CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND

EQUATIONS IN ONE SHOT

With Experimental Learning

CHEMISTRY

BY: SUNIL BHAIYA

Topicsto be covered
1 Change, Chemical Reactions and Their Characteristics

2 Balancing and Need to Balance a Chemical Equation

3 Limitations of Chemical Equations and Their Removal

4 Combination Reaction and Its Types

5 Decomposition Reaction and Its Types

Topicsto be covered
6 Displacement Reaction and Its Types

7 Double Displacement Reaction and Its Types

8 Redox Reaction

9 Effects of Oxidation in Daily Life – Types of Redox Reactions

 Few Details About Me – YOUR SUNIL BHAIYA

• CBSE 10 board merit holder with 100% marks in Science.

• 288 AIR and 18 SR in Eduheal International Science Olympiad. Rank holder in
different Maths and Cyber Olympiads too.
• JEE Mains 2014 cleared.
• Researcher at DRDO.
• Produced results by teaching and mentoring more than 1M+ kids in grades 1-5,
6-8, 9-10 (CBSE, ICSE), Olympiad (NTSE, NSEJS, NSTSE), Defence and Govt.
Exams
• 7+ years in working with world’s largest ed-tech giants in leadership positions,
faculty member, product inventor as well as creator of multiple products
through STEM/STREAM, experiential and experimental learning.
and many more…………..
 Extra! Extra! Extra!

Apart from theory and concepts the below things are also covered:
(i) NCERT Activities Covered with Explanation
(ii) NCERT Intext + Exercise Questions Covered
(iii) NCERT Chipa Hua Gyaan Covered
(iv) Competency Focused Questions
(v) Some CBSE PYQs’ Covered
(vi) Live and Recorded Experiments
 Change, Chemical
Reactions and Their
Characteristics
 Classification of Change (परिवर्तन)

Physical
NO
(i) On the basis of change in chemical (भौनिक )
composition, i.e. chemical built-up Chemical
YES
(रासायनिक)
 Physical Change (भौतिक परिवर्तन)

(i) Chemical composition changes: No Physical Change

(ii) Shape/Size/Physical state change: Yes (भौतिक परिवितन)

Cutting a Paper Into Pieces Melting of Ice Cubes

 Chemical Change (रसायनिक परिवर्तन)

(i) Chemical composition changes: Yes Chemical Change

(ii) Shape/Size/Physical state change: Yes (िसायतनक परिवितन)

Burning of Paper

The process of a chemical change is known as a chemical reaction.

Let’s Practice
PW Ka ChemStar!
QUESTION

Which of the following is a chemical change? Change in Chemical

Composition
A Boiling of water to give water vapour

B Melting of ice to give water

C Crushing a paper cup

D Browning of apple
CBSE CFQ
 Characteristics of a Chemical Reaction

(i) Change in Colour

Barium chloride + Sodium sulphate → Barium sulphate + Sodium chloride

(ii) Formation of a Precipitate

 Characteristics of a Chemical Reaction

(iii) Evolution of Gas

Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide

(iv) Change in Physical State

Imp.: If only change in physical state is happening it can be a physical

change only. So, do check other changes as well.
 Characteristics of a Chemical Reaction

(v) Change in Temperature Heat is given/absorbed from the

surroundings

Heat is released into the surroundings

Exothermic and endothermic generally focuses on entry or exit of heat energy

but other forms of energies are also considered.
 Examples of Endothermic and Exothermic
Reactions
Exothermic/Endothermic
(i) Burning of natural gas

(ii) Respiration
 Examples of Endothermic and Exothermic
Reactions
Exothermic/Endothermic
(iii) Burning of hydrogen gas

(iv) Decomposition of vegetable matter into

compost

(v) Photosynthesis
 Examples of Exothermic and Endothermic
Reaction

Exothermic/Endothermic

(v) Rusting of Iron

Iron + Water + Oxygen → Rust
 NCERT
NCERTQuestions
QUESTIONSCovered
COVERED

Q. NCERT Exercise, Q.N. 09

What does one mean by exothermic and endothermic reactions? Give

examples.

Q. NCERT Exercise, Q.N. 10

Why is respiration considered an exothermic reaction? Explain.

Kya Bolti Public?
Balancing and Need to
Balance a Chemical
Equation
 Ways to Represent a Chemical Reaction

When magnesium ribbon is strongly heated in the presence of oxygen,

it burns with a dazzling white flame and forms white magnesium oxide
powder.
 Ways to Represent a Chemical Reaction

Reactant(s): Substances that undergo a chemical change or chemical

reaction
Product(s): Substances that are formed after a chemical change or chemical
reaction.

Way I: Word Equation

Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium oxide
 Ways to Represent a Chemical Reaction

Way II: Chemical Equation

A shorter and faster way of representing a chemical reaction in terms of
symbols and formulae of the different reactants and products is called a
chemical equation.
Give a Thought

Is the above chemical equation balanced?

A. Yes
B. No
Give a Thought

Is the above chemical equation balanced?

A. Yes
B. No

This chemical equation is

No known as skeletal chemical
equation.
Aao Khilau Tumhe Balancing Ka Khel
 Need to Balance a Chemical Equation

Follows the law of conservation of Hence,

mass wherever written or Number of atoms on
represented. reactant = Number of
atoms on product
In simpler chemical reactions, mass is
neither created nor destroyed, i.e.
mass of reactants is always equal to AB + CD → AD + CB
mass of products. Chemical reaction is a
rearrangement of atoms.
Analogy
 Yes or No

Is the below chemical equation balanced?

CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
A. YES
B. NO
NCERT Exemplar

Balance the given chemical equation by identifying the values of

stoichiometric coefficents.
aCH4 + bO2 cCO2 + dH2O
NCERT Theory

Balance the given chemical equation by identifying the values of

stoichiometric coefficents using hit and trial method.
aFe + bH2O cFe3O4 + dH2
Kya Bolti Public?
Limitations of Chemical
Equations and Their
Removal
(i) Physical States of Reactants and Products (i) Word equation

(ii) Skeletal Chemical Equation

(iii) Balanced Chemical Equation

(iv) Make it informative

Zinc + Sulphuric acid → Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen gas

Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2

Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)

 How to Identify Physical States of
Reactants and Products?

1. Metals are found in solid state at room temperature (25 °C) except
mercury (Hg) which is found in liquid state.
Some e.g.: Li(s), Na(s), Mg(s), Al(s), K(s), Ca(s), Fe(s), Ag(s), Au(s), Cu(s), Hg(l)
Zn(s), Pb(s) etc.
 How to Identify Physical States of
Reactants and Products?

2. Non-metals are found in all three physical states at room temperature

(25 °C) .
Some e.g.: O2(g), N2(g), H2(g), F2(g), Cl2(g), Br2(l), I2(s), C(s) etc.

Only non-metal found in liquid state

at room temperature
 How to Identify Physical States of
Reactants and Products?

3. Some compounds are found in solid state at room temperature (25 °C).
When we heat and melt them they are converted to liquid state. Also, if
they are soluble in water they form aqueous solutions.
For e.g.:
 How to Identify Physical States of
Reactants and Products?

4. Some compounds are found in liquid state or gaseous state at room

temperature (25 °C).
Some e.g.: H2O(l), CO2(g), NH3(g), SO2(g), H2S(g)
 How to Identify Physical States of
Reactants and Products?

5. Some compounds are insoluble in water which are formed after a

chemical reaction and hence, form insoluble solid, i.e. precipitate.
Some e.g.: BaSO4(s), BaSO3 (s), PbI2(s), CaCO3(s), AgCl(s), CuS(s) etc.
(ii) Concentration of an Acid

Metal + dil. Acid → Salt + Hydrogen gas

Zn(s) + dil.H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)

(iii) Heat Changes Accompanying a Reaction

Zn(s) + dil.H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) + Heat

N2(g) + O2(g) + Heat → 2NO(g)

(iv) Optimum Conditions to Yield a Product
 What is a catalyst?

A catalyst is a substance that increases

or decreases the rate of the reaction
without itself being consumed in the
reaction.
 Formation of ammonia Iron

Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide Phosphoric Acid

Kya Bolti Public?
Combination/Synthesis
Reaction and Its Types
A chemical reaction in which two or more elements or compounds
(reactants) react to form a single compound (product).

Analogy
Generally, there are three types of combination reactions possible:

(i) Combination of two elements to form a compound

(ii) Combination of two compounds to form a compound

(iii) Combination of an element and a compound to form a

compound
(i) Combination of two elements to form a compound

Representation A+B AB

Burning of Magnesium Ribbon

At room temperature On strong heating

Magnesium reacts with

oxygen present in air to
form a layer of magnesium
oxide on its surface.
Hence, it is cleaned with a
sandpaper before burning.
 Give a Thought

Why it is advised to wear eye protection during the burning of

magnesium ribbon?

When magnesium ribbon burns in air, dazzling white light is produced

which contain ultraviolet light that can cause photokeratitis or it can
permanently damage the eye.
 Q. CBSE 2020

1. A shining metal ‘M’ on burning gives a dazzling white flame

& changes to a white powder ‘N’. Identify ‘M’ & ‘N’.
2. Represent the above reaction in the form of a balanced chemical equation.

1. M and N: Magnesium and Magnesium oxide

2.
(ii) Combination of two compounds to form a compound

Representation AB + CD ABCD

Quicklime with Water

Quicklime added to water
Observations when quicklime is added to water

(i) Very fast reaction (Vigorous).

(ii) Heat is evolved (Exothermic reaction).

(iii) Water boils to form steam and produces a

hissing sound along with bubbles.
 NCERT
NCERTQuestions
QUESTIONSCovered
COVERED

Q. NCERT Intext, Q.N. 1, Page No. 10

A solution of a substance ‘X’ is used for white washing.

(i) Name the substance ‘X’ and write its formula.
(ii) Write the reaction of the substance ‘X’ named in (i) above with water.
 Q. CBSE 2020

Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to produce slaked lime.

This reaction can be classified as:
(A) Combination reaction
(B) Exothermic reaction
(C) Endothermic reaction
(D) Oxidation reaction
 Whitewash/Limewash

Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)

 Give a Thought

Are all combination reactions exothermic?

A. Yes
B. No

No! Not all combination reactions are exothermic. They can be

endothermic too.
Ex: N2 (g) + O2 (g) + Heat → 2NO (g)
The above reaction takes place when heat energy is provided through
lightning.
Kya Bolti Public?
JAO BETA KHA PEELO. APNE PRIYATAM
KO MESSAGE MAT KARNE LAG JAANA.
Decomposition Reaction
and Its Types
A chemical reaction in which a single compound breaks down into two or
more elements or compounds when the energy is supplied in the form of
heat, electricity or sunlight.

Representation

Analogy – I
Analogy – II
 Energy Supplied in Decomposition Reactions

Heat Electricity Sunlight

Thermolysis/Thermolytic Photolysis/Photolytic
Decomposition Decomposition

Electrolysis/Electrolytic
Decomposition
 Thermolysis/Thermal Decomposition

(i) Thermolysis of hydrated ferrous sulphate

FeSO4.7H2O(s)

2FeSO4(s)
CBSE 2019

A student wants to study a decomposition reaction by taking ferrous

sulphate crystals. Write two precautions he must observe while
performing the experiment.
CBSE 2019

A student wants to study a decomposition reaction by taking ferrous

sulphate crystals. Write two precautions he must observe while
performing the experiment.

(i) Do not point the mouth of the boiling tube

at your neighbours or yourself.
(ii) Waft the gases – Don’t sniff them.
This is done to confirm the presence of sulphur
dioxide and sulphur trioxide gases released.
(iii) Always use a test tube holder while heating
the test tube.
 Thermolysis or Thermolytic Decomposition

(ii) Thermolysis of metal nitrates of Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu

Metal nitrate → Metal oxide + Nitrogen dioxide + Oxygen

2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

 Q. CBSE 2012

2 g of lead nitrate powder is taken in a boiling tube. The boiling tube is heated
over a flame. Now answer the following:
(i) State the colour of the fumes evolved and the residue left.
(ii) Name the type of chemical reaction that has taken place stating its
balanced chemical equation.
(i) Brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide and yellow residue of lead oxide.
(ii) Thermal decomposition/Thermolysis is taking place here. This is also
an endothermic reaction.
 Observations – Thermolysis of lead nitrate

(i) A crackling sound is heard while thermal decomposition of lead

nitrate and this process is known as decrepitation.
(ii) Brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide are evolved.
(iii) A yellow residue of lead oxide is left behind in the test tube.

Extra Gyaan: PbO is brown when hot, yellow when cold and sticks
to the glass tube.
 Thermolysis/Thermal Decomposition

(iii) Thermolysis of copper nitrate

Metal nitrate Metal oxide + Nitrogen dioxide + Oxygen

2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2

 Thermolysis/Thermolytic Decomposition
Thermolysis/Thermal Decomposition

(iv) Thermolysis of calcium carbonate

Reaction takes place in

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

 Electrolysis/Electrolytic Decomposition

(i) Electrolysis of Water

Let’s Practice
PW Ka ChemStar!
NCERT Exemplar

Electrolysis of water is a decomposition reaction. The mole ratio of

hydrogen and oxygen gases liberated during electrolysis of water is:

A 1:1

B 2:1

C 4:1

D 1:2
 Give a Thought

Why acidulated water/water with NaCl is taken?

Water ionises to a tiny extent giving H+ and OH– ions. In order to make
water a good conductor of electricity, dilute sulphuric acid is added to
water which gives H+ or (H3O+) and SO42– ions in water. These free ions
conduct electricity and speed up the electrolysis of water.
 Give a Thought

What will happen if burning candle is brought close to the mouth of

the test tubes.

When we bring a glowing candle close to the mouth of one of the test
tubes, the gas in the test tube takes fire and burns with a pop sound,
showing the presence of hydrogen in the test tube.

When we bring a burning candle closer to the mouth of another test

tube, the candle starts to burn brightly, showing that the test
tube contains oxygen.
 NCERT Questions Covered

Q. NCERT Intext, Q.N. 2, Page No. 10

Why is the amount of gas collected in one of the test tubes in Activity 1.7
double of the amount collected in the other? Name this gas.
CBSE 2020

1.In the electrolysis of water:

2.Name the gas formed at anode and cathode.
3.Why is the volume of gas collected at one electrode double than the other?
What would happen if dilute H2SO4 is not added to water?
CBSE 2020

1.In the electrolysis of water:

2.Name the gas formed at anode and cathode.
3.Why is the volume of gas collected at one electrode double than the other?
What would happen if dilute H2SO4 is not added to water?

1. Anode: Oxygen (O2), Cathode: Hydrogen (H2)

2. The volume of hydrogen (H2) formed at cathode will be twice the oxygen (O2)
formed at anode. It can be observed from the below equation:

3. Water ionises to a tiny extent giving H+ and OH– ions. In order to make water
a good conductor of electricity, dilute sulphuric acid is added to water which
gives H+ or (H3O+) and SO42– ions in water. These free ions conduct electricity and
speed up the electrolysis of water.
 Photolysis/Photolytic Decomposition

(i) Photolysis of silver chloride and silver bromide

 Give a Thought

Decomposition reactions are generally endothermic?

Generally, decomposition reactions are endothermic because energy is

given (majorly in the form of heat but electricity, sunlight or sound are also
considered).
Kya Bolti Public?
 NCERT Questions Covered

Q. NCERT Exercise, Q.N. 11

Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of combination

reactions? Write equations for these reactions.

Q. NCERT Exercise, Q.N. 12

Write one equation each for decomposition reactions where energy is

supplied in the form of heat, light or electricity.
Displacement Reaction
and Its Types
 Give a Thought

What is the meaning of reactivity in terms of metals and non-metals?

A is more reactive metal than B.

‘A’ can easily donate electrons as compared to ‘B’.

A is more reactive non-metal than B.

‘A’ can easily accept electrons as compared to ‘B’.
A chemical reaction in which a more active or reactive element displaces
a less active or reactive element from its compound.
These reactions are generally found to occur in the solution.

Types of Displacement Reactions

(i) Metal-metal (iv) Nonmetal-nonmetal

displacement displacement

(ii) Metal-nonmetal (iii) Nonmetal-metal

displacement displacement
Analogy – I
Analogy – II
Reactivity/Activity Series of Metals - Desi Trick
Reactivity/Activity Series of Metals – Videsi Trick
 Metal-metal Displacement Reaction
Metal-Metal Displacement Reaction

Representation A + BC AC + B

(i) Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq)

(ii) Zn(s) + FeSO4(aq)

 Metal-metal Displacement Reaction
Metal-Metal
Metal-metalDisplacement
DisplacementReaction
Reaction

Representation A + BC AC + B

(iii) Pb(s) + CuCl2(aq)

(iv) Cu(s) + AgNO3(aq)

CBSE CFQ
 Give a Thought

CONCLUSION
A and B: Endothermic
C: Exothermic
D: Displacement reactions are generally exothermic.
Kya Bolti Public?
 NCERT Questions Covered

Q. NCERT Intext, Q.N. 1, Page No. 13

Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution change when an iron nail
is dipped in it?

Q. NCERT Exercise, Q.N. 14

In the refining of silver, the recovery of silver from silver nitrate solution
involved displacement by copper metal. Write down the reaction
involved.
JAO BETA KHA PEELO. APNE PRIYATAM
KO MESSAGE MAT KARNE LAG JAANA.
 Double
Displacement/Metathesis
Reaction and Its Types
A chemical reaction in which there is an exchange of ions, i.e. cations
and anions between reactants.

Representation AB + CD AD + CB
Analogy
The reaction in which aqueous solutions of two ionic compounds or a
gas and an aqueous solution of ionic compound react to form an
insoluble solid, i.e. precipitate.

Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI
 Give a Thought

Video: Water between wooden block and beaker freezes and that’s
why beaker got stuck with the wooden block. Hence, it is a/an:
• Endothermic reaction
• Solid-solid double displacement reaction
BaCl2 + Na2SO4

AgNO3 + NaCl
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
CBSE CFQ
Kya Bolti Public?
 NCERT Questions Covered

Q. NCERT Intext, Q.N. 3, Page No. 6

Write a balanced chemical equation with state symbols for the following
reactions.
(i) Solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulphate in water react to
give insoluble barium sulphate and the solution of sodium chloride.
(ii) Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with hydrochloric acid
solution (in water) to produce sodium chloride solution and water.
 NCERT Questions Covered

Q. NCERT Intext, Q.N. 2, Page No. 13

Give an example of a double displacement reaction other than the one

given in Activity 1.10 (reaction between Na2SO4 and BaCl2).

Q. NCERT Exercise, Q.N. 15

What do you mean by a precipitation reaction? Explain by giving

examples.
 Q. CBSE 2020

When hydrogen sulphide gas is passed through a blue solution of copper

sulphate, a black precipitate of copper sulphide is obtained and the sulphuric
acid so formed remains in the solution. The reaction is an example of a:
A Combination reaction

B Displacement reaction

C Decomposition reaction

D Double displacement reaction

Introduction to Redox
Reactions
A chemical reaction in which reduction and oxidation take place
simultaneously.

Redox

(i) Addition/removal of (ii) Loss/gain of electron

hydrogen and oxygen concept
 Addition/Removal of
Hydrogen and Oxygen

Oxidation Reduction
-Addition of oxygen -Addition of hydrogen
-Removal of hydrogen -Removal of oxygen
- Both -Both
Let’s analyse the below reaction!
CuO + Zn → Cu + ZnO
Let’s analyse the below reaction!
2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
Give a Thought
 Give a Thought

Heating sodium in presence of oxygen forms sodium oxide is a redox

reaction or not?
A. Yes
B. No
 Oxidising
Oxidising Agent/Oxidant
Agent/Oxidant

Oxidises others and itself gets Gives oxygen or gains

reduced hydrogen

Reduction
 Reducing Agent/Reductant

Reduces others and itself gets Gives hydrogen or gains

reduced oxygen

Oxidation
Let’s analyse the below reaction!
CuO + Zn → Cu + ZnO
 Q. CBSE 2011

Which among the following gets reduced in the given chemical reaction?
CuO + Zn → Cu + ZnO
A. Zn
B. CuO
C. ZnO
D. Cu
 Let’s analyse the below reaction!
MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
 Q. CBSE 2018

In the reaction:
MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
(a) Name the compound (i) oxidised (ii) reduced.
(b) Define oxidation and reduction on its basis.

(a) Hydrogen is removed from HCl to form Cl2. Hence, HCl has been
oxidised to Cl2 and it is obvious that MnO2 has been reduced.
(b) Oxidation is a process in which there is a removal of hydrogen from a
substance while reduction is a process in which there is a removal of
oxygen from a substance.
 CFQ

A shiny brown coloured element (X) on heating in the presence of oxygen forms
a black metal oxide (Y). This metal oxide (Y) on reacting with gas (Z) again
converts to metal (X) along with the formation of steam.
1.Identify (X), (Y) and (Z).
2.Write balanced chemical equations for each case and also identify their types.
 NCERT Questions Covered

Q. NCERT Intext, Q.N. 3, Page No. 13

Identify the substances that are oxidised and the substances that are
reduced in the following reactions.
(i) 4Na(s) + O2 (g) → 2Na2O(s)
(ii) (ii) CuO(s) + H2(g) → Cu(s) + H2O(l)

Q. NCERT Exercise, Q.N. 15

Explain the following in terms of gain or loss of oxygen with two

examples each. (a) Oxidation (b) Reduction
Effects of Oxidation in
Daily Life – Types of
Redox Reactions
 Corrosion

It is a surface deterioration process of metals in which they convert to a more

stable form, i.e. oxides, sulphides, carbonates and more, due to the attack of
atmospheric gases.
 Type of Corrosion

Name and Colour of Layer

Cons of Corrosion – Rusting

Rust is a flaky (non-sticky) layer that is
very brittle and peels-off. It then exposes
the fresh iron layer to moisture and
oxygen. This continuous cycle makes iron
objects weak and can collapse buildings
and bridges, break oil pipelines and
more.
CBSE CFQ
 Type of Corrosion

Name and Colour of Layer

Pros of Corrosion – Patina

Patina seems to be helpful for some of
the metals like Copper (Cu), which on
oxidation forms an impervious
protective layer that protects further
corrosion (here tarnishing) of metal.
 Type of Corrosion

Name and Colour of Layer

 Rancidity/Rancidification

It is the oxidation of oil or fat-containing food items when they are kept in the
open for a long time, resulting in an unpleasant odour and taste.
Ways to Prevent Rancidity/Rancidification
Kya Bolti Public?
 NCERT Questions Covered

Q. NCERT Exercise, Q.N. 18

Why do we apply paint on iron articles? – Detailed way in Metals and Non-
metals
Q. NCERT Exercise, Q.N. 19

Oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen. Why?

Q. NCERT Exercise, Q.N. 20

Explain the following terms with one example each. (a) Corrosion (b)
Rancidity
JAO BETA KHA PEELO. APNE PRIYATAM
KO MESSAGE MAT KARNE LAG JAANA.
Insaniyat Ka Gyaan

Insaniyat Ka Gyaan
Jo Banae Behtar Insan

जब इंसाि में अहं कार आिा है िो

सबसे पहले कोमल भाविाओं का
अंि होिा है |
SUNIL BHAIYA IS ALWAYS THERE FOR YOU.
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