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Chapter 9 – Weight management: overweight, obesity and underweight
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What proportion of the New Zealand adult population is considered overweight or obese?
a. 39%
b. 49%
c. 59%
d. 65%
e. 79%
ANS: D DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Overweight and obesity
OBJ: Describe how body fat develops and why it can be difficult to maintain weight gains & losses.
2. Which of the following is a characteristic of fat cell development?

a. The amount of fat in the body is substantially determined by the size of the fat cells.
b. More and larger fat cells are found in obese people compared with healthy-weight persons.
c. Fat cell numbers increase most readily during early adulthood, when energy expenditure
declines.
d. Fat cells may enlarge but not increase in number upon reaching the age of 50 in males and
on reaching menopause in women.
e. When energy out exceeds energy in, fat cell size and numbers both decrease.
ANS: B DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Overweight and obesity
3. What occurs to fat cells when energy out exceeds energy in?
a. Fat cell numbers increase dramatically.
b. Fat cell numbers decrease.
c. Fat cell size, but not number, decreases.
d. Fat cell size, but not number, increases.
e. Fat cells are lysed and their numbers decrease.
ANS: C DIF: Bloom's: Understand REF: Overweight and obesity
4. Which of the following is known to promote fat storage in adipocytes?

a. Glucagon
b. Lipoprotein lipase
c. Cellulite synthetase
d. Lipoprotein synthetase
e. Adipose lipase
5. The major function of lipoprotein lipase is to

a. assist bile in the digestion of dietary lipids
b. remove triglycerides from blood for storage
c. trigger adipokine release from adipose tissue
d. release triglycerides from storage within adipocytes
e. stimulate the release of ghrelin and leptin
6. The most likely explanation for why women readily store fat around the hips, whereas men readily store
fat around the abdomen, is gender differences in:
a. blood insulin levels
b. the activity of lipoprotein lipase
c. circulating lipid transport proteins
d. the activity of lipoprotein synthetase
e. patterns of physical activity
7. Which of the following is a feature of the lipoprotein lipase enzyme?

a. Its activity decreases after weight loss, but then rebounds quickly after resuming normal
food intake.
b. Its activity can always increase, but cannot decrease, and is, in part, controlled by the ratchet
effect of metabolism.
c. Its activities in men and women are gender-related and explain the differences in major fat
storage regions of the body.
d. Its low activity in obese people explains, in part, the inability to mobilise storage fat for
energy when following an energy-restricted diet.
e. The release of upper-body fat that it triggers is more active in women than in men, whereas
the release of lower-body fat is similar.
ANS: C DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Overweight and obesity
8. Obesity resulting from an increase in the number of fat cells is termed:

a. hyperplastic obesity
b. hypertrophic obesity
c. idiopenthic leptinemia
d. anaplastic hypometabolism
e. multiplicative obesity
ANS: A DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Overweight and obesity
9. Which of the following defines the body's set point?

a. Minimum weight of a person
b. Maximum weight of a person
c. Point at which a person's weight plateaus before dropping again quickly
d. Point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight
e. Point at which the physical discomforts of severe obesity overcome the desire to eat
ANS: D DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Overweight and obesity
10. Which of the following is a characteristic of the rate of dietary fat oxidation?
a. It is lower in obese people.
b. It is independent of LPL activity.
c. It is higher in females than males.
d. It is independent of the body's set point.
e. It is consistent throughout the lifespan.
ANS: A DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Overweight and obesity
11. What is Prader–Willi syndrome?

a. Altered receptor activity for leptin
b. A genetic disorder resulting in obesity
c. Fat accumulation in the liver of gastric bypass patients
d. A failure to adapt to alternating periods of excess and inadequate energy intake
e. A genetic disorder triggered by environmental toxins that results in obesity
ANS: B DIF: Bloom's: Understand
REF: Causes of overweight and obesity
OBJ: Review some of the causes of obesity.
12. Which of the following is a feature of weight gain and genetics?

a. Obese people can change their genome but not their epigenome.
b. Exercise has little, if any, effect on the genetic influence on weight gain.
c. Identical twins are half as likely to weigh the same as fraternal twins.
d. Adopted children tend to have body weights more like their biological parents than their
adoptive parents.
e. There is very little evidence that genetic factors contribute to obesity, except in the presence
of certain rare syndromes.
ANS: D DIF: Bloom's: Understand
13. On which organ or tissue does leptin primarily act?

a. Pancreas
b. Intestines
c. Adipocytes
d. Hypothalamus
e. Hippocampus
ANS: D DIF: Bloom's: Remember
14. What are the observed effects of sleep deprivation on leptin and ghrelin?
a. Leptin and ghrelin both increase.
b. Leptin and ghrelin both decrease.
c. Leptin decreases, while ghrelin increases.
d. Leptin increases, while ghrelin decreases.
e. Sleep deprivation only affects leptin and ghrelin in very elderly or unhealthy individuals.
ANS: C DIF: Bloom's: Remember
15. Which of the following describes a relationship between leptin and energy balance?
a. Fat cell sensitivity to leptin is higher in obese people.
b. A deficiency of leptin is characteristic of all obese people.
c. Blood levels of leptin usually correlate directly with body fat.
d. Major functions of leptin include an increase in hunger and a decrease in metabolic rate.
e. Blood levels of leptin only correlate with body fat at extremely high and low body masses.
ANS: C DIF: Bloom's: Understand
16. Why, in part, is weight loss more successful with exercise, and also after bypass surgery?
a. Ghrelin levels are relatively low.
b. Adiponectin levels are relatively high.
c. PYY release from the hypothalamus is suppressed.
d. Leptin release from subcutaneous fat stores is enhanced.
e. Leptin levels suppress the appetite.
ANS: A DIF: Bloom's: Understand
17. What is the significance of the uncoupling proteins in adipose tissue?

a. Increased loss of energy as heat
b. Reduction of fat cell number
c. Lowering of basal metabolism
d. Proliferation of fat cell number
e. Increased fat storage
18. Which of the following is not a beneficial effect of adiponectin?

a. Inhibits inflammation
b. Protects against insulin resistance
c. Promotes a positive energy balance
d. Protects against type 2 diabetes
e. Protects against cardiovascular disease
19. Which of the following is a characteristic of the body's major types of adipose tissue?
a. Very little brown fat is found in adults, whereas more is seen in infants.
b. White adipose is especially important in infants as a moderator of temperature extremes.
c. The uncoupled reactions in brown and white adipose are the result of LPL-induced
hydrolysis of ATP.
d. Among the three types of adipose – namely, white, yellow and brown – the white adipocytes
account for the greatest amount of heat expenditure.
e. White fat in adults is stored mostly around the neck and clavicles.
20. Which of the following is the best evidence that environment must play a role in obesity?
a. That the rate of obesity has been rising while the gene pool has remained relatively constant
b. The recognition that identical twins reared apart have body weights similar to their
biological parents
c. The development of precise body composition methodologies that define adipose storage
sites based on gender
d. The discovery of uncoupling proteins that explain the variations in energy metabolism
among lean and overweight people
e. Adoption studies show that adopted individuals have body mass more similar to their
adoptive parents than their birth parents
ANS: A DIF: Bloom's: Remember
21. How many kilojoules does a supersized large serve of fries deliver?
a. 1500
b. 1800
c. 2050
d. 2100
e. 2250
ANS: D DIF: Bloom's: Understand
22. A recent study found that the difference in sitting, lying, standing and moving between healthy and
obese individuals accounted for _____ kilojoules.
a. 1000
b. 1200
c. 1500.
d. 1800
e. 2000
23. Which of the following is a feature of physical inactivity and energy balance?
a. There is a strong genetic component to reduced physical activity of overweight people.
b. To prevent weight gain, individuals need to be moderately active for approximately 60
minutes per day.
c. Although watching television correlates with weight gain, playing video games does not,
presumably due to the heightened excitement engendered by action games.
d. Extraordinarily inactive people who lower their food intakes below that of their lean
counterparts activate brown adipose tissue uncoupling proteins that stimulate hyperthermic
weight loss.
e. Although extremely low levels of activity do increase risk of obesity, they do not affect the
risk of metabolic syndrome.
ANS: B DIF: Bloom's: Remember
24. Tonya is an overweight cigarette smoker. Which of the following risk factors would make it especially
important for her to lose weight?
a. Hypotension
b. Low LDL
c. High HDL
d. Age over 45 years
e. Family history of heart disease
ANS: E DIF: Bloom's: Evaluate
REF: Problems of overweight and obesity
OBJ: Discuss the physical, social, and psychological consequences of overweight & obesity.
25. In Australia, how many people reported being on a diet or trying to lose weight in 2011–12?
a. 2.1 million
b. 2.3 million
c. 2.4 million
d. 2.5 million
e. 3 million
26. What is the principal reason that products containing ephedrine are under strict importation restrictions
in Australia and New Zealand?
a. The costs are prohibitive.
b. The products were found to be ineffective for weight loss.
c. The products were implicated in several cases of heart attacks and seizures.
d. The products were found to contain contaminants that were believed to be responsible for
inducing liver failure.
e. They were contaminated with substances that induced a Parkinson’s-like syndrome.
OBJ: Explain the risks and benefits, if any, of aggressive ways to treat obesity.
27. Which of the following is a syndrome characterised by excessive appetite, short stature and, often,
mental retardation?
a. Morbid obesity.
b. Metabolic syndrome
c. Leptin-resistant obesity
d. Psychological-resistant syndrome
e. Prader–Willi syndrome
ANS: E DIF: Bloom's: Remember
28. Which of the following is a feature of prescription drug use for treatment of obesity?
a. Most drugs may be safely prescribed even in otherwise healthy obese people.
b. Most experts believe that drugs should not be used, because obesity is not a disease.
c. Most currently available drugs are highly effective in both the short and the long term.
d. When used as part of a long-term, comprehensive weight-loss program, they can be helpful
for weight loss.
e. Although initially effective, most eventually raise the risk of cardiovascular disease to
unacceptable levels.
REF: Aggressive treatments for obesity
29. The prescription drug phentermine acts by regulating the utilisation of
a. blood insulin
b. noradrenaline
c. hormone-sensitive lipase
d. adipocyte lipoprotein lipase
e. ghrelin and leptin
30. Which of the following drugs is a medication prescribed for use in weight loss?
a. Olestra
b. Orlistat
c. Serotonin
d. Bitter orange
e. Chromium
ANS: B DIF: Bloom's: Evaluate
31. What is the primary action of orlistat, a weight-loss drug?

a. It reduces taste sensation.
b. It inhibits lipoprotein lipase.
c. It inhibits pancreatic lipase.
d. It alters circulating leptin concentrations.
e. It enhances the release of epinephrine.
32. Which of the following is a feature of gastric surgery for the treatment of clinically severe obesity?
a. It is almost never followed by weight regain.
b. It is always an irreversible medical procedure.
c. It is less effective than traditional liposuction.
d. It diminishes the amount of food that can be eaten without GI distress.
e. It has dramatic effects on physical and psychological health.
33. Which of the following is a characteristic of liposuction?

a. It often improves blood pressure and insulin sensitivity.
b. It results in a typical loss of body weight of 4–8 kg.
c. It often has little effect on weight, but can alter body shape slightly.
d. It is considered a valid but slightly less effective alternative to gastric bypass.
e. It is effective for weight loss in older but not younger people.
34. What proportion of Australian adults have maintained a 10% weight loss for at least a year?
a. 25%
b. 30%
c. 35%
d. 45%
e. 50%
ANS: E DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Weight-loss strategies
OBJ: Outline reasonable strategies for achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight.
35. In a weight-reduction regimen, the most realistic time frame for losing 10% of the initial body weight is:
a. six weeks
b. three months
c. six months
d. nine months
e. one year
ANS: C DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Weight-loss strategies
36. What is a safe rate of weight loss on a long-term basis for most overweight people?
a. 0.25–1 kg/week
b. 0.5–2 kg/week
c. 5% body weight/month
d. 7.5% body weight/month
e. 10% body weight/month
ANS: A DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Weight-loss strategies
37. What minimum amount of body weight loss (kgs) is shown to improve physical capabilities and quality
of life?
a. 5–10
b. 10–15
c. 15–20
d. 20–25
e. 25–30
38. As a general rule, what minimum kilojoules deficit per day is necessary in an eating plan for reducing
body weight for people with BMIs of 27–35?
a. 500
b. 800
c. 1200
d. 1600
e. 1800
39. As a general rule, what minimum number of kilojoules per day is necessary to ensure nutritional
adequacy in an eating plan for reducing body weight?
a. 500
b. 800
c. 2000
d. 4000
e. 5000
40. Which of the following will ensure nutritional adequacy when losing weight?
a. Skipping breakfast
b. Taking a multivitamin supplement
c. Eating a balanced diet from all of the core food groups
d. Eating less than 5000 kilojoules per day
e. Considering taking medication to assist with weight loss
41. Which of the following would be most effective at lowering energy intake in a person on a
weight-reduction program?
a. Drink eight glasses of water prior to each meal.
b. Select less energy-dense foods.
c. Restrict fibre intake as a means to reduce excess water retention.
d. Consume a small, high-fat snack before each meal to reduce appetite.
e. Consume an alcoholic beverage with lunch and dinner.
ANS: B DIF: Bloom's: Evaluate REF: Weight-loss strategies
42. Incorporating large quantities of low-energy-density foods in a diet for weight loss can be:
a. detrimental to satiety
b. low in nutrients
c. low in fibre
d. more successful than restricting portion sizes
e. cheaper than eating a diet high in fat and sugar
ANS: D DIF: Bloom's: Understand REF: Weight-loss strategies
43. When eating at a restaurant, what strategy can assist with weight loss?
a. Taking large bites helps to reduce food intake.
b. Eat smaller serve sizes.
c. Eat more slowly
d. Have a snack before going out.
e. Drink a glass of water between courses.
ANS: B DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Weight-loss strategies
44. What is the best approach to weight loss?

a. Avoid foods containing carbohydrates.
b. Eliminate all fats from the diet and decrease water intake.
c. Greatly increase protein intake to prevent body protein loss.
d. Reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditure.
e. Fast at least two consecutive days each week.
ANS: D DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Weight-loss strategies
45. An important aid in any weight-loss diet program is to:

a. decrease water intake
b. increase physical activity
c. speed up thyroid activity with metabolic enhancers
d. develop ketosis by keeping carbohydrate intake as low as possible
e. use herbal supplements to speed up metabolism
46. Which of the following describes a connection between physical activity and energy expenditure?
a. The number of kilojoules spent in an activity depends on body weight, intensity and
duration.
b. Walking a mile uses about half as much energy as running a mile.
c. Exercising the leg muscles is effective at burning away fat primarily around the thighs and
hips.
d. Exercising the abdominal muscles is effective at burning away fat primarily around the
abdomen.
e. If intensity and duration are the same, heavier individuals will expend less energy running
than lighter individuals.
ANS: A DIF: Bloom's: Evaluate REF: Weight-loss strategies
47. Which of the following is not a recommended strategy for weight loss?
a. Watch for empty kilojoules.
b. Select carbohydrates carefully.
c. Eat small portions.
d. Lower energy density.
e. Consider a herbal supplement.
48. Which of the following is a feature of the body's response to engaging in physical activity?
a. After an intense and vigorous workout, metabolism remains elevated for several hours.
b. Lower body fat is more readily lost from vigorous exercises that primarily work the hip and
leg muscles.
c. Blood glucose and fatty acid levels are low immediately after working out, but thereafter
recover on their own.
d. After an intense workout, most people immediately feel the urge to eat a large carbohydrate
meal to replace glycogen stores.
e. After intense exercise, ghrelin secretion is typically elevated, and remains so for several
hours.
49. In the 2011–12 Australian National Health Survey, how many adults in New Zealand exercised
sufficiently to obtain health benefits?
a. 40%
b. 44%
c. 50%
d. 53%
e. 63%
ANS: D DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Weight-loss strategies
50. What is the principal reason that appetite is turned off immediately after a person finishes an intense
workout?
a. The feeling of thirst overpowers the desire for food.
b. The elevated blood lactate level antagonises ghrelin.
c. Glucose and fatty acids are still abundant in the blood.
d. The senses of smell and taste are suppressed for at least one hour.
e. Leptin secretion is markedly increased.
51. What is the chief reason that healthcare professionals advise people to engage only in low-to-moderate
intensity activities for prolonged duration, rather than more intense, shorter routines?
a. The cost is lower.
b. Boredom is reduced.
c. Compliance is better.
d. Monitoring time is diminished.
e. The overall results are more dramatic.
ANS: C DIF: Bloom's: Understand REF: Weight-loss strategies
52. Which of the following is a relation of ‘spot reducing’ to exercise?

a. No exercise can target fat removal from any specific area of the body.
b. Upper body fat is mostly unaffected by exercising lower body muscles.
c. Lower body fat in women is depleted at a faster rate than abdominal fat.
d. Abdominal fat in men is released more readily with anaerobic exercise.
e. Spot reducing works on cellulite, but not on other fat.
53. Individuals who are able to lose weight and successfully keep it off for at least a year typically:
a. engage in 30 minutes of physical exercise daily
b. self-monitor, such as by weighing themselves
c. eat a diet with high energy density
d. eat a diet with low nutrient density
e. limit television viewing to fewer than 10 hours per week
ANS: B DIF: Bloom's: Evaluate REF: Weight-loss strategies
54. Approximately how many kilojoules per week should be expended in physical activity in order to
maintain a weight loss?
a. 4500
b. 5500
c. 6500
d. 7500
e. 8400
55. To help maximise the long-term success of a person's weight-loss program, which of the following
personal attitudes should be encouraged in the individual?
a. Strongly believing that weight can be lost
b. Viewing the body realistically as being fat rather than thin
c. Refraining from expressing overconfidence in ability to lose weight
d. Accepting that little or no exercise is a part of the lifestyle of most overweight people
e. Keeping weight loss plans a private matter and not sharing goals or progress with others
ANS: A DIF: Bloom's: Understand REF: Weight-loss strategies
56. An example of a behaviour modification technique for weight control is to:

a. feel guilty after you overeat
b. keep a record of your eating habits
c. always clean your plate when you eat
d. have someone watch you to prevent overeating
e. cook your own meals
57. Which of the following is not a behaviour or attitude that promotes weight loss or healthy weight
maintenance?
a. Being aware of behaviours
b. Focusing on changing behviours one at a time
c. Giving up smoking
d. Identifying barriers and replacing negative thoughts
e. Utilising support groups
58. Which of the following is a feature of energy metabolism in formerly obese people who have lost
weight?
a. Their basal metabolic rates are higher after weight loss than during the obese state.
b. Energy expenditure is the same as in people who were never obese.
c. Energy requirements are lower than expected for their current body weight.
d. Energy expenditure is the same per kilogram of body weight as compared with the obese
state.
e. Their basal metabolic rate is effectively reset to a normal range by weight loss.
59. For a weight-loss diet, what percentage of total energy should be from protein?
a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 20
e. 22
60. The obesity rate tends to increase in areas of deprivation. In New Zealand, how much higher is the rate of
obesity in children?
a. 2.5
b. 2.7
c. 2.9
d. 3.0
e. 3.2
61. Because obesity apparently has many causes, even in a single individual, the best approach seems to be:
a. fasting
b. medicines
c. prevention
d. genetic counselling
e. holistic
62. Approximately what percentage of adults are classified as underweight?

a. 0.2
b. 2
c. 5
d. 10
e. 15
ANS: B DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Underweight
OBJ: Summarise strategies for gaining weight.
63. The classification of underweight is achieved when the BMI first drops below:
a. 14
b. 18.5
c. 20
d. 22.5
e. 25.5
64. Of the following, which is the most important strategy for an underweight person who wishes to achieve
a healthy body weight?
a. A high-kcalorie diet plus regular exercise
b. A high-kcalorie diet and minimal exercise
c. A high-protein diet plus regular exercise
d. Total elimination of alcohol and exercise
e. A high-protein, high-kcalorie diet and minimal exercise
ANS: A DIF: Bloom's: Evaluate REF: Underweight
65. Of the following, which is among the recommended strategies for healthy weight attainment in an
individual?
a. Behaviour modification training
b. Punishment of any weight losses
c. Forced awakening during the night for supplemental meals and snacks
d. Tube-feeding during the night
e. Increased alcohol consumption
ANS: A DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Underweight
66. What is the best meal-planning strategy for underweight people who desire to gain weight?
a. Eat only one large meal per day, just before bed.
b. Make energy-dense food choices.
c. Refrain from between-meal snacking, especially energy drinks.
d. Decrease the amount of food consumed within the first 20 minutes of a meal.
e. Eat the same amount as before, but spread it out over the entire day.
67. Which of the following would be part of a successful program of weight gain in an underweight
individual?
a. Eat energy-dense foods.
b. Drink alcohol regularly.
c. Eat a large number of small meals.
d. Refrain from regular physical exercise.
e. Refrain from between-meal snacking.
ANS: A DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Underweight
68. Fad diets often produce weight loss, at least initially, because they:
a. dictate the correct distribution of energy among the macronutrients
b. prevent rapid spikes and declines in one's blood glucose level
c. don't require people to count kcal, and are thus easier to stick to
d. are designed to limit energy intake to around 5000 kilojoules/day
e. are so enthusiastically followed by the individuals on them
REF: The latest and greatest weight-loss diet – again
OBJ: Contrast the differences between popular fad diets and weight-loss diets based on sound nutrition.
69. Which of the following is a characteristic of most fad diets?

a. They produce long-lasting results, just like healthy diets.
b. They limit food choices, thereby reducing energy intake.
c. They are balanced, and therefore do not require a dietary supplement.
d. Their success depends more on the ratios of macronutrients than on the total energy value.
e. They are typically as healthy as more traditional weight-loss diets.
70. Jody is taking a nutrition class, and has been assigned to evaluate a popular diet plan. She finds a
description of a plan for her assignment in a magazine at the grocery store. Which of the following
statements in the magazine would most suggest that this plan is an unsound, fad diet?
a. ‘On this plan, you can lose up to two kilos per week!’
b. ‘Once you complete this six-month plan, you'll never have to diet again.’
c. ‘Keep fresh fruit or carrot sticks in the fridge at work so you won't be tempted to raid the
vending machine for a snack.’
d. ‘Starting an aerobic exercise plan may seem daunting, but you can start out with shorter,
easier sessions and then build up to three or more hours a week.’
e. ‘Loss of even 5–10 kilos can improve your health.’
ANS: B DIF: Bloom's: Evaluate
COMPLETION
1. An estimated ______percent of Australian children and adolescents aged 2–17 years are either
overweight or obese.
ANS: 25
DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Overweight and obesity

OBJ: Describe how body fat develops and why it can be difficult to maintain weight gains and losses.
2. The enzyme ____________________ plays a major role in the metabolism and transport of lipids.
ANS: lipoprotein lipase
DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Overweight and obesity

OBJ: Describe how body fat develops and why it can be difficult to maintain weight gains and losses.
3. ____________________ is a genetic disorder characterised by excessive appetite, massive obesity,

short stature and, often, mental retardation.
ANS: Prader–Willi syndrome
DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Causes of overweight and obesity

4. ____________________ maintains homeostasis by regulating food intake and energy expenditure in

response to adipose tissue.
ANS: Leptin

5. ____________________ is secreted primarily by the stomach cells and promotes eating and weight gain
by increasing smell sensitivity, stimulating appetite, and promoting efficient energy storage.
ANS: Ghrelin
6. A(n) ____________________ includes all of the circumstances that we encounter daily that push us
toward fatness.
ANS: obesogenic environment

7. Dietary supplements containing ____________________ have been implicated in numerous heart

attacks and seizures, resulting in about 100 deaths, and, although they are restricted for import into
Australia and New Zealand, are still available on the Internet.
ANS: ephedrine
DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Problems of overweight and obesity

OBJ: Discuss the physical, social, and psychological consequences of overweight and obesity.
8. The weight-loss drug ____________________ interacts with brain serotonin receptors to increase
satiety and reduce food intake.
ANS: Lorcaserin hydrochloride (trade name: Belviq)
DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Aggressive treatments for obesity

9. The weight-loss drug ____________________ inhibits pancreatic lipase activity in the GI tract, thus
blocking digestion and absorption of dietary fat and limiting energy intake.
ANS: Orlistat (trade names: Alli; Xenical)

10. In ____________________, the surgeon constructs a small stomach pouch and creates an outlet directly
to the small intestine, bypassing most of the stomach, the entire duodenum and some of the jejunum.
ANS: gastric bypass surgery

MATCHING
a. 0.5 k. Set point

b. 5 l. White fat
c. 3 m. Eat right for your type
d. 40 n. Brown fat
e. 56 o. Ephedrine
f. 200–300 p. Liposuction
g. Leptin q. Bypass
h. Orlistat r. Lipoprotein lipase
i. Ghrelin s. Cognitive restructuring
j. The Dukan diet t. Obesogenic
1. Percentage of Australian women considered overweight or obese
2. An enzyme that promotes fat storage
3. A term that describes environmental influences that promote weight gain
4. A theory that the body tends to maintain a certain weight by internal controls
5. Substitution of positive, supportive thoughts for negative, self-defeating thoughts
6. Hormone that regulates appetite in response to body fat levels
7. Hormone that stimulates appetite
8. A diet that is dictated by blood type
9. Type of adipose that primarily stores fat
10. Type of adipose that primarily produces heat
11. Number of prescribed weight loss medications available in Australia and New Zealand
12. Substance in some herbs that may cause heart attacks and seizures
13. A high-protein, low-kcalorie diet
14. Surgical procedure on the stomach
15. Inhibitor of pancreatic lipase
16. Minimum BMI of a clinically severe obese person
17. A cosmetic surgical procedure
18. Safe rate of weight loss per week (kg)
19. Recommended minimum number of minutes per week of moderately intense physical activity to prevent
weight gain
20. Percentage of Australian adults classified as underweight
1. ANS: E DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Overweight and obesity

2. ANS: R DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Overweight and obesity
3. ANS: T DIF: Bloom's: Remember
4. ANS: K DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Overweight and obesity
5. ANS: S DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Weight-loss strategies
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19. ANS: E DIF: Bloom's: Remember
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ESSAY
1. Discuss differences in fat cell metabolism between males and females.
ANS:
Gender differences are apparent in the activity of the lipase enzymes controlling the release and
breakdown of fat in various parts of the body. The release of lower-body fat is less active in women than
in men, whereas the release of upper-body fat is similar. Furthermore, the rate of fat breakdown is lower
in women than in men. Consequently, women may have a more difficult time losing fat in general, and
from the hips and thighs in particular.
DIF: Bloom's: Understand REF: Overweight and obesity

2. Explain the role of lipoprotein lipase enzyme in fat-cell metabolism.
ANS:
The enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays a major role in the metabolism and transport of lipids, and
consequently is a participant in the development of obesity. One of its roles is to remove triglycerides
from the blood for storage in both adipose tissue and muscle cells. Obese people generally have much
more LPL activity in their adipose cells than lean people (their muscle cell LPL activity is similar,
though). This high LPL activity makes fat storage especially efficient. Consequently, even modest
excesses in energy intake have a more dramatic impact on obese people than on lean people. When obese
people lose weight, their LPL activity diminishes.
The activity of LPL in different regions of the body is partially influenced by gender. In women, fat cells
in the breasts, hips and thighs produce abundant LPL, storing fat in those body sites; in men, fat cells in
the abdomen produce abundant LPL. This enzyme activity explains why men tend to develop central
obesity around the abdomen (apple-shaped) whereas women more readily develop lower-body fat
around the hips and thighs (pear-shaped).

3. Explain the set point theory of weight change.
ANS:
Many physiological variables, such as blood glucose, blood pH and body temperature, remain fairly
stable under a variety of conditions. The hypothalamus and other regulatory centers constantly monitor
and delicately adjust conditions to maintain homeostasis. The stability of such complex systems may
depend on set-point regulators that maintain variables within specified limits.
Researchers have confirmed that after weight losses, the body adjusts its metabolism. The decrease in
the metabolic rate after weight loss is greater than would be expected based on body composition alone.
This adaptation helps to explain why it can be difficult for an overweight person to maintain weight
losses. While set point answers some questions regarding the biology of energy balance, it fails to
explain the many other influences contributing to the population’s obesity epidemic.

4. Discuss the interactive roles of leptin and ghrelin in food intake control.
ANS:
Researchers have identified an obesity gene, called ob, which is expressed primarily in the adipose tissue
and codes for the protein leptin. Leptin acts as a hormone, primarily in the hypothalamus. Leptin
maintains homeostasis by regulating food intake and energy expenditure in response to adipose tissue.
When body fat increases, leptin increases – which suppresses appetite. When body fat decreases, leptin
decreases – which stimulates appetite and suppresses energy expenditure.
Although extremely rare, a genetic deficiency of leptin or genetic mutation of its receptor has been
identified in human beings. Extremely obese children with barely detectable blood levels of leptin have
little appetite control; they are constantly hungry and eat considerably more than their siblings or peers.
Given daily injections of leptin, these children lose a substantial amount of weight, confirming leptin’s
role in regulating appetite and body weight.
Very few obese people have a leptin deficiency, however. In fact, leptin levels increase as BMI
increases. Leptin rises, but fails to suppress appetite or enhance energy expenditure – a condition
researchers describe as leptin resistance. With weight loss, leptin levels decline, which reduces satiation
and challenges weight loss maintenance; leptin injections effectively increase satiation after weight loss.
Another protein, known as ghrelin, also acts as a hormone, primarily in the hypothalamus. In contrast to
leptin, ghrelin is secreted primarily by the stomach cells, and promotes eating and weight gain by
increasing smell sensitivity, stimulating appetite and promoting efficient energy storage.
Ghrelin triggers the desire to eat. Blood levels of ghrelin typically rise before and fall after a meal –
reflecting the hunger and satiety that precede and follow eating. On average, ghrelin levels are high
whenever the body is in negative energy balance, as occurs during low-kilojoule diets, for example. This
response may help to explain why weight loss is so difficult to maintain. Weight loss is more successful
with exercise and after gastric bypass surgery, in part because ghrelin levels are relatively low. Ghrelin
levels decline again whenever the body is in positive energy balance, as occurs with weight gains.
Some research indicates that ghrelin also promotes sleep. Interestingly, a lack of sleep increases the
hunger hormone ghrelin and decreases the satiety hormone leptin – which may help to explain the
association between inadequate sleep and overweight.
DIF: Bloom's: Understand REF: Causes of overweight and obesity

5. Contrast the metabolic roles of white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue.
ANS:
White adipose tissue stores fat for other cells to use for energy; brown adipose tissue releases stored
energy as heat, thus defending against cold and preventing obesity. In brown adipose tissue, oxidation is
uncoupled from ATP formation, producing heat only. By radiating energy away as heat, the body
expends, rather than stores, energy. In contrast, efficient coupling facilitates synthesis reactions,
including the making of fat for storage. In other words, weight gains or losses may depend on whether
the body dissipates the energy from an ice-cream as heat or stores it in body fat.
Brown fat and heat production are particularly important in newborns and in animals exposed to cold
weather, especially those that hibernate. These have plenty of brown adipose tissue. In contrast, human
adults have little brown fat, stored primarily around the neck and clavicles. Brown fat is most
metabolically active during exposure to cold. Importantly, brown fat activity declines with age and with
obesity; overweight and obese individuals have less brown fat activity than others. The role of brown fat
in body weight regulation is not yet fully understood, but such an understanding may prove most useful
in developing obesity treatments.
Recent research has revealed that some white fat cells can undergo a process known as browning as they
take on characteristics of brown fat, most notably the activity of uncoupled proteins; these fat cells have
been named brite adipocytes. Brite fat cells are far more abundant than brown fat cells in adults. By
learning how browning is regulated, researchers hope to tilt energy balance from storage to expenditure
in the effort to fight obesity. Interestingly, among the factors that trigger browning is physical activity.
During exercise, muscle cells release a protein (the myokine irisin) that triggers the transformation of
white fat cells into brite fat cells. Such findings help to explain one of the many ways physical activity
expends energy and supports weight management.
DIF: Bloom's: Understand REF: Causes of overweight and obesity

6. Discuss the meaning and significance of the term ‘obesogenic environment’.
ANS:
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Fishing Fleet going out, Aberdeen
The herring fishery was prosecuted off the Scottish coast by the
Dutch, long before the Scotch could be induced to take part in it.
Many futile attempts were made to exploit the industry but little came
of them till the nineteenth century. A beginning was made at
Peterhead in 1820 and at Fraserburgh a little earlier. Aberdeen
followed in 1836 but no great development took place till 1870. The
first trawler came on the scene in 1882; to-day there are over 200
local vessels of this type besides many from other ports.
The salmon fishery has long been famous and at one time was
relatively a source of much greater revenue than at present. It still
yields a considerable annual surplus to the Corporation funds, but
has been eclipsed by the growth of other fisheries. The rateable
value of the salmon fishings on the Dee is nearly £19,000; those of
the other salmon rivers—the Don, Ythan and Ugie—being much
less. The fish are caught by fixed engines in the sea—stake-nets
and bag-nets—set within a statutory radius of the river mouth, and
by sweep- or drag-nets in the tidal reaches of the rivers. A good
many fish are caught by rod and line throughout the whole course of
the rivers but angling is not the commercial side of salmon-fishing.
15. Shipping and Trade.
Aberdeenshire has practically but three ports—Fraserburgh,
Peterhead and Aberdeen. The herring fishing with its concomitant
activities absorbs the energies of the two former so far as shipping is
concerned, but Aberdeen having to serve a larger and wider area
than these two northern burghs has developed a range of docks of
considerable extent and importance. During the last forty years the
Harbour Commissioners have spent £3,000,000 in improving the
harbour, increasing the wharfage, adding break-waters, diverting the
course of the Dee, deepening the entrance channel, forming a
graving dock and so forth. Still, in spite of these outlays, Aberdeen,
which has been a port for centuries, has hardly grown in shipping
proportionately to its growth in other respects. The reason is that,
except fish, granite and agricultural products, the city has nothing of
much moment to export.
At the docks, Aberdeen
Exclusive of fishing vessels the tonnage of home and foreign going
vessels was in 1882, 587,173; in 1909 it had advanced to over a
million, hardly doubling itself in 27 years. While its imports have gone
up from 522,544 tons in 1882 to 1,165,060 in 1909, the exports have
made only a very slight advance. The chief export is herrings, and
last year nearly 100,000 tons of these, salted and packed in barrels,
were sent by sea. The fresh fish are dispatched by rail. Stones in the
form of granite, either polished for monumental purposes or in setts
and kerbs for paving, account for 50,000 tons. The remainder (of
210,554 tons) is made up by oats, barley, oatmeal, paper, preserved
provisions, whisky, manures, flax and cotton fabrics, woollen cloth,
cattle and horses, butter and eggs, salmon and pine-wood.
The trade is mostly a coasting trade and more an import than an
export one. Coal is the chief article of import, 600,000 tons being
discharged in a year. Besides coal, esparto grass, wood-pulp and
rags for paper-making, foreign granite in the rough state sent to be
polished, flour, maize, linseed, the horns of cattle used for comb-
making, and the salt used in fish-curing, are the chief materials
landed on the Aberdeen quays. Aberdeen being the distributing
centre for the county, and all the railway routes focussing in it, the
coal and the building materials not produced in the district, such as
lime, slate and cement, all pass this way, while the tea and sugar,
the tobacco and other articles of daily use, also arrive mostly by the
harbour.
There are regular lines of steamers between Aberdeen and the
following ports: London, Newcastle, Hull, Liverpool, Glasgow and
Leith, as also with continental towns such as Hamburg, Rotterdam
and Christiania.
16. History of the County.
Standing remote from the centre of the country, Aberdeenshire has
not been fated to figure largely in general history. The story of its
own evolution from poverty to prosperity is an interesting one, but it
is only now and again that the county is involved in the main current
of the history of Scotland.
If the Romans ever visited it, which is highly doubtful, they left no
convincing evidence of their stay. Of positive Roman influence no
indication has survived, and no conquest of the district can have
taken place. The only records of the early inhabitants of the district—
usually called Picts—are the Eirde houses, the lake dwellings or
crannogs, the hill forts or duns, the “Druidical” circles and standing
stones and the flint arrow-heads, all of which will be dealt with in a
later chapter.
Christianity had reached the south of Scotland before the Romans
left early in the fifth century. The first missionary who crossed the
Mounth was St Ternan, whose name survives at Banchory-Ternan on
the Dee, the place of his death. St Kentigern or St Mungo, the patron
saint of Glasgow, had a church dedicated to him at Glengairn. St
Kentigern belonged to the sixth century, and was therefore a
contemporary of St Columba, who christianised Aberdeenshire from
Iona. In this way two great currents met in the north-east. Columba
accompanied by his disciple Drostan first appeared at Aberdour on
the northern coast. From Aberdour he passed on through Buchan,
and having established the Monastery of Deer and left Drostan in
charge, moved on to other fields of labour. His name survives in the
fishing village of St Combs. He is the tutelar saint of Belhelvie, and
the churches of New Machar and Daviot were dedicated to him.
These facts indicate the mode in which Pictland was brought under
the influence of Christianity.
The next historical item worthy of mention is the ravages of the
Scandinavian Vikings. The descents on the coast of these sea-
rovers were directed against the monastic communities, which had
gathered some wealth. The Aberdeenshire coast, having few inlets
convenient for the entry of their long boats, was to a large extent
exempt from their raids, but in 1012 an expedition under Cnut, son of
Swegen, the king of Denmark, landed at Cruden Bay.
Another fact of interest is the death of Macbeth, who for seventeen
years had by the help of Thorfinn, the Scandinavian (whose name
may be seen in the Deeside town of Torphins), usurped the kingship
of Scotland. Malcolm Canmore led an army against him in 1057, and
gradually driving him north, beyond the Mounth, overtook him at
Lumphanan. There Macbeth was slain. A Macbeth’s stone is said to
mark the place where he received his death-wound, and Macbeth’s
Cairn is marked by a clump of trees in the midst of cultivated land.
The farm called Cairnbethie retains the echo of his name. Kincardine
O’Neil, where Malcolm awaited the result of the conflict, commands
the ford of the Dee on the ancient route of travel from south to north
across the Cairn-o-Mounth.
Malcolm shortly after passed through Aberdeenshire at the head of
an expedition against the Celtic population which had supported
Macbeth. The Norman Conquest, nine years thereafter, was the
occasion of Anglo-Saxon settlements in the county. The court of
Malcolm and Queen Margaret became a centre of Anglo-Saxon
influence. The old Gaelic language gave way before the new
Teutonic speech. The Celtic population made various attempts to
recover the power that was fast slipping from their hands. Malcolm
headed a second expedition to Aberdeenshire in 1078, and on that
occasion granted the lands of Monymusk and Keig to the church of
St Andrews. He is said to have had a hunting-seat in the forest of
Mar, and the ruined castle of Kindrochit in the village of Braemar is
associated with this fact.
The earliest mention of Aberdeen is in a charter of Alexander I,
granting to the monks of Scone a dwelling in each of the principal
towns—one of which is Aberdeen. A stream of Anglo-Saxons,
Flemings and Scandinavians had been gradually flowing towards the
settlement at the mouth of the Dee, where they pursued their
handicrafts and established trade with other ports. William the Lion
frequently visited the town and ultimately built a royal residence,
which after a time was gifted to the Trinity or Red Friars for a
monastery. The bishopric of Aberdeen dates from 1150.
Edward I of England in 1296 at the head of a large army paid these
northern parts a visit. He entered the county by the road leading from
Glenbervie to Durris, whence he proceeded to Aberdeen, exacting
homage from the burghers during his five days’ stay. From Aberdeen
he went to Kintore and Fyvie and on to Speyside, returning by the
Cabrach, Kildrummy, Kincardine O’Neil and the Cairn-o-Mounth.
The next year Wallace, in his patriotic efforts to clear the country
from English domination, surprised Edward’s garrison at Aberdeen,
but unable to effect anything, hastily withdrew from the
neighbourhood. Edward was back in Aberdeen in 1303 and paid
another visit to Kildrummy Castle, then in the possession of Bruce.
Then Bruce, having fled from the English court and assassinated the
Red Comyn at Dumfries, was crowned at Scone and the long
struggle for national independence began in earnest. In 1307 he
came to Aberdeen, which was favourable to his cause. At Barra, not
far from Inverurie and Old Meldrum, his forces met those of the Earl
of Buchan (John Comyn) and defeated them (1308). It was not a
great battle in itself, but its consequences were important. It marked
the turn of the tide in the national cause. The Buchan district, in
which the battle took place, had long been identified with the
powerful family of the Comyns; and after his victory at Barra, Bruce
devastated the district with relentless fury. This “harrying of Buchan,”
as it has been called, is referred to by Barbour as an event
bemoaned for more than fifty years. The family of the Comyns was
crushed, and their influence, which had been liberal and considerate
to the native race of Celts, came to an end. The whole of the north-
east turned to Bruce’s support, and in a short time all Edward’s
garrisons disappeared. This upheaval created a fresh partition of the
lands of Aberdeenshire. New families such as the Hays, the Frasers,
the Gordons and the Irvines, were rewarded for faithful service by
grants of land. The re-settlement of the county from non-Celtic
sources accentuated the Teutonic element in the county. After
Bannockburn, Bruce rewarded Aberdeen itself for its support by
granting to the burgesses the burgh as well as the forest of Stocket.
The great event of the fifteenth century was the Battle of Harlaw,
which took place in 1411 at no great distance from the site of the
Battle of Barra. It was really a conflict between Celt and Saxon, and
was a despairing effort on the part of the dispossessed native
population to re-establish themselves in the Lowlands. The
Highlanders were led by Donald of the Isles, who gathering the
clansmen of the northern Hebrides, Ross and Lochaber, and
sweeping through Moray and Strathbogie, arrived at the Garioch on
his way to Aberdeen. The burghers placed themselves under the
leadership of the Earl of Mar (Alexander Stewart, son of the Wolf of
Badenoch), a soldier who had seen much service in various parts of
the world. The provost of the city, Robert Davidson, led forth a body
of his fellow-citizens and joined Mar’s forces at Inverurie, within three
miles of the Highlanders’ camp. The two forces were unequally
matched—Donald having 10,000 men and Mar only a tenth of that
number, but of these many were mail-clad knights on horseback and
armed with spears. It was a fiercely contested battle and lasted till
the darkness of a July night. The slaughter on both sides was great,
but the tide of barbarism was driven back. The Highlanders retreated
whence they came and the county of Aberdeen was saved from the
imminent peril of a Celtic recrudescence. This is the only really
memorable battle associated with Aberdeenshire soil. Its “red” field,
on which so many prominent citizens shed their life-blood (Provost
Davidson and Sir Alexander Irvine of Drum being of the number),
was long remembered as a dreary and costly victory.
Another battle of much less significance was that of Corrichie, fought
in Queen Mary’s reign in 1562 on the eastern slope of the Hill of
Fare, not far from Banchory. It was a contest between James
Stewart (the Regent Murray, and half-brother of the Queen) and the
Earl of Huntly. Huntly was defeated and slain, and his son, Sir John
Gordon, who was taken prisoner, was afterwards executed at
Aberdeen. Queen Mary, it is said, was a spectator both of the battle
and of the execution.
In the seventeenth century, at the beginning of the Covenanting
“troubles,” Aberdeenshire gained a certain notoriety as being the
place where the sword was first drawn. In 1639 the Covenanters
mustered at Turriff under Montrose, to the number of 800. The
Royalist party under the Earl of Huntly, to the number of 2000 but
poorly armed, marched to the town with the intention of preventing
the Covenanters from meeting, but they were already in possession,
and when Huntly’s party saw how matters stood, they passed on, the
two forces surveying each other at close quarters without hostile act
or word. This bloodless affair is known as the first Raid of Turriff. A
few weeks later a somewhat similar encounter took place, when the
Covenanters, completely surprised, fled without striking a blow. The
loss on either side was trifling, still some blood was actually shed,
and the Trot of Turriff, as it was called, became the first incident in a
long line of mighty events.
Montrose, both when he was leading on the side of the Covenant,
and later when he became a Royalist leader, paid several visits to
Aberdeen, which, although supporting the Royalist cause, suffered
exactions from both parties. In 1644 Montrose made a forcible entry
of the town, which resulted in the death of 150 Covenanters, and in
the plundering of the city. Later on, after his victory over Argyll at
Inverlochy, Montrose gained a success for the Royalist cause at
Alford (1645).
In 1650, after the execution of Charles I, his son Charles II landed at
Speymouth, and on his way south to be crowned at Scone, visited
Aberdeen, where he was received with every manifestation of loyalty
and goodwill. The next year General Monk paid the town a visit, and
left an English garrison, which remained till 1659. The Restoration
was hailed with rejoicing: the Revolution with dislike. Yet at the
Rebellion of 1715 scant enthusiasm was roused for the cause of the
Pretender, who himself passed through the city on his way from
Peterhead to Fetteresso. In the thirty years that passed before the
second Jacobite Rebellion, public sentiment had grown more
favourable to the reigning House. The ’45 therefore received little
support in Aberdeenshire. A few of the old county families threw in
their lot with the Prince, but the general body of the people were
averse to taking arms. The Duke of Cumberland, on his way north to
meet Prince Charlie at Culloden, remained with his army six weeks
in the city; when he started on his northward march through Old
Meldrum, Turriff and Banff, he left a garrison of 200 men in Robert
Gordon’s Hospital, lately built but not yet opened. After Culloden
small pickets of troops were stationed in the Highland districts of the
county, to suppress the practice of cattle-lifting. Braemar Castle and
Corgarff Castle in the upper reaches of the Dee and the Don still
bear evidence of their use as garrison forts. The problem of dealing
with the inhabitants of the higher glens, where agriculture was
useless, and where the habits of the people prompted to raiding and
to rebellion, was solved by enlisting the young men in the British
Army. The Black Watch (42nd) as reorganised (1758) and a regiment
of Gordon Highlanders (1759) were largely recruited from West
Aberdeenshire, and this happy solution closed the military history of
the district.
17. Antiquities—Circles, Sculptured Stones,
Crannogs, Forts.
Aberdeenshire is particularly rich in stone-circles. No fewer than 175
of them have been recorded as existing in the district. Unfortunately
many of them entirely disappeared when the sites were turned to
agricultural uses; others have been mutilated, and owing to the
removal of some of the stones, stand incomplete; a few have been
untouched, and from these we may judge what the others were like.
One of the best preserved is that at Parkhouse, a mile south-west of
the Abbey of Deer. A circle of great blocks of stone, irregular and of
unequal height, some standing erect, some evidently fallen down, is
the general feature. Sometimes inside the circle, but more usually in
the circumference of the circle itself, there is one conspicuously
larger stone, in a recumbent position. This it has been usual to call
the rostrum or altar stone. It is well marked at Parkhouse, being 14
feet 9 inches long, 5 feet 9 inches high, and estimated to weigh 20
tons. The so-called rostrum is usually on the south side of the circle
and the stones facing it on the north are of smaller size.
White Cow Wood Cairn Circle; View from the S.W.
From _Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland_,
1903-4
Palaeolithic Flint Implement
(From Kent’s Cavern, Torquay.)
Neolithic Celt of Greenstone
(From Bridlington, Yorks.)
The size of the circles varies, the largest being over 60 feet in
diameter, the smaller ones less than 30. Parkhouse measures 50
feet. They are found all over the county, in the valley of the Dee, in
the valley of the Don at Alford, Inverurie and Dyce, as well as in
Auchterless, Methlick, Crimond and Lonmay. The recumbent stone is
invariably a feature of the larger circles. One of the largest is in the
circle at Old Keig in Alford—a huge monolith computed to be 30 tons
in weight. Other good examples are at Auchquorthies, Fetternear
and at Balquhain near Inveramsay.
In the smaller and simpler circles, there is no recumbent stone, and
the blocks are of more uniform height.
What the circles were used for is still a matter of dispute. They have
for long been called “Druidical” circles, and the received opinion was
that they were places of worship, the recumbent stone being the
altar. But there is no certitude in this view; and, indeed, the fact that
several exist at no great distance from each other (more than a
dozen are located in Deer) would seem to be adverse to it. They
were certainly used as places of burying, and some antiquarians
hold that they were the burying grounds of the people of the Bronze
Age. A later theory is that they were intended to be astronomical
clocks to a people who knew nothing of the length of the year, and
who had no almanacs to guide them in the matter of the seasons.
The stone-circles, however, still remain an unsolved problem.
Stone at Logie, in the Garioch (4 feet high)
From Anderson’s Scot. in Early Ch. Times, 2nd Series
Besides the circles, Aberdeenshire has another class of

archaeological remains, called sculptured stones. These are of three
kinds: (1) those with incised symbols only, (2) those with in addition
Celtic ornament carved in relief, and (3) monuments with Celtic
ornament in relief and no symbols. The first class is the only one
largely represented in Aberdeenshire and a good many
representatives are in existence. The symbols most commonly seen
are the crescent and sceptre, the spectacles, the mirror and comb,
and the so-called “elephant” symbol, a representation of a beast with
long jaws, a crest and scroll feet. Another is the serpent symbol.
What the symbols signify is still a mystery, but the fact that the
stones with symbolism are unusually common in what was known as
Northern Pictland seems to point to their being indigenous to that
area. Out of 124 stones in the first class Aberdeenshire has 42. It
would seem as if the county had been the focus where the
symbolism originated. The richness of the locality round Kintore and
Inverurie in symbol stones is taken to indicate that region as the
centre from which they radiated.
Another form of archaeological remains found in the county is the
Eirde or Earth-Houses. These are subterranean dwellings dug out of
the ground and walled with unhewn, unmortared stones, each stone
overlapping the one below until they meet at the top which is
crowned with a larger flag-stone, or sometimes with wood. The
probability is that in conjunction with the underground chambers
there were huts above ground, which, being composed of wood,
have now entirely disappeared. At many points in these earth-
houses traces of fire and charcoal are to be seen, stones blackened
by fire and layers of black ashes. In one at Loch Kinnord a piece of
the upper stone of a quern as well as an angular piece of iron was
found. It may be inferred that the inhabitants, whoever they were,
were agriculturists, and that the period of occupation lasted down to
the Iron Age. Specimens of these houses, which usually go by the
local name of Picts’ houses, are found in the neighbourhood of Loch
Kinnord on Deeside, at Castle Newe on the Don, and at Parkhouse,
not far from the circle already referred to.
“PICTS” OR “EIRDE HOUSE” AT MIGVIE
ABERDEENSHIRE
From Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland,
Vol. V. 1865
The common notion of the purpose of these underground dwellings

was that they were meant for hiding-places in which the inhabitants
took refuge when unable to resist their enemies in the open, but if,
as has now been discovered, they were associated with wooden
erections above ground, they could not have served this purpose.
On the surface beside them were other houses, cattlefolds and other
enclosures; once an enemy was in possession of these, he could
hardly miss the earth-houses. Moreover, the inhabitants, if
discovered, were in a trap from which there was no escape. It is
more probable that the dwellings were adjuncts of some unknown
kind to the huts on the surface. The fact that pottery and bronze
armlets have been unearthed from these underground caverns
proves that the earth-dwellers had reached a certain advancement in
civilisation. They reared domestic animals, wove cloth and sewed it,
and manufactured pottery. They used iron for cutting weapons and
bronze for ornament, and must have possessed a wonderfully high
standard of taste and manual skill.
Along with the earth-houses at Kinnord are found crannogs or lake-
dwellings. Artificial islands were created in the loch by forming a raft
of logs, upon which layers of stones and other logs were deposited.
As fresh materials were added the raft gradually sank till it rested on
the bottom. The sides were afterwards strengthened with the
addition of stones and beams. In this way was formed what is called
the Prison Island on Loch Kinnord. In all probability the other island
in the same loch, the Castle Island, may also be artificial, although it
has usually been regarded as natural. Crannogs in pairs—one large
and the other small—occur in several lochs.
Loch Kinnord
A number of hill-forts, more or less disintegrated, are traceable in the

higher ground in the vicinity of Lochs Kinnord and Davan. These
show concentric lines of circumvallation, with stronger fortifications at
various points. Vitrified forts, where the stones have been run
together by the application of heat, are found at Dunnideer near
Insch, and on the conical summit of Tap o’ Noth near Rhynie. The
Barmekin at Dunecht encloses an area of more than two acres, and
consists of five concentric walls, three of earth-works and two of
stone.
Numerous cairns, barrows or tumuli exist all over the county, at
Aberdour on the coast, at Birse, Bourtie, Rhynie, Turriff, and
elsewhere. Human remains have been found in most of these; and
as a rule flint arrow-heads and other implements are also associated
with them.

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2. Which of the following is a characteristic of fat cell development?

4. Which of the following is known to promote fat storage in adipocytes?

5. The major function of lipoprotein lipase is to

7. Which of the following is a feature of the lipoprotein lipase enzyme?

8. Obesity resulting from an increase in the number of fat cells is termed:

9. Which of the following defines the body's set point?

11. What is Prader–Willi syndrome?

12. Which of the following is a feature of weight gain and genetics?

13. On which organ or tissue does leptin primarily act?

17. What is the significance of the uncoupling proteins in adipose tissue?

18. Which of the following is not a beneficial effect of adiponectin?

31. What is the primary action of orlistat, a weight-loss drug?

33. Which of the following is a characteristic of liposuction?

44. What is the best approach to weight loss?

45. An important aid in any weight-loss diet program is to:

52. Which of the following is a relation of ‘spot reducing’ to exercise?

56. An example of a behaviour modification technique for weight control is to:

62. Approximately what percentage of adults are classified as underweight?

69. Which of the following is a characteristic of most fad diets?

DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Overweight and obesity

ANS: lipoprotein lipase

DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Overweight and obesity

3. ____________________ is a genetic disorder characterised by excessive appetite, massive obesity,

ANS: Prader–Willi syndrome

DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Causes of overweight and obesity

4. ____________________ maintains homeostasis by regulating food intake and energy expenditure in

DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Causes of overweight and obesity

ANS: obesogenic environment

DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Causes of overweight and obesity

7. Dietary supplements containing ____________________ have been implicated in numerous heart

DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Problems of overweight and obesity

ANS: Lorcaserin hydrochloride (trade name: Belviq)

DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Aggressive treatments for obesity

ANS: Orlistat (trade names: Alli; Xenical)

DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Aggressive treatments for obesity

ANS: gastric bypass surgery

DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Aggressive treatments for obesity

a. 0.5 k. Set point

1. ANS: E DIF: Bloom's: Remember REF: Overweight and obesity

1. Discuss differences in fat cell metabolism between males and females.

DIF: Bloom's: Understand REF: Overweight and obesity

2. Explain the role of lipoprotein lipase enzyme in fat-cell metabolism.

DIF: Bloom's: Understand REF: Overweight and obesity

3. Explain the set point theory of weight change.

DIF: Bloom's: Understand REF: Overweight and obesity

DIF: Bloom's: Understand REF: Causes of overweight and obesity

DIF: Bloom's: Understand REF: Causes of overweight and obesity

6. Discuss the meaning and significance of the term ‘obesogenic environment’.

Besides the circles, Aberdeenshire has another class of

The common notion of the purpose of these underground dwellings

A number of hill-forts, more or less disintegrated, are traceable in the

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