygiene, Modern medicines etc.
Migration • Movement of individuals into or out of place/ country (within country).
Age and sex structure • Proportion of individuals of different ages within that population is
age structure. • Proportion of active males and females in a population influence population
growth.
Human Health and Environment;

Because of the permanent interaction between man and his environment, our health is to a
considerable extent determined by the environmental quality. As a consequence, environment
and health are closely related.
The environment in which we live, work and relax, is determining for our health and well-
being. Physical, as well as chemical and micro(biological) factors in the environment can
have repercussions on our health, both physically and mentally.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) definition of health emphasizes the physical, mental
and social well-being: "Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
and not merely the abscence of disease or infirmity". Health is considered as an overall
concept reaching beyond the absence of illness and ailments.
Well-being and quality of life are subject to an impressive number of factors, including
psychological, social and environment-related aspects. In addition to positive influences such
as green belts and entertainment areas, it is also important to identify the negative factors,
such as noise, odour and light nuisance.
However, the relation between environment and health is extremely complex. Although many
health problems are tought to be associated with environmental pollution, it is difficult to
assess the seriousness, extent and causes of environment related diseases. Besides
environmental-related causes, there are other factors which can directly or indirectly lead to
the same health problems.
Moreover, a causal connection between health effects and e.g. distribution of specific
substances in the environment is often hardly or not demonstrable. The specific contribution
of each of the different causes of health problems is difficult to determine The huge
population pressurizes and degrades the environment physically, chemically and biologically.
The state of health of people depends on clean environment. The changes in human
environment increases the incidence of many diseases.
Various diseases:
.1. HIV/ AIDS, TB, Malaria, Water borne diseases.

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2. Climate and Health 19

3. Bhopal Gas Tragedy, Hazardous chemicals like pesticides, DDT, endosulfan etc
4. Infectious diseases
5. Water related diseases
6. Risks due to chemicals in food
7. Cancer and the environment.
Value Education:
Values deal with ones own principles and standards from which we judge what is right and
wrong behaviour.
Objectives of Value Education:

a. To improve the integral growth of human begins.
b. To create attitudes and improvement towards sustainable lifestyle.
c. To increase awareness about our national history our cultural heritage, constitutional rights,
national integration, community development and environment.
d. To create and develop awareness about the values and their significance and role. e. To
know about various living and non-living organisms and their interaction with environment.
Environmental values-Preservation of Environment Valuing nature-Ecologist view.

Valuing cultures - Tribal people closeness.
Social justice - Traditional things.
Human heritage - Protection of wilderness.
Equitable use of resources.
Common property resources - Government taking over.
Ecological degradation.
Human Rights:
Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of
residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status. We
are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all
interrelated, interdependent and indivisible. Universal human rights are often expressed and
guaranteed by law, in the forms of treaties, customary international law , general principles
and other sources of international law. International human rights law lays down obligations
of Governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, in order to promote and
protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups.
The universal declaration of human rights adopted by UNO on 10th Dec 1948. On May 16,
1994 the United Nations drafted declaration of Human Rights and Environment 1. The
principles 2. Significance.
Equity-Wealth, resources, energy distribution. Nutrition, Health and Human rights.
Intellectual property rights.
Rights of life liberty Fundamental Rights Include and security of a person.
Right to own property.
Right to freedom of opinion and expression.

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Right to an adequate standard of living.

Right to education , freedom of thought, conscience and religion.
Right to freedom from torture and degrading treatment.
Resettlement and Rehabilitation:

Thus, resettlement refer to the process of settling again in a new area.
Rehabilitation means restoration to the former state. Reasons for displacement of people. •
Natural disasters like earthquake, cyclones, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, prolonged droughts
conditions, floods, hurricanes etc.
People are forced to move out of their land due to both natural and man made disasters.
Natural disasters like earthquakes, cyclones, tsunami etc. render thousands of people
homeless and sometime even force them to move and resettle in other areas. Similarly,
developmental projects like construction of roads, dams, canals and flyovers displace
people form their home. You must all be aware of the recent nuclear leakage in Japan due to
which millions of people were forced to leave the area for their safety. Thus, resettlement
refer to the process of settling again in a new area. Rehabilitation means restoration to the
former state.
Reasons for displacement of people
• Natural disasters like earthquake, cyclones, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, prolonged
droughts conditions, floods, hurricanes etc.
• Man made disasters like industrial accidents (e.g. Bhopal gas tragedy), nuclear accidents(
Current disaster in Japan), oil spills( Exxon Valdez oil spill), toxic contamination of sites etc.
• In search of better employment opportunities.
• Developmental projects like: construction of dams, irrigation canals, reservoirs etc.
• Infrastructural projects like flyovers, bridges, roads etc.
• Transportation activities like roads, highway, canal etc.
• Energy related project like power plants, oil exploration, mining activities, pipelines like
HBJ pipeline etc.
• Agricultural projects
• Projects related with the conservation of wildlife like national parks, sanctuaries and
biosphere reserves.
Resettlement and rehabilitation of persons displaced by land acquisition should form a

part of Land Acquisition Act’:
The Commission has taken the view that provisions relating to the resettlement and
rehabilitation of persons displaced by land acquisition for developmental projects should
form a part of the Land Acquisition Act itself (or an appropriate separate legislation) so that
they are justiciable.
Concerned with the plight of persons displaced by Mega-projects, the Commission has been
pursuing this matter with the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, seeking
to ensure the early finalisation of a draft policy on this subject.
A petition was received from the National Committee for Protection of Natural Resources
(NCPNR), wherein it was mentioned that the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, which was still in
force and was proposed to be amended by the Government, did not contain any provision for

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resettlement and rehabilitation of the people affected by projects. The Committee requested
that the Commission may consider this matter in its entirety and make suitable
recommendations to the Government, specially at a time when the Government was
considering a comprehensive Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill, which did not deal with
aspects relating to resettlement and rehabilitation.
A full EA is required if a project is likely to have significant adverse impacts that may be
sensitive, irreversible, and diverse. The impacts are likely to be comprehensive, broad, sector
wide, or precedent-setting. Impacts generally result from a major component of the project
and affect the area as a whole or an entire sector.
Dams and reservoirs; Forestry production projects; Industrial plants (large-scale) and
industrial estates; Irrigation, drainage, and flood control (large-scale); Land clearance and
leveling;
Mineral development (including oil and gas); Port and harbor development;
Reclamation and new land development;
Resettlement and all projects with potentially major impacts on people; River basin
development;
Thermal and hydropower development; and Manufacture, transportation, and use of
pesticides or other hazardous and/or toxic materials.
ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTS:
Chipko movement:
The Chipko movement or Chipko Andolan, was a forest conservation movement in India. It
began in 1973 in Uttarakhand, then a part of Uttar Pradesh and went on to become a rallying
point for many future environmental movements all over the world. The Chipko movement
was a non-violent agitation in 1973 that was aimed at protection and conservation of trees,
but, perhaps, it is best remembered for the collective mobilisation of women for the cause of
preserving forests, which also brought about a change in attitude regarding their own status in
society. The uprising against the felling of trees and maintaining the ecological balance
originated in Uttar Pradesh9s Chamoli district (now Uttarakhand) in 1973 and in no time
spilled onto other states in north India. The name of the movement 8chipko9 comes from the
word 9embrace9, as the villagers hugged the trees and encircled them to prevent being
hacked.
Gandhian activist Sunderlal Bahuguna gave a direction to the movement and his appeal to
Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, resulted in the ban of cutting trees. His
appeal resulted in a 15-year ban on chopping of green trees in 1980. In modern India, Chipko
Movement started in April 1973 in Uttar Pradesh's Mandal village in the upper Alakananda
valley. Soon it spread to other Himalayan districts of the state. The Chipko Movement was
triggered by a government decision to allot forest land to a sports goods company.
The importance of chipko movement in conservation of forest helps to protect and manage
the forest, this movement therefore has awaken people to the importance of conserving trees
as it helps the ecosystem of a nation to function properly and also it aid the livelihood of
people to live healthily and have a prosperous. The Chipko movement famous for its slogan
"Ecology is permanent economy"

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completes 45 years on Monday. Women were the main drivers of the movement, with many
immortal images of them hugging trees to prevent their being cut down.
The movement achieved a victory when the government issued a ban on felling of trees in the
Himalayan regions for fifteen years in 1980 by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, until the
green cover was fully restored.
SILENT VALLEY:
Silent Valley National Park, is a national park in Kerala, India. It is located in the Nilgiri
hills, has a core area of 89.52 km², which is surrounded by a buffer zone of 148 km². This
national park has some rare species of flora and fauna.
The British named the area Silent Valley because of a perceived absence of noisy cicadas.
Another story attributes the name to the anglicisation of Sairandhri. A third story refers to the
presence of many lion-tailed macaques Macaca silenus.
Save Silent Valley was a social movement aimed at the protection of Silent Valley, an
evergreen tropical forest in the Palakkad district of Kerala, India. The Kuntipuzha is a major
river that flows 15 km southwest from Silent Valley. It takes its origin in the lush green
forests of Silent Valley.
Silent Valley National Park In Kerala: Where The Wild Roam Free. Home to animals as rare
as the Nilgiri Tahr and Lion Tailed Macaques as well as the greenest of evergreen forests
ever, the Silent Valley National Park in Kerala is among the most favourite biodiversity hubs
for nature lovers and wildlife fanatics.
The aim of the movement was to save the place from being flooded due to Hydroelectric
project. The issue further caught attention due to the endangered liontailed macaque and other
rare wildlife that was present in that area.
In 1970s, plans for a hydroelectric project by the state electricity board were shelved after
protests by <Save Silent Valley= movement, which highlighted the dangers to the rich
diversity. It was declared a national park in 1984, by late Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi.
The Valley harboured a range of species endemic to the region, including the lion-tailed
macaque that faced the threat of extinction. In 1980, the then prime minister Indira Gandhi
told the state government to abandon the project.
BISHNOIS RAJASTHAN:
The Bishnois, a Vaishnavite sect, living in western Rajasthan on the fringe of the Thar desert,
have for centuries, been conserving the flora and fauna to the extent of sacrificing their lives
to protect the environment. Nature protection was given foremost importance in these tenets.
Western India. Bishnoi (also known as Vishnoi) is a Hindu religious sect found in the
Western Thar Desert and northern states of India. They follow a set of 29
principles/commandments given by Guru Jambeshwar (1451-1536). They are not a caste but
a sect.
The Bishnois of Jodhpur consider the Blackbuck to be the reincarnation of their religious
Guru Bhagwan Jambeshwar also known as Jambaji. They have been known to make many
sacrifices for the protection of animals, specially the endangered Blackbuck. They can even
sacrifice their lives to save this creature.

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8Amrita Devi9 (Beniwal) sacrificed her life along with her three daughter9s viz. Asu, Ratni
and Bhagu in year 1730 to save green trees being felled by the Maharaja of Jodhpur at a place
known as Khejarli in Marwar, Rajasthan. Along with her more than 363 other Bishnois, died
saving the Khejri trees.
The Bishnoi narrate the story of Amrita Devi, a member of the sect who inspired as many as
363 other Bishnois to go to their deaths in protest of the cutting down of Khejri trees on 12
September 1730. The Maharaja of Jodhpur, Abhay Singh, requiring wood for the
construction of a new palace, sent soldiers to cut trees in the village of Khejarli, which was
called Jehnad at that time. Noticing their actions, Amrita Devi hugged a tree in an attempt to
stop them. Her family then adopted the same strategy, as did other local people when the
news spread. She told the soldiers that she considered their actions to be an insult to her faith
and that she was prepared to die to save the trees. The soldiers did indeed kill her and others
until Abhay Singh was informed of what was going on and intervened to stop the massacre.
Some of the 363 Bishnois, who were killed protecting the trees, were buried in Khejarli,
where a simple grave with four pillars was erected. Every year, in September, i.e., Shukla
Dashmi of Bhadrapad (Hindi month) the Bishnois assemble there to commemorate the
sacrifice made by their people to preserve their faith and religion.
Bishnois oppose to their religious tradition of cremating the dead. To avoid wastage of
firewood, they bury the deceased.
Though a religious sect, the Bishnois do not believe in unnecessary rituals, idolworship, caste
system, etc., but continually lay emphasis on compassion, love, and peace, thereby firming
their foundation for love for Mother Nature.
To minimize the use of green trees, they use cow dung cakes as fuel for cooking.

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ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS:
Environmental ethics is a branch of ethics that studies the relation of human beings and the
environment and how ethics play a role in this. Environmental ethics believe that humans are
a part of society as well as other living creatures, which includes plants and animals.
Environmental ethics helps define man's moral and ethical obligations toward
the environment. Water and air pollution, the depletion of natural resources, loss of
biodiversity destruction of ecosystems, and global climate change are all part of the
environmental ethics debate.
Environmental ethics are a key feature of environmental studies that establishes a relationship
between humans and the earth. With environmental ethics, you can ensure that you are doing
your part to keep the environment safe and protected.
Environmental ethics builds on scientific understanding by bringing human values, moral
principles, and improved decision making into conversation with science. ...
This is important because the ethics of the environment are of major concern these days.
Environmental ethics deal with issues related to the rights of individuals that are fundamental
to life and well being.
Resource consumption patterns and the need for equitable utilization: It deals with how
we utilize and distribute resources. The disparity between haves and have nots is widening.
There is a disparity between the individuals, communities and countries in usage of
resources. The well-to-do, educated urban dweller consumes much larger quantities of
resources and energy than the traditional rural individual. This unequal distribution of wealth
and access to land and its resources is a serious environmental concern. An equitable sharing
of resources forms the basis of sustainable development for urban, rural and wilderness-
dwelling communities.
Equity-disparity in the northern and southern countries: It is concerned with who owns
resources and how they are distributed. People living in the economically-advanced nations
use greater amounts of resources and energy per individual and also waste more resources.
This is at the cost poor people who are resource-dependent and live in developing nations.
Urban-rural equity issues: The common property of rural communities has increasingly
been used to supply the needs of the urban and industrial sectors. As the rural sector supplies
food and a part of the energy needs (mainly fuel wood) to most towns and cities in India, the
common lands of the rural sector are being depleted of their resources.
The need for gender equity: All over India, especially in the rural sector, women work
longer hours than men. They are involved in collection and sale of fuel wood, collection of
fodder, fruits, medicinal products, trekking several kilometres to fetch potable water, cooking
meals in smoky unhealthy atmosphere etc. On an average they spend 10-12 hrs a day of very
hard work, every day of the year. Unfortunately, it is the men who play a decisive role in
managing the village common and their resources while women have not been given an equal
opportunity to develop and improve their status which is due to a lower access to education
and health care than that of men. This has deep implications for the rate of utilization of
natural resources and their conservation.

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Preserving resources for future generations: This ethical issue must be considered when
we use resources unsustainably. If we overuse and misuse resources and energy from fossil
fuels, our future generations will find survival very difficult.
The rights of animals: The plants and animals that share the Earth with us too have a right to
live and share the Earth9s resources and living space. We have no right to push a species that
has taken millions of years to evolve towards extinction. Cruelty to animals is a crime that
must be regarded seriously and action must be taken against offenders.
The ethical basis of environment education and awareness: The most important concern is
related to creating an ethos that will support a sustainable lifestyle in society. The Supreme
Court of our country has ordered that every young individual at school and college level be
exposed to a course on environment. There are two aspects that are closely connected with
ethical issues that are related to our environment. These are based on valuing nature as a
resource and appreciating the beauty of nature and treasuring the magnificence of the
wilderness.
The conservation ethic and traditional value systems of India: During olden days, people
have always valued mountains, rivers, forests, trees and several animals. Thus, much of
nature was venerated and protected. Certain species of trees have been protected as they are
valued for their fruit or flowers. Traditions held the animals/species as an important aspect of
nature were the basis of local life-support systems and were integral to bring about a
harmonious life.
Environment and Hinduism:
The sanctity of all life on this planet and elsewhere is clearly ingrained in the Hinduism. The
Supreme God has absolute sovereignty over all creatures including humans. According to
Hindu scriptures all lives have the same right to existence. Human beings have no dominion
over other creatures. They are forbidden to exploit nature; instead they are advised to seek
peace and live in harmony with nature. The Hindu religion demands veneration, respect and
obedience to maintain and protect the harmonious unity of God and nature.
Environmental Protection in Vedas:

Vedic literature (about 1500 BC) clearly speaks that there is an integral balance in Man,
Nature and The God. Natural forces were considered to be expressions ofthe Lord Himself
and are venerable entities. Vedas envisage a beautiful natural environment on earth and
command the man not to pollute.
Environmental Protection in Puranas:

During the puranic period (320 BC on ward) a popular belief emerged that each tree had its
own deity. People offered water and circled trees with sacred threads in order to protect them.
Environment and Buddhism:

Buddhism is the religion full of love, understanding and compassion committed to the ideals
of non violence. The basic tenets of Buddhism are simplicity and ahimsa. The principle of
simplicity based on sustainability teaches that man should not over exploit the natural
resources. The principle of ahimsa or non violence of not killing the animals shows the love
for fauna.

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In Buddhism the rivers, forests, mountains are highly respected and regarded as bliss best
owners and Buddhists had great respect for the Sun, Moon and other planets. Buddha also set
down rules forbidding the pollution of rivers, ponds and wells in Sutta-Nipata. Know ye the
grasses and the trees.
Environment and Jainism:

Jainism places great emphasis on the principle that one should reprise from avoidable acts
that are harmful to oneself or others.5 Ahimsa (non-violence) is the fundamental tenet of Jain
way of life, a term that is clearly allied with realism, common sense, personal worth and
responsibility.
Environment and Sikhism:

Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikh religion assigned divine attributes to nature. According to
Sikhism people should respect God9s A creations and know the eternal truth regarding their
place in the universe. Human race is the integral part of the nature and linked to the rest of
creation by indissoluble bonds.
Environment and Islam:

In Islam the Holy Qur9an and the divinely inspired words of Prophet Mohammed form the
foundation of and rules for the conservation of nature.7 The Qur9anic message is one of
unity, harmony, balance and order. It stresses that nature9s laws must be observed and that
defined limits should not be exceeded.
Allah is unity and His unity is reflected in the unity of mankind and nature. His trustees have
been made responsible for maintaining the unity of His creations, the integrity of the earth,
including its flora, fauna, wild life and the natural environment.
Environment and Christianity:

The Christianity also says that harmonic triadic relationship exists between the divine and
humanity, among human beings and nature and failure to maintain the harmony may alienate
humanity from its creator and also from nature. There is a close link between Christianity and
Environment and the thrust is for Sustainable Development. Thus the true spirit of
Christianity to keep the environment in a perfect condition is very much stressed.
Environment and Indian culture:

The cultural heritage of India show a deep concern for the protection and preservation of the
environment. Indian tradition considered the earth as 8Mother9. Rivers are described
Lokamatha. India is a land ofrites and rituals. Indians have articulated the need to sustain and
promote the ecological balances of nature through sacred incarnations and systematized 52
rituals for the sustenance of life on the earth. Since all most all the major world religions are
represented in the Indian soil and their religions in turn realized the proximity of mankind
and nature, they regulated conduct of mankind in such a way conducive to nature.
ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS:

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Environmental communications is defined as the assessment and practice of how people,

societies and organizations interact with and effect the environment. It includes a variety of
interactions, ranging from interpersonal communications to media coverage related to the
environment.
"Environmental communication is a practical, and indeed essential, tool for action" As with
communication in general, environmental communication serves two broad social functions.
The first is that we use communication to do things. For example, we communicate in order
to inform, persuade, educate, and alert others.
The Goal of Environmental Communications:

The primary goal of environmental communications is to identify and promote proper
practices. While there has been a tremendous amount of growth in the studies and literature
that are dedicated to environmental communication in recent years, there is still a lot that has
to be learned. Moreover, a lot more work needs to be done in order to determine the most
effective practices.
For example, if you are using environmental communications to promote a policy, to raise
awareness, to alter behavior, to persuade the opinion of the public, to pass legislation, or to
address conflicts, the manner in which you communicate will have a direct impact on your
specific outcome. In other words, effective communication is necessary if you want to
achieve your goal.
PUBLIC AWARENESS:
Public awareness of the environment is the ability to understand the surrounding world,
including understandings to all the changes occurring in the environment, understanding of
cause- and-effect relationships between the quality of the environment and human behavior,
and a sense of responsibility of preserving them.
Increasing population, Urbanization and poverty have generated pressure on the natural
resources and lead to a degradation of the environment. Environmental pollution cannot
prevented by laws alone. Public participation is equally important with regard to
environmental protection.
Environment Awareness through Mass-Media:
ADVERTISEMENTS: The electronic media can identify and bring to a halt forces affecting
the natural and even the man-made environment. It matters much how the public mind can be
mobilized to reduce pollution and promote environmental quality.
Some practical tips can adopt:

Introduce the 4 R9s: Reduce waste, Reuse resources, Refuse things and Recycle materials
Organise tree planting days at school and tell them why trees are important to the
environment Encourage children to switch off all appliances and lights when not in
use Ensure taps are closed properly after you have used them and use water spar.
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Environmental Studies- Notes Updated

Environmental Studies (Bengaluru Central University)

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SAI VIDYA FIRST GRADE COLLEGE, RAJANUKUNTE, BENGALURU.

UNIT 3: NATURAL RESOURCES:

UNIT 4: CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY:

UNIT 5: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION:

UNIT 6: ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND PRACTICES:

UNIT 7: HUMAN COMMUNITIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT:

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cultures in environmental conservation. Environmental communication and Public awareness,

UNIT 8: FIELD WORK:

Value of a Tree: 50 years

1. It generates about 53 laksh worth of oxygen to environment.

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SAI VIDYA FIRST GRADE COLLEGE, RAJANUKUNTE, BENGALURU.

Components / Levels of Environment :

Multi disciplinary nature of o Environmental Studies / Enivornmental studies related to

c) Metamorphic Rocks Ex: Limestone, Talcum Powder, Chalk piece etc..

2. Environment Studies related to Chemistry:

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SAI VIDYA FIRST GRADE COLLEGE, RAJANUKUNTE, BENGALURU.

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SAI VIDYA FIRST GRADE COLLEGE, RAJANUKUNTE, BENGALURU.

Structure and functions of Eco System :

Forest Eco – System :

Forest Eco system :

There are three types of consumers;

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ii) Secondary Consumers:

It locates in River Ganges and Brahmaputra Valley region.

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ii) Summer season

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2. River / Stream Eco- System:

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Energy flow in an Eco-System

1. Sun is the major source of energy.

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Types of Food Chain:

2. Detritus food chain :