HOW TO BUY

a UV/Vis Spectrophotometer
All the information you should be considering
when looking to purchase the best UV/Vis
spectrophotometer for your lab’s needs

12TH EDITION | 2024

2024 UV/VIS Spectrophotometers

How to buy a UV/Vis spectrophotometer

UV/Vis spectrophotometry is a common
technique used for qualitative and
quantitative analyses for a wide range
Contents
of applications.
1. Useful questions
Laboratories seeking a new UV/Vis
spectrophotometer have many choices, 2. Basic concepts
from the simplest single-wavelength 3. Application considerations
instruments to high-performance, 4. Instrument components
multi-spectrum analyzers.
Labs across academia and industry are
5. Considerations for optical
actively seeking to invest in new UV/Vis
configurations/optical design
spectrophotometers and accessories for a 6. Performance criteria
range of reasons. For instance, many users 7. E
 xamples of
require an instrument capable of enhanced instruments available
accuracy and precision, as well as the
8. Future trends
ability to effectively analyze complex
samples at low concentrations. Researchers 9. Editor’s picks
in academia and industry understand that
technology is constantly advancing, and
therefore are choosing to take advantage expanded wavelength ranges and enhanced
of updated instruments with new and sensitivity. This guide will highlight important
improved features and capabilities – from factors to consider when purchasing a
automation and faster scan speeds to UV/Vis spectrophotometer.

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2024 UV/VIS Spectrophotometers
1. Useful questions
To make the most of your purchasing power,
you should ask yourself and your colleagues
the following questions before speaking to
a manufacturer or shopping online:
• What is your budget?
It is important to understand and work within
a realistic budget.
• What applications will you use the
instrument for?
Consider the hardware and software which
will be best suited to your needs. Don’t forget
to consider any future applications you may
require the instrument for, or ways in which
others in your laboratory may wish to use
the instrument.
• Is it important to be able to upgrade the
system or add on additional modules?
This is largely dependent on any future
applications you might wish to use this
instrument for. You should consider whether
it would be useful to purchase a system that
can perform additional types of analyses,
such as one with both fluorescence and
absorbance measurement capabilities. You
can learn more about the advantages of each
form of measurement in this technical note.
• Are you replacing an instrument?
Review with others what the advantages
and limitations of the old instrument were.
This will help you decide which features are
essential or desirable in your next purchase.
For instance, a Good UV Vis Practice (GUVP)
check can assist you in determining which
features are essential or desirable in your next
purchase and in identifying potential risks in
your current setup.
• How important is speed and efficiency?
Which features or technologies would
streamline your workflow and save time for
users? How will the system integrate into
your current workflow? Remember to take
into account your future goals, such as the
introduction of liquid handling robots or an
increase in sample volume.
• What level of servicing, maintenance
and support do you need?
Find out what type of maintenance the
instrument requires and how often. Decide
which type of servicing package you will require.
• Is the software user friendly?
Will the instrument need to be used by many
non-expert users, or by a handful of super-users?
• Is the software compatible with other
devices in your lab?
Consider which platforms you would like to
use to view your data. Is the operating system
of the spectrophotometer compatible with
Apple, Android or Microsoft devices.
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2. Basic concepts
UV/Vis refers to the ultraviolet (UV) and
visible (Vis) parts of the electromagnetic Transmittance (T) Absorbance (A)
spectrum. The Joint Committee on
Nomenclature in Applied Spectroscopy sets T = I/I₀ A = -logT
the far UV region at 10–200 nm, near UV at
200–380 nm and visible at 380–780 nm. Unit: theoretically
Modern UV/Vis spectrophotometers typically none, but ‘A’ or
have a wavelength range from 190 nm ‘AU’ are used to
to 1100 nm. %T = I/I₀ x 100 report absorbance
When a beam of electromagnetic radiation measurements
strikes an object, it can be absorbed, (‘OD’ is also
transmitted, scattered, reflected, or it can sometimes used)
cause fluorescence. The processes that
are involved in UV/Vis spectroscopy are Table 1. Transmittance and absorbance calculations

absorption and transmission.

When ultraviolet and visible radiation
interacts with matter, electronic transitions
take place; that is, electrons in the ground
state are promoted to a high energy state.
In particular, π to π* and n to π* transitions
occur in the UV/Vis region.
2.2 The Beer-Lambert Law
The Beer-Lambert Law (Figure 1) states that
the concentration of an analyte in solution is
directly proportional to the absorbance (A) of
the solution.

2.1 Transmittance and absorbance

When a beam of light passes through a

sample, the amount of light absorbed is the
A= bc
is the molar absorption or extinction coefficient
difference between the incident radiation b is the path length
c is concentration
(I0) and the transmitted radiation (I).
Transmittance and absorbance are terms Figure 1. Beer-Lambert Law equation

used to express the amount of light absorbed

by the sample. Absorbance in older literature is
also called ‘extinction’ or ‘optical density’ (OD).

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2024 UV/VIS Spectrophotometers
3. Application considerations
UV/Vis spectrophotometry can be used
for a wide range of applications over
many disciplines including life sciences,
pharmaceutical, food & beverage,
environmental and materials science. When
determining what specification and features
you require, it is essential that you carefully
consider the various applications that you
may need your UV/Vis spectrophotometer
to perform, not just now, but in future
years. Important factors to take into
account include:
• Analytes: The wavelength of maximum
absorption of analytes you wish to detect and
quantify will determine the wavelength range
you require from your spectrophotometer.
Many UV/Vis spectrophotometers are
designed for life science and drug discovery
applications and often cover a range of the
UV/Vis spectrum from 190nm - 840nm.
However, some instruments designed
specifically for materials and environmental
applications have a wider wavelength range.
• Measurements: Measurement considerations
play a vital role in the selection of a UV/Vis
spectrophotometer. Each application has
unique measurement requirements, such as
wavelength range, spectral bandwidth, and
sensitivity – which may vary based on the
sample under analysis.
• Sample characteristics: The nature of the
sample being analyzed can greatly influence
how you choose the best spectrophotometer
to meet your goals. Some samples may
have complex matrices or low concentrations,
requiring a spectrophotometer with high
sensitivity and advanced analysis
capabilities. Other samples may require
specialized techniques, such as kinetics
or scanning, which would require a
spectrophotometer designed specially to
cater for this need.
• Throughput and workflow: Consideration of
the application helps determine the required
throughput and workflow features. If your
lab needs to analyze many samples in a
short time, features such as automation or
high-throughput capabilities are essential.
Alternatively, if your application involves more
manual and specialized measurements, you
could prioritize other features, such as
ease-of-use or flexibility in experimental setup.
Therefore, by considering the application
when purchasing a UV/Vis spectrophotometer,
you can select a system that is tailored to
the specific needs of your research to ensure
optimal performance, accurate results, and
efficient workflow.
• Volume of samples to be analyzed: Those
working with low volumes of precious
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samples, such as DNA or protein, will
benefit from investment in a microvolume
spectrophotometer, which can analyze
as little as 0.5µL of sample. Some
spectrophotometers can also accommodate
large cuvettes, to facilitate other absorbance
and fluorescence methods.
• Software and usability: Consider the
user interface and inclusion of software
features such as predefined methods, data
analysis and contamination alerts. This can
enhance ease-of-use, enabling improved
workflow efficiency and reduced training
needs. Find out more about software and
data management.
• Regulated industry: Those working in
regulated industries, such as food and
beverage manufacturing, environmental
agencies or the pharmaceutical industry,
will require instruments to be compliant
with industry standards and often have
advanced QC and security features.
• Future applications: Do you foresee any
future application needs which would require
a larger spectral range, different sample
volumes, additional software features or the
ability to perform different spectrophotometric
analyses such as fluorescence?
3.1 Life science
In life sciences, UV/Vis absorbance
spectrophotometry is commonly used to
quickly and easily determine nucleic acid
concentration and assess sample purity. In
protein biology, it is used to quantify proteins,
either directly or through a Bradford assay.
UV/Vis can also be used to monitor cellular
and microbial growth, as well as ELISA and
kinetic assays.
Important features you should consider:
• Micro-volume samples
• Predesigned and customizable applications
– the ability to select common methods, such
as Bradford assay, enzyme kinetics
and nucleic acid quantification
• Temperature control
Watch this short introductory video to learn
how UV/Vis spectroscopy is utilized as a
direct analytical technique for assessing the
purity, concentration, and stability of cell
and gene therapy products.
3.2 Regulated industry and
applied chemistry
UV/Vis spectrophotometry can be applied
to a wide range of applications, including:
• Drug discovery & pharmaceutical:
Quantitative analysis of drug formulations,
quality control, drug development
and delivery.
• Materials science: Analysis of a range of
materials including glass, metals and paint,
as part of material development as well
as for quality control.
• Food and beverage: Quantitative
determination of ingredients and drinking
water analysis.
• Environmental analysis: Analysis of trace
analytes in waste and environmental waters.
• Clinical diagnostics and medical research:
Many clinical analyses, and increasingly used
for non-invasive analysis of soft tissues.
TOP TIP
Important features you
should consider:
• Accommodation of your
sample type and volume
• Compliance with industry
rules and regulations
• Wavelength range
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4. Instrument components
The different components of a UV/Vis
spectrophotometer contribute to the overall
performance of the instrument. At a basic
level, each UV/Vis spectrophotometer
consists of five main components:
• Light source – provides radiation of
appropriate wavelength
• Sample compartment – the area where the
sample is introduced into the light beam
Figure 2. Graphical setup of the METTLER TOLEDO UV/VIS Excellence
Spectrophotometers. Xenon lamp setup with CCD sensor.
Source: Mettler-Toledo International.
• Monochromator – produces a beam of
monochromatic light; in the conventional UV/
Vis configuration, it consists of an entrance
slit, collimating device, dispersing device,
focusing lens or mirror, and an exit slit
• Detector – detects and measures the
intensity of radiation
• Signal handling and measuring system –
processes data and controls the instrument
Figure 2 shows the components and setup
of a typical array UV/Vis spectrophotometer.
4.1 Sample format
Most samples analyzed by UV/Vis are in
liquid or solution state. This is because
UV/ Vis spectroscopy is particularly
well-suited for the analysis of substances
that can be dissolved or dispersed in a liquid.
Liquid samples offer several advantages for
UV/ Vis analysis. For instance, liquids typically
provide a homogeneous environment,
ensuring that the sample is evenly distributed
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2024 UV/VIS Spectrophotometers
throughout the measurement volume.
This allows for consistent and representative
measurements of the sample’s optical
properties. Traditional sample cells include
cuvettes, sippers (an accessory which
automatically fills the cells with sample
solution), and microplates such as those
compatible with the Synergy HTX Multi-Mode
Microplate Reader. Micro-volume
spectrophotometers, such as the DS-8X
and DS-11 Series, use a microvolume
platform onto which the sample solution
can be directly pipetted, while the
N50 NanoPhotometer by Implen has a
micro-volume capability starting with
only 0.3 µL of sample volume.
Typically, sample volumes are in the range
of 0.5 to 2 µL. Some instruments feature
fiber-optic probes for measuring samples
outside the UV/Vis spectrophotometer’s
sample compartment. This enables analysis
of the sample in situ, which is especially
useful when it is not possible to physically
remove samples, for example, when
monitoring industrial production lines,
blood or the environment.
Another consideration is pathlength.
Microvolume spectrophotometers have a
TOP TIP
If using cuvettes as sample
cells, it is important to
consider the cuvette
material. Common materials
include optical glass,
quartz and sapphire. The
transmission range of the
material will need to match
the wavelength range of your
analytes; materials that have
a broader transmission range,
such as sapphire, come at a
higher cost.
Figure 3. Illustration of an instrument facilitating multiple modes of analysis
very short pathlength, normally between 0.1
to 1mm, which allows highly concentrated
samples to be analyzed without the need
for dilution.
For example, the SmartPath™ technology
with Bridge Testing™ integrated into The
DeNovix DS-8X and DS-11 Series enables
microvolume droplets of sample to be
analyzed accurately in a range of up to 0.75
ng/µL to 37,500 ng/µL. The DS-8X enables
higher throughput workflows with eight
channels, enabling faster nucleic acid and
protein quantification. Alternatively, the
N50 NanoPhotometer offers an extensive
dynamic range with two precisely defined
path lengths to eliminate pathlength drift,
and the Biodrop µLITE by BioDrop Ltd is able
to perform measurements that are highly
accurate because the pathlength is specified
to +/– 5 µm.
At the opposite end of the spectrum,
some instruments accommodate a very
long pathlength. These instruments can
accommodate cuvettes, increasing sensitivity
and allowing for the detection of analytes at
trace levels.
Instruments that offer additional flexibility
by accommodating both microvolume and
larger samples in cuvettes, and by integrating
microvolume and cuvette absorbance with
fluorescence measurements, should also
be considered. To gain further insights into
handling glass cuvettes, watch this video from
METTLER TOLEDO on SelectScience.
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2024 UV/VIS Spectrophotometers

Tungsten-halogen
Xenon (190 - 1100 nm) Deuterium (190 - 380 nm)
(320 – 1100 nm)

Covers the UV and visible range but Typical life Good intensity continuum
higher instrumental stray light and less approximately in the UV region; typical life
energy at the far visible end; ideal for 2,000 hrs; relatively approximately 1,000 hrs.
general measurements, long lifetime inexpensive.
(typically seven years).

Table 2. List of UV/Vis light sources

4.2 Light source smaller, faster, and more sensitive. These

The light source should be stable during
the measurement period. That is, the
intensity of emitted radiation should not
fluctuate, and there should be adequate
intensity over as large a wavelength region
as possible. The ideal light source would
yield a constant intensity over all
wavelengths, with low noise and
long-term stability.
Table 2 lists the light sources for UV/Vis
differences must be considered when setting
internal specifications for measurement
performance. An array device can detect
even the smallest variations.
Download this array versus scanning
white paper for a comparison of these two
spectrophotometer setups and find out
more about their individual performance.
4.3 Software & data management

“
spectrophotometers. The different sources
are not equivalent; they provide light UV/Vis software is an area that is constantly
intensities and noise at different parts of developing and expanding. Most
the spectrum. spectrophotometers now
Many UV/Vis include their own software
spectrophotometers use
both deuterium and
UV/Vis software that controls the instrument,
collects, analyzes and
tungsten-halogen lamps to
cover the entire UV (deuterium is an area that manipulates data.
Many software packages
lamp) and visible (tungsten- now come with
halogen lamp) spectrum.
Either a source selector is
used to switch between the
lamps as appropriate, or the
light from the two sources expanding.
“
is constantly
developing and
pre-programmed methods
that enable users to
perform routine analyses
and calculate common
parameters with just a
is mixed to yield a single few clicks. A combination
broadband source. This type of an intuitive user interface
of setup is known as scanning. Xenon flash and software can make the instrument
lamps are becoming the most commonly more accessible to occasional, non-expert
used source for life science applications users as well as speeding up routine
because they cover the entire UV and visible analysis. For example, many instruments
range, have extended lifetimes, do not require suited to life sciences include
warm-up time, and do not raise the pre-programmed applications for nucleic
temperature of the sample compartment. acid quantification, protein and peptide
A diode array spectrophotometer is better quantification, kinetic assays and optical
than a scanning device in three ways: it’s density and cell/mL calculations.

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2024 UV/VIS Spectrophotometers
Figure 4. Different applications can be laid out for user convenience
and to avoid quantification mistakes. Screen shown above is from the
DS-11 Spectrophotometer / Fluorometer.
Examples include:
• DeNovix Inc. spectrophotometers such
as the DS-8X and DS-11 Series include
powerful and intuitive EasyApps™ software,
which make the instruments easy to learn
and quick to use with no setup required
(Figure 4). This software was designed by life
scientists and includes SmartQC™, which
assesses contamination, monitors for spectral
abnormalities, and ensures users are alerted
if previous users have failed to remove
previous samples.
• Gen5 Microplate Reader and Imager
Software from Agilent Technologies is
available onboard or on a PC, and integrates
with all BioTek imaging and detection systems.
• Acclaro™ Sample Intelligence technology
provided with the Thermo Scientific™
NanoDrop™ One calls on a spectral library
to identify common DNA sample
contaminants, such as phenol and
proteins, and prevent them.
• The BioSpec-nano Micro-Volume UV
Spectrophotometer by Shimadzu Corporation
is a low-maintenance micro-volume
spectrophotometer. This combines dedicated
software designed to enable the ease of
quantitation of DS/SS DNA and labeled/
unlabeled proteins.
• The UV5 Excellence UV/VIS Spectrophotometers
by Mettler-Toledo GmbH can be run standalone
or using LabX® software that fosters fast
spectral data management, fully compliant
with 21 CFR part 11/EU annex 11. This also
enables seamless integration into automated
multi-parameter systems with other METTLER
TOLEDO analytical instruments such as
titrators, density meters, refractometers,
pH meters, and analytical balances.
Some instruments allow standalone
operation with a touchscreen user interface
like that of the DS-8X and DS-11 Series
from DeNovix, making operation simple
and efficient. Software such as EasyApps™,
with an easy-to-use, icon-driven interface,
take advantage of many of the touchscreen
navigation features already familiar to many
of today’s researchers.
Easy saving of results and data export
is important for stand-alone instruments.
Many models now come with USB, WiFi and
Ethernet, giving you more freedom when
organizing your laboratory space and making
it easier to access your data.
Discover some of the key features of
EasyApps™ software in this application note.
4.4 Connectivity
Ease of data export is important for
standalone instruments. Many models now
come with USB, WiFi and Ethernet, giving
you more freedom when organizing your
laboratory space and making it easier to
access your data.
Some platforms also have dedicated apps
for accessing, viewing and exporting saved
data. The DeNovix Data app enables users
to easily access all data obtained on the
instrument, email reports as csv, pdf or jpeg
files, save data to a LIMS or network drive,
or print out the data to network printers or
label writers.
It’s also important to consider the ability
to set up user accounts on instruments that
allow individual users to save pre-configured
methods of their choice, increasing speed
to results and ease-of-use for even
non-expert users
4.5 Monochromator
The ideal monochromator should produce
monochromatic light. In practice, however,
the output is always a narrow band, optimally
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symmetrical in shape.
The dispersion device in monochromators
can be a prism or diffraction grating. Most
modern spectrophotometers contain
holographic gratings instead of prisms.
4.6 Detector
Ideally, the detector should give a linear
response over a wide range, with low noise
and high sensitivity.
Table 3 shows the different types of
Multi-channel/array
Charge-coupled device (CCD)
• Fast acquisition of entire spectrum
• Less moving part
• Can be used for other measurements such as fluorescence
Photodiode array
• Fast acquisition of entire spectrum
• Less moving parts
Table 3. Various detectors for UV/Vis spectrophotometers
detectors used in UV/Vis spectrophotometers.
Photomultiplier tubes (PMT) and photodiodes
are single-channel detectors, and the
most commonly used in the instruments
currently on the market. Photodiodes are
usually found in low-end instruments, while
PMTs are used in higher-end instruments
(research grade). Photodiode arrays (PDA)
and charge-coupled devices (CCD) are
multi-channel detectors. They allow for fast
acquisition of the entire spectrum, and since
they have fewer moving parts, are more robust.
However, they are not as sensitive as PMTs.
Single-channel
Photodiode
• Most common
• Compared to PMT: less expensive, less
sensitive, more robust
Photomultiplier (PMT)
• High sensitivity
• Wide spectral range
• Quick response
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5. Considerations for optical

configurations/optical design
There are several optical configurations for
the UV/Vis spectrophotometers you will find
on the market, shown in Table 4.
The single-beam configuration, one of the
earliest designs, remains in use, particularly
in more affordable instruments. However,
advanced lines like the UV/VIS Excellence
series offer enhanced performance
and capabilities.
Double or dual-beam spectrophotometers
measure the ratio of light intensities and are
therefore not as sensitive to fluctuations
in the light source or detector. Split-beam
spectrophotometers are similar to their
dual-beam counterparts, but use beam
splitters rather than choppers and have two
separate identical detectors rather than a
single detector.

• One beam of light to make measurements.

Single beam • Simplest configuration.
• Example: DS-8X and DS-11 Series from DeNovix.

• Light is split into two different paths by a chopper, one detector.

Double beam • More complex optics: higher cost, good stability, lower sensitivity.
• Example: The Cary 3500 UV-Vis from Agilent Technologies.

• Light is split into two different paths by a splitter, one passes through the sample;
the other is used as the reference.
Split beam
• More complex optics: higher cost, good stability, lower sensitivity.
• Example: T70 Series UV/Vis Split Beam Spectrophotometer from PG Instruments Ltd.

• All wavelengths from the light source pass through the sample; light passing
Multi-channel/ through the sample is dispersed by a diffraction grating; separated wavelengths
array-based fall on different pixels of the array detector.
• Example: CLARIOstar® Plus Multi-mode Microplate Reader from BMG LABTECH.

Table 4. Optical configurations of UV/Vis spectrophotometers

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Single, double and split beam systems are
all conventional UV/Vis spectrophotometers.
In conventional systems, polychromatic
light from the source is focused on the
entrance slit of a monochromator, which
selectively transmits a narrow band of light.
This light then passes through the sample
area to the detector. In multi-channel UV/ Vis
spectrophotometers, polychromatic light from
a source passes through the sample area
and is focused on the entrance slit of the
polychromator, which disperses the light
onto a diode array where each diode
measures a narrow band of the spectrum.
This diode array, known as a photodiode
array detector (PDA), is typically made up
of a linear array of 1,024 phototubes for each
different wavelength.
Advantages of multi-channel/array-based
instruments include:
• Greater robustness — Typically contain
fewer moving parts and therefore require
less maintenance
• Faster — Full spectrum scan speeds; some
instruments can provide full-spectrum scans
in as little as 1 second. Figure 5 illustrates
the differences between the instrument
component setups in conventional
(single-beam configuration is shown) and
multi-channel (PDA system is shown) systems.

Entrance
Exit slit
slit

Source Dispersion Sample Detector

device

Conventional (single beam) spectrophotometer

Entrance
slit

Source Sample Dispersion Detector

device

Multi-channel (PDA) spectrophotometer

Figure 5. Schematic showing the
difference between conventional and
multi-channel PDA spectrophotometers.

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6. Performance criteria
There are several criteria to consider when
buying a new UV/Vis spectrophotometer,
but wavelength accuracy, wavelength
reproducibility and noise levels are
particularly important. To ensure accurate
and reliable results, users must carefully
assess multiple factors when choosing an
instrument. These include performance,
light source, connectivity, data management,
maintenance, and serviceability.
6.1 Wavelength accuracy
The ability of an instrument to produce
well-defined peaks at a series of wavelengths
TOP TIP
The level of wavelength
accuracy required is
dependent on your
application. A typical level
of wavelength accuracy
for UV/Vis instruments is
around ±1nm, however,
some instruments achieve
accuracies of ±0.5nm.
throughout the UV and visible range.
Wavelength accuracy is most important when
you want to compare results from
different instruments. Deviation in wavelength
can cause errors in both quantitative and
qualitative results. Wavelength accuracy is
most commonly checked by using certified
reference standards.
6.2 Wavelength reproducibility
The ability of the instrument to produce the
same wavelength over repeat readings.
Wavelength reproducibility is important as it
allows for accurate comparison of one reading
to another, for example, a sample to a blank,
or one sample to another
6.3 Photometric (absorbance) accuracy
Photometric accuracy is defined as
how accurately an instrument
measures absorbance.
This is determined by the difference between
the measured absorbance and the established
standard value. It can be considered the most
important parameter for applications that
involve comparison of extinction coefficients
between instruments, spectral identification,
and sample purity analysis.
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6.4 Photometric reproducibility
The precision with which a UV/Vis
spectrophotometer can make
repeated measurements.
This indicates how well the measured
absorbance value can be reproduced.
TOP TIP
Absolute photometric
accuracy may not be critical
to your application. In most
quantitation applications, as
long as the measurements
are reproducible and linear
over the wavelength range,
the photometric accuracy is
not critical. However, it does
become a critical parameter
when comparing the results
over multiple instruments.
6.5 Linear dynamic range
The concentration range over which
absorbance and concentration remain
directly proportional to each other.
AA wide linear dynamic range permits
the analysis of a wide range of sample
concentrations (optical densities) and reduces
sample preparation (dilution) requirements.
6.6 Noise
Fluctuations in a UV/Vis spectra
originating from the light source
and electronic components.
Noise in UV/Vis spectrophotometry mainly
originates from the light source and electronic
components. This can affect the accuracy at
both low and high ends of the absorbance
scale. Photon noise from the light source
affects the accuracy of the measurements at
low absorbance, while electronic noise from
the components affects high-absorbance
measurement accuracy. High noise levels
will reduce the limit of detection and the
instrument’s sensitivity.
6.7 Photometric range
(working absorbance range)
The ability of the instrument to
handle strongly absorbing samples
(low transmission samples).
For some applications, specifically those
that have strongly absorbing species, it is
important to consider the photometric
range. A spectrophotometer that can detect
transmission of 10% has a photometric
range of 1A, where 1% is 2A, 0.1% is 3A. A
photometric range of 3.5A to 4A means it
can handle samples that absorb as much as
99.99% of incident light.
TOP TIP
The photometric range
specified for a UV/Vis
spectrophotometer does
not mean that it is linear
over that range. Not all
instruments give their
specifications for linear
dynamic range, though they
always give the photometric
range. So, if linear dynamic
range is important to you, be
sure to ask about it.
6.8 Photometric stability
The ability of the instrument to maintain
a steady state over time, so that the
effect of the drift on the accuracy of the
measurements becomes insignificant.
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2024 UV/VIS Spectrophotometers
Variations in lamp intensity and electronic
outputs between the measurements of
the incident radiation (I0) and transmitted
radiation (I) result in instrument drifts. These
changes can lead to error in the value of the
measurements, especially over a long period
of time. Photometric stability is the ability
of the instrument to maintain a steady
state over time so that the effect of the
drift on the accuracy of the measurements
becomes insignificant.
6.9 Stray light
The unwanted radiation or wavelength of
light, other than the desired wavelength,
that reaches the detector.
Stray light causes a decrease in absorbance
and reduces the linearity range of the
instrument. High absorbance measurements
are more severely impacted by stray light.
6.10 Spectral bandwidth and resolution
Indication of the range of wavelengths
exiting the monochromator and the ability
to resolve spectral features and bands into
individual components.
Spectral bandwidth and resolution are
related; the smaller the spectral bandwidth,
the finer the resolution. In general, poor
resolution leads to a decrease in the
extinction coefficient across the spectrum
and, therefore, inaccurate quantitation.
The sensitivity of the measurement is also
compromised. Most UV/Vis spectrophotometers
provide adequate resolution for common
applications. If your application requires
detailed spectral information, you will require
an instrument with a very small bandwidth
to gain better resolution.
6.11 Baseline flatness
The ability of the instrument to normalize the
output of the lamp and detector responses.
For UV/Vis spectrophotometers that have
dual light sources (a deuterium lamp for the
UV range and a tungsten lamp for the visible
range), the intensity of the radiation coming
from the light sources is not constant over
the whole UV/ visible range. The response
of the detector also varies over the spectral
range. A flat baseline demonstrates the ability
of the instrument to normalize the output of
the lamps and detector responses.
6.12 Wavelength range
Range in which the instrument is capable
of measuring.
UV/Vis instruments typically have a
190 – 1100nm wavelength range. However,
some life sciences-specific instruments
provide a narrower range, as common
analytes such as dsDNA and protein all fall
within the UV range (Table 5).
6.13 Resolution
The factor which determines the maximum
number of peaks which can be resolved
within a given wavelength range.
Resolution, or resolving power, is the main
factor which determines the performance of a
spectrophotometer. A low resolution will make it
impossible to differentiate between absorbance
peaks which are close together in wavelength,
making spectral identification challenging.
Wavelength
Instrument
range (nm)
Shimadzu UV-1900i UV-Vis 190 – 1100
BMG LABTECH SPECTROstar®
220 – 1000
Omega Absorbance Plate Reader
Thermo Scientific™ NanoDrop™
One/OneC Microvolume UV-Vis 190 – 850
Spectrophotometer
DeNovix DS-8X Eight Channel
Spectrophotometer and
190 - 840
DS-11 Series Spectrophotometer
/ Fluorometer
METTLER TOLEDO Easy
190 - 1000
UV Spectrophotometer
Table 5: Wavelength ranges of a selection of UV/Vis spectrophotometers
16
2024 UV/VIS Spectrophotometers

Performance verification
Quality requirements for UV/Vis used in regulated industry continue to become
increasingly stringent. Many manufacturers supply certified reference materials
which comply with the requirements of most major pharmaceutical regulatory
bodies, known as pharmacopoeias. These reference materials are often designed
to measure the following performance indicators:

• Wavelength accuracy
• Photometric accuracy
• Stray light
• Spectral resolution - examples of UV/Vis reference material providers include:
• Hellma Analytics: Certified UV/Vis-Reference Materials
• Merck Millipore: Certipur® reference materials
• METTLER TOLEDO: CertiRef™
• In this product news article, CertiRef™ is used in conjunction with the METTLER
TOLEDO UV7 spectrophotometer to validate and qualify the optical measurement
performance of the UV7.

17
2024 UV/VIS Spectrophotometers

7. Examples of instruments available

Based on the award-winning technology even for challenging 1 μL protein samples. In

“
of the DS-11 Series, DS-8X Eight Channel addition, the system requires no calibration
Spectrophotometers ensure confidence in or routine maintenance, enabling researchers
every measurement. The DS-8X along with to have the highest confidence that their
its counterpart, the single microvolume measurement
channel DS-11 Series data is accurate. EasyApps™
Spectrophotometer /
Fluorometer, are designed
Broken sample software includes
pre-configured applications
especially for life
sciences applications. columns can be for the most commonly
measured biomolecule
Both instruments employ types, which simplifies
a suite of quality assurance an issue when the workflow and avoids
features to ensure reliable processing errors.
and accurate microvolume instruments The UV5 Excellence
measurements. Proprietary Spectrophotometer, from
DeNovix SmartPath™ stretch the sample METTLER TOLEDO is a
technology controls the compact and versatile
pathlength in real time, between pedestals, instrument. The open
optimizing the measurement sample compartment eases
independently for each
sample. Samples are
especially for the measurement process
and allows for compact
compressed during
measurement, shortening the
pathlength and eliminating
errors caused by broken
sample columns. Broken
sample columns can be an
proteins and
samples with low
surface tension.
“ and flexible automation
with pumps, cuvette
changers, or autosamplers.
The direct measurement
function yields immediate
results, with individual and
issue when instruments ready-to-use methods
stretch the sample between giving full setting control,
pedestals, especially for proteins and samples for more precise results.
with low surface tension. The DeNovix The UV5 covers numerous applications,
algorithm detects unbridged samples and such as fixed wavelength, scan, and
adjusts in real-time to deliver accurate results, quantification measurements, as well

18
2024 UV/VIS Spectrophotometers
as color measurement with pre-programmed
color numbers and water testing with
downloadable methods. The instrument
can be easily integrated into a complete
measuring or multiparameter system using a
flow cell or an immersion probe. The optional
LabX™ UV/VIS software can support easy
result handling and allows easy integration
within a network of other METTLER TOLEDO
instruments, e.g. by sending dilution
data from the balance directly to the
spectrophotometer for further analysis steps.
Watch this webinar from METTLER TOLEDO
describing automation for UV/Vis Spectroscopy.
The Easy VIS Spectrophotometer provides
an economic, entry-level all-around
instrument that can replace up to three other
instruments, saving money, time, and space.
If you think multiple modes of analysis
for samples of different sizes are great
but you need to analyze samples that are
even larger still than a standard-sized
cuvette, then take a look at spectrometers
like the SolidSpec 3700i from Shimadzu.
Its large sample compartment makes it
perfect for applications such as band gap
analysis, photovoltaics and optical
component characterization.
Many leading spectrophotometers are
also available with 21 CFR part 11-compliant
software to support you if you work in
regulated settings. The DS-8X and DS-11 Series’
onboard EasyApps™ software provides an
optional suite of controls that allow GxP
facilities to establish compliance with
regulations such as 21 CFR part 11. Features
including password protection, signature
controls, audit trail recording, IQOQ, and data
handling and export tools make it easier than
ever to stay compliant.
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2024 UV/VIS Spectrophotometers
8. Future trends
UV/Vis spectroscopy is a well-established
technique, whose technology continues to
evolve. Since the first UV/Vis spectrophotometer
in 1947, rapid advancesin electronics, optics
and software have paved the way for
easier-to-use, more compact and
flexible instruments.
As we anticipate the future, it is essential
to recognize the rapid advancements in
technology that unfold each day, and UV/Vis
spectroscopy is no exception – from
miniaturization and portability, to enhanced
sensitivity and low detection limits.
As science and technology continues to
expand, so does the need for faster scan
speeds and increased sample throughput,
allowing for rapid analysis of large sample
sets. UV/Vis spectrophotometers with
these enhanced capabilities will be beneficial
in many industries, such as pharmaceuticals
– where high-throughput screening is critical.
Further advancements may also lead to the
development of spectrophotometers that
cover a broader wavelength range, including
extended UV and near-infrared (NIR) regions.
This can enable the analysis of a wider range
of samples and open up new applications
in areas such as materials science and
molecular biology.
It’s also important to consider integrating
UV/Vis technology with other existing
techniques, such as chromatography or
mass spectrometry. Integrations such as
these will provide more comprehensive
analysis, offering valuable insights and
analytical capabilities.
As we also move toward greener labs,
there could be a focus on developing
energy-efficient spectrophotometers
with reduced power consumption and
eco-friendly designs. This aligns with the
increasing emphasis on sustainability and
reducing the environmental footprint of
laboratory instrumentation. Automation is
also an important factor to consider for
the future. Future spectrophotometers are
likely to incorporate enhanced automation
capabilities and the ability to integrate with
other laboratory systems. This integration
has the potential to optimize data
management, enable remote monitoring
and control, and facilitate seamless
integration into automated workflows,
thereby streamlining laboratory processes.
20
2024 UV/VIS Spectrophotometers
We are continuing to see manufacturers
devising innovative ways to meet specific
end-user requirements, both in the hardware
and software components.
8.1 Hardware
• The introduction of readers with multiple
cuvettes allowing simultaneous measurement
at varying temperatures.
• An exciting technology that is
becoming ever more commonplace
“
in UV/Vis spectrophotometers is
photodiode array technology, which is
helping to increase the speed and
robustness of the instruments,
ultimately leading to
enhanced throughput.
As laboratory
• As demand for smaller,
space-efficient instruments processes
increases, more compact
benchtop instruments are become more
being produced that can
carry out multiple types of complex, the
spectrophotometric analyses,
e.g., UV/Vis and fluorescence. need for
• Widening detection limits automation
for UV/Vis analysis will reduce
the amount of time spent on
sample preparation by
eliminating the need to
concentrate or dilute samples.
This is particularly useful for
challenging samples with
“
has become
increasingly
important
concentrations at either extreme.
8.2 Software
• Features such as sample contaminant
identification are improving the quality of
data produced and helping researchers
identify problems in their workflows.
• Data analysis software is continually
improving and becoming more user-friendly,
enabling fast and accurate interpretation
of results.
• Increasing connectivity of instrumentation is
making it easier than ever to access data from
a range of devices and locations.
8.3 Increased Automation
• As laboratory processes become more
complex, the need for automation has
become increasingly important. Many
scientific instruments, including UV/Vis
spectrophotometers, incorporate advanced
automation features that simplify and
streamline laboratory workflows. This trend is
driven by several factors, including reducing
human error, increasing efficiency, and
improving overall data quality.
We expect to see even more
advanced automation features in
UV/Vis spectrophotometers in the
coming years. These instruments
will be able to perform various
tasks, such as automatically
loading samples, analyzing data,
and generating reports. They
will also be more integrated
with laboratory information
management systems (LIMS)
and other laboratory software,
allowing for seamless data
transfer and sharing across
multiple platforms.
Another area where
automation is expected to
become increasingly important
is using robots in the laboratory.
Robots can perform repetitive
tasks with high accuracy and
precision, freeing up scientists
and lab technicians to focus on more
complex tasks. In UV/Vis spectrophotometry,
robots could automatically load and position
samples, operate the instrument, and perform
routine maintenance tasks. This would reduce
the risk of human error and increase the
speed and efficiency of laboratory workflows.
8.4 Advanced Data Analysis
As the amount of data generated by UV/Vis
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2024 UV/VIS Spectrophotometers

spectrophotometers continues to grow, the 8.5 Miniaturization

need for more advanced data analysis tools
has become increasingly important. Scientists
are now collecting vast amounts of data from
their instruments, but extracting meaningful
insights from this data can be a challenge.
To address this challenge, we expect to see
more UV/Vis spectrophotometers with
built-in data analysis software and improved
machine learning algorithms that can help
Miniaturization is a growing trend in UV/Vis
spectrophotometry. With the rise of portable
and handheld spectrophotometers, the trend
toward miniaturization is set to continue.
In the coming years, we expect to see
even smaller and more compact UV/Vis
spectrophotometers that can be easily
carried into the field.

“
scientists extract even more valuable insights The benefits of miniaturization are
from their data. numerous. Portable and handheld devices
With the incorporation of advanced data allow scientists to take measurements in
analysis tools, scientists the field, eliminating
can gain a deeper the need to transport
understanding of the
properties of their samples
Miniaturization samples back to the lab
for analysis. This can
and the relationships
between different
is a growing save time and reduce
the risk of sample
variables. For example, degradation or alteration
UV/Vis spectrophotometry trend in UV/ Vis during transportation.
can be used to analyze In addition,
the absorption spectra of spectrophotometry. miniaturized UV/Vis
a sample, but advanced spectrophotometers
data analysis tools can With the rise are more easily
help identify patterns in transported and stored,
the spectra that might of portable which can be particularly
be missed by the naked beneficial for field
eye. This can lead to new
discoveries and insights
and handheld research or labs with
limited bench space.
that would not be possible
with traditional methods.
spectrophotometers, The smaller size and
reduced weight of these
One of the key
technologies driving
the trend of advanced
data analysis in UV/Vis
spectrophotometry is
artificial intelligence (AI). AI
the trend toward
miniaturization is
set to continue.
“ instruments also mean
that they are more
affordable than larger
benchtop models.
Despite their smaller
size, many miniaturized
algorithms can learn from instruments still offer
the data generated by the high accuracy and
instrument and identify patterns and trends that precision. Some of these instruments use
might not be immediately apparent to human advanced signal processing techniques to
analysts. This can greatly enhance the speed eliminate interference from ambient light
and accuracy of data analysis, allowing scientists and other noise sources, ensuring accurate
to gain deeper insights into their samples and and reliable measurements.
generate more accurate and reliable results. Some challenges are associated with
In addition, AI can be used to automate miniaturization, such as the need to balance
many of the routine tasks associated with instrument size with the need for high
data analysis. This can help to reduce the performance. However, with technological
time and effort required to analyze large data advances, we expect to see more compact
sets, freeing up scientists to focus on more UV/Vis spectrophotometers that offer high
complex tasks. accuracy and precision.

22
2024 UV/VIS Spectrophotometers
8.6 Instrument Versatility
Another trend we see in UV/Vis
spectrophotometry is the integration of
multiple measurement tasks or applications
into a single instrument. This trend is
driven by a desire to reduce the number of
instruments needed in a lab, free up valuable
bench space, and reduce maintenance and
training costs.
Traditionally, labs have used multiple
instruments for different types of
measurements. However, with technological
advances, we are now seeing more UV/Vis
spectrophotometers capable of performing
multiple types of measurements in one
instrument. For example, some UV/Vis
spectrophotometers can now perform color
measurements in addition to absorption
measurements. This allows labs to perform
both types of measurements on the same
instrument, saving space and reducing costs. In
addition, some UV/Vis spectrophotometers can
now perform other types of measurements,
such as kinetics, further expanding their
versatility and usefulness in the lab.
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2024 UV/VIS Spectrophotometers
9. Editor’s Picks
DS-11 Series
Spectrophotometer /
Fluorometer
by DeNovix
“We have been using this
instrument for over ten years
and are very happy with its
performance and low maintenance.
I will recommend to all. This is
a very compact, reliable and
low maintenance instrument
for quantitation of DNA; RNA
and proteins.”
Ajay Sharma, NIH
UV-1900 UV-Vis
Spectrophotometer
by Shimadzu Scientific
Instruments Inc.
“Brand new instrument in our
undergraduate laboratories. Robust
enough for student use but precise
enough for research applications.
Software and instrument are
extremely easy-to-use.”
Matthew Price,
California University of PA
Certain images and/or photos in this eBook are the copyrighted property of 123RF.com, its contributors or its licensed partners and are being used
with permission under the relevant license. These images and/or photos may not be copied or downloaded without permission from 123RF.com.
Other images courtesy of DeNovix and Mettler-Toledo GmbH.
LabX UV/VIS Cary 3500 UV-Vis
by Mettler-Toledo GmbH by Agilent Technologies
“Small footprint, great when you “The Cary UV/Vis product line has
have minimal lab space. Electronic been greatly designed. The heat
workflows for analysis removes control option is particularly useful
paper from lab with use of LabX, for the lab tasks that we perform.”
and ensures data integrity.” Jose Luis Urrutia,
Bob Mcdowall, QUIMIFEN DE MEXICO S.A. DE C.V.
R D McDowall Limited
Synergy LX Multi-Mode Thermo Scientific™
Microplate NanoDrop™ One/OneC
by Agilent Technologies Microvolume UV-Vis
Spectrophotometer
“It’s the perfect addition to our by Thermo Fisher Scientific
lab, which is a multiple users lab.
Also does not take too much “I have always been a NanoDrop
room at the work station.” fan but I love some of the
Oscar Hernandez, new features in the NanoDrop
University of Florida/College One. NanoDrop has always
of Veterinary Medicine demonstrated accurate results
with good ease of use which is a
huge benefit when training new
people in the lab!”
Nancy Kren,
UNC
24