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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Provide an appropriate response.

1) Eight voters are asked to rank 3 brands of automobiles: A, B, and C. The eight voters turn in the following
ballots showing their preferences in order:
CBA CBA
BCA BCA
ABC BAC
ABC ABC
Make a preference table for these ballots.
A) B)
Number of Votes 3 1 2 2 Number of Votes 3 2 1 2
First Choice AB B C First Choice AB B C
Second Choice B A C B Second Choice B A C A
Third Choice CCAA Third Choice CCAB
C) D)
Number of Votes 3 1 2 2 Number of Votes 3 2 1 2
First Choice AB B C First Choice AB B C
Second Choice B A C A Second Choice B A C B
Third Choice CCAB Third Choice CCAA
Answer: A

2) Eight voters are asked to rank 4 brands of ice cream: A, B, C, and D. The eight voters turn in the following
ballots showing their preferences in order:
BCAD BCAD
CADB CDAB
CDAB BACD
CDAB CADB
Make a preference table for these ballots.
A) B)
Number of Votes 1 2 3 2 Number of Votes 1 2 3 2
First Choice B B CC First Choice B B CC
Second Choice A C A D Second Choice A C B D
Third Choice CADA Third Choice CADA
Fourth Choice DDB B Fourth Choice DDAB
C) D)
Number of Votes 1 2 2 3 Number of Votes 1 2 2 3
First Choice B B CC First Choice B B CC
Second Choice A C A D Second Choice A C B D
Third Choice CADA Third Choice CADA
Fourth Choice DDB B Fourth Choice DDAB
Answer: C

1
3) Ten voters are asked to rank 3 brands of shoes: A, B, and C. The ten voters turn in the following ballots showing
their preferences in order:
CBA BCA CBA
BCA BAC BCA
BAC CBA
CBA BCA
Make a preference table for these ballots.
A) B)
Number of Votes 2 4 4 Number of Votes 2 3 4 1
First Choice B B C First Choice B B CC
Second Choice A C B Second Choice A C B A
Third Choice CAA Third Choice CAAB
C) D)
Number of Votes 2 4 4 Number of Votes 2 3 3 2
First Choice B B C First Choice B B CC
Second Choice A C A Second Choice A C B A
Third Choice CAB Third Choice CAAB
Answer: A

4) Ten voters are asked to rank 4 brands of cell phones: A, B, C, and D. The ten voters turn in the following ballots
showing their preferences in order:
ABDC ABCD BACD
BCAD BACD ABCD
BACD BCAD
BCAD BADC
Make a preference table for these ballots.
A) B)
Number of Votes 2 2 2 1 3 Number of Votes 2 1 3 1 3
First Choice AAB B B First Choice AAB B B
Second Choice B B A A C Second Choice B C A A C
Third Choice CDCDA Third Choice CB CDA
Fourth Choice DCDCD Fourth Choice DDDCD
C) D)
Number of Votes 2 2 2 1 3 Number of Votes 2 1 3 1 3
First Choice AAB B B First Choice AAB B B
Second Choice B C A A C Second Choice B B A A C
Third Choice CB CDA Third Choice CDCDA
Fourth Choice DDDCD Fourth Choice DCDCD
Answer: D

5) For the following preference table:

Number of Votes 20 7 4
First Choice A B C
Second Choice B C B
Third Choice C A A

a. How many voters participated in the election?

b. How many votes are needed for a majority?
c. How many 1st place votes did candidate B receive?
A) a. 31, b. 16, c. 7 B) a. 31, b. 15, c. 11 C) a. 30, b. 16, c. 4 D) a. 30, b. 15 , c. 7
Answer: A

2
 6) Students in several classes are asked to rank their choices for days to come to campus to make presentations as a
final project. There are three days where a big enough venue is available for each of the classes, Monday (M),
Tuesday (T) and Friday (F). The results are shown in the following preference table.

Number of Votes 120 65 40 15

First Choice F F T M
Second Choice T M F T
Third Choice M T M F

a. How many students voted?

b. How many students selected the days in the order M, T, F?
c. How many students selected Friday as their first choice for a presentation day?
d. How many students selected Tuesday as their first choice for a presentation day?
A) a. 240, b. 15, c. 185, d. 40 B) a. 240, b. 40, c. 120, d. 40
C) a. 240, b. 40, c. 185, d. 15 D) a. 240, b. 15, c. 65, d. 15
Answer: A

7) The drama classes are asked to rank the plays they want to perform in the following year. The choices are
Comedy (C), Drama (D), Mystery (M) or Shakespeare (S). The votes are summarized in the following preference
table:

Number of Votes 11 20 12 9 3 8
First Choice C D C M M S
Second Choice M M S D S C
Third Choice S S D S C M
Fourth Choice D C M C D D

a. How many students voted?

b. How many students selected Mystery (M) as their first choice?
c. How many students selected Comedy (C) as their fourth choice?
A) a. 63, b. 3, c. 23 B) a. 60, b. 9, c. 20 C) a. 63, b. 12, c. 29 D) a. 60, b. 12, c. 29
Answer: C

Use the preference table to answer the question.

8) Diners at the Taste of Paris restaurant answer a questionnaire about their favorite course in a French meal. The
choices are: Appetizer (A), Entree (E), and Dessert (D). Their votes are summarized in the following table.

Number of Votes 18 14 8 6
First choice A D A D
Second choice E A D E
Third choice D E E A

Which course is selected as the most favorite using the plurality method?
A) Entree B) Dessert C) Appetizer
Answer: C

3
 9) Four students are running for president of their class: Debra (D), Farah (F), Jorge (J), and Hillary (H). The votes
of their fellow students are summarized in the following preference table.

Number of Votes 51 45 16 5 5
First choice H F J F H
Second choice F J F J J
Third choice D H H D D
Fourth choice J D D H F

Who is declared the new president using the plurality method?

A) Farah B) Debra C) Hillary D) Jorge
Answer: C

10) Computer Specialists is planning a group vacation to one of the following locations: Alaska (A), Florida (F), San
Antonio (S), or Hawaii (H). The employees rank the four possible sites according to the following preference
table.

Number of Votes 5 7 4 7 5 6 8
First A H F A A H F
Second H S S F H F S
Third F A H S S S A
Fourth S F A H F A H

Determine the winner using the plurality method.

A) Florida B) Hawaii C) Alaska D) San Antonio
Answer: C

11) A condominium association is holding an election for president of the board of directors. Each member ranks
the candidates from first to fourth. The preference table below shows the results of the ballots with candidates
Abbott(A), Blake (B), Cleary (C), and Downs (D).

Number of Votes 3 7 5 8 7 4 6 6 4
First AB AA CB DC C
Second CA B C DD B B A
Third B C CD AA AD D
Fourth DD DB B C CA B

Determine the winner using the plurality method.

A) Blake B) Cleary C) Downs D) Abbott
Answer: B

4
12) Four students are running for president of their dormitory: Debra (D), Farah (F), Jorge (J), and Hillary (H). The
votes of their fellow students are summarized in the following preference table.

Number of Votes 52 35 22 10 4
First choice D F J F H
Second choice F J F J J
Third choice H H H D D
Fourth choice J D D H F

Who is declared the new president using the Borda count method?
A) Jorge B) Hillary C) Farah D) Debra
Answer: C

13) Computer Specialists is planning a group vacation to one of the following locations: Alaska (A), Florida (F), San
Antonio (S), or Hawaii (H). The employees rank the four possible sites according to the following preference
table.

Number of Votes 5 7 4 7 5 6 8
First A H F A A H F
Second H S S F H F S
Third F A H S S S A
Fourth S F A H F A H

Determine the winner using the Borda count method.

A) Hawaii B) San Antonio C) Florida D) Alaska
Answer: C

14) A condominium association is holding an election for president of the board of directors. Each member ranks
the candidates from first to fourth. The preference table below shows the results of the ballots with candidates
Abbott(A), Blake (B), Cleary (C), and Downs (D).

Number of Votes 3 7 5 8 7 4 6 6 4
First AB AA CB DC C
Second CA B C DD B B A
Third B C CD AA AD D
Fourth DD DB B C CA B

Determine the winner using the Borda count method.

A) Blake B) Cleary C) Abbott D) Downs
Answer: C

15) Diners at the Taste of Paris restaurant answer a questionnaire about their favorite course in a French meal. The
choices are: Appetizer (A), Entree (E), and Dessert (D). Their votes are summarized in the following table.

Number of Votes 18 14 8 6
First choice A D A D
Second choice E A D E
Third choice D E E A

Which course is selected as the most favorite using the plurality-with-elimination method?
A) Entree B) Dessert C) Appetizer
Answer: C

5
16) Four students are running for president of their graduating class: Debra (D), Farah (F), Jorge (J), and Hillary (H).
The votes of their fellow students are summarized in the following preference table.

Number of Votes 48 47 17 7 5
First choice J F J F H
Second choice D J F J J
Third choice F H H D D
Fourth choice H D D H F

Who is declared the new president using the plurality-with-elimination method?

A) Jorge B) Farah C) Debra D) Hillary
Answer: A

17) Computer Specialists is planning a group vacation to one of the following locations: Alaska (A), Florida (F), San
Antonio (S), or Hawaii (H). The employees rank the four possible sites according to the following preference
table.

Number of Votes 5 7 4 7 5 6 8
First A H F A A H F
Second H S S F H F S
Third F A H S S S A
Fourth S F A H F A H

Determine the winner using the plurality-with-elimination method.

A) San Antonio B) Hawaii C) Alaska D) Florida
Answer: C

18) Diners at the Rive Gauche restaurant answer a questionnaire about their favorite course in a French meal. The
choices are: Appetizer (A), Entree (E), and Dessert (D). Their votes are summarized in the following table.

Number of Votes 21 13 7 5
First choice E D A D
Second choice A A D E
Third choice D E E A

Which course is selected as the most favorite using the pairwise comparison method?
A) Tie between Appetier and Dessert
B) Tie between Entree and Dessert
C) Tie between Appetizer and Entree
D) Appetizer, Entree, and Dessert in a three-way tie
Answer: D

6
 19) Four students are running for president of their dormitory: Debra (D), Farah (F), Jorge (J), and Hillary (H). The
votes of their fellow students are summarized in the following preference table.

Number of Votes 52 35 22 10 4
First choice D F J F H
Second choice F J F J J
Third choice H H H D D
Fourth choice J D D H F

Who is declared the new president using the pairwise comparison method?
A) Hillary B) Farah C) Debra D) Jorge
Answer: B

20) Computer Specialists is planning a group vacation to one of the following locations: Alaska (A), Florida (F), San
Antonio (S), or Hawaii (H). The employees rank the four possible sites according to the following preference
table.

Number of Votes 5 7 4 7 5 6 8
First A H F A A H F
Second H S S F H F S
Third F A H S S S A
Fourth S F A H F A H

Determine the winner using the pairwise comparison method.

A) Alaska & Hawaii (tie) B) Florida & Hawaii (tie)
C) Alaska & Florida (tie) D) Alaska
Answer: A

Provide an appropriate response.

21) A group needs to make a decision on what kind of food to have at an upcoming event. The choices are Pizza
(P), Burgers (B) and Sandwiches (S). The winning choice will be determined by the Borda count method. The
preference table for the vote is shown.

Number of Votes 9 8 3
First Choice P B S
Second Choice B S B
Third Choice S P P

a. Which choice has the majority of first place votes?

b. Using the Borda count method, which choice wins?
c. Is the majority criterion satisfied?
A) a. Pizza, b. Sandwiches, c. No B) a. None, b. Burgers, c. Yes
C) a. Burgers, b. Burgers, c. No D) a. None, b. Pizza, c. Yes
Answer: B

7
 22) A service club needs to elect a new president. There are three candidates, A, B, and C. The winning candidate
will be determined by the Borda count method.

Number of Votes 12 10 4
First Choice A B C
Second Choice B C B
Third Choice C A A

a. Which candidate has the majority of first place votes?

b. Using the Borda count method, which candidate wins?
c. Is the majority criterion satisfied?
A) a. candidate B, b. candidate B, c..Yes B) a. candidate C, b. candidate B, c. No
C) a. None, b. candidate B, c. Yes D) a. None, b. candidate A, c. No
Answer: C

23) An office supply company is electing a president for their board of directors. Four candidates are running for
the position: Michael (M), Dwight (D), Pam (P) and Jim (J). The winning candidate will be determined by the
Borda count method. The preference table for the election is shown.

Number of Votes 250 100 85 55

First Choice M J J P
Second Choice P P P M
Third Choice D D M D
Fourth Choice J M D J

a. Which candidate has the majority of first-place votes?

b. Using the Borda count method, which candidate wins?
c. Is the majority criterion satisfied?
A) a. Michael, b. Jim, c. No B) a. Michael, b. Pam, c. No
C) a. Jim, b. Dwight, c. Yes D) a. Pam, b. Pam, c. Yes
Answer: B

Use the preference table to answer the question.

24) The preference table shows the results of an election among three candidates, A, B, and

Number of votes 10 4 2
First choice A B C
Second choice B C B
Third choice C A A

a. Using the plurality method, who is the winner?

b. Is the Condorcet criterion satisfied?
A) candidate A; yes B) candidate C; yes C) candidate B; yes D) candidate A; no
Answer: A

8
25) A town votes on three different options, A, B and C, for placement of a statue within the town. The winner is to
be determined by the Borda count method. The preference table for the election is shown.

Number of Votes 208 114 57 57 57

First Choice A C B C B
Second Choice C B A A C
Third Choice B A C B A

a. Which option is favored over all others using pairwise comparisons?

b. Which option wins the vote using the Borda count method?
c. Is the Condorcet criterion satisfied?
A) a. candidate A, b. candidate B, c. Yes B) a. candidate C, b. candidate B, c. No
C) a. candidate A, b. candidate C, c. No D) a. candidate C, b. candidate C, c. Yes
Answer: C

26) Students in several classes are asked to rank their choices for days to come to campus to make presentations as a
final project. There are three days where a big enough venue is available for each of the classes, Monday (M),
Tuesday (T) and Friday (F). The results are shown in the following preference table.

Number of Votes 135 85 30 15

First Choice F F T M
Second Choice T M F T
Third Choice M T M F

a. Which option is favored over all others using pairwise comparisons?

b. Which option wins the vote using the Borda count method?
c. Is the Condorcet criterion satisfied?
A) a. Friday, b. Tuesday, c. Yes B) a. Tuesday, b. Tuesday, c. No
C) a. Tuesday, b. Monday, c. No D) a. Friday, b. Friday, c. Yes
Answer: D

27) The preference table shows the results of a straw vote among three candidates, A, B, and C.

Number of votes 7 6 3
First choice A B C
Second choice B C B
Third choice C A A

(a) Using the plurality-with-elimination method, which candidate wins the straw vote?
(b) In the actual election, the 3 voters in the last column who voted C, B, and A, in that order, change their votes
to A, B, C. Using plurality-with-elimination method, which candidate wins the actual election.
(c) Is the monotonicity criterion satisfied?
A) B; B; yes B) C; A; no C) A; A; yes D) B; A; no
Answer: D

9
28) The Mathematics Department is holding an election for department chair. Each member ranks the candidates
from first to third. The preference table below shows the results of the ballots with candidates Clark (C), Jones
(J), and Smith (S).

Number of Votes 7 10 4 8
First J S J C
Second S J CS
Third CC S J

A second election is then held resulting in the following preference table:

Number of Votes 7 11 3 8
First J S J C
Second S J CS
Third CC S J

If the plurality-with-elimination method is used to determine the winner, is the montonicity criterion satisfied?
A) Yes B) No
Answer: A

29) The preference table shows the results of an election among three candidates, A, B, and C.

Number of votes 10 4 2
First choice C B A
Second choice A A B
Third choice B C C

(a) Using the plurality method, who is the winner?

(b) The voters in the two columns on the right move their last-place candidates from last place to first place.
Construct a new preference table for the election. Using the table and the plurality method, who is the winner?
(c) Suppose that candidate A drops out of the new table, but the winner is still chosen by the plurality method.
Is the independence-of-irrelevant-alternatives criterion satisfied?
A) A; A; yes B) A; C; yes C) C; C; yes D) C; A; yes
Answer: C

30) The Mathematics Department is holding an election for department chair. Each member ranks the candidates
from first to third. The preference table below shows the results of the ballots with candidates Clark (C), Jones
(J), and Smith (S).

Number of Votes 7 10 4 8
First J S J C
Second S J CS
Third CC S J

If the Borda count method is used to determine the winner and Clark drops out, is the
independence-of-irrelevant-alternatives criterion satisfied?
A) Yes B) No
Answer: A

10
Solve the problem.
31) A country is made up of four regions A, B, C, and D. The population of each region, in thousands, is given in the
following table.

Region A B C D Total
Population 364 261 298 237 1160
(in thousands)

According to the country's constitution, the congress will have 20 seats, divided among the four regions
according to their respective populations.

(a) Find the standard divisor , in thousands.

(b) How many people are there for each seat in the congress?
A) 20; 20,000 B) 58; 58,000 C) 57; 57,000 D) 60; 60,000
Answer: B

32) A country is made up of four regions A, B, C, and D. The population of each region, in thousands, is given in the
following table.

Region A B C D Total
Population 512 630 483 615 2240
(in thousands)

According to the country's constitution, the congress will have 40 seats, divided among the four regions
according to their respective populations. Find the standard quota for each region. Round to the nearest
hundredth.
A) A, 9.14; B, 11.25; C, 6.23; D, 10.98 B) A, 9.14; B, 11.25; C, 8.63; D, 10.98
C) A, 9.14; B, 11.82; C, 8.63; D, 10.98 D) A, 9.14; B, 11.25; C, 8.63; D, 5.31
Answer: B

11
33) A small country consists of four states. The population of each state is shown in the table below. The total
number of seats in the legislature is 100.
State A B C D Total
Population 67,200 78,300 73,800 80,700 300,000

Find each state's apportionment under Hamilton's method.

A) State A B C D
Population 67,200 78,300 73,800 80,700
Apportionment 22 26 24 26

B) State A B C D
Population 67,200 78,300 73,800 80,700
Apportionment 22 26 25 27

C) State A B C D
Population 67,200 78,300 73,800 80,700
Apportionment 22 26 24 28

D) State A B C D
Population 67,200 78,300 73,800 80,700
Apportionment 23 26 24 27

Answer: B

34) A small country consists of four states. The population of each state is shown in the table below. The total
number of seats in the legislature is 100.
State A B C D Total
Population 44,800 52,200 49,200 53,800 200,000

Find each state's apportionment under Hamilton's method.

A) State A B C D
Population 44,800 52,200 49,200 53,800
Apportionment 22 26 24 26

B) State A B C D
Population 44,800 52,200 49,200 53,800
Apportionment 22 26 25 27

C) State A B C D
Population 44,800 52,200 49,200 53,800
Apportionment 23 26 24 27

D) State A B C D
Population 44,800 52,200 49,200 53,800
Apportionment 22 26 24 28

Answer: B

12
35) The following question refers to a country with five states. There are 250 seats in the legislature, and the
populations of the states are given in the table below.
State A B C D E Total
Population (in thousands) 250 875 4700 3825 350 10000

Find each state's apportionment under Hamilton's method.

A) State A B C D E
Population (in thousands) 250 875 4700 3825 350
Apportionment 6 22 118 96 8

B) State A B C D E
Population (in thousands) 250 875 4700 3825 350
Apportionment 6 22 117 96 9

C) State A B C D E
Population (in thousands) 250 875 4700 3825 350
Apportionment 7 22 117 95 9

D) State A B C D E
Population (in thousands) 250 875 4700 3825 350
Apportionment 6 23 116 96 9

Answer: B

36) The following question refers to a country with five states. There are 240 seats in the legislature, and the
populations of the states are given in the table below.
State A B C D E Total
Population (in thousands) 427 754 4389 3873 157 9600

Find each state's apportionment under Hamilton's method.

A) State A B C D E
Population (in thousands) 427 754 4389 3873 157
Apportionment 10 18 110 98 4

B) State A B C D E
Population (in thousands) 427 754 4389 3873 157
Apportionment 10 19 111 97 3

C) State A B C D E
Population (in thousands) 427 754 4389 3873 157
Apportionment 11 19 109 97 4

D) State A B C D E
Population (in thousands) 427 754 4389 3873 157
Apportionment 10 19 110 97 4

Answer: D

13
37) The following question refers to a country with six states. There are 250 seats in the legislature, and the
populations of the states are given in the table below.
State A B C D E F Total
Population (in thousands) 1456 6733 557 2081 685 988 12500

Find each state's apportionment under Hamilton's method.

A) State A B C D E F
Population (in thousands) 1456 6733 557 2081 685 988
Apportionment 29 133 12 42 14 20

B) State A B C D E F
Population (in thousands) 1456 6733 557 2081 685 988
Apportionment 29 135 11 42 14 20

C) State A B C D E F
Population (in thousands) 1456 6733 557 2081 685 988
Apportionment 29 136 11 42 13 19

D) State A B C D E F
Population (in thousands) 1456 6733 557 2081 685 988
Apportionment 29 134 11 42 14 20

Answer: B

14
38) An organization helping to provide meals to city shelters for the homeless has a membership of 60 volunteers.
They are assigned among the four city areas A, B, C, and D in proportion to the number of people fed in the
respective areas. The numbers of people fed at the city shelters in each city area are shown in the following
table.

City area A B C D
Number fed 1760 2340 2420 1580

Use Jefferson's method to extend the table and apportion the 60 volunteers among the city areas.

City area A B C D
Number fed 1760 2340 2420 1580
Number of volunteers ___ ___ ___ ___

A)
City area A B C D
Number fed 1760 2340 2420 1580
Number of volunteers 14 16 19 11
B)
City area A B C D
Number fed 1760 2340 2420 1580
Number of volunteers 13 16 18 13
C)
City area A B C D
Number fed 1760 2340 2420 1580
Number of volunteers 14 17 17 12
D)
City area A B C D
Number fed 1760 2340 2420 1580
Number of volunteers 13 17 18 12
Answer: D

39) A small country consists of seven states; there are 160 seats in the legislature that need to be apportioned among
the seven states; and the population of each state is shown in the table.

State A B C D E F G
Population 1283 2374 2725 2155 1592 2511 2017

Find the apportionment for state D using Jefferson's method.

A) 23 B) 24 C) 26 D) 25
Answer: B

40) A small country consists of 7 provinces with the following populations:

Province A B C D E F G
Population 25,312 19,734 33,407 29,591 13,288 22,751 31,992

There are 300 federal judges to be apportioned according to the population of each province. Find the
apportionment for province G using Jefferson's method.
A) 53 B) 56 C) 55 D) 54
Answer: C

15
41) An organization helping to provide meals to city shelters for the homeless has a membership of 60 volunteers.
They are assigned among the four city areas A, B, C, and D in proportion to the number of people fed in the
respective areas. The numbers of people fed at the city shelters in each city area are shown in the following
table.

City area A B C D
Number fed 1760 2340 2420 1580

Use Webster's method to extend the table and apportion the 60 volunteers among the city areas.

City area A B C D
Number fed 1760 2340 2420 1580
Number of volunteers ___ ___ ___ ___

A)
City area A B C D
Number fed 1760 2340 2420 1580
Number of volunteers 13 15 18 14
B)
City area A B C D
Number fed 1760 2340 2420 1580
Number of volunteers 16 16 17 11
C)
City area A B C D
Number fed 1760 2340 2420 1580
Number of volunteers 15 15 20 10
D)
City area A B C D
Number fed 1760 2340 2420 1580
Number of volunteers 13 17 18 12
Answer: D

42) A small country consists of seven states; there are 160 seats in the legislature that need to be apportioned among
the seven states; and the population of each state is shown in the table.

State A B C D E F G
Population 1283 2374 2725 2155 1592 2511 2017

Find the apportionment for state D using Webster's method.

A) 24 B) 26 C) 23 D) 25
Answer: A

43) A small country consists of 7 provinces with the following populations:

Province A B C D E F G
Population 25,312 19,734 33,407 29,591 13,288 22,751 31,992

There are 300 federal judges to be apportioned according to the population of each province. Find the
apportionment for province G using Webster's method.
A) 55 B) 56 C) 54 D) 53
Answer: C

16
44) A small city has 50 police officers to be apportioned among 8 precincts based on the population of each
precinct. The populations are given in the following table.

Precinct 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Population 2115 3659 3117 1883 4912 4027 2776 3174

Find the apportionment for the Seventh Precinct using Webster's method.
A) 4 B) 7 C) 6 D) 5
Answer: D

45) A country consists of six states, with the state's populations given in the following table. The number of seats to
be apportioned is M = 100. Find the apportionment under the Huntington-Hill method.

State A B C D E F Total
Population 321,980 204,950 189,670 133,800 53,702 95,898 1,000,000

A) State A B C D E F
Population 321,980 204,950 189,670 133,800 53,702 95,898
Apportionment 32 21 19 13 6 9

B) State A B C D E F
Population 321,980 204,950 189,670 133,800 53,702 95,898
Apportionment 32 22 18 13 5 10

C) State A B C D E F
Population 321,980 204,950 189,670 133,800 53,702 95,898
Apportionment 32 21 20 12 5 10

D) State A B C D E F
Population 321,980 204,950 189,670 133,800 53,702 95,898
Apportionment 33 21 19 13 5 9

E) State A B C D E F
Population 321,980 204,950 189,670 133,800 53,702 95,898
Apportionment 32 21 19 13 5 10

Answer: E

17
 46) A biologist has 70 tags to apportion among three different animal populations. The populations of each are in
the table. Find the apportionment under the Huntington-Hill method.

Animal A B C Total
Population 5985 7235 11,080 24,300

A) Animal A B C
Population 5985 7235 11,080
Apportionment 17 20 33

B) Animal A B C
Population 5985 7235 11,080
Apportionment 18 21 31

C) Animal A B C
Population 5985 7235 11,080
Apportionment 17 21 32

D) Animal A B C
Population 5985 7235 11,080
Apportionment 18 20 32

Answer: C

Provide an appropriate response.

47) A small country consists of seven states; there are 160 seats in the legislature that need to be apportioned among
the seven states; and the population of each state is shown in the table.

State A B C D E F G
Population 1283 2374 2725 2155 1592 2511 2017

Does the Alabama paradox occur using Hamilton's method if the number of seats is increased from 160 to 161?
A) Yes B) No
Answer: B

48) A small country consists of 7 provinces with the following populations:

Province A B C D E F G
Population 25,312 19,734 33,407 29,591 13,288 22,751 31,992

There are 300 federal judges to be apportioned according to the population of each province. Does the Alabama
paradox occur using Hamilton's method if the number of judges is increased from 300 to 301?
A) Yes B) No
Answer: B

18
49) A city has 204 police officers to be apportioned among 4 precincts based on the population of each precinct. The
populations are given in the following table.

Precinct 1 2 3 4
Population 3462 7470 4265 5300

Does the Alabama paradox occur using Hamilton's method if the number of police officers is increased from
204 to 205?
A) Yes B) No
Answer: A

50) A small country consists of seven states; there are 160 seats in the legislature that need to be apportioned among
the seven states; and the population of each state is shown below for the years 2010 and 2015.

State A B C D E F G
2010 Population 1283 2374 2725 2155 1592 2511 2017
2015 Population 1347 2469 2847 2220 1640 2611 2078

Does the population paradox occur using Hamilton's method of apportionment?

A) Yes B) No
Answer: B

51) In a small country consisting of 5 provinces, 300 federal judges are apportioned according to the population of
each province. The population of each province is shown for the years 2010 and 2015.

Province A B C D E
2010 Population 25,312 8,911 11,451 33,611 15,932
2015 Population 26,011 9,732 12,678 35,977 17,311

Does the population paradox occur using Hamilton's method of apportionment?

A) Yes B) No
Answer: B

52) A town has 13 police officers to be apportioned among 3 precincts based on the population of each precinct.
The populations for the years 2015 and 2016 are given in the following table.

Precinct 1 2 3
2015 Population 930 738 415
2016 Population 975 750 421

Does the population paradox occur using Hamilton's method of apportionment?

A) Yes B) No
Answer: A

19
53) A country with two states has 16 seats in the legislature. The population of each state is given by:

State A B Total
Population 86,342 77,312 163,654

A third state is added with 5 additional seats as shown below.

State A B C Total
Population 86,342 77,312 53,792 217,446

Does the new-states paradox occur using Hamilton's method of apportionment?

A) Yes B) No
Answer: B

54) A country with two states has 16 seats in the legislature. The population of each state (in thousands) is given by:

State A B Total
Population 134 52 186

A third state is added with 3 additional seats as shown below.

State A B C Total
Population 134 52 38 224

Does the new-states paradox occur using Hamilton's method of apportionment?

A) Yes B) No
Answer: A

55) A country with two states has 75 seats in the legislature. The population of each state (in thousands) is given by:

State A B Total
Population 3184 8475 11659

A third state is added with 2 additional seats as shown below.

State A B C Total
Population 3184 8475 330 11989

Does the new-states paradox occur using Hamilton's method of apportionment?

A) Yes B) No
Answer: A

20
Another random document with
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 No. 6. SIRLOIN OR RUMP OF BEEF.

As the very tender part of this favourite joint, which lies under the
bone, and is called the fillet, is preferred by many eaters, the beef
should be raised, and some slices be taken from it in the direction a
b, before the carver proceeds further. The slices should be cut quite
across the joint, from side to side, as indicated by the line from c to
d, in which direction the whole of the meat is occasionally carved,
though it is much more usual to slice the upper part from e to f.
When the brown outside has been taken off this, it should be evenly
carved in thin slices, and served with some of the gravy in the dish,
and accompanied with horseradish very lightly and finely scraped,
with tufts of which the beef is commonly garnished.
 RIBS OF BEEF.

Are carved in the same manner as the sirloin; but there is no fillet
attached to them.
 A ROUND OF BEEF.

To carve this well, a very sharp-edged and thin-bladed knife is

requisite. A thick slice should first be taken entirely off the top of the
joint, leaving it very smooth; it should then be cut as thin and as
evenly as possible, and delicate slices of the fat or udder should be
served with the lean.
 A BRISKET OF BEEF

Is carved in slices quite across the bones.

 No. 7. LEG OF MUTTON.

This, whether roast or boiled, is dished as it lies in the engraving,

unless when fanciful eaters prefer the underside of the joint laid
uppermost, and carved quite across the middle, for the sake of the
finely grained meat which lies beneath the part commonly called the
Pope’s eye. In a general way, the mutton should be sliced, rather
thick than thin as directed by the line between a b; the fat will be
found in the direction c d.
 No. 8. QUARTER OF LAMB.

The shoulder must be divided, and raised entirely from the breast
in the direction of the letters a b c d. A slice of butter sprinkled with
cayenne and salt is then usually laid between them, and a little
lemon-juice is added, or a cold Mâitre d’Hôtel sauce is substituted for
these. The shoulder may then be removed into another dish or not,
as is most convenient. The brisket is next separated from the long
bones in the line e f, and carved in the direction g h; the rib-bones
are divided from i i to j j. The choice of the different parts is offered in
serving them.
 No. 9. SHOULDER OF MUTTON OR LAMB.

Commence by cutting from the outer edge direct to the bone of the
shoulder in the line a b, and carve as many slices from that part of
the joint as it will afford: then, if more be required, draw the knife on
either side of the ridge of the blade-bone in the direction c c d d. The
fat must be carved in the line e f. Some eaters have a preference for
the juicy, but not very finely-grained flesh on the underside of the
shoulder, which must be turned, for it to be carved. For the mode of
boning a shoulder of mutton or veal, and giving it a more agreeable
appearance, see 219.
 No. 10. A SUCKING PIG.

Every part of a sucking pig is good, but some persons consider the
flesh of the neck which lies between the shoulders, and the ribs as
the most delicate portion of it. The shoulders themselves are
preferred by others. They should be taken off, and the legs also, by
passing the knife under them at the letters a b c. The ribs may then
be easily divided from e to d. The flesh only of the larger joints
should be served to ladies; but gentlemen often prefer it sent to them
on the bones.
 A FILLET OF VEAL.

There is no difference between the mode of carving this and a

round of beef; but the brown outside slice of the veal is much liked
by many eaters, and a portion of it should be served to them when it
is known to be so. The forcemeat must be reached by cutting deeply
into the flap, and a slice of it served always with the veal.
 A LOIN OF VEAL.

This may be carved at choice quite across through the thick part of
the flesh, or in slices taken in the direction of the bones. A slice of
the kidney, and of the fat which surrounds it, should accompany the
veal.
 No. 11. A BREAST OF VEAL.

The brisket or gristles[6] of this joint must first be entirely

separated from the rib-bones by pressing the knife quite through it in
the line between a and b; this part may then be divided as shown by
the letters c c c d d d, and the long bones or ribs may easily be
separated in the direction e f. The taste of those who are served
should be consulted as to the part of the joint which is preferred. The
sweetbread is commonly sent to table with a roast breast of veal,
and laid upon it: a portion of it should be served with every plate of
the breast.
6. The tendons are literally the small white gristles themselves, which are found
under the flesh in this part of the joint. When freed from the bone attached to
them, they may be dressed in a variety of ways, and are extremely good: but
they require from four to six hours’ stewing to render them perfectly tender,
even when each tendon is divided into three or four slices. The upper flesh
must be laid back from the tendons before they are taken from the breast,
not left adhering to them. They are very good simply stewed in white gravy,
and served with green peas, à la Française, in the centre. The breast entirely
boned, forced, and rolled, makes a handsome dish, either roasted or stewed.
 No. 12. A TONGUE.

This is sliced, not very thin, through the thickest and best part,
shown by the letters a b. The fat of the root, when it is liked, must be
carved by turning the tongue, and cutting in the direction c d.
 No. 13. A CALF’S HEAD.

An entire calf’s head, served in its

natural form, recalls too forcibly the
appearance of the living animal to
which it has belonged not to be very
uninviting. Even when the half of one
only is sent to table, something of the
same aspect remains, and as it is in every way improved, and
rendered most easy to carve when boned[7] and rolled, we would
recommend its being so prepared whenever it can be done without
difficulty. Our engraving does not give a very flattering representation
of it in that form, but having been dressed with the skin on, it was not
quite so easily brought into handsome shape as if it had been freed
from it; yet we would nevertheless advise its being generally
retained. When the head is served without being boned, it is carved
across the cheek, in the line from a to b; the part which in flavour and
appearance resembles a sweetbread, and which is regarded as a
delicacy, lies in the direction indicated by the letters c d. The flesh of
the eye is another favourite morsel, which must be detached from
the head by passing the point of the carving knife deeply round the
eye-hole, in the circle marked e e.
7. This will be more easily accomplished by an experienced cook after the head
has been boiled for half an hour and then allowed to cool; but it should not be
left until cold before it is altogether prepared for dressing. After the bones are
removed, it should be laid on a clean cloth, and the inside sprinkled over or
rubbed with a little salt, mace, and cayenne, well mixed together; the tongue
may be laid upon, and rolled up in it. It must be secured, first with a skewer,
and then bound tightly round with tape. It should be boiled or stewed
extremely tender; and is excellent when just covered with good stock, and
simmered for two hours, or when strong broth is substituted for this, and the
bones are added to it. The head may be glazed, and served with rich brown
gravy, or with the ordinary sauces if preferred; and it may be eaten cold, with
Oxford brawn sauce, which is compounded of brown sugar, vinegar,
mustard, and salt, mixed to the taste, with the addition of oil when it is liked.
 No. 14. A HAM.

Strict economists sometimes commence the carving of a ham at

the knuckle, and so gradually reach the choicer portion of it; but this
method is not at all to be recommended. It should be cut at once
through the thick part of the flesh, quite down to the bone, in the line
a b, and sliced very thin and evenly, without separating the fat from
the lean. The decoration of the ham No. 14, is formed by leaving on
it a portion of the rind at the knuckle in a semi-circle, and then
trimming it into scollops or points at pleasure; and the ornamental
part of the top is formed from the fat which is pared away from the
thick end and the edges. A paper ruffle, as will be seen, is wrapped
round the bone of the knuckle.
 No. 15. A PHEASANT.

This bird was formerly always sent to table with the head on, but it
was a barbarous custom, which has been partially abandoned of late
in the best houses, and which it is hoped may soon be altogether
superseded by one of better taste. The breast is by far the finest part
of a pheasant, and it is carved in slices from pinion to pinion, in the
lines a a b b; the legs may then be taken off, in the direction c d. The
bird, when it is preferred so, may be entirely dismembered by the
directions for a fowl, No. 16. Black and moor-game are trussed and
served like pheasants. The breasts of both are very fine eating, and
the thigh of the black-cock is highly esteemed.
 No. 16. A BOILED FOWL.

The boiled fowl of plate 6 is represented as garnished with

branches of parsley, which is an error, as they would be appropriate
to it only if it were cold, and it is seldom served so, being considered
insipid. Small tufts of cauliflower would have been in better keeping
with it, as the bird is supposed to be dished for the dinner-table.
Unless it be for large family parties, fowls are seldom carved there
entirely into joints; but when it is wished to divide them so, the fork
should be fixed firmly in the centre of the breast, and the leg, being
first disengaged from the skin, may be taken off with the wing in the
line a b; or, the wing being previously removed, by carving it down
the line to b, and there separating it from the neck-bone, the leg may
be released from the skin, and easily taken off, by cutting round it
from a to c, and then turning it with the fork, back from the body,
when the joint will readily be perceived.
After the leg and wing on the other side have
been taken off in the same manner, the
merrythought must follow. To remove this, the
knife must be drawn through the flesh in the line
d e, and then turned towards the neck quite
under the merrythought, which it will so lift from
the breast, in this form:—The neck-bones—which
lie close under the upper part of the wings, and
are shaped thus—must next be disengaged from
the fowl, by putting the knife in at the top of the
joint, dividing the long part of the bone from the flesh, and breaking
the short one off by raising it up, and turning it from the body; the
breast, which is shown here, may then be divided from it by merely
cutting through the tender ribs on either side.
It is seldom that further disjointing than this is required at table; but
when it is necessary to cut up the entire fowl, the remainder of it
must be laid with the back uppermost, and to take off the side-bones,
which are of this shape—the point of the knife must be pressed
through the back-bone, near the top, about half an inch from the
centre, and brought down towards the end
of the back, quite through the bone, then
turned in the opposite direction, when the
joints will separate without difficulty. All
which then remains to be done is, to lay the
edge of the knife across the middle of the
only two undivided bones, and then with the
fork to raise the small end of the fowl, which
will part them immediately: to carve a boiled
fowl or chicken in a more modern manner, see the directions which
follow. The breast, wings, and merrythought, are the most delicate
parts of a fowl. On the upper part of the sidebone is the small round
portion of flesh called the oyster, by many persons considered as a
great delicacy.
 No. 17. A ROAST FOWL.

It is not usual to carve fowls entirely at table in the manner

described above. The wings, and any other joints are taken off only
as they are required. The breast of a very large fowl may be carved
in slices like that of a turkey; or the whole of that of a small one may
be taken off with the wings, as shown by the line a b. As the liver is a
delicacy, the handsomer mode of serving these last is to remove the
gizzard, which is seldom eaten, then to divide the liver, and to send
an equal portion of it with each wing. The whole of a roast fowl may
be carved by the directions we have already given for No. 16.
 No. 18. A PARTRIDGE.

When partridges are served to ladies only, or in

parties where they are present, it is now
customary to take off the heads, to truss the legs
short, and to make them appear (in poulterer’s
phrase) all breast. For gentlemen’s dinners, the
heads may be left on or not at choice. The most ready mode of
carving a partridge is to press back the legs, then to fix the fork firmly
in the inside of the back, and by passing the blade of the knife flat
under the lower part of the breast, to raise it, with the wings, entire
from the body, from which it easily separates. The breast may then
be divided in the middle, as shown by the line from a to b in the
engraving here. This is by far the best and handsomest manner of
carving a partridge, but when the supply of game at table is small,
and it is necessary to serve three persons from the choicer parts of
one bird, a not very large wing should be taken off with the leg on
either side, in the line from a to b in No. 13, and sufficient of the
breast will still remain to send to a third eater. The high game-flavour
of the back of a partridge, as well as that of various other birds,[8] is
greatly relished by many persons.
8. A great man o the north eloquently describes that of a grouse as “the most
pungent, palate-piercing, wild bitter-sweet.”
 No. 19. A WOODCOCK.

The thigh and back are the most esteemed

parts of a woodcock which, being a small bird,
may be carved entirely through the centre of the
breast and back, or distributed in the same
manner as the partridge for three, which we have
described; or even carved down like a fowl, if needful. In whatever
way it is divided, however, a portion of the toast which has received
the trail, and on which it should always be sent to table, must
invariably be served to all who partake of it. The very old fashion of
trussing the bird with its own bill, by running it through the thighs and
body, is again adopted by very good cooks of the present day; but
the common method of preparing either woodcocks or snipes for
table is this: the trussing of the legs is, however, better shown at
Nos. 19 and 21 of Plate 6.