DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC MANAGEMNT

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL ASSINGEMENT (MPM5033)

Socio-Economic Impact of Displacing Farmers from their Farm

and Grazing Land in the case of Yeka-Sub City woreda 13
SET BY
1. SHEMSDIN JEMAL

2. TEKELE AYELE

3. YODIT ALEBACHEW

4. YOSEF MELESE

5. ZELALEM ADANE

6. ZEMENU TADESSE

MAY, 2018
ADDIS ABABA

Table of content
Acknowledgement................................................................................................I
Abbreviations and Acronyms..............................................................................II
Abstract..............................................................................................................III
Chapter one
1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the study..........................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the problem........................................................................................................3
1.3. Objectives of the study...........................................................................................................4
1.3.1 Major Objective of the Study---------------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.3.1 Specific Objective---------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.4 Research questions of the study............................................................................................4
1.5. Significance of the study........................................................................................................5
1.6 Scope of the study...................................................................................................................5
1.7 Description of the study area...................................................................................................5
1.8 Limitation of the study............................................................................................................6
1.9 structure of the thesis.............................................................................................................6

Chapter two
2. Literature review..........................................................................................................................7
2.1. Causes of farm land displacement..........................................................................................7
2.1 Nature of displacement............................................................................................................8
2.2. Consequence of farm land displacement................................................................................9

Chapter three
3. Research design and Methodology.............................................................10
3.1 Research Approach...............................................................................................................10
3.2 Research Methods................................................................................................................10
3.3 Research Techniques.............................................................................................................10
3.4 Sample Design......................................................................................................................10
3.4.1 Population........................................................................................................................10
3.4.2 Sampling frame...............................................................................................................11
3.4.3 Sampling unit................................................................................................................11
 3.4.4 Sampling techniques......................................................................................................11
3.4.5 Sample size...................................................................................................................11
3.5 Sources of data......................................................................................................................11
3.5.1 Primary data sources......................................................................................................11
3.5.2 Secondary data sources..................................................................................................11
3.6 Data analysis and interpretation............................................................................................11
3.7 Data presentation...................................................................................................................12
4. Work Plan/Schedule.......................................................................................................................12

REFERENCE...................................................................................................13
TABLE OF FIGURE

Research work Performance Time table 1........................................................12

Financial Budget Plan time table 2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------12

Acknowledgement
Wegreat gratitude and first thanks is necessarily given for almighty, omniscient and
omnipotent God to perform everything. We started this research proposal trust inGod and He
makes us successful.

WE wound like second thanks our instructor ABEDU,M (PHD) main registrar of Ethiopian Civil
Service University. He make endless effort to make our research proposal was make fruit full.
Consistently allowed this paper to be our own work, but steered us in the right direction whenever he
thought we needed it.

We would also like to thanks also AACADFRP experts who were open their office and make
available data what we required. They involved in the collecting of real numerical displaced
farmers data from their document memo.

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Abbreviations and Acronyms
AACA = Addis Ababa City Administration

AACADFRP= Addis Ababa city administration Displaced Framers Rehabilitation project

ANRSRLAU = Amahara National Regional State Rural Land Administration Use

MOFED = Ministry of Finance and Economic Development

ETSIP = Ethiopia transport social impact assessment

SPSS = Statically Package for Social Science

UNECA = United Nation Economic Commission for Africa

OAU = Organization of African Unity

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Abstract
Throughout its history Addis Ababa city has undergone urban expansion and inner city
renewal. Present urbanization program and inner city renewal implemented by the city
administration is through intervention projects that are large in scale and size. Five sub
cities such as Yeka, Bole, Olefins keraneyo, Nefas Silke and Akaki Kaliti were predominately
farmers displaced due to mainly the expansion of new residences. This study will investigate
the socio-economic impacts of land displaced farmers in yeka sub city woreda 13. Interview,
questionnaires containing both open ended and close ended, reviewing different book,
journals, archive research and document will be used to assess the situation. Descriptive
statistics will be used to analyze and describe a collection of quantitative data on the socio-
economic impact of displaced farmers for development by using frequency able Percentage
and mean. Though the use of statically package for social sciences (SPSS) will be relevant
method of data analysis. Keywords: urban expansion, displacement, socio-economic impact.

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Chapter one
1. Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
Land displaced is “taking the rural land from the holder or user for the sake of public interest
paying compensation in advance by government bodies, private investors, cooperative
societies or other bodies to undertake development activities by the decision of government
body vested with power” (ANRSRLAU, 2009)

Land tenure refers to the complex relationship between categories of individuals, groups and
the government with respect to land and related resources. According to FAO (2002), the
Relationship could be defined legally or customarily and land tenure is an important part of
social, Political and economic structures. It is multi-dimensional, bringing into play social,
technical, economic, institutional, legal and political aspects that are often ignored but must
be taken into account. Land tenure relationships may be well-defined and enforceable in a
formal court of law or through customary structures in a community. Land tenure is often
categorized as private, communal, open access and state. Land right; on the other hand, refers
to rights held to land and other natural resources.

‘’In rural residents of most developing countries, including Ethiopia, land is the main
economic, political, social and cultural asset. It is the crucial source of generating livelihood
income for the society. It remains an asset that farmers have to accumulate wealth and
transfer the same to future generation. Moreover, the issue of land has not simply remained
to be an economic affair but also it is very much intertwined with the people’s culture and
identity’’ (gashaw, 2015). In a nutshell, land related issues in developing countries are the
most sensitive part of overall development that government needs to consider (girma, 2011).

“In Ethiopia, land is the common property of the state and the people, and, hence, is not
subject to sale, exchange or mortgage. Rural farmers and pastoralists are guaranteed a plot of
land free of charge while urban residents can secure the same through ground lease
arrangement” (gashaw, 2015 ).

Expropriation is a compulsory surrender of land to the government for public purpose

activities, although land is owned by the state and the Ethiopian people, rural farmers as well
as urban residents are given the rights to use ,lease or inherit the land( abebaw,----- ).

Cited on Irit Equvavoen and weynitesfay, displacement of people in the context or as a result
of development intervention has been identified as “the most important forced migration
problem worldwide” of our time (Pankhurst and piguet 2009: 250, also de wet 2006). Cited

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on IritEquvavoen and weynitesfay, in Ethiopia, displacement is prominent in development
projects aiming at the extension of irrigation and hydropower production referred to as dam-
induced displacement (kebede, 2009). In the volume of development and displacement in the
country has become the “most significant type of movement replacing earlier concern with
resettlement, refugees, returnees and demobilization.”(Pankhurst and piguet, 2009: 246).

In development projects including forced displacement such impoverishment may be

triggered by landlessness, homelessness, joblessness, social marginalization, loss of assets
and social disarticulation and materialize in food insecurity and increased mortality rates
(Cernea M.M, 1995).

Cited on Feyera Abdissa, Ethiopia is one of the least urbanized countries in the world. It has
only 16% of its population living in urban centers (PCC, 2008). However, given the 2.73%
total annual population growth rate, high rate of migration to towns, and increase in the
number of urban centers, the rate of urbanizations increasing at rate of 4.4%
(MOFED,2006). Even though there are more than 900 urban centers in Ethiopia, Addis
Ababa, its capital city, consisted of about 23% of the total urban population in the country
(PCC,2008).

To accommodate the ever increasingly population, and commercial expansion, Addis Ababa
city has been expanding horizontally towards its peri-urban areas (Feyera, 2013).

The Addis Ababa city put long and short-term plans to alleviate inner city renewal in line
with free market economic policy by creating open space for private investment (AACA
2000: 10-12). In the process of creating open space in the inner city, urban displacement and
relocation of the occupants to the periphery on agricultural and forest land became a
necessity which resulted in dispossession and dislocation of farmers (Feyera Abdissa, 2013).
On the other hand, Addis Ababa has attracted a large investment in the country (AACA1997:
7).

The overall trend and picture of Addis Ababa’s population and area growth pattern indicates
that it is the most accelerated growth rates in the world. This accelerated growth is also
accommodated by the conversion of agricultural and forest land to urban settlement.
Although it is a young city compared to several other urban centers in the country, it has
grown from simple military settlement “large number of tents" in 1886 (Pankhurst, 1962) to
large metropolitan city covering about 54, hectares today.

The ongoing expansion process capture less the view of farmers who were forced to leave
their land and property. Therefore, the effect of this process of urban expansion on the
surrounding farming community needs to be clearly known in order to reduce the negative
impact.

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The fastest growing of Addis Ababa city in all direction leads to expropriation of farmers
from their farm and grazing lands (AACADFRP strategic support framework, 2017). Five
sub cities such as Yeka, Bole, Kolefi keraneyo, Nefas Silke and Akaki Kaliti were
predominately farmers displaced due to mainly the expansion of new residence
(AACADFRP revised plan, 2017). According to farmer’s rehabilitation project of 2017 G.C
farmers’ registration, 4300 male and 2403 female headed peoples were listed out, and 32,296
families also displaced from their farm and grazing lands (AACADFRP revised plan, 2017).
From yeka sub cities, woreda13 was one of the victims in urban expansion, dozens farmers
were displaced from their farm and grazing land when its compare with other this sub cities
woredas, 549 households were lose their tenure (AACADFRP, 2017).

Projects including forced displacement such impoverishment may be triggered by

landlessness, homelessness, joblessness, social marginalization, loss of assets and social
disarticulation and materialize in food insecurity and increased mortality rates (Cernea.M.M,
1995).

All of farmers were not got their compensation, although clear compensation regulation is
available in shelf, even substantial farmers were not got their compensation
(AACADFRPtargetingdirective, 2017). Most of word 13 displaced farmers are live in poor
soci-economic condition, they became landless, homeless, marginalize, no potable water and
electric service (AACADFRP, revised plan, 2017). They need urgentineconomic and social
aid (AACADFRP, supporting frame work, 2017).

1.2 Statement of the problem

According to Addis Ababa city administration displaced farmers rehabilitation project vision
statement, thus displaced farmers who are live in Addis Ababa city make them paving the
way which get opportunity socio-economic benefits through paying reasonable
compensation, and full filling infrastructure for them to accelerate cities growth.

Developing countries are characterized by low economic growth, traditional way of production, low
living standard high level of unemployment.Rapid urban expansion is the main manifestation of most
developing countries.The ongoing expansion process capture less the view of farmers who
were forced to leave their land and property. Therefore, the effect of this process of urban
expansion on the surrounding farming community needs to be clearly known in order to
reduce the negative impact. The fastest growing of Addis Ababa city in all direction leads to
expropriation of farmers from their farm and grazing lands (AACADFRP support
framework, 2017). Five sub cities such as Yeka, Bole, Kolefikeraneyo, NefasSilke and
AkakiKaliti were predominately farmers displaced due to mainly the expansion of new
residence (FRP revised plan, 2017). According to farmers rehabilitation project of 2017 G.C
displaced farmers’ registration 4300 male and 2403 female headed peoples were listed out,
and 32,296 families also displaced from it (AACADFRP, strategic, 2017). From yeka sub
Socio-economic impact of displacing farmers
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cities, woreda13 was one of the victims in urban expansion, dozens of farmers were
displaced from their farm and grazing land when its compare with other sub cities and
woredas549 households were lose their tenure (AACADFRP revised plan, 2017). Even
though many researches has been conducted on socio-economic impact of displaced farmers,
the solutions given were not satisfactory. so, we will conduct this study for the sake of pointing
out appropriate solutions on such type of issues.

1.3. Objectives of the study

Here, the study aims at achieving the following objectives

1.3.1 Major Objective of the Study

The main objective of this study will be to investigate the socio- economic impact of
displaced farmers for development purpose in the case of Yeka Sub-city, woreda 13 District.

1.3.1 Specific Objective

The study will try to achieve the following specific objectives.

1. To assess the effect of government development activities on social life of displaced

farmers in that district.
2. To assess the effect of government development activities on economic life of displaced
farmers in that district.
3. To develop our skill of conducting research proposal.
4. To fulfill research course
1.4 Research questions of the study

 How do governmental development activities affect the social life of displaced farmers?
 How do governmental development activities affect the economic activities of displaced
farmers?
 What are the major factors to displace farmers?
 How farm land evaluation directives are practiced?

1.5. Significance of the study

This study will help to improve the socio-economic benefit of displaced farmers by pointing
out the limitation of government development activities on that district:it widen an
opportunity of farmers to participate in identifying developmental activities, and the study

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will also be help full to researchers who will use this study as a source of reference for
further study on this and other related areas.

1.6. Scope of the study

The spatial scope of the study will be conducted in Yeka sub city; woreda 13 and the study
will focus only on the socio-economic impact of land displaced farmers for development by
using them for the study purpose.

1.7 Description of the study area

Federal Government of Ethiopia has nine regions and two self-administrative towns which
are called Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa. The site of Addis Ababa was chosen by Empress
Taytu Betul and the city was founded in 1886 by her husband, Emperor Menelik II. The
name of the city (ኣዲስኣበባ) was taken from parts of the city called horaFinfinnee ("hot
springs") in Oromo language. The city is divided in to 10 sub cities and 99 worads (kebeles).
Yeka sub-city is one of 10 sub-cities and it has estimated.

Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA),
Addis Ababa has a total population of 3,384,569 of whom 1,627,896 are men and 1,756,673
women; all of the population is urban inhabitants. For the capital city 662,728 households
were counted living in 628,984 housing units, which results in an average of 4.1 persons to a
household. The city's total land area is 527 KM2 and density 5,165.1/km2 with annual
growth rate of 3.8%.

According to the 2007 national census, 98.64% of the housing units of Addis Ababa had
access to safe drinking water, while 14.9% had flush toilets, 70.7% pit toilets (both ventilated
and unventilated), and 14.3% had no toilet facilities. Values for other reported common
indicators of the standard of living for Addis Ababa as of 2005 include the following: 0.1%
of the inhabitants fall into the lowest wealth quintile; adult literacy for men is 93.6% and for
women 79.95%, the highest in the nation for both sexes; and the civic infant mortality rate is
45 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, which is less than the nationwide average of 77; at least
half of these deaths occurred in the infants’ first month of life.

Addis Ababa has the status of both a city and a state. It is where the African Union and its
predecessor the OAU are based. It also hosts the headquarters of the United Nations
Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) and numerous other continental and
international organizations. Addis Ababa is therefore often referred to as "the political capital
of Africa" due to its historical, diplomatic and political significance for the continent. The
city is populated by people from different regions of Ethiopia – the country has as many as

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80 nationalities speaking 80 languages and belonging to a wide variety of religious
communities.

Yeka sub-city is one of Addis Ababa administration which is located north east part of the
city. The total area of the sub city is 85.98 KM square and 368,418 people live (AAC, 2017).

1.8Limitation of the study

Urban expansion to the periphery has cause displacement, dislocation and dispossession of
the rural farming community in periphery. The study was based largely on house hold heads
who were dislocated and those who obtained compensation in cash and housing plot.
Therefore, the selected sample house hold heads may not adequately represent the
characteristics of all farmers affected by the urban expansion.

1.9 structure of the thesis

The study will be organized in four chapters. The first chapter will be the introductory part
which bears background of the study, statement of the problem, research question, objectives,
description of the study area, and significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study.
The second chapter will present the literature review. The third chapter will also present
research design and methodology and the fourth will be about data analysis, findings,
conclusion and recommendation drawn from the study.

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Chapter two
2. Literature review
2.1. Causes of farm land displacement
The increment of land displaced farmers is responsible by the two factors namely: urban
expansion and industrial development (Feyera, 2005).

Cited on Feyera Abidissa Space is needed for industry, socio-economic infrastructure,

communication and road networks that require reorganization and redevelopment of the
space already inhabited (Cernea 1995:41).This need for space induces extended urban
settlement to rural territory that had been already Occupied by perhaps rural farming
community. Urban and industrial growth will then compel displacement, which requires
intense rehabilitation program.

Currently, Ethiopia is facing with rapid growing urbanization and modernization of

infrastructures. Most towns and cities in regions have been expanding twice their size within
the past ten years. After the downfall of the military junta, also called the Derg, in 1991,
Ethiopia opened its doors for foreign and national investment. As a result, a large area of land
is required for private and public investment, for the expansion of urban areas or the
establishment of new ones, and for construction of roads and other types of infrastructure in
all areas of the country. Thus, presently large tracts of land are being taken by way of
expropriation for roads, streets, Irrigation works, private mechanized farming, horticulture
investment, real estate development and other massive infrastructure developments.
As urban population increases, there must be space to accommodate these populations.
People compete for the site first for residence and second for investment depending upon
accessibility within the urban framework. The structure of local government and its policy
may or may not be favorable to the community who are supposed to leave their place of
habitual residence to accommodate the increasing population in urban settlement. Therefore,
urbanization and urban growth has become central problem in the conversion of agricultural
land to non-agricultural use (Feyera, 2005). “The poor farmers are the net losers while
largely better off urban settlers get the benefit of obtaining land at subsidized prices” (Mohan
1996:127).

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Development‐induced displacement and relocation in Ethiopia displacement of people in the
context or as a result of development intervention has been identified as “the most important
forced migration problem worldwide” of our time (Pankhurst and Piguet 2009: 250, also de
Wet 2006). In Ethiopia, displacement is prominent in development projects aiming at the
extension of irrigation and hydropower production referred to as dam‐induced displacement
(Kebede 2009), at the provision of better housing in urban centers (Gebre, 2008, Tadele,
2009), and at the conservation of forest or wildlife via national parks (Berisso 2009). As was
pointed out in a volume on development and displacement in Ethiopia, development‐induced
displacement in the country has become the “most significant type of movement replacing
earlier concerns with resettlement, refugees, returnees and demobilization.“ (Pankhurst and
Piguet 2009: 246).

2.1 Nature of displacement

There are many approaches to defining land displacement (Hannah Twoney, 2016 ). At times
the focus is placed upon the characteristics of the deal itself, particularly its size and what
kinds of actors are involved. Much of the literature defines land expropriation as possessing a
distinctly foreign element: “large scale, cross-border land deals or transitional corporations or
initiated by foreign governments” (zoomers, 2010: 429). Other definition incorporate
potential social injustice outcomes of the land deals as a defining feature: “taking possession
of and /or controlling a scale of land for commercial industrial agricultural production which
is disproportionate in size in comparison to the average land holding in the region”(FIAN
2018: 8).

The utilitarian view perceives land displacement as potentially legitimate (Hannah Twoney,
2016). This view does not contradict the above drivers of land displacement, yet it justifies
them in several ways. Cite on Hannah Twoney, firstly the global food supply must account
for the world’s population growth (borras et al, 2010), secondly the state of the world’s
energy supply requires a transition away from oil and towards biofuels (borras et al, 2010),
thirdly lesser developed economies require foreign investment. As pointed out by
development induced displacement and resettlement expert (oliver-smith, 2009).

Land displaced is “taking the rural land from the holder or user for the sake of public interest
paying compensation in advance by government bodies, private investors, cooperative
societies or other bodies to undertake development activities by the decision of government
body vested with power” (ANRSRLAU, 2009).

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2.2. Consequence of farm land displacement
Social assets of the dislocated farming community have changed due to urban expansion.
Information from community key informants and focus group discussion revealed that the
socialassets usually manifested through social institutions such as Dabo and Jigi that brings
them to work together were already abandoned. Other institutions like Jigi Mallaqa (money
contribution for security in case of death of oxen and fire hazard or disaster on property) and
JigiFarada(horse owner groupings in support of each other to own horse for transport and for
horse race ceremony during festivals) were also abandoned. The only social institution that
did not vanish was Iddir, security in the case of death. Similarly, the society’s original social
groupings among kin in the rural life such as in coffee ceremony were limited to a few
households because of dispersion of the kins and relatives in different location (Feyera,
2005).Potential negative impact of principal concern are loss of livelihood and income as a
consequence of land expropriation and displacement are unavoidable (Ethiopian
transportation system improvement project, 2016)
The expansion of Addis Ababa pushed the displaced farmers to the frontier of it. This
ongoing expansion of city, according to Addis Ababa city administration displaced farmers
rehabilitation project, the peripheral farmer’s exposed in social and economic problems. The
first major problems which face the farmers are lack of social infrastructure. The students has
not been schools, no potable water, no electric service, nonerbay medical service and road.
Many students drop from schools and the pregnant women go long distance to get medical
service. The other problems which suffer them is economic problems, some of displaced
farmers are homeless, low income and need urgent support (AACADFRP, participatory
accelerated appraisal document, 2017).

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Chapter three
3. Research design and Methodology

3.1 Research Approach

During the data analysis the researcher will apply both qualitative and quantitative approach
to collect non-numerical and numerical data respectively.

3.2 Research Methods

This study will use descriptive survey(describing the characteristics of existing

phenomenon)in soliciting information on socio-economic impacts of land displaced farmers
for development. Descriptive survey design will help in providing use full and accurate
information to answer the question based on who,what,whyand how.

3.3 Research Techniques

To obtain relevant data for this research questionnaire (both open ended and close ended) and
interview will be applied by the researchers because they will meet the purpose of the
research.

3.4 Sample Design

In accordance with the nature of the study, time and budget constraints researchers will
design the sample method, sample size and sample unit in manageable size.probablity
sampling will be used because it gives equal chance for the population to be sampled.

3.4.1 Population
The total population of yeka sub city woreda 13 is 549 house holdout of them….are male and
----are female. The target population for this study is land displaced farmers.

3.4.2 Sampling frame

The sampling frame of this study will contain yeka sub city woreda 13 land displaced
farmers for development (549 farmers)

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3.4.3 Sampling unit
To get relevant data for these study researchers will take 28 individual farmers which will
represent 549 land displaced farmers of the district.

3.4.4 Sampling techniques

For this study the researcher will use probability random sampling techniques to give equal
chance for the sampling frame to be sampled.

3.4.5 Sample size

The total number of units which will be selected for analysis in this research is 28 land
displaced farmers of the district. The total number of land displaced farmers is 549.

3.5 Sources of data

The researcher will use both primary and secondary data sources to conduct the research.

3.5.1 Primary data sources

To collect the primary data dispatching structured open ended and close ended questionnaires
and interviews will be used.

3.5.2 Secondary data sources

Secondary data will be collected fromreviewing of different book, journals, archive research
and document.

3.6 Data analysis and interpretation

Both primary and secondary data will be analyzed and presented using descriptive statistics
and inferential statistics. The tools for analysis are mean,mode,median,and percentages,
quantitative and qualitative will be analyzed by summarizing and associating similar
opinions of respondents.

3.7 Data presentation

All study topics related data will be presented appropriately, clearly and understandably.
Thus the data presentation will include for quantitative data table, chart,graphs,pie-charts and
percentages for qualitative data description, narrations and large quotations will be used.

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4. Work Plan/Schedule
The research work will consume about 6 months from March 2018 toAugust 2018
Research work Performance Time table 1

Details of Tasks to be Performed Time Operation Remark

needed Period
1 Topic Identification and modification 30 days March, 2018 Subject to
getting authorization from Department subsequent
rephrasing
2 Literature Review 28 days April, 2018
3 Working on the proposal Work 15 days May,2018
4 Compiling and submitting the proposal 15 days May,2018
and development of Questionnaires
5 Pre- testing of the Questionnaire and 10 days June,2018
orientation of the data collectors
6 Data Collection 20 Days June, 2018
7 Data Analysis 30 days July, 2018
8 Report Writing 20 days August,2018
Finalizing: editing, printing & 10 days August, 2018
Submitting final paper

Financial Budget Plan time table 2

Details of Tasks to be Performed Cost in Birr

1 Commission for data collectors 2500

2 Cost of Stationery Services 2000
3 Cost of copy, printing and binding 2000
4 Transportation Cost 1500
5 Contingency 1,000.00
Total 9000.00

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REFERENCE
 AACA, 1997.The first year (1997-2001) development plan.Addis Ababa
city administration.
 AACA, 2000.The second five year (2000-2004) development plan.Addis
Ababa city administration.
 AACA,2017. www.addisababa.gov.et
 AACADFRP, 2017. Addis Ababa city government rehabilitation project
office for displaced farmer’s due to development project plan.
 ABEBAW ABEBE ,(-------). Expropriation, valuation and payment of
compensation; the law and the practice in Addis Ababa city,
Ethiopia.international review of humanities and scientific research, By
International Scientific Indexing

 ANRSRLAU, 2009. The revised Amara national regional state rural land
administration and use proclamation, May 29 2009).
 Berisso,T, 2009. Planning resettlement in Ethiopia.
https://books.google.com.et/books?isbn=9004265481
 BORRAS, S., Mc Michael, p., and Scoones, I, 2010. The politics of biofuels,
land and agrarian change: editors ‘introduction; (online). The journal of
peasant’s students 37(4): 575-592, http://dx,doi.org/10.1080/
 Cernea, M.M., 1995). Urban Settlements and Forced Population Relocation.
https://books.google.com.et/books?isbn=9048189187
 ETSIP, 2016. Social impact assessment (SIA)
 FEYERA ABIDISA, 2005. Urban expansion and the livelihood of the peri-
urban agricultural community: The case of Addis Ababa.

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  FIAN, 2010. Land grabbing in Kenya and Mozambique: A report on two
research mission and a human rights analysis of land grabbing,
Heidelberg, FIAN international secretariat.
 GASHAW, T, 2015. The Implictions ofWatershed Management for Reversing Land
Degradation in Ethiopia. Researcah Journal of Agriculture and Environmental
Management, 4, 5-12.
 HANNAH TWOMEY, 2014. Displacement and dispossession through land grabbing
in Mozambique; Oxford University.
 Kebede, K (2009). Social dimensions of development- induced resettlement. The case
of Gilgel Gibe hydro-electric dam.
 MOFED, 2006. Ethiopia; building on progress. A plan for accelerated and
Sustained development to end poverty (PASDEP) (2005/06- 2009/10)
 MOHAN, R, 1996. Urbanization in India: patterns and emerging policy issues.

 Oliver-smith, A, 2009. Introduction: development forced displacement and

resettlement.
 Pankhurst, Alula & François Piguet , 2009. Displacement, migration and relocation,
in: Alula Pankhurst & FrançoisPiguet (eds.) Moving people in Ethiopia.

 PCC, 2008. Summary and statically report of the 2007 population and housing
census.
 Tadele, Feleke ,2009. Urban development and displacement of rural communities
around Addis Ababa.

 Yntiso, Gebre, 2008. Urban development and displacement in Addis Ababa. The
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Socio-economic impact of displacing farmers
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