Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Download Contemporary American Foreign Policy Influences Challenges and Opportunities 1st Edition Mansbach Solutions Manual all chapters
Download Contemporary American Foreign Policy Influences Challenges and Opportunities 1st Edition Mansbach Solutions Manual all chapters
https://testbankfan.com/product/contemporary-american-foreign-
policy-influences-challenges-and-opportunities-1st-edition-
mansbach-test-bank/
https://testbankfan.com/product/cengage-advantage-american-
foreign-policy-and-process-6th-edition-mccormick-solutions-
manual/
https://testbankfan.com/product/cengage-advantage-american-
foreign-policy-and-process-6th-edition-mccormick-test-bank/
https://testbankfan.com/product/international-business-
opportunities-and-challenges-vol-2-1st-edition-carpenter-test-
bank/
International Business Opportunities and Challenges In
A Flattening World 1st Edition Carpenter Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/international-business-
opportunities-and-challenges-in-a-flattening-world-1st-edition-
carpenter-test-bank/
https://testbankfan.com/product/american-foreign-policy-the-
dynamics-of-choice-in-the-21st-century-4th-edition-jentleson-
test-bank/
https://testbankfan.com/product/u-s-foreign-policy-the-paradox-
of-world-power-5th-edition-hook-solutions-manual/
https://testbankfan.com/product/cengage-advantage-books-the-
politics-of-united-states-foreign-policy-6th-edition-rosati-
solutions-manual/
https://testbankfan.com/product/u-s-foreign-policy-the-paradox-
of-world-power-5th-edition-hook-test-bank/
Mansbach and Taylor, Contemporary American Foreign Policy, Edition: Instructor Resource
1. What are some of the several forms intervention might take? What kind of intervention is
most suited for managing each of the challenges discussed in this chapter?
Sample answer: Intervention can take the form of military invasion, military or
diplomatic support, foreign economic aid, and even neglect (ignoring a country’s needs).
Historically, military intervention has been used to advance U.S. strategic interests,
particularly to maintain stability in strategically important countries and to prevent the
spread of communism during the Cold War. Military and diplomatic aid can also be used
to advance U.S. strategic interests, as it was in Nicaragua in the 1980s, and in Colombia
in the 2000s. Humanitarian and economic aid are best suited for dealing with the
challenges of poverty and underdevelopment, including health and disease. The
effectiveness of this kind of intervention is uneven, however. U.S. officials need consider
to the needs and governance practices of the recipients as well as the effect of aid on
local markets.
2. What challenges do fragile states pose for America? Should they be viewed as threats to
U.S. interests or opportunities, and what policy responses are appropriate?
Sample answer: Fragile states pose humanitarian and strategic challenges. Governments
in fragile states are unable to deliver security, rule of law, or economic security to their
populations. They cannot meet the most basic needs of their people, and U.S. values
support offering aid to improve the lives of people and to achieve economic and political
stability. Fragile states can also pose strategic dangers by being a source of regional
instability and conflict, transnational crime, and even terrorism. Fragile states can be
viewed as threats to human security and to U.S. interests, but they can also be viewed as
opportunities for the U.S. to support economic and political development.
Students should develop an argument about policy responses and support it with
evidence from the chapter. Answers should demonstrate an understanding of the need to
balance values and interests.
3. Foreign aid funding levels are an ongoing source of controversy in U.S. politics. Does
America give enough foreign aid? Explain your response.
Sample answer: The U.S. is far and away the largest donor of development aid in
absolute terms, having dispensed $32 billion in 2013. However, at 0.19 percent, the U.S.
Mansbach and Taylor, Contemporary American Foreign Policy, Edition: Instructor Resource
ranks very low among donor countries in terms of aid as a percent of national income.
Students should formulate an argument about whether the U.S. gives enough aid that
recognizes the different benchmarks. The strongest answers will also consider the value
of aid in promoting U.S. values and interests and the effectiveness of aid policy.
4. Why does global health pose such a challenge for U.S. foreign policymakers? Should
Washington focus health funding on combatting infectious disease or building health
infrastructure?
Sample answer: Global health poses a two-fold challenge: to ensure people have access
to adequate healthcare as part of a broader development strategy and to contain
outbreaks of infectious diseases. As in dealing with fragile states, U.S. policy is often
reactive, focusing on diseases/outbreaks that cause instability and that threaten to spread
to the United States. Policies that focus on building health infrastructure might result in
fewer infectious disease outbreaks, but such policies are costly, must be sustained in the
long term, and must be complemented by strategies to improve governance and economic
development.
5. What tradeoffs between values and interests are involved in the issue of refugees and
migrants? Should values or interests take priority?
Sample answer: The United States prides itself on being a nation of immigrants and a
“land of opportunity.” However, Americans also fear that immigrants take away jobs,
change the culture, and even threaten national security (if criminals or potential
terrorists are admitted). Policies that limit the number of migrants, including refugees,
conflict may not be entirely consistent with U.S. values, but they protect domestic
economic and social interests. These tradeoffs are most apparent in policies dealing with
children and families fleeing conflict in Central America and with refugees fleeing
conflict in Syria, Afghanistan, and Iraq.
6. What evidence of aid, intervention, and neglect do you see in other issues described in
this chapter? Does any single approach dominate?
Sample answer: Students will need to formulate a response that recognizes that aid,
intervention, and even neglect are apparent in all the issues discussed in this chapter. It
is a constant challenge in U.S. foreign policy to determine how much and what kind of
“intervention” is appropriate in relations with the Global South. If intervention is very
broadly construed (even to include aid), then it is likely to dominate. However, if
intervention is understood narrowly as military intervention, then students may argue
that aid or neglect are dominant.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
in the anterior vena cava, under the influence of the expiratory effort;
sometimes to emphysema, tuberculosis, etc.; in other cases to the
return of blood towards the vena cava and jugulars at the moment of
auricular systole, as a result of lesions of the tricuspid or auriculo-
ventricular orifices.
By palpation of the veins their permeability can be estimated, also
the degree of distension or obstruction, and the condition of their
contents.
Capillary system. Among methods of arriving at the state of the
circulatory system must be included an examination of the vascular
condition of the accessible mucous membranes, such as those of the
eye, mouth, nostril, vulva, etc. This examination is easy to carry out,
and is of value in diagnosing congestive states, pneumonia, and local
inflammation.
Blood. Examination of the blood is sometimes necessary for the
exact diagnosis of certain diseases, and therefore should be carried
out whenever occasion requires. The physical state, coloration, and
rapidity of coagulation afford valuable data in certain diseased
conditions, and indicate the approximate richness in hæmoglobin,
the normal or abnormal composition of the plasma, and the richness
of the blood in white corpuscles.
Microscopic examination is still more valuable, whether carried
out by the moist method, in which a drop of blood is compressed
under a cover glass, or the dry method with or without staining. In
the latter case the specimen is fixed with a mixture of equal parts of
alcohol and ether or by immersing it in a 1 per cent. solution of osmic
acid.
By this means it is possible to detect the condition of the red and
white blood corpuscles and hæmatoblasts; the existence or non-
existence of leucocytosis and its degree, as well as the existence, for
instance, of leucocythæmia.
The blood corpuscles may also be counted.
Histological examination, supplemented by suitable staining,
reveals the presence of normal or abnormal blood corpuscles,
parasites such as piroplasma, or microbes such as bacteria.
Such examination necessarily presupposes a knowledge of what
should be looked for in the normal state.
In normal blood the red blood corpuscles predominate. They are
all similar in form and, with few exceptions, of the same size. They
stain strongly with acid solutions such as eosine. In pathological
conditions, large or giant corpuscles may be found (macrocytes), as
well as those of medium size (normal) and small size (microcytes).
Some are vigorous and stain deeply; others, on the contrary, are
degenerating or dead, and have no greater affinity for one
constituent than for another of the double or triple stains commonly
employed.
In pathological conditions the hæmatoblasts occur in very varying
numbers.
The white blood corpuscles found in health may be classified as
follows:—
Large and small lymphocytes, each of which has a round
voluminous nucleus and a narrow border, and contains a non-
granular protoplasm; their proportion varies between 22 per cent.
and 25 per cent.:
Polynuclear leucocytes or polymorphous leucocytes with a single
nucleus, which originate in bone marrow, stain best with neutral
colours, and are present in the proportion of 70 per cent. to 72 per
cent.:
Mononuclear leucocytes with an ovoid eccentric nucleus stain best
with basic colours, and form about 1 per cent.:
Polynuclear leucocytes stain best with eosine or acid colours, and
form about 1 per cent. to 2 per cent.
When these white blood corpuscles are in larger number the
condition is known as leucocytosis, and when one or other variety is
in very great excess the condition is known as leucæmia.
CHAPTER I.
CARDIAC ANOMALIES.
Fig. 178.—Seat of operation for puncturing the pericardium by way of the ensiform
cartilage. L B, White line; H, line of the hypochondrium; V. M.a., anterior
mammary vein; P, point where the pericardium is punctured through the incision.